中西哲学对比 选修论文

第一篇：中西哲学对比 选修论文

中国哲学的神话渊源

冷建（201200182011）

能源与动力工程学院2012级交通运输

摘要：正如尼采点明“日神精神”和“酒神精神”是西方哲学精神在前轴心期神话时代的渊源，“夸父精神”和“女娲精神”是中国哲学精神在前轴心期神话时代的渊源。夸父精神是一种阳刚进取的“非理性’精神，而女娲精神是一种阴柔包容的“理性”精神。这两种基本精神呈现为互补炭系，共同构成中华民族哲学的二元一体格局。经过一定时期的理性转换，尤其是经过周易哲学的话语转换。它们成为了中华民族哲学精神的核心精神。

Abstract：Just as Nietzsche pointed out that Dionysus’ spirits and Apollo’s spirits were the mythological sources of Western philosophy in Pre-axial Period。Kuafu’s spirits and Nvwa’s spirits were the mythological sources of Chinese philosophy in Pre-axial Period ．Kuafu’s was a irrational spirit of enterprise。while Nvwa’s was a rational spirit of gentleness and lenity．They appeared in a relation of mutual-complement and formed the dual integration of Chinese national philosophy．Through the rational transformation in the Axial Period.Especially that of philosophical utterance in the Book of Change，both of them became the central spirits of the philosophy of Chinese Nation，关键词：夸父精神；女娲精神；哲学精神；神话象征

从小我们就非常熟悉女娲、夸父等神话人物，他们有的是人类的救星，有的有着非同一般的经历，有的则展示了可贵的精神。这些神话故事对我们人格的培养也发挥了不少的作用。后来我们又接触了西方神话，知道了西方神话中的宙斯、阿波罗、奥丁等众神，这给了我们耳目一新的感觉。让我们看到了两种文化的不同。下面，我们将中国古代神话与西方神话作一比较。简单探讨研究一下中西方文化的异同。中国上古神话没有得到充分发育，它没有欧洲那样的神话巨制，现存的神话都是支离破碎的，散见于各种古代典籍之中，在经、史、子、集四部里都有，并且不成系统。然而，古希腊神话却不同。希腊有一部长达４８卷，近两万八千行的荷马史诗——《伊里亚特》和《奥德赛》，记载、加工了古希腊丰富的神话传说，并形成了一个完整、庞大的神话传说体系。这是由于希腊神话产生之时，曾出现若干城邦奴隶制国家，与此同时出现了相应的城邦文化，出现了史诗形式及悲剧，这些史诗和悲剧都以古神话为武库和素材，因而使得希腊上古时代的神话得到记录、整理、加工和流传。此外，古希腊直至公元前 ４世纪为马其顿所吞并时，还是奴隶社会，奴隶社会越长，对上古神话的保存发展才越有好处。再有，早在荷马时代，希腊人便已基本上作为一个整体在活动了，他们的城邦以斯巴达、雅典为首，经常联合行动，于是他们中间出现了像荷马那样的人物，把分散、零碎的神话综合在一起，构成一个完整的体系。以后希腊神话一直被保存下来。

每个民族的哲学精神乃奠基于“轴心时期”，这一点现在已得到公认；但轴心时期的这种哲学精神却是孕育于此前的“神话时代”的，这一点还没有引起人们足够的注意，相反，人们倒是更多地注意到了“前轴心期”的轴心时期之间的差异对立。例如西方当代某些哲学家为了反思和克服轴心时期以来哲学的弊端，力图返回前轴心期。其实，西方哲学精神虽然确立于古希腊哲学时代，但它却是孕育于此前的古希腊神话时代的，这就正如中国哲学精神虽然确立于春秋战国时期。但它同样孕育于此前的中国神话时代。显然，神话乃是民族哲学精神的最初的象征形式。因此。我们可以通过对一个民族神话的阐释，来揭示这个民族哲学传统的渊源。唯其如此。尼采所提出的“日神精神”与“酒神精神”，非常形象精炼地概括表征了西方哲学的核心精神。这对于我们探寻中国哲学精神在前轴心期神话中的渊源与象征提供了一种很好的参照。中华民族哲学精神核心可以概括为由上古神话所表征的阳刚进取的“夸父精神”与阴柔包容的“女娲精神”；到了轴心时期，才由哲学话语转换为《周易大传》的乾阳之德“自强不息”精神与坤阴之德“厚德载物”精神，进而演化出中国哲学传统的两大支柱—儒家哲学与道家哲学。

每个民族在哲学觉醒的轴心时期之前，都曾有一个神话时代，区别仅仅在于这种神话的文本形式有所不同。古希腊神话的形式是<荷马史诗>，即长篇叙事诗的形式，这与中国藏民族《格萨尔王传》的形式一致，却与汉民族的神话文本形式有很大的区别。中国前轴心期汉语神话的形式既有诗歌的形式，例如《诗经》里就保存着许多上古神话传说(但也不同于西方式的长篇，而是短篇)；也有散文的形式，例如《尚书》乃至《左传》当中保存的许多远古英雄传说故事，就其实质而言，还是神话性质的东西。尼采正是从这种前轴心期的神话中提取了两个典型的形象，用以象征西方哲学精神的渊源：他在自己的第一部著作《悲剧的诞生》中，用“日神”阿波罗和“酒神”狄俄尼索斯这两个希腊神话形象，来概括象征西方哲学的两大根本精神传统。当然，在尼采那里，酒神精神与H神精神首先是“艺术精神”；但是尼采的美学从一开始就不只是一般美学家那样的美学，而毋宁说是一种人生观、乃至就是一种真正的哲学世界观。这是因为在他看来，“只有作为一种审美现象，人生和世界才显得是有充足理由的。”正是在这个意义上，《悲剧的诞生》才是他的哲学的真正诞生地。

“日神精神”和“酒神精神”是两种基本精神力量，作为乐观主义者的尼采跟作为悲观主义者的叔本华，对此的理解是不同的：叔本华认为，个体要通过否定个体化原理，来摆脱永恒痛苦，最终否定生命意志；尼采认为，个体是要通过超越个体化束缚，来达到意志本体境界，故肯定生命意志。日神精神和酒神精神之不同，“在我看来，日神是美化个体化原理的守护神，唯有通过它才能真正在外观中获得解脱；相反，在酒神神秘的欢呼下，个体化的魅力烟消云散，通向存在之母、万物核心的道路敞开了。”

关于夸父和女娲的神话记载，最早见于《山海经》。但《山海经》所载的神话故事能否视为“前轴心期”的东西，这似乎是存在疑问的。为此，我们应该严格区分这样两个问题：《山海经》这部书的成书时代问题。众所周知，班固<汉书·艺文志>已经著录了《山海经》，一般公认它至少是先秦的文献。至于到底“先”到什么时候，则是至今尚无定论的悬案。此书旧题为夏禹或伯益作，虽不可信，但似乎对于认识此书的来源之古也是有所启发的。我认为，《山海经》这样的文献也跟上古其它许多文献一样，并非一人一时之作，而是经历了一个长期的辗转流变过程，而它最初的形式所处的时代，我们已经不得而知，很可能是非常久远的了。《山海经》所记载的神话来源问题。我认为，《山海经》里所记载的那些事也跟其它许多上古文献所记载的故事一样，最初都是口耳相传的，至于这种口耳相传的情形究竟始于何时，很可能是极其渺远的时代。

夸父形象象征着中国哲学传统的刚健进取的精神，主要体现在以下几点上：刚健有为的进取精神。读夸父故事，我们强烈感受到一种昂扬奋进的精神力量。尤其是在他饥渴难耐、“渴欲得饮”的情况下，“饮于河渭，河渭不足，北饮大泽”，毫不气馁，想方设法补充水分，恢复体力，以便继续“追赶太阳”，更表现出一种积极奋发的人生态度。这种人生态度乃是中华民族精神、中国哲学精神的一种主导倾向。知其不可为而为之的执着精神。这种真正的英雄主义，也是中华民族精神的重要内容。还有死而后已的坚韧精神。确实，总起来看，夸父精神与尼采的酒神精神有相当一致的特征，即具有一种非理性主义的性质。

女娲形象象征着中国哲学的柔韧包容的精神传统。博大宽厚的包容精神。在中国哲学中，“地”一向是作为宽容博大的象征的。女娲精神与“地”具有密切联系，在一定意义上可以说是大地的象征。生生不息的生命精神。上文谈到女娲造人、作为“高媒”之神主管婚姻生殖，都表明了这一点。协调和谐的和合精神。“和”是中华民族的一种突出的精神传统，而女娲精神就是其早期神话体现。较之夸父精神，女娲精神似乎更具“实用理性”的意味：如果说夸父精神更接近于尼采的酒神精神，那么女娲精神就更接近于尼采的日神精神。

儒、道两家的哲学，其实正是夸父精神和女娲精神进入轴心时期以后的两种表现。儒家入世，崇尚有为，富有进取精神，正是夸父精神的体现；道家避世，崇尚自然，富于退让精神，乃是女娲精神的体现。当然，进一步讲，儒道两家各自分别亦兼有夸父精神和女娲精神，只不过侧重点不同而已。

参考文献：袁珂、周明 《中国神话资料萃编》

尼采

《悲剧的诞生》 无名氏

《山海经》 刘安

《淮南子》

第二篇：中西家庭教育对比论文 (精选)

中西家庭教育对比

【摘要】近几年来，随着素质教育的深入人心，家庭教育已经成为当今社会关注的一个热点，是千万家庭的切身利益和迫切需求。因为，良好的家庭教育直接关系到了孩子的素质和品行，更关系到祖国的未来。它是科教兴国和可持续发展战略的重要组成部分，就中国目前来看，家庭教育的发展态势良好，一大批家长、学校创造了成功的经验，更有许多学生家长主动学习家庭教育知识，教育观念发生了深刻变化.但是尽管如此，家庭教育仍是一个薄弱环节，尤其是随着西方教育思想的传入，中国家长面对传统与现代家教思想，表现出无所适从的无奈。因此，对于开展家庭教育，既是机遇，又是挑战。而且，中西家庭教育各有千秋，在不同方面，教育方法也不同，所以我们就需要深刻了解中西家庭教育的差异，取长补短，并且不失时机地推进家庭教育现代化，这样中国的未来才具有不可估量的发展前景。

【关键词】 家庭教育，中西，传统，差异

从古至今，家庭教育在整个国家教育事业中起着重要的作用。邓小平曾说过；“国家现代化的基础在人才，人才的基础在教育，教育的基础在家庭。中国是一个重视家庭教育的国家。中国深厚的教育文化传统中包含了优秀的家庭教育成分。” 家庭教育、学校教育、社会教育是教育的三大支柱，三者缺一不可。如今，家庭教育业已成为当今社会关注的一个热点，是千万家庭的切身利益和迫切需求。

不过在比较之前，我觉得我们应该了解一下中西方国家的社会背景。众所周知，中国是社会主义制度，而大多数西方国家是属于资本主义制度。并且，历史文化也是不同的，中国提倡儒家思想，西方国家提倡文艺复兴。但是最重要的一点就是他们对家庭教育地位的态度也是不同的。在中国的传统家庭里，家长的权威意识占主导地位，而西方文明则主要强调斗争，平等，民主及人权。

当然，家庭教育是人类的一种教育实践。中西家庭教育还是有诸多共同之处。一般来说，它可以归纳于五点。

1、重视家庭教育。无论哪个国家，哪个民族都认为家庭是一个人的第一所学校，而家长是第一位老师。无论是中国，还是西方国家，无论是古代、近代还是现代，家庭教育始终是处于最基础的地位。

2、家教应从小做起，及时施教。《颜氏家训》说：“父母施教，当及婴稚，识人颜色，知人喜怒，便加教诲。”因为“人生幼小，精神专利，长成以后，思虑散逸，固须早教，勿失机也。”杜威也认为家庭教育应及早施行。

3、父母在教育角色上的分工。无论中西，在许多文化中母亲均被描绘成是主要抚养者，父亲则起有限的作用。父亲是孩子知性教育的主要承担者。母亲则负责孩子的饮食起居，物质保障，情感满足等，是孩子情感培育的主要承担者。其结果是孩子对父爱敬畏有余，亲爱不足，使亲子关系偏差，影响孩子的健全发展。

4、重视培养孩子热爱求知的习惯，重视阅读。古代的中国父母，一向深知这个道理，他们引导幼儿从小习读四书五经，诸子百家，激发其求知欲望。西方的父母也非常重视家庭阅读，幼儿睡前必听一段故事诵读，这是西方家教的一项优良传统。

5、重视言传身教。父母是孩子的模范，往往一个简单的动作要比上万句指令性的灌输有效的多。

尽管如此，由于中西方地域的差异和各自文化的不同，使得中西传统家教在更多的方面表现出各自的特色。据我所知，这大概涉及了十个方面。

1、教育倾向不同。

中国父母重社会教化，轻儿童成长。中国父母十分重视社会适应性的教化，但却常常忽视了从孩子达到身心发展的特点出发来促进其成长，他们往往按照既定的模式来培养子女，为他们的成长铺设康庄大道，外铄各种品行于子女。

西方父母更重视为子女提供一个可以与之抗争的成长环境，并养成他们坚韧的个性和良好的品行，根据社会的变化和子女身心的特征不断的调节、选择自己的培养观念和方式。

2、家庭教育价值观不同

中国家庭教育职能是为中国传统文化所强迫，传统中国几千年的儒家文化强调“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”。在此家国同构的思维定向中，家庭教育被赋以直接的社会意义。此外，中国传统的文化又将父母教育跟子女的个体成长与成就看作是直接相关的因果。中国父母十分看重人们对他们的教子方面作出的誉毁，认为教子成材是他们的成就，而教子不善则脸面无光。教育的目的是为了谋生，为了脸面。

西方家庭教育则认为教育的目的不是准备谋生，而是准备生存。他们所强调的“博雅教育”是具有一种塑造心智的价值，一种与功利的或职业的考虑无关的价值。

中国家庭的“比较”往往重学习，“比较”的方面较为单一，西方国家的家庭的“比较”往往注重全面的素质，中国家庭的比较，常常爱拿自己孩子的优点与他人孩子的缺点比较，使家长得以自慰；西方家庭的比较，往往能自省自己孩子的优点和成功之处，不习惯于争强好胜，论高低上下，中国的家庭在比较时往往想突出自己的形象，有意无意地贬低别人；西方家庭的比较往往注重自身的自尊、自重、自乐。

3、家庭主体观与教育的相互性不同

中国传统的家庭文化因袭着统治的模式，表现为家庭内部的权威意识。强调服从和尊重，重视外部控制。在中国的传统文化中，家庭的主要教育者是父母。中国父母的家长意识十分强烈。他们把孩子视为自己的独有私人财产，看作是他们的附属物。因此十分看重他们单方面的塑造，影响孩子的个性建构。他们注意到自身的形象，忽视了孩子与成人的相互作用，忽视了相互影响的过程和全面性，使幼儿处于被动地位，无视幼儿个体的存在。

西方文明是以儿童为主体的，更强调个人的奋斗，强调平等、民主并尊重个人权利。西方父母把孩子视为家庭中的平等成员，尊重孩子的人格和尊严，能让孩子独立思考，自由选择。他们尊重孩子的权利，不搞强迫教育。尊重孩子的自尊，主张孩子的天性发展，自然发展。父母的责任只在于发现并引导孩子的兴趣和潜能。为孩子创造有利的环境，重视与孩子的交流，重视教育的相互性。西方家庭教育中父母不是孩子的主宰，而是孩子的朋友。

4、教育的重心不同

中国传统文化所掌握的是生命与道德，所以十分重视生命、人伦。所以中国父母在教育上历来以道德作为最高价值取向。中国人心目中的“好孩子”首先是一个懂事听话的孩子，是指向群体的，人见人爱的。所以家长培养孩子修身养性，自我收敛，讲求含蓄，强调等级观念。中国家教的主要内涵是“仁、义、礼、智、信、忠、恕”中国孩子从小得到的是历史故事、伦理道德、忠孝节义的教导。儿童自幼耳濡目染的是冰冷的道德律令与清规戒律。自幼习读的是《三字经》、《弟子规》。

西方文化所掌握的则是知识，家庭对儿童主要是启发对大自然的好奇心与想象力。知识的创造来自好奇心。所以借由引发对大自然的兴趣，借由各种天马行空的童话故事，让孩子们具有广大的想象空间，以有利于对知识的创造，他们以儿童的心理发展作为最高指向，培养孩子的兴趣和创造力是西方家教的重心。

5、家庭本位与个人本位

中国传统文化是以家庭为本位的，注重个人的职责与义务。这在加以价值取向上呈现出如下特点：（1）家庭的教育功能强化。子女教育是家庭生命延续的一部分，家庭教育还在于达到“家教持久”的目的，它是维持发展家庭社会政治地位，保存弘扬家庭文化的重要工具。

（2）教育以家庭利益为主要价值取向。“光宗耀祖”、“光耀门第”是读书人的追求与目标。个人利益与家庭利益是融为一体的。这与中国传统文化的“永生观”紧密相关。

西方文化以个人为本位，注重个人的自由和权利。在教育上表现为将受教育者放在突出地位，强调个性的培养。但是个体本位并不等于个人主义，更不等同于以孩子为中心，家庭呼唤有丰富个性的个人，是能驾御自我，控制自我，超越自我的，拥有完美人格和健全个性的真正现代意义上的现代个人，而不是自私自利，依赖性强的功利化的个人。

6、独立意识的培养

中国家长在教育上所持的价值是为升学而学习，他们只要求孩子用心学习，其余全不用过问。使孩子从小养成依赖别人的习惯，在风浪面前，变得束手无策，一旦失去帮助就会怨天尤人。西方父母注重从小就培养子女的独立意识，在西方家庭可以看到，孩子像大人一样，直呼来访亲朋好友的名字，大胆的发表自己的见解，参与家庭的讨论。这样独立的个性使孩子走向社会时更注重个人的能力与奋斗。

7、情感教育与体罚

家庭教育不同于学校教育的一个重要特点是爱的教育。中国家庭中反复出现的一个字是“不”、“不能”、“不行”、“不要”，中国集体教育除了用否定词来指导孩子的行为外，还习惯于对孩子说“应该”。西方家庭中经常用鼓励性的语言来表达父母对子女的赞赏。西方父母更注重个人素质与情感沟通。家庭主要围绕情感的构建与培育而展开。

8、教育方法的不同

中国传统的教育方法是照本宣科的灌输式教育，强调死记硬背。“两耳不闻窗外事，一心只读圣贤书”。西方更强调孩子的“悟”。他们喜欢让孩子亲身厉行，去大自然中，去生活中探求知识。

9、理财教育

在中国，挣钱养家和管理钱财是大人的事，孩子离这些还很远。他们没钱时便伸手向父母要。即使是成家立业后还是可以的。

在西方，理财教育是家庭教育的一个分支。西方父母一般不会不正规、无计划的给孩子钱，而是定期发给孩子一份固定基金。并帮助孩子树立正确的理财意识，养成良好的理财习惯，还注重对金钱的基本品质的培养。

10、宗教思想与科学教育

虽然中国文化也是以宗教为开端的，但是在教育上我们更强调科学性。《中华人民共和国义务教育法》明确规定：教育与宗教相分离。

西方的宗教传统直到近代乃至现代仍保留着强大的势力，它渗透到教育活动的各个方面，不仅是教育带有浓厚的宗教色彩，更重要的是它赋予了西方教育以内在的精神价值。

综上所述，我们可以看出中西家庭教育传统各有千秋，他们都是扎根于各自的传统文化土壤中的。我们当前遇到的家庭教育中的不良现象有很大一部分是由于具体教法的不妥而造成的。

因此，我们要一方面继承和发扬中国古代家庭教育的优良传统，另一方面汲取西方家教的精华，促进有中国特色的家庭教育的改革。在吸取我国优秀民族文化的基础上，将现代科学育人知识和方法，大力普及到千家万户，转变家长的观念，提高家长的自身素质。

在这里我有几点建议，主要包含4个方面：(1)首先是家庭教育观念的现代化，摒弃陈旧教育观念，与时俱进，跟上时代发展步伐。现代家庭教育的内容和方法科学化，以及教育手

段的现代化。建立现代家庭教育的机制，实现家庭教育管理的规范化。建立家庭教育的服务体系，做到保障措施制度化。

(2)确立家长在教育行为中的法制观念，解决好家庭教育中依法治教的问题；增强家庭教育的民主意识，尊重孩子，平等沟通，改变简单粗暴、压制体罚等不良作风；

(3)树立新的家庭教育理念，把“教子做人”作为家庭教育的重中之重；利用亲情教育的优势，开展个性化教育，发展孩子个性，为国家培养各种有用之才；采取鼓励、引导、宽容的科学方法，耐心教育，不断提高孩子自尊心、自信心和上进心；

(4)紧跟知识经济和信息时代的发展，进一步拓宽家庭教育思路，增强开放意识，提高家庭教育的适应性；重视和解决“重智轻德”的教育倾向，促进智力因素与非智力因素教育的有机结合，教育孩子学会学习和求知；继承中华民族优秀家教传统同时，也要面向世界，吸收引进外国思想文化精品，开展东西方家庭教育的交流。

【总结】 总之，中国的家庭教育和西方家庭教育有很大差异，各有优劣，我们应该祛除糟粕，取其精华。不失时机地推进家庭教育现代化，使教育世界化，各自取长补短，共同发展。

[1]邓小平.邓小平家庭教育的观点及其启示.《剑南文学：下半月》, 2010年第六期.211-211.[2]《中华人民共和国义务教育法》，1986年4月12日.第五十二号第四条.[3]张贵勇.《华尔街日报》，2011年3月3日.第三版

第三篇：中西酒文化对比的论文[范文模版]

Abstract: Nowadays, with the expansion of communication between China and Western countries and the globalization of the world, the differences between Chinese and Western cultures have been attracted much more attention, for instance, the differences of wine culture is one of which focused as an issue.The wine is considered as the gift given by the god of wine.Wine culture has a long history and wine plays an important role in people’s daily life, and it combines people’s lives and interpersonal communication in all aspects.On the other hand, as a linker of inheriting history and leading to the future, wine is an article that deserves our earnest study.Because of the differences of living environment, historical background，traditions, values and thinking mode，social norms and culture, wine culture has a different connotation in different countries and regions and shows the characteristics of disparate style as a kind of profound cultural phenomenon.This article is an analysis performed after a lot of data collection and reading, which mainly describes the differences of wine culture between China and western countries.According to the research, the wine culture between China and western countries is very special, which has similarities in their differences and differences in their similarities.The study presents that the content of the wine culture is really rich and complex.Therefore, for the sake of the successful intercultural communication, among different nations and regions having a good knowledge of wine culture is necessary.What’s more, it can deepen people’s understanding of their own history.Key words: Wine Culture Intercultural Communication Cultural Differences

摘要： 随着中西方交流的扩大,中西文化之间的差异也越来越受到重视,酒文化的差异也当然是其中之一。酒被认为是酒神赐予人们的礼物,酒文化源远流长.酒在人们日常的交际生活中起着重要作用,它融会贯通了人们生活和人际交往的各个方面。而酒作为一个既传承历史又通向未来的道具是一个值得我们认真研究的课题。而由于生活环境、历史背景﹑传统习俗、价值观念、思维模式、社会规范以及文化底蕴的不同,酒文化作为一种深刻的文化现象,也在中西方各个国家、各个地区有着各不相同的内涵,呈现出风格迥异的特性。本文是在经过大量资料收集和阅读之后进行的分析总结,主要论述的是中西方酒文化之间的差异。中西方的酒文化同中有异、异中有同,内容丰富,了解不同民族的酒文化,有助于人们成功地进行跨文化交际,同时也加深了对历史文化的了解。

关键词

酒文化 跨文化交际 文化差异

1.The Background of Wine Culture 1.1 Wine Culture in China

China is one of the ancient countries in the world and has a long history about

the wine culture.“Since the appearing of wine and formed the methods of brewing wine, then the processes of brewing, the making of all kinds of drinking sets and drinking customs and etiquette were gradually formed and completed.”(Lixiaoye, 2010, P7)This is just the definition of wine culture.It is well known that Confucianism is the core of Chinese culture, so people's understanding of the wine culture tends to the spiritual dimension and gives it a variety of emotions.In 1987, the renowned economist professor Yu Guangyuan put forward the phrase “wine culture” in China and Wan xiaoyan(2009)explains that the wine culture has broad and narrow meaning.In the broad sense, wine culture including wine technology with thousands of years’ enhancement, technological level, legal system and drinking customs;in the narrow sense, wine culture is just referred to drinking etiquette, custom and anecdote.There are many experts devote themselves to the research of wine culture, but it’s difficult to give a clear definition.Wine culture represents different characteristics in different times and has different effects on society.Throughout the Chinese wine culture’s history, we know that wine culture studies the material, brewing techniques of wine and its social attitude.Xu Shaohua(1999)said that wine means drinking in social activities has a specific effect on politics, economic, culture, military affairs, religion, art, science and technology, social psychology, and folk customs.Wine culture is the combination of material culture and spiritual culture.It's a special and attractive culture.Next, take the Origin of Wine in China for example.Yi Di and Du Kang are considered the originators of wine-making in China.According to ancient annals Yi Di was ordered by Yu the Great to produce mellow wine fro me fermented glutinous rice.The concoction tasted good and Yi Di was confident he would receive a reward.Yu while agreeing that the drink was of excellent quality and had a good taste stopped short of rewarding its maker.Why? Because the Son of Heaven decided that over indulgence in this new beverage could be dangerous-it could make a person read-the monarch himself lose his wits and inadvertently put the country at risk.Another wine-maker Du Kang created a formula for high quality liquor made of sorghum..As legend has it one winter he put cultivated sorghum seeds in a hollow.The following spring he notice d a strong smell coming from it and was amazed to discover that the sorghum he left there had fermented.This accidental disconery inspired Du Kang to create an alcoholic beverage.1.2 Wine Culture in the West In the west, wine culture is also a richly historical culture.In most time, wine culture refers to grape wine in west countries.“It has a history more than 8000 or at most 10000 years since wine appeared, and much longer than the liquor history in China.”(Li xiaoye, 2010, P8)To western people, wine is a special kind of art and has its glamour.When we meet troubles in our daily life or feel sad, wine can help us become strong and comfort us.So there is no doubt that wine culture is not only a kind of material culture but also a kind of a spiritual culture.Owing to the different cultural backgrounds, the western people’s understanding of the wine culture tends to the symbol of the right and gives it elegant and luxury image.For example, they believe wine can enrich their life and regulate their feelings.Xu Yan(2004)said this view of life can be expressed as drink one’s sorrows/ troubles, drown one’s troubles away, drink down sorrow.Wine culture is the reflection of culture in history and it’s the witness of history.Next, take the Origin of Wine in the West for example.Greek mythology Dionysus Greek god of wine and fertility identified with the Roman god Bacchus.The son of Zeus and Semele Dionysus was reared by nymphs and taught men the secrets of cultivating grapes and making wine.but Hera struck him with madness and drove him forth a wanderer through various parts of the earth.Dionysus wandered through many lands teaching men the culture of the vine and the mysteries of his cult.The Bible The earliest written account of viniculture is in the Old Testament of the Bible which tells us that Noah planted a vineyard and made wine.Middle Eastern origin an ancient Persian fable credits a lady of the court with the

discovery of wine.This Princess having lost favor with the King attempted to poison herself by eating some table grapes that had spoiled in a jar.She became intoxicated and giddy and fell asleep.When she awoke she found the stresses that had made her life intolerable had dispersed.Returning to the source of her relief her subsequent conduct changed so remarkably that she regained the Kings favor.2.The application of the wine culture 2.1 Types of Wine Baijiu is a typical Chinese wine, while grape wine plays an important role in Western countries.China is a country with a long history and it is no exaggeration to say that Chinese history with five thousand years is written by wine.As China is a large agricultural country, the most wine is brewed with grain.In China, the word is “jiu” can be used to represent all the types of alcoholic beverages, such as beer, grape wine and so on.The most popular wine in China can be classified into two types, namely, yellow wine and white wine.The yellow wine is brewed directly from rice and wheat.The white wine is also brewed grain, but it has a higher purity of the alcohol level.Although China has a lot of techniques to brew wine and there are various types of wine, the grain liquor is always in the important position;this is because of the effect of geographical environment and agricultural culture.China's climate is very good for the growth of rice and other grain, as a result, the grain liquor is very prevalent.In the Western countries, no matter when we talk about the western wine, grape wine is always the first one comes to our minds.Grape wine is the major wine and

plays an important role in people’s life.Grape wine has a long history, Qu Xiaohui(1996)said that the Western archaeologists found that people had drank grape wine seven thousand years ago.Western is different from China as a large agricultural country, so most of Western countries develop animal husbandry and business.But the climatic and soil in many places don’t fit the growth of crops, they are suitable for grape.Grape wine was produced and became more and more popular under this circumstance.With the development of society, there are more types of grape wine, such as whisky, brandy, rum, cocktail and so forth.2.2 Drinking Vessels Where there is wine, there is drinking vessel.As the saying goes, if there is no drinking vessel, there is no way to drink.So there is no doubt that drinking vessel as a part of wine culture has a long history.The development of drinking vessel is closely bound up with the national economics;it can reflect a country’s level of development.China always shows great respect for the use of drinking vessels.People divided the drinking vessels into different categories depending on their usage.In ancient times, due to the low level of social development, people use some natural materials to make drinking vessels, such as horns and gourds.With the improvement of productivity and development of the wine industry, there are more types of wine vessels, for example, the drinking vessels are made of bronze or jade or other materials.What’s more, some drinking vessels are made in different shapes, for instance sheep, tiger, cow, rabbit and other animals or landscape.Different shapes of drinking vessels not only can help people enjoy the beauty of wine, but also reflects the unique charm of Chinese art.Compared with China's drinking vessels, West’s has a distinctive flavor.Westerners pay attention to different glasses for different kinds of wine.When they drink whisky, brandy and grape wine, they will prepare the corresponding cups.It is

well known that most western drinking vessels are made of glass and crystal, because these cups are good for drinkers to appreciate the wine's color and enjoy the beauty of wine.This is indeed the case;the western drinking vessels have an elegant appearance as well as the good usage.Nowadays, the glasses become more popular and are carriers to spread the wine culture.2.3 Etiquette of Drinking Wine is a medium to understand the culture of different countries.Knowing the etiquette of drinking can reduce the misunderstandings in social activities and promote communications between peoples.After careful studies, we can find that there are some differences of etiquette of drinking between China and Western countries.China is a country known as ceremony and pay attention to etiquette.Talk freely about the saying “No Custom without Wine”, etiquette of drinking is becoming an important part of life.Chinese drinking etiquette reflects the respect for the drinker.There is fixed seating and a fixed toast times about who is the master, who is the guest.Toast normally chooses after eating the main course, and before the sugar beet is not on.The cup must be held on the eyes level when the toast happen.The toast must begin from the master and watch each other, and at least drink a little wine to show respect.Others are not qualified to respect until the master finished.If the toast order is upset the person who upset the toast order will be fined.Toast must be started from the most distinguished guests, at this time the wine should be full of so that the most distinguished guests can be respected.Not only younger people toast to the elders, and subordinates take the initiative to propose a toast to the higher levels, but also should drink first in order to show respect.The Jiuling, Finger Guessing Game etiquette of wine, but also to make drinkers thoroughly enjoyed themselves.Obviously, Chinese wine culture deeply influenced by Chinese culture and traditional

ethics of hierarchy of seniority, during drinking alcohol the respect for those who drinking was placed in the most important position.Western drinking wine etiquette demonstrates respect for wine.Drinking wine must watch their color, smell their fragrance, taste its quality, and mobilize all kind of sensory to enjoy nice wine.In the sequence of drinking, pay attention to the first drink after drink red wine, white wine, the first lighter wine In the sequence of drinking, it is necessary to pay attention to the order of drinking.White wine should be first and after red wine, the first lighter wine following Re-bodied wine to drink a short year wine and then drink a long year wine, changes gradually in-depth change in the enjoyment of wine flavor.The selection of wine device, also revolve around how to get the full enjoyment of drinking on the drinkers.Let aroma convergence on mouth of the tulip-type goblet cup, and even for wine temperature degree specially designed thermometer, without exception, demonstrate respect for Westerners wine, and their Drinking etiquette is for a better appreciation of wine.In the West people rarely Toast each other, they usually drink separately.Only in certain occasions, they will join in a toast.If a time like this is usually the person after the speech, they are blessing a person, or to celebrate something for someone.2.4 Purpose of Drinking

Wine exists with the form of water and with the content of fire.They are incompatible since ancient times, only an exception on wine.It is water also fire.Not only was extinguished by the minds of unhappy, but also can bright the inner.Both Chinese and westerners love wine, but the diversity of cultures, so caused the difference on drinking purposes between the Chinese people and Westerns.The purpose of drinking in western is simple.They have a drink in order to enjoy drinking.Of course, wine also has the function of communication, but it is more important for people to enjoy the taste of wine.What kind of drink should be used to

enjoy on a occasion , and what temperature degree should be , what shape of the glass should be, there is a very fine clear requirement.There is not hing Finger Guessing Game was provided on the banquet.The aesthetic of western is a direct form Style-oriented and do not require to use distiller's yeast to achieve communicative effects, showing that the West is drinking for wine.In China, wine is often used as a communicative tool.Therefore, there are not scientific systematic theoretical analysis on Chinese wine culture.More attention was paied on other function s brought by drinking.The so-called ulterior motives are not on wine , but care between landscape and landscape of the music.People who drink often want to discuss official business, or talk to a private matter.In short, drinking is just an expression of a mood-assisted behavior.People have a drink just want to borrow the role of alcohol to complete a number of other things, so Chinese people will never be less wine on the table.Whether it is Chinese New Year, or a business in the future, wine is the middle of the hub of everything.It also links to the subtle emotions between people, but people rely more on drinking is the pursuit of wine.Qingmeizhujiu is to prove who is the hero.The paradis Jiang Jinjiu purpose to eliminate the same melancholy;Bamboo Poets of the Seven Sages was to take sanctuary.Qianlong 1000 gentleman feast want to share happy with the public.Chinese people drinking is not for alcohol but for feelings.Therefore, so long as having appropriate reasons, everyone can advise each other to drink, in order to show goodwill and sincerity.Toast is a typical performance of Chinese hospitality, but often is not understood by Westerners on the Chinese people.China is the ceremonies.The communication is usually advocated implicitly.They are not bounded, not only can speak, also can criticize after drinking alhtough there is nothing to speak usually.Wine can help Chinese people to achieve communicative purposes.2.5 Drinking Habits Several major Chinese festival of the year have a corresponding drinking activities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival drink “calamus wine”.Suspended drink “chrysanthemum wine”.In some places, such as Jiangxi, people gathered to drink after planting the cereal crop or to celebrate the harvest time.Chinese New Year also is known as New Year's Eve.It is the day for family reunion to have the most sumptuous dinner of the year.Dinner and wine are essential to the even poorest family.In some places, people generally do not leave the house on the first day of the first lunar month.From the second day, people begin to drop around.The owner of the house takes the dishes which have been prepared earlier to the table and enjoy the wine with the guests.“liquor of daughter in the south“ According to the earliest record by the ”Southern Grasses“ that the southern people began to make wine when their daughter was seven years old.Then they bury the brewed wine when their daughter got married.This kind of wine was inherited in Shaoxing and developed to be famous as ”Huadiao jiu“.Another difference exists in the custom of drinking wine.As is known to us, China is a big country with 56 nationalities and vast territory.Most of the nations have its own distinctive wine and custom of drinking wine.However, there still exists the common character: encouraging people to drink.While in western countries, no one will encourage you to drink.It is up to you to drink or not.No one would associate toasting people with the face.If there exists buying wine culture, that is, today I buy the wine for you in a bar;tomorrow you will buy for me.Wine culture brings about the difference of ideology of flows.Wine culture that caused great affection on the east and west civilization is embodied in the feminism.In the west, fete is an important means of worship of wine.The housewives and girls gathered in wild mountains to dance and enjoy themselves the whole night.Women could communicate with any people.Although the man was discontented with this, he could not have any complaints.This tradition was handed down.As a result, women got almost the same status with the man in the west.The worship of wine came along with the mysterious worship of maternity, which rippled in the civilization of the west.It was not the case in China.Although at the beginning, the wine was brewed for the daughter of Yu, women were deprived of right of drinking wine by man.The girls

in The Dream of Red Mansion mostly drank fruit wine.The liquor, repetitive of wine, was the patent of men, such as Jia Zheng.The status of women was gradually promoted after the spread of western culture during the period of Fourth Five.Women have the same right of drinking wine in modern times.3.Different Communicative Functions and Drinking Culture 3.1 Shallow Sip and Cattle Drink

Chinese people pay attention to the “shallow sip”.The so called“shallow sip”is to put the glass in one hand and enjoy the fun by singing a song or poem to purse the realm into a little drunk.The so called little drunk is like non-drunk and non-awake, with a rather wonderful feeling to get high in the realm.We Chinese people will take a little drunk while talking with our friends or family and have a good time.The Westerners pay attention to “cattle drink”, the so called “cattle drink” also described as the “drink by”.That is, no matter one battle or one glass, just raise your neck to drink it overturned.They enjoy the excitement that the wine brings to them.3.2 Masculinity and Feminism

Chinese wine culture is the doctrine of partial male.Since ancient times, “wine” was always used by men as the signboard and mask of their entertainment.By the “wine” of power, things will line.Things can be done easier by the power of wine.CaoCao used wine to test whether troops under his command were loyal to him.Wine and beauty seem always to go together;both are men’s tool to release their pressure.Actually, with the collapse of the feudalism, women were no longer regarded as men’s vassal.Nevertheless, in most case, women are often still at arm’s length speak of love.The western wine culture joined more feminist factors and is relatively neutral.In western countries, there is not only spirits for men but also cocktails and champagne with a sweet or fruity taste and beautiful color for women to drink.Female drinking is socially accepted, and fends to be neutral on the whole.3.3

Lyricism and Enjoyment

China, the scenic spot of wine culture, the significance of drinking wine is far more than the sensual pleasure.In many occasions, wine is used as a cultural symbol to represent a ritual, a state of mind.Wine and poetry, had the tight relationship from then on.In China, The wine is often used as a communication tool, a medium to express feelings after drinking.The so called the drinker’s heart is not in the cup but in people and in love.Such as to make the plum wine is in order to prove who is the real hero;to drink one more cup of wine is to bid farewell to the friend going away.Different feeling and different mood are passed through the wine.In the western countries, the purpose of drink is often very simple, to enjoy the wine and alcohol.Of course, the red wine in the west also has the function of communication, but it is more of a pursuit of how to enjoy the taste.It can be seen that the Western wine culture focus more on the wine itself while we Chinese people seem to pay more attention to the spiritual experience after evaporation or distillation of the wine.Western habit of tasting wine is to taste with their tongue, while we Chinese people use more of a heart and brain to feel the feeling the wine bring us.The Way to Promote the Intercommunication of Wine Culture 4.1.Launching International Communication Conference

The development of world wine culture depends on the intercommunication of different nations.On this matter, I give several suggestions as following: Firstly, we should launch international communication conference about research of wine culture.At present, the research communication between professors and experts in especially French, Germany, and England and so on is little.Professors and experts exchange their ideas and views about wine and put forward new suggestions.It is an important and direct way to push the development

of wine culture.Secondly, a worldwide organization should be set up to harmonize and guide the deed acted by nations.Regions and nations behave according to the rules regulated.4.2.Setting the Suitable Rules

As we know, a proverb says without rules we cannot do things well.Thus it is necessary and important to set the suitable rules.Nations can communicate and behave well with the restrictions.However, the rules are not set now, which needs the efforts of the professors and experts.4.3 Innovation

Wine culture can not develop without innovation which is the gist of wine culture.China has a long history of brewing wine, which is proud by us.Meanwhile, we indulge ourselves in the success we have had and depend on the traditional wine culture excessively.Therefore, crisis is there.In order to keep the booming vitality of wine, obviously, the innovation is crucial.But what we should do innovate the wine culture.In my point of view, we should do as the following: To begin with, the combination of innovation of wine and idea.The consumption psychology of people is always changing.There is an increasing demand about the safety and sanitation of wine.The idea of green consumption occurs to people.As a result, we not only cater to the demand of trend, but also put our feet in the consumer's shoes.Secondly, the combination of innovation and technology.The innovation of culture can not;eave the development of technology.The big innovation and development of many professions is caused by the innovation of technology.The innovation of technology and technique push the development of the profession of brewing wine vigorously and base the solid foundation of the innovation of wine culture.Thirdly, the combination of innovation of wine culture and the management of firm.The history of abroad or domestic management of firm can be subdivided into three stages: ”experimental management“ ”scientific management“ and ”cultural management".It realized the big leap on management from experimental one to Tylor's scientific one.However, scientific management neglects the creativity and ability of man, which can not fit the demand of development.Thus, cultural management came into being.That whether the wine culture is a success or a failure is associated with the leader of the enterprise.The runner of the wine firm is different from the leader of the firm of making screwdriver.He should be an artist with high quality of culture and artistic taste.The fierce competition demands that they give direction and decision on the design of products, the direction of market, the selling

and plan of market.It is also necessary for them to carry out the cultural management and innovation of management and make full use of resources including resource of mankind to infuse the color of culture in the product.Make sure the realization of innovation of wine culture successfully through innovation of management.This is one aspect and another aspect is that: In the first place, transfer the advantage of culture into the advantage of market.Transmitting culture is to exploit the market.The core of the wine market is health;safety and fashion which the enterprises need long time of penetration of culture and patient and dedicate cultivation of market.It advocates drinking wine in a scientific way and green consumption to guide man return to rationalism from the traditional wine culture, which advocates drinking wine in great amount.In the second place, transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic, society and zoology.The advantage of economic is the final embodiment of the advantage of market.Promoting the additional value of wine culture is a significant way to transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic.At the same time, it requires shat the effectiveness of society and zoology should be taken into account.We should strengthen the idea of sustaining development of firm and carry out green management and controlling of whole process and protect the mature during the process of carrying out the innovation of wine culture.Therefore, the vitality of wine lies in wine culture and fitting the progressive consumption culture, which is to keep pace with time.Conclusion The wine is the best present that God has given.Wine culture comes along with the birth of wine since wine appeared.Due to the difference of wine, regions and environment, the faith brought by wine culture also has more or less difference.At first, the wine in China was the sweet wine made from fruits.After that, man gradually found the grain which was used as the raw material of liquor.It was much better than sweet wine either in power or taste.Therefore, it is the mainstream to brew wine with grain as the raw material.At present, it refers to liquor when it comes to the wine of China.However, the wine in the west was brewed with barley the raw material firstly.Man began to brew wine with grape.The wine made man intoxicated and gradually became the mainstream of the west.And now, it refers to champagne and Brandy wit grape as the raw material.Drinking wine in China is the common phenomenon of different nations.Most of nations have its own characteristic wine

and custom of drinking wine.The culture of drinking wine has endurable vitality and character.The research of drinking custom will promote the unity of nations and progress of civilization.In order to communicate with the consumer, it is necessary to promote the development of wine culture.The wine can popularize wildly and sell best according to the taste of consumer.The brewed wine is to be consumed by man.Consequently, people's suggestion about the way of brewing wine is vital, which is to make sure the wine is consumed with confirmation and agreement of consumer.Intercommunication is also crucial to the development of wine culture.Thus, increasing international communication is essential.Professors and experts can exchange their views and put forward new ideas about innovation of technology.A worldwide organization restrains the behavior of the members.Through this topic, the profound Chinese culture during the course of investigations will be appreciated.Consequently the Chinese wine culture will develop along with the development of the world wine culture.Bibliography [1] Patrick McGovern.Ancient wine: the search for the origin of viniculture.Princeton University, 2000.[2] Haeger.North American Pinot Noir.Langman, 2004.[3] Patrick Matthews.Real wine: the rediscovery of natural winemaking.Mitchell Beazley, 2000.[4] Jeni Port.Crushed by women:women and win., Arcadia, 2000.[5] Jancis Robinson.Jancis Robinson's wine tasting workbook.Conran Octopus, 2000.[6]Dai Weidong.A New Concise Course in Lingustics for Students of Englishin [M].ShangHai Foreign Language Education Press, 2010:125-126 [7]Jamie Goode.The science of wine: from vine to glass[M].University of California Press, 2005 [8]John Winthrop Haeger.North American Pinot Noir[M].Niversity of California Press, 2004

[9]Julia Harding.The Oxford Companion to Wine[M].Oxford University Press, 2006 [10]Patrick McGovern.Ancient wine: the search for the origin of viniculture[M].Princeton University Press, 2003

[11] 王守国．酒文化与艺术精神[M]．郑州：河南大学出版社, 2006． [12] 铁流．中华酒文化大观[M]．北京：当代中国出版社, 2000． [13] 张爱敬．酒文化[M]．青岛：中国海洋大学出版社, 1999． [14] 张长兴．酒文化[M]．呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社, 2003．

[15] 赵荣光．中国传统酒人形象的历史异变[M]．香港：饮食文化研究出版社, 2002．

[16] 蒋雁峰．中国酒文化研究[M]．长沙：湖南师范大学出版社, 2000． [17] 朱迪．带一只酒杯去巴黎[M]．北京：团结出版社, 2005． [18] Thomas Karlauf．突然想喝酒,微醺[M]．上海外文出版社, 2003． [19] 蕭曦清酒國春秋[M]．台北：台湾新生报出版社, 2001． [20] 韩胜宝．姑苏酒文化[M]．苏州：古吴轩出版社, 2000． [21]贾玉新.跨文化交际学[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997：65 [22]蒋雁峰.中国酒文化研究[M].长沙：湖南师范大学出版社，2006 [23]杜莉.中西酒文化比较[J].扬州大学烹饪学报，2004（1）：1-4 [24]杨利.酒文化及酒的精神文化价值探微[J].邵阳学院学报：社会科学版，2005（4）：82-83 [25]万晓艳.从跨文化交际的角度解读中西方酒文化[J].甘肃科技纵横，2009（3）：160

第四篇：中西企业文化对比

中西企业文化对比

关键字：企业文化民族中国

中西企业文化一直是一个值得探讨的问题，以前的“从洋媚外”变成了现在有目的的学习，其实这不是别人变好了，而是中国开始去调整自身战略位置，或者说是国际位置。企业作为一个特殊的团体一直以来是国家保护的集体，国货这样一个或许是充满民族情绪的词语，正在被越来越多的人所提及。

当说到一个民族好的企业时，就不得不说企业的核心价值，是不可复制的价值，是一个企业的魂—企业文化。企业文化应该说是不可复制的，它是优秀企业之间区别的几乎唯一标准。

中国企业或许也不知道什么时候登上国际舞台的，在国际舞台上中国制造已经充斥着整个世界，外国人评说中国制造几乎占据了全世界，当然这有夸张的成分。但是你也不得不承认中国的企业在国际中的地位是很低的，中国其实现在再走日本以前走过的老路，模仿加改造就等于创新了。其实不然，一个优秀的企业必须要有自己独到的文化底蕴，要有自身的文化精髓，这是至关重要的。

我之个人看法，我们要想站在企业领军者的位置，就必须认真分析泱泱大国和其他国家企业的差别，这正是我写这篇文章的用意所在。

对于企业文化我们需要一个定义，何为企业文化，我们先不去看标准定义，先我们自己学着从企业文化的重要性来定义它。企业文化是一个企业在发展生存中形成的自己的，独特的唯物主义观，是对社会的一种独特视角。以上定义完全出自个人之手，如有雷同纯属抄袭哈。

追根溯源，要分析中西企业的和与不和，应该首先从大的文化氛围中去看，先从文化形成去分析。中国是社会主义国家，而且是后起的社会主义国家，在国际舞台中应该是饱受争议与排挤的，这从中国光伏企业最近遭欧盟“双反”可以看出端疑，中国光伏企业出口要被强制征收%47的关税，这应该是中国光伏产业的一次生死考验。继苏联解体之后，中国是世界上当之无愧的第一的社会主义国家，俗话说“枪打出头鸟”中国企业又是以一种国家担当和民族担当集一身。从历史长河中看，中国又是一文明大国与文明古国，饱受一些传统文化的影响，先不说这是好事还是坏事，这或多或少会造成文化差异。中国因为民族原因就没有像样的百年老店，没有打入世界市场的民族品牌，这应该是华夏5000千年的历史痛迹。而其他西方国家的资本积累催生了一大批民族优秀企业，如美国的福特、德国西门子。还有从企业CEO的简历来看，不少企业其实是一种外国企业制度的一种翻版，是西方文化的移植，应该说民族的企业还整体上没跟上国际大的步伐，这不应该怪谁，本来起步就晚，大的氛围就是那样。

从历史来看，大者同、小者离。全球化的今天，不可能一个企业不受外来文化的影响。从广义文化论来说，应该是不存在中西方文化差异的，文化差异应该是文化偏向，是一种文化取舍的爱好。自由从资本主义萌芽时期就开始根植于西方的文化中，自由渐渐的便深入到企业文化中，进而成为西方企业的文化主体，当自由遇上现代科技时，便产生了创新，这是西方企业的主要文化力量。中国是一个典型的、传统的封闭式国家，朝代更替产生了敏感的文化观。集体、团体占据了大多数人的大脑，他们占绝对优势，当被问到你热爱集体吗？你的唯一答案是爱，这是荣幸与悲哀并存的现象。当集体遇上现代科技时，就产生了大而冗杂的集体，中国一向是以大取胜，这就顺其自然产生了大的优势。这是中西企业文化一个重大的区别。第二，对于民主的看法表面是西方企业略胜中国企业一筹，但是从深沉次来探讨是，中西在这个问题上是一致的。从企业管理者角度来看，企业是CEO白手起家创建的，是像孩子一样的东西，没有一个“父母”是舍得自己的“孩子”的。之所以强调民主是因为民主在企业内部是招揽好的员工的好的诱导因子，有了民主就是员工有直接参与公司管理的美好“理想”，这样员工的积极性就充分调动起来了，公司也是从中获得好处。领导人与员工的关系方面的差异 在西方，企业领导人好比“虎”，员工比做“羊”，在“虎”的带领下，最后“羊”都变成了“虎”，企业作为一锻炼自身、提高自己的好场所，员工自然对企业忠诚，而在我国，企业领导人为了能够续任，员工为了有提升的机会，他们往往相互勾结，形成一小的利益团体，最后企业中形成了不同的派别，派别之间相互斗争，不仅员工得不到很好的发展，企业也缺乏活力。工作支持规范：就鼓励企业员工在完成工作目标相互协同合作方面，西方文化强调在竞争基础上的合作，认为“一”只有在“多”之中才能产生，只有在冲突、对立、差异中才可能造就和谐和秩序。和谐不是由于消灭差异，相反，差异本身、差异的存在是和谐的前提。中国文化强调在合作基础上的竞争，中国企业文化崇尚家族主义的伦理原则，重视整体的和谐与安定，强调个人的成就依赖于集体的兴旺，大河里有水小河里满，推崇群体至上、集体利益大于个人利益的工作支持规范的全局观

念。这一观念发展到极端，竟一度公然变成了集体利益剥夺个人利益。社会关系规范：在关注、涉及员工个体与群体的关系方面，西方文化尊重个性，偏重于从个人方面去探讨群体，从个人利益出发来诠释群体利益，更加关心的往往是个人而不是群体；中国文化重视人伦，偏重于群体秩序然后探讨个人，按照群体的尊卑长幼顺序来阐发个人利益，群体有尊卑长幼秩序，群体中的个人必须按各自所处的身份行事，不逾矩，不过分，讲究群体人伦社会的“中庸”之道，个人必须遵守纲常人伦，否则就违反了天理人道。在个人与国家的关系方面，中西文化都曾是君主制的拥戴者。个人自由规范：如何激励作为特殊生产要素的人的主观能动性（主动性、创造性、潜力），始终是中西管理所要面临、解决的问题。

当我们分析了中西文化典型的差异之后，我总感觉论证不给力，所以我将从具体实例分析中西企业文化差异，这样会有一种现实感，不至于空泛。调查结果显示，６７％的中国公司正面临着因缺乏跨文化管理经验而引起的诸多问题。对此，一些中国企业也提供了成功的跨国经营经验。如联想集团认为，通过收购ＩＢＭ所获得的最宝贵财产，是ＩＢＭ世界级的管理团队及其丰富的国际经验；海尔集团则发现在国际化过程中，最大的挑战在于中国文化与当地文化的融合。再如，２００４年的西班牙“烧温州鞋”**和２００５年３月的俄罗斯“灰色清关”事件，原因就在于温州企业的文化因素。温州企业在向海外发展时，深受中国传统文化的影响，仍然采用封闭的家族型企业模式，重视家族的血缘关系，而这种家族式管理模式难以吸引家族以外的人才加入，这就限制了企业的国际化进程；温州企业的低成本经营策略，又使当地民众视温州商人为入侵他们生活的外国奸商。

中西文化固然存在分歧与差异，但当双方都融入历史与全球化的今天时，你抬头发现那些显得不是特别重要。前面我也说过，和与同的辩证关系，中西文化其实也在渐渐应征这种隐晦的关系，或许明眼里得不到承认，但是这确实是事实。或许你会问我，中西企业文化的对比怎么讲到融合呐？当我们怀着一种民族气节在写这篇文章是，是确实为了中国企业在考虑是，就必须也是必要说到这。“深厚的企业文化不仅能够应对一种环境，而且还能够顺应各种不同的、变化着的环境。当出现新的挑战时，深厚的文化能够进行调整，以适应挑战。”曾经有美国专家说：“中国公司如今在国内面临着外国企业的激烈竞争。它们不得不有所动作。它们不得不具备全球规模。”因此，“走出去”是全球化背景下中国企业生存和竞争所必然要迈出的一步。统计资料显示，中国在境外已累计办起６２００多家企业，成为发展中国家最大的对外投资者。例如，２００４年１２月，联想集团收购了ＩＢＭ在全球的个人电脑业务；２００５年，上汽集团并购韩国的双龙、大宇；２００６年，ＴＣＬ集团收购德国施耐德电器有限责任公司等。据专家分析，中国将在今后四年成为全球第五大外国直接投资供应国。在此过程中，合资企业由于中西方文化的差异而导致的各类冲突和管理问题也日益受到人们重视。

写这篇文章时，我发现我对企业文化有了新的认识，企业不仅是一个简单的公司，而是一种民族希望，是民族复兴的关键之处，文化又是一个软实力的具体体现，当两者很好的搭配时，一个企业才真正步入成熟阶段。

参考文献：

张璐璐，等《企业文化结构与实践》社会科学出版社2013.01

赵海涛，等《 华为的企业文化》海天出版社

刘光明，等《企业文化史》经济管理出版社，2010

定钱武，等《企业文化》经济管理出版社2012

中国金融思想政治工作研究会《金融企业文化的自醒与自觉 》 中信出版社 2012

第五篇：中西企业文化对比

中西企业文化对比与融合

【摘要】企业文化是企业生存与发展的根源。在当前经济全球化，区域经济一体化的背景下中国与世界的经济贸易往来更加频繁，西方的企业文化也越来越多的受到中国企业的关注。处于国际进程中的中国企业，应当更加注重中西企业文化的对比，通过借鉴和融合，形成具有鲜明特色的中国企业文化理念。

【关键词】企业文化 文化对比 文化差异 文化融合

企业文化被普遍认同为具有广义和狭义两种解释。其中广义的企业文化是指企业在长期生产经营过程中形成的、具有本企业特色的物质财富和精神财富的总和。狭义的企业文化是指企业培育的被绝大多数员工认同的价值理念、道德规范、行为准则、共同理想与企业精神。在后现代社会的今天，涵盖物质文化、行为文化、制度文化和精神文化的企业文化已经无可争议的成为企业生存与发展的基石。[1]

一方面，在经济全球化的背景下，越来越多的中国企业通过自身不断的努力，已经走出国门，走向世界。另一方面，西方是企业文化理论的发源地，无论在企业文化的理论方面，还是实践方面都走在世界前列。中国企业理当注重中西企业文化对比，通过借鉴和融合，不断推进企业文化建设，创造出优秀的企业文化，从而促使企业自身更好更快发展。1 中西企业文化对比 1.1 价值观的不同

价值观是一个国家区别于另一个国家最显著的方面。同时，价值观亦是文化结构的重要组成部分。正是由于价值观的不同，才造成了中西方企业文化的巨大差异。西方企业文化鼓励员工不断提高绩效，鼓励员工创新、冒险和竞争。中国传统企业文化倡导“以义生利，义利合一”，“重情义，轻规范”。因此，中国的企业员工团结互助、有大局意识和群体意识。1.2 管理的不同

西方企业管理表现为以“法理”为中心，重视制度管理和条例管理，在企业日常管理中特别强调制度和条例建设，严格按照规则办事。中国企业管理以“人情”为特质，深受儒家文化影响，注重和谐共生的人际关系。无论是在奖惩问题上还是在员工职位升降问题上都存在很大的弹性，人为因素较大。同时，由于受到“君臣关系”的影响，中国的权力等级关系更复杂。高层管理者会有更多的权力，中低层管理者与西方同等级的管理者相比较而言被授予的权力较小。[2] 1.3 行为方式的不同

中西文化行为方式的不同体现在思维方式和沟通方式两个方面。以直线思维为基础，西方企业文化重事实，重逻辑思维，重发现，追求精确，注重竞争；中国企业文化重先验理性，重直觉，重感悟，重整体性，容许模糊性，重和谐。[3]在沟通方式上，西方企业文化表现为开门见山，明确、直接的表达意见和见解，而中国企业文化则是委婉的、间接地的提出看法，不习惯于反问、追问。2 中西企业文化差异

企业文化的产生和发展变化，与企业所处的国家和地区的文化传统密切相关，是传统文化与现代企业相结合的产物。国家和民族环境是文化形成与发展的土壤，中西方文化形成的地理渊源和历史渊源不同，导致中西方企业文化的差异。[1][2] 段维龙.企业文化与人本管理.北京：北京大学出版社，2009.胡小燕.中西企业文化对比研究.商品与质量，2012（4）:123-124.[3] 史燕.中西企业文化比较研究.企业经济，2008（2）：161.2.1 西方企业文化的特点

由于西方较早出现资本主义萌芽，并且一些国家始终处于资本主义意识形态，因此，西方企业文化具有独特的特点。第一，崇尚个人主义。不论是人权宣言，还是美国独立宣言都强有力的彰显了西方社会对于“个人”的推崇。“人生来就自由而平等”，使得西方企业文化提倡个人至上、个人奋斗、个人独立。在工作中，企业尊重、信任员工，给与自主权，承认个人价值和能力，并强调个人奋斗。惠普公司的五个价值观“相信、尊重个人、尊重员工追求最高的成就，追求卓越做事情”就是对于个人主义很好的证明。第二，重视创新研发，卓越品质。西方企业高度重视开展创新活动，并且为此提供了优越的条件、营造了良好的氛围。德国西门子公司从不削减研发资金，并且拥有近四万名研发人员，这使得西门子公司拥有几万项发明专利，在德国专利领域高居榜首。日本的索尼公司一直将创新作为生存发展的立足点，具备强大的技术开发能力，坚持不断创新，使得索尼公司成为世界上专业视听产品、游戏产品、通讯产品和信息技术等领域的先导之一。第三，注重终身学习。西方企业非常重视企业内部学习精神的培养，把学习精神融入到企业的经营过程中，提倡建立重视教育的学习型企业。日本松下电器长期重视员工的教育培训工作，以提高全体员工的素质。其创始人松下幸之助曾说过：“事业是认为的，而人才的培养是当务之急”。为了建立一个有利于鼓励和推进员工学习的环境，1964年松下电器公司在大阪建立起占地14.2万平方米的超大型培训中心，全公司一年有三分之一的人来这里接受培训。正是由于确立了终身学习的理念，松下员工的整体素质和业务水平不断提高，使得松下电器一直走在行业前端。第四，顾客至上，服务第一。顾客是上帝，顾客决定了企业的生存死亡，没有顾客也就没有了企业。“顾客至上”、“以顾客为中心”一直是西方企业管理经营的主要信条。美国沃尔玛公司多年来一直稳居美国500强企业榜首，并在全世界都有连锁店，在全球经济危机下，沃尔玛公司仍以每年7%的速度增长。沃尔玛将顾客第一的理念贯彻在经营服务的每一个细节中，不论是店铺内的通道，还是灯光设计都令顾客更加舒适。此外，沃尔玛还实行免费停车，开展免费咨询服务。第五，重视社会责任。企业的社会责任包括捍卫消费者权益、维护员工利益和保护自然环境、支持公益事业等公众立业为核心的社会问题。西方企业文化认为，企业既是经济组织，又是社会组织。作为经济组织，不仅要以优良的品质和服务队消费者负责，还要对交易合作者、股东负责。作为社会组织，重视对本社区和社会的责任，把环境保护和减少公害作为企业生存和发展的前提条件。2.2 中国企业文化的特点

中国有着五千米的文明历史，具有优秀的文化传统，历史上经历了较长时期的农耕文明。文化方面，儒家文化一直是主流，但同时也出现了法家、道家等百家争鸣的文化繁荣。由于经历了长久的中央集权的封建君主专制，以及重农抑商政策影响，中国较晚出现资本主义萌芽，工商业落后。由于此种种原因，中国的企业文化独具特点。第一，以和为贵，和气生财。中国自古就是礼仪之邦，历来就倡导“和为贵”以及和谐共生的伦理道德。这些传统道德渗透到企业中，成为企业文化的重要内容。中国的企业家认为，以和为贵就可以化解企业内部的种种矛盾，还可以密切企业与消费者和合作者之间的关系，精诚合作，和气生财。第二，重视亲情，轻视规范。中国的传统社会以血缘关系为纽带，依靠伦理道德而不是依靠法律来维系人与人之间、人与社会之间的关系，因此，整个社会形成了人治大于法治、人情大于制度的文化氛围。企业在经营管理中，注重人情关系维系，注重感情投资。在树立企业价值观时，将企业比作“家”，唤起员工的亲情意识，要求员工对“家”忠诚。同时，由于“管理无情人有情”，法制和科学管理的成分较少，在执行时很难把握分寸，造成管理的随意性和复杂性。第三，注重集体利益。中国的企业管理者通常群众观念较强，形成了集体决策、民主集中的决策风格。一方面，群体决策有权力相对分散，责任不易明确，行动比较迟缓等不足，另一方面，群体决策又有集思广益，在充分汇总意见基础上，发挥领导整体功能和决策能力的优点。随着现代企业的发展，企业的经营管理目标已经不仅仅是实现利益的最大化，而还要股东满意、员工满意、顾客满意和社会满意。这时，企业文化中的集体性就发挥了重要作用。第四，崇尚德才兼备。儒家文化是以人为中心的文化，重视人际关系，强调人的作用。一方面，注重个人的德行，即修身养性，认为人的德行第一位的。因此，在考察、提拔干部时，既看其才，又看其德，但要以德为先。良好的德行是前提。另一方面，重视人的作用，主要不是指个人能力的发挥，而更多的是强调群体的作用，注意处理好人际关系，以求社会和谐。中西企业文化的融合与借鉴

随着世界经济一体化和区域经济集团化的不断加深，越来越多的中国企业走向了世界市场，中西方企业文化的融合已经成为不可逆转的潮流。优秀的企业文化不仅要体现企业自身的特点，还应当积极学习西方企业文化的科学内容，学习发达国家的先进管理经验，尤其是国外知名企业的文化精华，并根据企业自身的情况，融合与借鉴，形成独具特色的中国企业文化。在学习西方企业文化时，一定要防止两种倾向：一是认为中国传统企业文化一无是处，一切都是照抄照搬，不辨良莠，直接把西方的企业文化全盘搬来。二是，盲目自大，认为中国的传统企业文化是最好的，无须向西方等先进国家学习，因循守旧。中国有几千年文明社会形成的灿烂文化，有其不可抗拒的魅力和众多的精华。企业文化的融合不是简单的机械堆加，而是在中国原有文化的基础上，相互比较、吸收和补充，然后生成一种新的企业文化。要对西方企业文化进行详细的研究，总结出一些值得借鉴的经验和教训。既要“适应他人”，也要“保持自我”，关键是找准二者之间的平衡点。在尊重、学习西方文化的同时，还要坚持中国传统文化的特色与影响力。这样才能把中西方文化的精华结合起来，建立起既适应国际经济环境，又适应国际文化环境的新型企业文化，是具有中国特色的企业文化。这将成为中国企业走向世界，取得竞争优势，获得国际经营活动主动权的关键。

【参考文献】

[1] 段维龙.企业文化与人本管理.北京：北京大学出版社，2009.[2] 胡小燕.中西企业文化对比研究.商品与质量，2012（4）:123-124.[3] 史燕.中西企业文化比较研究.企业经济，2008（2）：161.[4] 孙香梅.中美企业文化的特色及比较研究.企业管理，2008（3）:30-32 [5] 汤涛.日本企业文化初探.华东师范大学，2005.