中西电影文化对比论文(英文版)

第一篇：中西电影文化对比论文(英文版)

If we consider the western movie culture’s development is a development of technology, we can also call the development of Chinese movie as a development of thought.We can see so many differences between them from every aspect.At first, the themes of the films are different.We can see almost everything from the film, sometimes directors convey not only one thought, and some others try to discuss problems which should be thought by us carefully.But for Chinese films, themes seems more realistic——the family, friendships, love, conflicts, betray… Chinese movies focus more on the society but not the individuality.they want to express some common phenomenon or current affairs in their movies.To sum up, Chinese movies are more emotional, while western movies are more logical.That’s because our Chinese always focus on morality, and western people tend to analyses things with science.Another difference is the technology.In fact we always cannot believe that our country can release a marvel movie like the Lord of the Ring, because we don’t have such technology.Though since Hollywood movies began to be familiar to us, we started to learn from them.Hollywood movies care more about their special effects, and they will pay a large part of their fees to make it more real.That means from those movies, we can see another world we haven’t imagined!For the lack of technology, Chinese movies only can compete against with them by plots.However, Chinese movies nowadays seem never care about how terrible their plots are.Good stories are rare, but we have.Just like Farewell My Concubine, its value can also be appreciated by foreigners.That’s a typical Chinese movie which shows an age for us.The western movies always have a style of individuality.That’s what different from us.We always have awareness that all of us are a group, while western advocate the individualistic heroism.So many superhero movies such as Superman, Batman, they praise the perfect and adventurous mind of heroes.For China, we have different conception for hero——hero is who can sacrifice themselves in the danger and never give in to evil, even though he is a common people.So that we have lots of movies described the life of common people, they may be not handsome, not rich, not so strong, even have some bad habits, but they have their principles, and strive to fight with fate.Despite those factories, we can also see something from the western directors.They always find some new ways to express them.From the silent movie to sound movie, from the black-and-white movie to color movie, from real characteristics to roles who created by computer.All of those revolutions mean their creative minds.Some classical movies maybe very old-fashioned now, but for the age they produced, they pioneered the age.We just lack such ideas.That’s why our movies falls now, since we always imitate those movies which surprised us, but seldom create a completely new Chinese style movie.We also have so many things to learn.To learn from western movies, isn’t mean give up our traditional ideas.In fact, now more and more foreigners begin to be interested in Chinese culture, and put them into their movies, most of them caught world’s eyes, like Kung Fu Panda, Mulan.The cross cultural exchange in movies proves that our traditions are still alive and popular.That’s also a suggestion that Hollywood needs more themes that now.People may feel tired about western movies, and they are also searching a new way.The foreign culture seems a great way to convey more interesting thoughts for people.Hollywood can learn from us, and we also can learn from them.Some movies such as Guasha , they discussed the problems and differences between Chinese and western, give a new view about the cultural fusion.Through simple but interesting family stories, make us have a new conception about Chinese in America.That’s also a creative thought which we study from western.To find the ideas about other cultures, is a chance to understand foreign culture, also a way to complete our own culture.

第二篇：中西家庭教育对比论文 (精选)

中西家庭教育对比

【摘要】近几年来，随着素质教育的深入人心，家庭教育已经成为当今社会关注的一个热点，是千万家庭的切身利益和迫切需求。因为，良好的家庭教育直接关系到了孩子的素质和品行，更关系到祖国的未来。它是科教兴国和可持续发展战略的重要组成部分，就中国目前来看，家庭教育的发展态势良好，一大批家长、学校创造了成功的经验，更有许多学生家长主动学习家庭教育知识，教育观念发生了深刻变化.但是尽管如此，家庭教育仍是一个薄弱环节，尤其是随着西方教育思想的传入，中国家长面对传统与现代家教思想，表现出无所适从的无奈。因此，对于开展家庭教育，既是机遇，又是挑战。而且，中西家庭教育各有千秋，在不同方面，教育方法也不同，所以我们就需要深刻了解中西家庭教育的差异，取长补短，并且不失时机地推进家庭教育现代化，这样中国的未来才具有不可估量的发展前景。

【关键词】 家庭教育，中西，传统，差异

从古至今，家庭教育在整个国家教育事业中起着重要的作用。邓小平曾说过；“国家现代化的基础在人才，人才的基础在教育，教育的基础在家庭。中国是一个重视家庭教育的国家。中国深厚的教育文化传统中包含了优秀的家庭教育成分。” 家庭教育、学校教育、社会教育是教育的三大支柱，三者缺一不可。如今，家庭教育业已成为当今社会关注的一个热点，是千万家庭的切身利益和迫切需求。

不过在比较之前，我觉得我们应该了解一下中西方国家的社会背景。众所周知，中国是社会主义制度，而大多数西方国家是属于资本主义制度。并且，历史文化也是不同的，中国提倡儒家思想，西方国家提倡文艺复兴。但是最重要的一点就是他们对家庭教育地位的态度也是不同的。在中国的传统家庭里，家长的权威意识占主导地位，而西方文明则主要强调斗争，平等，民主及人权。

当然，家庭教育是人类的一种教育实践。中西家庭教育还是有诸多共同之处。一般来说，它可以归纳于五点。

1、重视家庭教育。无论哪个国家，哪个民族都认为家庭是一个人的第一所学校，而家长是第一位老师。无论是中国，还是西方国家，无论是古代、近代还是现代，家庭教育始终是处于最基础的地位。

2、家教应从小做起，及时施教。《颜氏家训》说：“父母施教，当及婴稚，识人颜色，知人喜怒，便加教诲。”因为“人生幼小，精神专利，长成以后，思虑散逸，固须早教，勿失机也。”杜威也认为家庭教育应及早施行。

3、父母在教育角色上的分工。无论中西，在许多文化中母亲均被描绘成是主要抚养者，父亲则起有限的作用。父亲是孩子知性教育的主要承担者。母亲则负责孩子的饮食起居，物质保障，情感满足等，是孩子情感培育的主要承担者。其结果是孩子对父爱敬畏有余，亲爱不足，使亲子关系偏差，影响孩子的健全发展。

4、重视培养孩子热爱求知的习惯，重视阅读。古代的中国父母，一向深知这个道理，他们引导幼儿从小习读四书五经，诸子百家，激发其求知欲望。西方的父母也非常重视家庭阅读，幼儿睡前必听一段故事诵读，这是西方家教的一项优良传统。

5、重视言传身教。父母是孩子的模范，往往一个简单的动作要比上万句指令性的灌输有效的多。

尽管如此，由于中西方地域的差异和各自文化的不同，使得中西传统家教在更多的方面表现出各自的特色。据我所知，这大概涉及了十个方面。

1、教育倾向不同。

中国父母重社会教化，轻儿童成长。中国父母十分重视社会适应性的教化，但却常常忽视了从孩子达到身心发展的特点出发来促进其成长，他们往往按照既定的模式来培养子女，为他们的成长铺设康庄大道，外铄各种品行于子女。

西方父母更重视为子女提供一个可以与之抗争的成长环境，并养成他们坚韧的个性和良好的品行，根据社会的变化和子女身心的特征不断的调节、选择自己的培养观念和方式。

2、家庭教育价值观不同

中国家庭教育职能是为中国传统文化所强迫，传统中国几千年的儒家文化强调“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”。在此家国同构的思维定向中，家庭教育被赋以直接的社会意义。此外，中国传统的文化又将父母教育跟子女的个体成长与成就看作是直接相关的因果。中国父母十分看重人们对他们的教子方面作出的誉毁，认为教子成材是他们的成就，而教子不善则脸面无光。教育的目的是为了谋生，为了脸面。

西方家庭教育则认为教育的目的不是准备谋生，而是准备生存。他们所强调的“博雅教育”是具有一种塑造心智的价值，一种与功利的或职业的考虑无关的价值。

中国家庭的“比较”往往重学习，“比较”的方面较为单一，西方国家的家庭的“比较”往往注重全面的素质，中国家庭的比较，常常爱拿自己孩子的优点与他人孩子的缺点比较，使家长得以自慰；西方家庭的比较，往往能自省自己孩子的优点和成功之处，不习惯于争强好胜，论高低上下，中国的家庭在比较时往往想突出自己的形象，有意无意地贬低别人；西方家庭的比较往往注重自身的自尊、自重、自乐。

3、家庭主体观与教育的相互性不同

中国传统的家庭文化因袭着统治的模式，表现为家庭内部的权威意识。强调服从和尊重，重视外部控制。在中国的传统文化中，家庭的主要教育者是父母。中国父母的家长意识十分强烈。他们把孩子视为自己的独有私人财产，看作是他们的附属物。因此十分看重他们单方面的塑造，影响孩子的个性建构。他们注意到自身的形象，忽视了孩子与成人的相互作用，忽视了相互影响的过程和全面性，使幼儿处于被动地位，无视幼儿个体的存在。

西方文明是以儿童为主体的，更强调个人的奋斗，强调平等、民主并尊重个人权利。西方父母把孩子视为家庭中的平等成员，尊重孩子的人格和尊严，能让孩子独立思考，自由选择。他们尊重孩子的权利，不搞强迫教育。尊重孩子的自尊，主张孩子的天性发展，自然发展。父母的责任只在于发现并引导孩子的兴趣和潜能。为孩子创造有利的环境，重视与孩子的交流，重视教育的相互性。西方家庭教育中父母不是孩子的主宰，而是孩子的朋友。

4、教育的重心不同

中国传统文化所掌握的是生命与道德，所以十分重视生命、人伦。所以中国父母在教育上历来以道德作为最高价值取向。中国人心目中的“好孩子”首先是一个懂事听话的孩子，是指向群体的，人见人爱的。所以家长培养孩子修身养性，自我收敛，讲求含蓄，强调等级观念。中国家教的主要内涵是“仁、义、礼、智、信、忠、恕”中国孩子从小得到的是历史故事、伦理道德、忠孝节义的教导。儿童自幼耳濡目染的是冰冷的道德律令与清规戒律。自幼习读的是《三字经》、《弟子规》。

西方文化所掌握的则是知识，家庭对儿童主要是启发对大自然的好奇心与想象力。知识的创造来自好奇心。所以借由引发对大自然的兴趣，借由各种天马行空的童话故事，让孩子们具有广大的想象空间，以有利于对知识的创造，他们以儿童的心理发展作为最高指向，培养孩子的兴趣和创造力是西方家教的重心。

5、家庭本位与个人本位

中国传统文化是以家庭为本位的，注重个人的职责与义务。这在加以价值取向上呈现出如下特点：（1）家庭的教育功能强化。子女教育是家庭生命延续的一部分，家庭教育还在于达到“家教持久”的目的，它是维持发展家庭社会政治地位，保存弘扬家庭文化的重要工具。

（2）教育以家庭利益为主要价值取向。“光宗耀祖”、“光耀门第”是读书人的追求与目标。个人利益与家庭利益是融为一体的。这与中国传统文化的“永生观”紧密相关。

西方文化以个人为本位，注重个人的自由和权利。在教育上表现为将受教育者放在突出地位，强调个性的培养。但是个体本位并不等于个人主义，更不等同于以孩子为中心，家庭呼唤有丰富个性的个人，是能驾御自我，控制自我，超越自我的，拥有完美人格和健全个性的真正现代意义上的现代个人，而不是自私自利，依赖性强的功利化的个人。

6、独立意识的培养

中国家长在教育上所持的价值是为升学而学习，他们只要求孩子用心学习，其余全不用过问。使孩子从小养成依赖别人的习惯，在风浪面前，变得束手无策，一旦失去帮助就会怨天尤人。西方父母注重从小就培养子女的独立意识，在西方家庭可以看到，孩子像大人一样，直呼来访亲朋好友的名字，大胆的发表自己的见解，参与家庭的讨论。这样独立的个性使孩子走向社会时更注重个人的能力与奋斗。

7、情感教育与体罚

家庭教育不同于学校教育的一个重要特点是爱的教育。中国家庭中反复出现的一个字是“不”、“不能”、“不行”、“不要”，中国集体教育除了用否定词来指导孩子的行为外，还习惯于对孩子说“应该”。西方家庭中经常用鼓励性的语言来表达父母对子女的赞赏。西方父母更注重个人素质与情感沟通。家庭主要围绕情感的构建与培育而展开。

8、教育方法的不同

中国传统的教育方法是照本宣科的灌输式教育，强调死记硬背。“两耳不闻窗外事，一心只读圣贤书”。西方更强调孩子的“悟”。他们喜欢让孩子亲身厉行，去大自然中，去生活中探求知识。

9、理财教育

在中国，挣钱养家和管理钱财是大人的事，孩子离这些还很远。他们没钱时便伸手向父母要。即使是成家立业后还是可以的。

在西方，理财教育是家庭教育的一个分支。西方父母一般不会不正规、无计划的给孩子钱，而是定期发给孩子一份固定基金。并帮助孩子树立正确的理财意识，养成良好的理财习惯，还注重对金钱的基本品质的培养。

10、宗教思想与科学教育

虽然中国文化也是以宗教为开端的，但是在教育上我们更强调科学性。《中华人民共和国义务教育法》明确规定：教育与宗教相分离。

西方的宗教传统直到近代乃至现代仍保留着强大的势力，它渗透到教育活动的各个方面，不仅是教育带有浓厚的宗教色彩，更重要的是它赋予了西方教育以内在的精神价值。

综上所述，我们可以看出中西家庭教育传统各有千秋，他们都是扎根于各自的传统文化土壤中的。我们当前遇到的家庭教育中的不良现象有很大一部分是由于具体教法的不妥而造成的。

因此，我们要一方面继承和发扬中国古代家庭教育的优良传统，另一方面汲取西方家教的精华，促进有中国特色的家庭教育的改革。在吸取我国优秀民族文化的基础上，将现代科学育人知识和方法，大力普及到千家万户，转变家长的观念，提高家长的自身素质。

在这里我有几点建议，主要包含4个方面：(1)首先是家庭教育观念的现代化，摒弃陈旧教育观念，与时俱进，跟上时代发展步伐。现代家庭教育的内容和方法科学化，以及教育手

段的现代化。建立现代家庭教育的机制，实现家庭教育管理的规范化。建立家庭教育的服务体系，做到保障措施制度化。

(2)确立家长在教育行为中的法制观念，解决好家庭教育中依法治教的问题；增强家庭教育的民主意识，尊重孩子，平等沟通，改变简单粗暴、压制体罚等不良作风；

(3)树立新的家庭教育理念，把“教子做人”作为家庭教育的重中之重；利用亲情教育的优势，开展个性化教育，发展孩子个性，为国家培养各种有用之才；采取鼓励、引导、宽容的科学方法，耐心教育，不断提高孩子自尊心、自信心和上进心；

(4)紧跟知识经济和信息时代的发展，进一步拓宽家庭教育思路，增强开放意识，提高家庭教育的适应性；重视和解决“重智轻德”的教育倾向，促进智力因素与非智力因素教育的有机结合，教育孩子学会学习和求知；继承中华民族优秀家教传统同时，也要面向世界，吸收引进外国思想文化精品，开展东西方家庭教育的交流。

【总结】 总之，中国的家庭教育和西方家庭教育有很大差异，各有优劣，我们应该祛除糟粕，取其精华。不失时机地推进家庭教育现代化，使教育世界化，各自取长补短，共同发展。

[1]邓小平.邓小平家庭教育的观点及其启示.《剑南文学：下半月》, 2010年第六期.211-211.[2]《中华人民共和国义务教育法》，1986年4月12日.第五十二号第四条.[3]张贵勇.《华尔街日报》，2011年3月3日.第三版

第三篇：中西电影文化比较(爱情观)

爱情观——中西电影之比较

爱情，是电影永恒的题材，甚至可以说是电影中最大的一个题材类型。无论是纯洁正常的爱情亦或是猥琐畸形的爱情，电影里皆有反映。

但由于民族文化、民族性格、历史情况、生活环境等因素的不同，中国与西方的爱情观念的差别在电影里亦得到淋漓尽致的体现。

首先，在恋爱与婚姻的关系上，中西方的认识就是不同的。

中国人的恋爱离不开婚姻，可以说是更看重婚姻。电影《非诚勿扰》中有句经典台词“一切不以结婚为前提的恋爱都是耍流氓”就很好地阐释中国人的恋爱与婚姻的关系。中国人的爱情往往是以婚姻为前提的，恋爱关系确认后的一段时间里就会选择结婚。随着时间的流逝，浓郁的爱情细化于生活的点滴。彼此习惯了对方，相爱变成了相知，夫妻间的情感往往变成一种融合了爱情和亲情的复合感情。如此，相濡以沫，白头到老。

与中国人相比，西方人更相信一见钟情并乐于享受恋爱带来的感觉，而不是婚姻带来的束缚。西方的恋爱往往与婚姻无关。电影《初恋50次》的中，男主角亨利·罗斯（亚当·桑德勒饰）一开始就是个不婚主义者，但却极其喜爱享受恋爱，所以我们能看到他大大方方与形形色色的女人们在初识之时就能不断表达爱意乃至发生各种风流韵事，但很快又急于摆脱她们。

可以说，在爱情上，西方人只要求曾经拥有，不要求天长地久。

其次，在爱情的表达方式上，中西方的方式也迥然不同。

中国男女表达爱情的方式历来主张含蓄、拘谨、谨慎的。在古代中国的正常的婚姻嫁娶，必须是“父母之约，媒妁之言”，因而男女都被套上沉重的精神枷锁，在爱情表达上只能是拘谨的。

不得不强调的是，受儒家文化影响，中国一贯重男轻女，女子一直被“三从四德”所压迫，因而中国女性在爱情表达的含蓄性这一点上的表现尤为明显。在《梁山伯与祝英台》中，就算是具有反抗旧习俗精神的祝英台，也只敢在完成学业后暗中委托师母转递给梁山伯玉扇坠、让梁山伯去她家提亲，而不敢当面表明心意。

直至近代，虽然人人皆知自由恋爱，但对于许多中国人来说，向喜欢的人表达爱意前总犹豫再三。爱情最经典的表达——“我爱你”，亦仍是比较难说出来。过于露骨的爱情表达方式，尤其是女子过于露骨的爱情表达方式，在西方很正常，但在中国，女子避免不了会遭受各种非议，轻则可能被指“这女孩一点都不矜持”，重则恐怕就背上了“不知廉耻”的骂名。

而西方人表达爱情的方式就显得直白、开放得多了。西方人自古就特别崇尚爱情，很早就有了“平等爱情”“爱情至上”之说。西方男女交往相对自由，社会尊重自由恋爱，家庭干涉小。人们可以公开谈论自己的感情，社会舆论对此也予以容忍和支持。人们在个人生活中对自己倾心的对象往往公开表露爱意，无须顾忌是否会遭到社会的轻视、是否会遭到道德批判、是否会被他人指指点点。

西方人，不管男女，经常是第一次见面，眼光就离不开对方。往往会用直白的语言或是连绵不断的甜言蜜语，乃至用更具体化的行动来表达爱意——《恋爱刺客》中，三个女子为一个男子大打出手。他们甚至会为了心爱的女人决斗，比如电影《特洛伊》中麦尼劳斯和他的兄弟迈西尼国王阿伽门农就为了海伦兴兵讨伐特洛伊，引发特洛伊木马之战。

中西方的爱情观在一点上的差异尤其巨大——对性的看法。

中国的传统观念不仅羞于谈爱情，更是耻于谈性。中国的传统婚姻是以生育为基础，然后是婚姻，最后才是性爱。中国的传统观念是绝对反对非婚性行为的，认为那样是只求一时享乐不顾后果的行为，没有婚姻做前提的性行为是道德败坏的表现。而且，对女性的要求远比男性苛刻。未婚先孕的女子，往往被人指指点点，未婚妈妈往往被人轻视，结婚时不是处女的女子往往更会背负“淫荡”的罪名。男性顶多就戴上“花心”的头衔。当然，随着社会的发展，中国的性爱观念还是稍微开放了些。

而在西方，次序却是完全颠倒的。西方人以性爱为基础，然后是婚姻，最后才是生育。他们认为性是生理要求，恋爱中的情侣发生性关系是亲密的表现，属正常现象。在中国道德中所不齿的一夜情，在西方却是很正常的事。《穿PRADA的恶魔》Andy Sachs（安妮·海瑟薇饰演）在有男朋友的前提下却也能与自由作家Christian Thompson发生一夜情。欧美电影电视剧中性爱场景的尺度也远比中国来得大得多，就像《Lie to me》，其中不仅男女关系混乱，其开放尺度也不是中国广电局所能允许的吧。

通过中西方电影中的爱情观的比较，我们可以看出中西方爱情观相差甚远：西方人重视恋爱，中国人重视婚姻而轻视恋爱；西方人的爱情表达方式直白而热烈，中国讲究含蓄委婉；西方人对待性观念随意自由，中国则比较保守。

我个人觉得中国在对待男性与女性的爱情公平程度方面，应该向西方学习。学习其男女平等的观念，才能有利于双方在平等和相互尊重的基础上发展真挚的感情。我们也可以借鉴西方爱情观中的某些成分，如重视婚姻的同时也要重视恋爱，重视恋人间的言语沟通，男女都敢于主动追求幸福的爱情生活。至于其他方面，没什么好强求的，环境不同，观念不同，自然就“如人饮水，冷暖自知”了。

第四篇：中西电影论文比较(动画)

中西动漫文化（音乐）比较

动漫作为动画与漫画的结合体，两者有着紧密的关系。其实动漫大多都从漫画中发展出来的。其中，动漫作为荧屏上出现的漫画，具有色彩丰富，十足动感，当然是少不了音乐啦。音乐作为动漫的不可缺少的部分，具有引人入胜，将情节适当推向高潮，触动人们情感等等。动漫音乐一般会有片头曲，片尾曲，插曲等，对于动画连续剧还会有剧场版主题曲等。其中心会有多种，有热血型、感伤型、催泪型、肝肠寸断型等等。

东西方动画的发展以西方动画发展为先，而随着时间的推移，全球化的发展，东方的动画也呈现出勃勃的生机，尤其以日本的动画最为成熟。最经典的当属。获得第75届奥斯卡最佳动画长片奖，第52届柏林国际电影节金熊奖的《千与千寻》。对于东西方动画音乐的配乐，西方的迪斯尼动画影片无疑是具有很好的代表性。迪斯尼动画大都从周围的文化中寻找创意的源泉，比如《阿拉丁》改编自神话故事《天方夜谭》，《大力士》改编于希腊神话，还有我们大家都熟悉的故事《花木兰》。当然还有别具一格的音乐让那些古老的故事变得分外耀眼，独树一帜。它抓住了人们对于文化娱乐和文化消闲的强烈需求，轻松幽默地满足了人们的这一需求。看过迪斯尼动画影片的人都知道其带给我们最大的影响就是欢乐，原来一些题材中的恐怖和危险的元素在迪斯尼的动画里消失的无影无踪，比如在《木偶奇遇记》中，皮诺曹的爸爸被鲸鱼吞到肚子里，本来血腥的内容，变为皮诺曹的爸爸乐观地在鲸鱼的肚子里钓鱼吃。《花木兰》战场上大战匈奴，本来要激烈凶险的战斗场面变的并不凶险，还总有那只木须龙做出各种各样滑稽的表演等等。这些幽默的画面让我们对旧有的熟悉题材产生了一种全新的感受。

迪斯尼动画中的音乐也是极其优美动听，让人产生愉悦的心情。在《花木兰》中配有好几段插曲，演唱地非常动人心弦，画面快速地交待了故事的情节，显得非常欢快与活泼，产生令人耳目一新的视听效果。我在看迪斯尼的动画的时候，总是感觉到很强的美国味，特别是洋溢一种美国人不断进取的精神，一种热情勇敢的精神，一种探索未知世界的大无畏精神，我们很容易从这些影片中看到古希腊人生存精神的影子。不管迪斯尼影片讲述的是哪里的故事，里面总会有一个勇敢、坚强、拯救人类的英雄形象，场面宏大、有很强的速度、力度感，常让人产生一种崇高感、一种征服的喜悦感。这是很强的一种来自遥远古代的且融合在美国人骨子的美学精神。美国人总体比较有上进心，也比较热情，因而不管是他们的动漫主题曲还是动漫配乐中，那种热情奔放又带有些幽默的爵士乐一直起着无可替代的作用。总的来说美国配乐的特点为：自由、通俗、幽默、随性，热情等等。

对于我们东方的动画来说，宫崎骏动画就很有代表性。宫崎骏动画与迪斯尼动画最大的区别就是在欢乐的同时多了一份对社会、自然的思考。还有那美好的田园风光，奇幻的世界，无不让我想起童年的快乐生活，想起小时候等待花仙子出现的傻傻的模样。在宫崎骏的动画中，令我印象很深就是《龙猫》，它是根据宫崎骏在家乡听到的传说，精心编织的精巧童梦。宫崎骏喜欢描写自然，整部影片带有一种魔幻现实主义风格，利用一些自然景物切入到主角的意识流中，让观众的心得到最大的共鸣。像片中的主人公一样，与龙猫一样的相遇，一起飞上天空，一起看着树苗一下子成长起来，一起坐在奇妙的汽车上穿梭在一望无际的田野之中，可能是每个人的童年梦想，而宫崎骏的动画就抓住了观众的这一童年幻想的感觉，成功留住了观众的心。而在《幽灵公主》中，我们看到了宫崎骏先生对社会的不满，而且也让我们看到了人类自工业革命以来对环境的破坏，人类为了自身的发展，不断去破坏生态环境，残害动物，人类生活的地球正一步步走向灭亡，让人沉思。《幽灵公主》也是宫崎骏的一部得意作品，其场景描绘已是出神入化，配合这样一部巨作，久石让在电影中运用了大量弦乐，奏出交响乐般宏大的效果，让你一听就感到苍凉广阔，瑕想无边。同时，这部片子充满了浓郁的日本古代风情，所以在其结尾中，米良美一的假声独唱是极具民族特色，清澈浑厚的声音就象一个妇人在讲述远古时期的传说一般。宫崎骏将人生、梦想、环保、生存这些令人沉思的信息，融合到作品中，不但让全球人产生了共鸣，更让动画受到全世界的关注。总而言之，日本动漫配乐的特点有：淡然，平和，诗意，唯美，深邃含蓄，蕴含哲理等。这些跟日本的背景是分不开的，日本的动漫处处体现着武士道精神，其音乐也不例外。

通过选修这门世界经典动画与音乐，我对于东西方动画的差异有了新的认识，两者之间的文化背景的不同，造就了两者有着两种不同的音乐风格。了解了一些动画配乐大师，比如汉斯.季默，其用交响乐所奏出的音乐如史诗般常常令人赞叹不已，还有如久石让的大师，其那音乐所表现的感情细腻，属于充满史诗般的新世纪音乐。以前我们常常是被动画其本身的剧情和丰富的色彩所吸引而却忘记了其中音乐的美妙，正是这些动画的配乐才让其剧情得到了适当时候适当的升华。才让我们看到了如此美妙的动画作品。所以，当我们在欣赏好看的动画时，稍微注意一下其本身的音乐，或许会让我们得到意想不到的惊喜。

参考文献：

1.《谈谈东西方动漫音乐的差异》 2.肖华华：《东西方动画学风格之比较》 3.陆书恬：《动画音乐评论》

4.李新：《电影文学》2011年第14期。

第五篇：中西酒文化对比的论文[范文模版]

Abstract: Nowadays, with the expansion of communication between China and Western countries and the globalization of the world, the differences between Chinese and Western cultures have been attracted much more attention, for instance, the differences of wine culture is one of which focused as an issue.The wine is considered as the gift given by the god of wine.Wine culture has a long history and wine plays an important role in people’s daily life, and it combines people’s lives and interpersonal communication in all aspects.On the other hand, as a linker of inheriting history and leading to the future, wine is an article that deserves our earnest study.Because of the differences of living environment, historical background，traditions, values and thinking mode，social norms and culture, wine culture has a different connotation in different countries and regions and shows the characteristics of disparate style as a kind of profound cultural phenomenon.This article is an analysis performed after a lot of data collection and reading, which mainly describes the differences of wine culture between China and western countries.According to the research, the wine culture between China and western countries is very special, which has similarities in their differences and differences in their similarities.The study presents that the content of the wine culture is really rich and complex.Therefore, for the sake of the successful intercultural communication, among different nations and regions having a good knowledge of wine culture is necessary.What’s more, it can deepen people’s understanding of their own history.Key words: Wine Culture Intercultural Communication Cultural Differences

摘要： 随着中西方交流的扩大,中西文化之间的差异也越来越受到重视,酒文化的差异也当然是其中之一。酒被认为是酒神赐予人们的礼物,酒文化源远流长.酒在人们日常的交际生活中起着重要作用,它融会贯通了人们生活和人际交往的各个方面。而酒作为一个既传承历史又通向未来的道具是一个值得我们认真研究的课题。而由于生活环境、历史背景﹑传统习俗、价值观念、思维模式、社会规范以及文化底蕴的不同,酒文化作为一种深刻的文化现象,也在中西方各个国家、各个地区有着各不相同的内涵,呈现出风格迥异的特性。本文是在经过大量资料收集和阅读之后进行的分析总结,主要论述的是中西方酒文化之间的差异。中西方的酒文化同中有异、异中有同,内容丰富,了解不同民族的酒文化,有助于人们成功地进行跨文化交际,同时也加深了对历史文化的了解。

关键词

酒文化 跨文化交际 文化差异

1.The Background of Wine Culture 1.1 Wine Culture in China

China is one of the ancient countries in the world and has a long history about

the wine culture.“Since the appearing of wine and formed the methods of brewing wine, then the processes of brewing, the making of all kinds of drinking sets and drinking customs and etiquette were gradually formed and completed.”(Lixiaoye, 2010, P7)This is just the definition of wine culture.It is well known that Confucianism is the core of Chinese culture, so people's understanding of the wine culture tends to the spiritual dimension and gives it a variety of emotions.In 1987, the renowned economist professor Yu Guangyuan put forward the phrase “wine culture” in China and Wan xiaoyan(2009)explains that the wine culture has broad and narrow meaning.In the broad sense, wine culture including wine technology with thousands of years’ enhancement, technological level, legal system and drinking customs;in the narrow sense, wine culture is just referred to drinking etiquette, custom and anecdote.There are many experts devote themselves to the research of wine culture, but it’s difficult to give a clear definition.Wine culture represents different characteristics in different times and has different effects on society.Throughout the Chinese wine culture’s history, we know that wine culture studies the material, brewing techniques of wine and its social attitude.Xu Shaohua(1999)said that wine means drinking in social activities has a specific effect on politics, economic, culture, military affairs, religion, art, science and technology, social psychology, and folk customs.Wine culture is the combination of material culture and spiritual culture.It's a special and attractive culture.Next, take the Origin of Wine in China for example.Yi Di and Du Kang are considered the originators of wine-making in China.According to ancient annals Yi Di was ordered by Yu the Great to produce mellow wine fro me fermented glutinous rice.The concoction tasted good and Yi Di was confident he would receive a reward.Yu while agreeing that the drink was of excellent quality and had a good taste stopped short of rewarding its maker.Why? Because the Son of Heaven decided that over indulgence in this new beverage could be dangerous-it could make a person read-the monarch himself lose his wits and inadvertently put the country at risk.Another wine-maker Du Kang created a formula for high quality liquor made of sorghum..As legend has it one winter he put cultivated sorghum seeds in a hollow.The following spring he notice d a strong smell coming from it and was amazed to discover that the sorghum he left there had fermented.This accidental disconery inspired Du Kang to create an alcoholic beverage.1.2 Wine Culture in the West In the west, wine culture is also a richly historical culture.In most time, wine culture refers to grape wine in west countries.“It has a history more than 8000 or at most 10000 years since wine appeared, and much longer than the liquor history in China.”(Li xiaoye, 2010, P8)To western people, wine is a special kind of art and has its glamour.When we meet troubles in our daily life or feel sad, wine can help us become strong and comfort us.So there is no doubt that wine culture is not only a kind of material culture but also a kind of a spiritual culture.Owing to the different cultural backgrounds, the western people’s understanding of the wine culture tends to the symbol of the right and gives it elegant and luxury image.For example, they believe wine can enrich their life and regulate their feelings.Xu Yan(2004)said this view of life can be expressed as drink one’s sorrows/ troubles, drown one’s troubles away, drink down sorrow.Wine culture is the reflection of culture in history and it’s the witness of history.Next, take the Origin of Wine in the West for example.Greek mythology Dionysus Greek god of wine and fertility identified with the Roman god Bacchus.The son of Zeus and Semele Dionysus was reared by nymphs and taught men the secrets of cultivating grapes and making wine.but Hera struck him with madness and drove him forth a wanderer through various parts of the earth.Dionysus wandered through many lands teaching men the culture of the vine and the mysteries of his cult.The Bible The earliest written account of viniculture is in the Old Testament of the Bible which tells us that Noah planted a vineyard and made wine.Middle Eastern origin an ancient Persian fable credits a lady of the court with the

discovery of wine.This Princess having lost favor with the King attempted to poison herself by eating some table grapes that had spoiled in a jar.She became intoxicated and giddy and fell asleep.When she awoke she found the stresses that had made her life intolerable had dispersed.Returning to the source of her relief her subsequent conduct changed so remarkably that she regained the Kings favor.2.The application of the wine culture 2.1 Types of Wine Baijiu is a typical Chinese wine, while grape wine plays an important role in Western countries.China is a country with a long history and it is no exaggeration to say that Chinese history with five thousand years is written by wine.As China is a large agricultural country, the most wine is brewed with grain.In China, the word is “jiu” can be used to represent all the types of alcoholic beverages, such as beer, grape wine and so on.The most popular wine in China can be classified into two types, namely, yellow wine and white wine.The yellow wine is brewed directly from rice and wheat.The white wine is also brewed grain, but it has a higher purity of the alcohol level.Although China has a lot of techniques to brew wine and there are various types of wine, the grain liquor is always in the important position;this is because of the effect of geographical environment and agricultural culture.China's climate is very good for the growth of rice and other grain, as a result, the grain liquor is very prevalent.In the Western countries, no matter when we talk about the western wine, grape wine is always the first one comes to our minds.Grape wine is the major wine and

plays an important role in people’s life.Grape wine has a long history, Qu Xiaohui(1996)said that the Western archaeologists found that people had drank grape wine seven thousand years ago.Western is different from China as a large agricultural country, so most of Western countries develop animal husbandry and business.But the climatic and soil in many places don’t fit the growth of crops, they are suitable for grape.Grape wine was produced and became more and more popular under this circumstance.With the development of society, there are more types of grape wine, such as whisky, brandy, rum, cocktail and so forth.2.2 Drinking Vessels Where there is wine, there is drinking vessel.As the saying goes, if there is no drinking vessel, there is no way to drink.So there is no doubt that drinking vessel as a part of wine culture has a long history.The development of drinking vessel is closely bound up with the national economics;it can reflect a country’s level of development.China always shows great respect for the use of drinking vessels.People divided the drinking vessels into different categories depending on their usage.In ancient times, due to the low level of social development, people use some natural materials to make drinking vessels, such as horns and gourds.With the improvement of productivity and development of the wine industry, there are more types of wine vessels, for example, the drinking vessels are made of bronze or jade or other materials.What’s more, some drinking vessels are made in different shapes, for instance sheep, tiger, cow, rabbit and other animals or landscape.Different shapes of drinking vessels not only can help people enjoy the beauty of wine, but also reflects the unique charm of Chinese art.Compared with China's drinking vessels, West’s has a distinctive flavor.Westerners pay attention to different glasses for different kinds of wine.When they drink whisky, brandy and grape wine, they will prepare the corresponding cups.It is

well known that most western drinking vessels are made of glass and crystal, because these cups are good for drinkers to appreciate the wine's color and enjoy the beauty of wine.This is indeed the case;the western drinking vessels have an elegant appearance as well as the good usage.Nowadays, the glasses become more popular and are carriers to spread the wine culture.2.3 Etiquette of Drinking Wine is a medium to understand the culture of different countries.Knowing the etiquette of drinking can reduce the misunderstandings in social activities and promote communications between peoples.After careful studies, we can find that there are some differences of etiquette of drinking between China and Western countries.China is a country known as ceremony and pay attention to etiquette.Talk freely about the saying “No Custom without Wine”, etiquette of drinking is becoming an important part of life.Chinese drinking etiquette reflects the respect for the drinker.There is fixed seating and a fixed toast times about who is the master, who is the guest.Toast normally chooses after eating the main course, and before the sugar beet is not on.The cup must be held on the eyes level when the toast happen.The toast must begin from the master and watch each other, and at least drink a little wine to show respect.Others are not qualified to respect until the master finished.If the toast order is upset the person who upset the toast order will be fined.Toast must be started from the most distinguished guests, at this time the wine should be full of so that the most distinguished guests can be respected.Not only younger people toast to the elders, and subordinates take the initiative to propose a toast to the higher levels, but also should drink first in order to show respect.The Jiuling, Finger Guessing Game etiquette of wine, but also to make drinkers thoroughly enjoyed themselves.Obviously, Chinese wine culture deeply influenced by Chinese culture and traditional

ethics of hierarchy of seniority, during drinking alcohol the respect for those who drinking was placed in the most important position.Western drinking wine etiquette demonstrates respect for wine.Drinking wine must watch their color, smell their fragrance, taste its quality, and mobilize all kind of sensory to enjoy nice wine.In the sequence of drinking, pay attention to the first drink after drink red wine, white wine, the first lighter wine In the sequence of drinking, it is necessary to pay attention to the order of drinking.White wine should be first and after red wine, the first lighter wine following Re-bodied wine to drink a short year wine and then drink a long year wine, changes gradually in-depth change in the enjoyment of wine flavor.The selection of wine device, also revolve around how to get the full enjoyment of drinking on the drinkers.Let aroma convergence on mouth of the tulip-type goblet cup, and even for wine temperature degree specially designed thermometer, without exception, demonstrate respect for Westerners wine, and their Drinking etiquette is for a better appreciation of wine.In the West people rarely Toast each other, they usually drink separately.Only in certain occasions, they will join in a toast.If a time like this is usually the person after the speech, they are blessing a person, or to celebrate something for someone.2.4 Purpose of Drinking

Wine exists with the form of water and with the content of fire.They are incompatible since ancient times, only an exception on wine.It is water also fire.Not only was extinguished by the minds of unhappy, but also can bright the inner.Both Chinese and westerners love wine, but the diversity of cultures, so caused the difference on drinking purposes between the Chinese people and Westerns.The purpose of drinking in western is simple.They have a drink in order to enjoy drinking.Of course, wine also has the function of communication, but it is more important for people to enjoy the taste of wine.What kind of drink should be used to

enjoy on a occasion , and what temperature degree should be , what shape of the glass should be, there is a very fine clear requirement.There is not hing Finger Guessing Game was provided on the banquet.The aesthetic of western is a direct form Style-oriented and do not require to use distiller's yeast to achieve communicative effects, showing that the West is drinking for wine.In China, wine is often used as a communicative tool.Therefore, there are not scientific systematic theoretical analysis on Chinese wine culture.More attention was paied on other function s brought by drinking.The so-called ulterior motives are not on wine , but care between landscape and landscape of the music.People who drink often want to discuss official business, or talk to a private matter.In short, drinking is just an expression of a mood-assisted behavior.People have a drink just want to borrow the role of alcohol to complete a number of other things, so Chinese people will never be less wine on the table.Whether it is Chinese New Year, or a business in the future, wine is the middle of the hub of everything.It also links to the subtle emotions between people, but people rely more on drinking is the pursuit of wine.Qingmeizhujiu is to prove who is the hero.The paradis Jiang Jinjiu purpose to eliminate the same melancholy;Bamboo Poets of the Seven Sages was to take sanctuary.Qianlong 1000 gentleman feast want to share happy with the public.Chinese people drinking is not for alcohol but for feelings.Therefore, so long as having appropriate reasons, everyone can advise each other to drink, in order to show goodwill and sincerity.Toast is a typical performance of Chinese hospitality, but often is not understood by Westerners on the Chinese people.China is the ceremonies.The communication is usually advocated implicitly.They are not bounded, not only can speak, also can criticize after drinking alhtough there is nothing to speak usually.Wine can help Chinese people to achieve communicative purposes.2.5 Drinking Habits Several major Chinese festival of the year have a corresponding drinking activities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival drink “calamus wine”.Suspended drink “chrysanthemum wine”.In some places, such as Jiangxi, people gathered to drink after planting the cereal crop or to celebrate the harvest time.Chinese New Year also is known as New Year's Eve.It is the day for family reunion to have the most sumptuous dinner of the year.Dinner and wine are essential to the even poorest family.In some places, people generally do not leave the house on the first day of the first lunar month.From the second day, people begin to drop around.The owner of the house takes the dishes which have been prepared earlier to the table and enjoy the wine with the guests.“liquor of daughter in the south“ According to the earliest record by the ”Southern Grasses“ that the southern people began to make wine when their daughter was seven years old.Then they bury the brewed wine when their daughter got married.This kind of wine was inherited in Shaoxing and developed to be famous as ”Huadiao jiu“.Another difference exists in the custom of drinking wine.As is known to us, China is a big country with 56 nationalities and vast territory.Most of the nations have its own distinctive wine and custom of drinking wine.However, there still exists the common character: encouraging people to drink.While in western countries, no one will encourage you to drink.It is up to you to drink or not.No one would associate toasting people with the face.If there exists buying wine culture, that is, today I buy the wine for you in a bar;tomorrow you will buy for me.Wine culture brings about the difference of ideology of flows.Wine culture that caused great affection on the east and west civilization is embodied in the feminism.In the west, fete is an important means of worship of wine.The housewives and girls gathered in wild mountains to dance and enjoy themselves the whole night.Women could communicate with any people.Although the man was discontented with this, he could not have any complaints.This tradition was handed down.As a result, women got almost the same status with the man in the west.The worship of wine came along with the mysterious worship of maternity, which rippled in the civilization of the west.It was not the case in China.Although at the beginning, the wine was brewed for the daughter of Yu, women were deprived of right of drinking wine by man.The girls

in The Dream of Red Mansion mostly drank fruit wine.The liquor, repetitive of wine, was the patent of men, such as Jia Zheng.The status of women was gradually promoted after the spread of western culture during the period of Fourth Five.Women have the same right of drinking wine in modern times.3.Different Communicative Functions and Drinking Culture 3.1 Shallow Sip and Cattle Drink

Chinese people pay attention to the “shallow sip”.The so called“shallow sip”is to put the glass in one hand and enjoy the fun by singing a song or poem to purse the realm into a little drunk.The so called little drunk is like non-drunk and non-awake, with a rather wonderful feeling to get high in the realm.We Chinese people will take a little drunk while talking with our friends or family and have a good time.The Westerners pay attention to “cattle drink”, the so called “cattle drink” also described as the “drink by”.That is, no matter one battle or one glass, just raise your neck to drink it overturned.They enjoy the excitement that the wine brings to them.3.2 Masculinity and Feminism

Chinese wine culture is the doctrine of partial male.Since ancient times, “wine” was always used by men as the signboard and mask of their entertainment.By the “wine” of power, things will line.Things can be done easier by the power of wine.CaoCao used wine to test whether troops under his command were loyal to him.Wine and beauty seem always to go together;both are men’s tool to release their pressure.Actually, with the collapse of the feudalism, women were no longer regarded as men’s vassal.Nevertheless, in most case, women are often still at arm’s length speak of love.The western wine culture joined more feminist factors and is relatively neutral.In western countries, there is not only spirits for men but also cocktails and champagne with a sweet or fruity taste and beautiful color for women to drink.Female drinking is socially accepted, and fends to be neutral on the whole.3.3

Lyricism and Enjoyment

China, the scenic spot of wine culture, the significance of drinking wine is far more than the sensual pleasure.In many occasions, wine is used as a cultural symbol to represent a ritual, a state of mind.Wine and poetry, had the tight relationship from then on.In China, The wine is often used as a communication tool, a medium to express feelings after drinking.The so called the drinker’s heart is not in the cup but in people and in love.Such as to make the plum wine is in order to prove who is the real hero;to drink one more cup of wine is to bid farewell to the friend going away.Different feeling and different mood are passed through the wine.In the western countries, the purpose of drink is often very simple, to enjoy the wine and alcohol.Of course, the red wine in the west also has the function of communication, but it is more of a pursuit of how to enjoy the taste.It can be seen that the Western wine culture focus more on the wine itself while we Chinese people seem to pay more attention to the spiritual experience after evaporation or distillation of the wine.Western habit of tasting wine is to taste with their tongue, while we Chinese people use more of a heart and brain to feel the feeling the wine bring us.The Way to Promote the Intercommunication of Wine Culture 4.1.Launching International Communication Conference

The development of world wine culture depends on the intercommunication of different nations.On this matter, I give several suggestions as following: Firstly, we should launch international communication conference about research of wine culture.At present, the research communication between professors and experts in especially French, Germany, and England and so on is little.Professors and experts exchange their ideas and views about wine and put forward new suggestions.It is an important and direct way to push the development

of wine culture.Secondly, a worldwide organization should be set up to harmonize and guide the deed acted by nations.Regions and nations behave according to the rules regulated.4.2.Setting the Suitable Rules

As we know, a proverb says without rules we cannot do things well.Thus it is necessary and important to set the suitable rules.Nations can communicate and behave well with the restrictions.However, the rules are not set now, which needs the efforts of the professors and experts.4.3 Innovation

Wine culture can not develop without innovation which is the gist of wine culture.China has a long history of brewing wine, which is proud by us.Meanwhile, we indulge ourselves in the success we have had and depend on the traditional wine culture excessively.Therefore, crisis is there.In order to keep the booming vitality of wine, obviously, the innovation is crucial.But what we should do innovate the wine culture.In my point of view, we should do as the following: To begin with, the combination of innovation of wine and idea.The consumption psychology of people is always changing.There is an increasing demand about the safety and sanitation of wine.The idea of green consumption occurs to people.As a result, we not only cater to the demand of trend, but also put our feet in the consumer's shoes.Secondly, the combination of innovation and technology.The innovation of culture can not;eave the development of technology.The big innovation and development of many professions is caused by the innovation of technology.The innovation of technology and technique push the development of the profession of brewing wine vigorously and base the solid foundation of the innovation of wine culture.Thirdly, the combination of innovation of wine culture and the management of firm.The history of abroad or domestic management of firm can be subdivided into three stages: ”experimental management“ ”scientific management“ and ”cultural management".It realized the big leap on management from experimental one to Tylor's scientific one.However, scientific management neglects the creativity and ability of man, which can not fit the demand of development.Thus, cultural management came into being.That whether the wine culture is a success or a failure is associated with the leader of the enterprise.The runner of the wine firm is different from the leader of the firm of making screwdriver.He should be an artist with high quality of culture and artistic taste.The fierce competition demands that they give direction and decision on the design of products, the direction of market, the selling

and plan of market.It is also necessary for them to carry out the cultural management and innovation of management and make full use of resources including resource of mankind to infuse the color of culture in the product.Make sure the realization of innovation of wine culture successfully through innovation of management.This is one aspect and another aspect is that: In the first place, transfer the advantage of culture into the advantage of market.Transmitting culture is to exploit the market.The core of the wine market is health;safety and fashion which the enterprises need long time of penetration of culture and patient and dedicate cultivation of market.It advocates drinking wine in a scientific way and green consumption to guide man return to rationalism from the traditional wine culture, which advocates drinking wine in great amount.In the second place, transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic, society and zoology.The advantage of economic is the final embodiment of the advantage of market.Promoting the additional value of wine culture is a significant way to transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic.At the same time, it requires shat the effectiveness of society and zoology should be taken into account.We should strengthen the idea of sustaining development of firm and carry out green management and controlling of whole process and protect the mature during the process of carrying out the innovation of wine culture.Therefore, the vitality of wine lies in wine culture and fitting the progressive consumption culture, which is to keep pace with time.Conclusion The wine is the best present that God has given.Wine culture comes along with the birth of wine since wine appeared.Due to the difference of wine, regions and environment, the faith brought by wine culture also has more or less difference.At first, the wine in China was the sweet wine made from fruits.After that, man gradually found the grain which was used as the raw material of liquor.It was much better than sweet wine either in power or taste.Therefore, it is the mainstream to brew wine with grain as the raw material.At present, it refers to liquor when it comes to the wine of China.However, the wine in the west was brewed with barley the raw material firstly.Man began to brew wine with grape.The wine made man intoxicated and gradually became the mainstream of the west.And now, it refers to champagne and Brandy wit grape as the raw material.Drinking wine in China is the common phenomenon of different nations.Most of nations have its own characteristic wine

and custom of drinking wine.The culture of drinking wine has endurable vitality and character.The research of drinking custom will promote the unity of nations and progress of civilization.In order to communicate with the consumer, it is necessary to promote the development of wine culture.The wine can popularize wildly and sell best according to the taste of consumer.The brewed wine is to be consumed by man.Consequently, people's suggestion about the way of brewing wine is vital, which is to make sure the wine is consumed with confirmation and agreement of consumer.Intercommunication is also crucial to the development of wine culture.Thus, increasing international communication is essential.Professors and experts can exchange their views and put forward new ideas about innovation of technology.A worldwide organization restrains the behavior of the members.Through this topic, the profound Chinese culture during the course of investigations will be appreciated.Consequently the Chinese wine culture will develop along with the development of the world wine culture.Bibliography [1] Patrick McGovern.Ancient wine: the search for the origin of viniculture.Princeton University, 2000.[2] Haeger.North American Pinot Noir.Langman, 2004.[3] Patrick Matthews.Real wine: the rediscovery of natural winemaking.Mitchell Beazley, 2000.[4] Jeni Port.Crushed by women:women and win., Arcadia, 2000.[5] Jancis Robinson.Jancis Robinson's wine tasting workbook.Conran Octopus, 2000.[6]Dai Weidong.A New Concise Course in Lingustics for Students of Englishin [M].ShangHai Foreign Language Education Press, 2010:125-126 [7]Jamie Goode.The science of wine: from vine to glass[M].University of California Press, 2005 [8]John Winthrop Haeger.North American Pinot Noir[M].Niversity of California Press, 2004

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