第一篇：礼貌原则在口译中的应用
Introduction
Along with the trend of economic globalization and cultural diversification, communication among people from different countries and different cultures is more frequent and important.Interpreters are enjoying a constantly improved position in international communication, acting as the bridge which make people of different languages and backgrounds connected.Gradually, more elements should be considered in interpretation, especially keeping the communications smooth by using polite expression.In this case, the study of application of politeness communicative principle in interpretation will bring enlightenment to the future work.As we all know, interpretation is a kind of hard and complex job.Politeness communicative principle is used to research communicative conversation, so it also can be applied into interpretation which can be seen as a special conversation.However, interpretation is a study with a short history, which needs more help from other fields.Nowadays, the study of interpretation is concentrated on language training, interpreting skills, exams and so on.Few people pay attention to the application of politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Thus, politeness communicative principle in interpretation is so important and deserves more attention.Except for the introduction and conclusion, this thesis is composed of three parts.Part one gives a view of related theories;Part two is main part of the paper, which includes preconditions for using politeness communicative principle and feasibility of the adoption of politeness communicative principle;Part three is the enlightenment to interpretation after the research, including strategies for applying politeness 1
communicative principle in interpretation.2
1.Literature review of interpretation and politeness communicative principle In 1978, English scholars Brown & Levinson wrote an article “Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena”.Soon after that, Leech delivered his six criteria of politeness in 1983.Since then, there are some researches about the two fields of politeness communicative principle and interpretation respectively.1.1 General review of interpretation In order to identify the relationship between interpretation and politeness communicative principle, it is necessary to review related interpretation theory at home and abroad.1.1.1 Definition of interpretation Interpretation is a form of translation, converting one language to anther so that the target language could convey the intended message in source language.Interpretation essentially is “an oral translation of oral discourse”(Gile, 1995: 1)and “ an extempore oral reproduction, in one language of what is said in another language ”(Zhong, 1999: 1).Interpretation is a form of translation in which a first and final rendition in another language is produced on the basis of a one-time presentation of an utterance in a source language(Pochhacker 2004: 11).Compared to translation which is used when the immediate result of the work is a written text, interpretation has its outstanding characteristics as being used when the immediate result is a speech reproduced orally in a language other than that spoken by the original speaker.That is to say, interpretation is a communicative process which faithfully and orally transfer the information from one language to another.3
1.1.2 Type and development of interpretation Interpretation consists of consecutive interpretation, simultaneous interpretation and whispering interpretation, among which consecutive interpretation is the most popular and widely used.In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter listens to a speech segment and then delivers the whole segment in the target language.While in simultaneous interpretation, the interpreter conveys the meaning to the listeners while listening.In whispering interpretation, the interpreter is for speeches with one to two foreign listeners or as accompanying interpreter for your international guests outside the actual event programme.Lacking of historical record makes it difficult to find the exact date when interpretation got into shape.And interpretation came into being and developed gradually when people speaking different languages started to communicate with each other.In the past, there were middlemen, who helped people speaking different languages communicate with each other.They were usually immigrants who knew two or more languages and also called dragoman, but these people were not trained professionally.When people speaking different languages started to communicate with each other more frequently, quick and effective interpretation was in urgent.Interpreter becomes an international profession in the First World War.It is in the Paris Peace Conference interpreters who have been trained professionally to meet the requirements of the conference.After that, interpretation has become a popular profession in the world.4
1.2 An overview of politeness communicative principle theories Politeness as a social phenomenon can be observed in all languages and cultures, and it has long been an important object of study in linguistics.As a common social phenomenon, politeness is not only an universal virtue but also a popular way to realize effective communication.1.2.1 A general view of politeness communicative principle Politeness is an universal phenomenon in society.However, different linguists and scholars give different explanations of politeness.In western countries, Leech says that there exists a set of maxims that guide and constrain the conversation between people, he suggests that cooperative principle should be expanded because Gricean’s cooperative principle can not sufficiently explain why people so often convey meaning indirectly.It is for this reason that politeness principle can be seen not just as another principle to be added to cooperative principle, but as its necessary complement.Leech introduces the politeness principle which runs as follows: Minimize the expression of impolite beliefs, Maximize the expression of polite belief.1.2.2 Politeness theories at home and abroad
Many scholars have made great contribution to the study of politeness theories.Among them, Leech and Gu Yueguo play a significant role, which serves as the foundation of the politeness research for other scholars.Politeness communicative principle is proposed to explain how politeness operates in conversational exchange, which has a series of maxims.Leech defines politeness as forms of behavior that establish and maintain comity.That is the ability of participants in a social interaction 5
to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony.Leech specifies degree of politeness principle which are the means required in a certain situation.(1)The Tact Maxim Minimize the expression of beliefs which imply cost to other, maximize the expression of beliefs which imply benefit to other.(2)The Approbation Maxim Minimize the expression of beliefs which express dispraise of other;Maximize the expression of beliefs which express approval of other.(3)The Generosity Maxim
Minimize the expression of benefit to itself;Maximize the expression of cost to itself.(4)The Modesty Maxim
Minimize the expression of praise of self;Maximize the expression of dispraise of self.(5)The Agreement Maxim
Minimize the expression of disagreement between self and other;Maximize the expression of agreement between self and other.(Leech, 1999:20-21)While in China, the real study of politeness principle only began in the 1980s when pragmatics was introduced into China.The most influential figure in this area is Gu Yueguo.He puts forward his own set of politeness maxims in two thesis “Politeness Pragmatics and Culture” and “Politeness phenomena in modern China”.His theory has distinctive characteristics of Chinese culture.He proposed four basic 6
notions: respectfulness, modesty, attitudinal warmth and refinement.According to Gu, politeness principle includes five maxims:“Self-denigration and Respecting Maxim, Addressing Maxim, Elegancy Maxim, Conforming Maxim, Virtue, Words and Behavior Maxim.”(Gu, 2005: 10)
1.3 The relationship between politeness communicative principle and interpretation
Interpretation is understood as the mental process and communicative act of reproducing orally in a target language what a speaker is expressing in a source language.(Zhong, 1999: 1)
From the above explanation, it is easy to find that interpretation is a kind of special conversation.The success of this conversation needs a media of interpreter.During interpretation, interpreters need to cooperate both with the speakers and the listeners, and they also need to control the atmosphere of this conversation and keep the conversation polite.Besides, politeness communicative principle is used to research communicative conversation, so it can be applied into interpretation.So far, there have been some studies related to relationship between politeness communicative principle and interpretation, especially in recent years.For instance, Guo Yingzhen has published the issue of “Politeness Principle and Interpreting” by analyzing politeness principle and nine types of politeness in interpretation.She says, “ Based on the politeness principle and the experience of the author’s practice during past years, the honorific expressions in the process of interpreting can be divided into and applied to in nine different situations, namely, greetings, request, inquiry, 7
complaint and regret, advice, apology, imperative, and agreement”(Guo, 2004: 15).She tries to encourage readers to use honorific expressions in interpretation so that his or her own interpreting ability could be reflected.Wang Xiaowen discusses the complementarily and contradiction between cooperative principle and politeness principle, she mentions about the importance of politeness communicative principle in interpretation, “As two important theories in the field of pragmatics, Grice’s cooperative principle and Leech’s politeness principle both have great insights on interpreting with latter complimentary to the former.The approbation of the two principles to interpreting can effectively promote the successful cooperation between the two parties of communication.”(Wang, 2006: 18)1.4 Previous studies on interpreter’s subjectivity
With the increasing attention paid on the role of interpreters, the subjectivity of which arouse interest of scholars.Qiu Jixin observes the translator’s subjectivity and its restrictions by introducing thought of foreign scholars and analysis of translation.He says, “As a subject, translators can carry out their subjectivity during the translating process.Yet, the subjectivity must be restricted by certain factors.The two are combined closely with each other.”(Qiu, 2004: 12)Later, Hon Linping and Jiang Siping write complete conclusion on the study of the issue, on the subjectivity studies over the past ten years.They talk about the root, developing stages, some limitations and problems of all the previous researches.In general, just as what they state in the review,“the concept of interpreter’s subjectivity has gained more and more attention in China’s translation 8
study over the last decades.Analyzing the studies of the translator’s subjectivity in China from 1996 to 2005, the scholars explore the positive roles and limitations that the new trend could play in translation, the authors maintain that the translator’s turn will prevail in the 21 century.”(Hon & Jiang, 2006)These people do some research on the interpreter’s subjectivity and leave some evidence for others.Lv Binghua, from the perspective of subjectivity, proposed three norms, self-restriction on expressions and arrangement of message.It is a generalization of the forms of interpreter’s subjectivity from a rather macro perspective.Few scholars concern about the subjectivity of interpreters although the issue of interpreter’s subjectivity has been studied for years.That’s the greatest regret in the study of the issue.2.Feasibility and strategies for interpreters to apply politeness communicative principle in interpreting
From the above analysis of the research conducted by many linguists and interpretation theorists, it is easy to find that politeness communicative principle plays an important role in interpretation.No matter whether politeness communicative principle in western countries or in China, the essence is similar only with different emphasis.This chapter, which is based on the analysis of politeness communicative principle, explains the feasibility for interpreters and explores the instructive function of the politeness communicative principle in interpretation.2.1 Possible steps to deal with subjectivity
When politeness communicative principle is used in interpretation, at least two 9
things should be noticed.Firstly, it is possible to deal with subjectivity when interpret.Secondly, it is possible to apply politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Actually the process of interpreting can be divided into two parts: preparation before real interpretation and the actual interpretation process.“Translation procedure involves far more than step-by-step procedures for producing a translation from a source text.”(Nida, 2004: 131)In the following part, the author will discuss when and how interpreters can manipulate with subjectivity.2.1.1 Preparation before interpreting
It is well-known that enough preparation work is a key factor of a successful interpretation.Many things can be done before interpretation and will be later used.Generally speaking, prepared knowledge includes the glossary items, background knowledge of a certain field, understanding of the speaker’s culture and so on.In order to specify the above statement and make it clear and easy to be understood, the author sets an example in the following part.For example, There is going to be an English speaker talking about technology in clone.Preparation work will be done differently.Interpreter A may know well about clone, he masters all the background information and latest researches in the field.But he has no idea about the speaker except that the speaker is from England.In this situation, interpreter A may prepare in following steps.Firstly, since he knows well about the issue, the preparation of background knowledge may be very simple.Secondly, since the speaker comes from England, which needs to know more 10
about clone in England.Therefore, A should review the clone in England.Thirdly, given that A knows nothing about the speaker, he should seek a way to get familiar with culture and courtesy in England.Last but not least, A should know more about the situation whether in a conference or casual dialogue.Imagine another quite different situation: If interpreter B knows the English speaker very well.However, he knows little about clone, let alone clone in England.In this case, B would seek for different methods to deal with, which is quite different from A.Instead of paying much attention to the background of the speaker, B has to spend much time learning about clone, especially in England.Therefore, he had better read some scientific books and surf the Internet to gain more information about clone.Above all, it is easy to find that different interpreters choose different ways to prepare based on their own conditions though given the same situation.That leads to the possibility of choosing for interpreters in this process.2.1.2 Understanding of original speech Understanding of Original Speech is a vital process during the interpretation.If one can’t grasp the original meaning, he may mislead the intention of the speaker, even worse, spoil the whole conversation.Basil Hatim and Ian Mason once wrote in their book Discourse and the Translator, “The less evaluative the text is, the less need there will be for its structure to be modified;Conversely, the more culture-bound a text is, the more scope there may be for modification.The less culture-bound a text is, the less need there will be for its structure to be modified;Conversely, the more culture-bound a text is, the more 11
space there may be for modification.”(Hatim & Mason,1999: 3)In China, Qi Weiyan stated in her paper, “Translator’s understandings and opinions are always influenced by times, nation, language, history, custom, culture and so on.Thus, the subjectivity of translators is strongly needed because of the differences in these factors in source text, the disparity between source and target language, and the strong demonstration of times, national feature and culture capital in the source text”.(Qi, 2003)In the following, the author would show that interpreters may have different understandings towards the same original sentence.For example, It’s my great honor to be invited as your friend.Interpreter1: 作为朋友收到邀请，我十分荣幸。Interpreter2: 我十分荣幸以朋友的身份收到邀请。
In this case, the emphasis of the interpreter is different.Interpreter 1 strengthens the meaning of “great honor to be invited” with thanks.While interpreter 2 highlights the words “as your friend” to focus on the true friendship.Therefore, the hidden meaning of the sentence is “The friendship between us is precious to me and I really appreciate it”.Both of the understandings are right if the speaker expresses the sentence without the paragraph.Still, differences between two interpreters don’t influence the quality of interpretation.It can be concluded from the above example that one sentence may lead to different understandings and the interpreters can choose their own understanding according to the atmosphere of situation, the context or the relevant information.This clearly proves that interpreters are able to manipulate during the understanding 12
process and sometimes the subjective choosing may even be of great significance.2.1.3 Production of the interpreted version
As Qi Weiyan stated in her paper, “Translator’s subjectivity can be reflected not only from the comprehension of the source language, but also from the choosing ways of expressions.If we put it in another way, production of the translators gradually form their own translation styles, characteristics and features.There is a close relation between them.In a certain period and under certain historical and cultural background, translators form their own thoughts and senses of values, tastes and interests, as well as translation abilities, which are shown in his translation version.”(Qi, 2003)From the translation theory above, it is aware that translator’s subjectivity is what she talks about.It is the same with interpreters,too.Being an excellent interpreter requires abundant interpreting experiences, careful observation and daily practices.The author will give an example to illustrate this point.For example, Shenzhen today is quite different from what she looked like twenty years ago.Version1: 今日的深圳不同于20年前的深圳。
Version2: 今日的深圳比20年前不可同日而语。
When you talk about Shenzhen’s development and her achievement with a foreigner, such a sentence can be seen very often.In a real interpreting case, it is common that both of the translation versions are acceptable, with no mistake or misunderstanding between communicative parties.However, the two versions have obvious difference.Version 2 gives a more brief idea of difference in Shenzhen which 13
strikes the speaker most.While version 1 is close to literal meaning of the original sentence.The two versions have difference in ways of expression and the author believes that it can reflect the interpreter’s characteristics in some degree.Although the original sentence is a kind of praise of Shenzhen’s great development, the sentence itself does not show that Shenzhen becomes stronger or prosperous.It can be predicted that in terms of characteristics, version 2 is more direct than version 1 since he or she wishes to express the intended meaning in an obvious way.2.2 Feasibility of the adoption of politeness communicative principle in interpretation Since it has been proved that politeness communicative principle is one of the principles that should be adopted in our daily conversation.Adopting politeness communicative principle in interpretation will help create harmonious atmosphere and enable the exchange of words and thoughts to be smooth and successful.As we all know, interpretation is a kind of exchanging and talking since two communicative parties cannot communicate directly because of language and culture differences.Thus, an interpreter is needed to exchange words between the two communicative parties, which is a very important job in such kind of indirect interaction.During interpreting, a sense of being polite is badly needed.In this part, the author will talk about the application of politeness communicative principle and set examples to prove the feasibility to interpretation.The process of application of politeness communicative principle can be divided into three different forms, namely choosing of words, choosing of sentences and choosing 14
ways of expressions.2.2.1 Choosing of words Interpreters may have different words that can be used during interpretation, while they have possibility to choose proper words from them.Therefore, interpreters can find the most polite words under the direction of politeness communicative principle.First of all, some words that can help the interpreters are discussed.Firstly, application of model verbs in politeness communicative principle will be discussed.When we choose proper language form to express politely, some appropriate model verbs can make the sentence like an euphemism.In our conversations or dialogues, these model verbs are easy to find here and there, such as “should, shall, would, could”.In order to express the meaning more clearly, the author will set two examples in the following.When we put the model verb “could” ahead in a question sentence, it is a euphemistic expression.For example, “could you tell me about the story?” The word “would” can be used in a euphemistic expression, especially in the request and suggested sentence.For instance,“I would be a shame to disturb your dialogue.” “would you like to pass the book to me ?”and “wouldn’t it be better to stop it right now?” All the sentences above are more polite than those do not use model verb.Secondly, tense of verb deserves our attention.In a sentence, past tense is another way to express request politely, while past continuous tense is more polite than past tense.For instance,“Sorry, I did it again”.This sentence means this is not the first time he made mistake, and the intended meaning of which is he or she really feels 15
regrettable about what he or she does.From above, it can be found that past tense can also express apologize.Thirdly, some words expressing possibility could also express politeness.when we talk something about suggestion, advice and criticism, we could use “maybe” “perhaps” and “possible”.”Possibly” mainly used in a request sentence, if it is used together with model verbs “can” and “could”, it would be more polite.When we give an invitation, suggestion, requirement and criticism, we can use the word “wonder”, because it is also a euphemism.Another example, the word “quite” can be used in the negative sentence to express politeness:“That’s not quite what I said, you know.” Some examples related to the three pairs of maxims will be discussed next.2.2.1.1 Tact maxim and generosity maxim
From the brief introduction of maxim before, it is easy to know that these two maxims are intended to maxim of benefit to others and cost to oneself.The typical case is as followed.“This is a brief introduction brochure of our school”
Version1: 这是我校的宣传册。
Version2: 这是美国某大学的宣传册。
According to Tack and Generosity Maxim, it is polite to maximize the listener’s benefit even cost the speaker more.In this situation, since the interpreter is the direct speaker to the Chinese students attending an exhibition, the interpreter has to interpret the complete meaning while maximize benefit for the listener.Based on the given situation, version2 is more proper than version1, not only for 16
sake of better advertisement of the school, but also help the listener leave a deep impression of this school, which is different from other schools they heard before.From this point of view, the choosing of version “美国某大学” rather than “我校” realizes the minimization of other’s cost.2.2.1.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim
These two maxims demand maximization of praise of others and of dispraise to oneself.The following is an example:
“我们产品的质量比你方更好。”
Version1: Our product’s quality is better than yours.Version2: It seems that our product’s quality is better than yours.In this case, version2 doesn’t maximize praise of listeners and dispraise of him or her.The speaker states the meaning of “better than you”, which is going to cause unhappy feelings to the listeners.2.2.1.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim Agreement Maxim and Sympathy Maxim demand maximization of agreement between oneself and others.An example is as followed:
你同意我的想法吗？
Not really.Version1: Do you agree with me?
我不同意。
Version2: Do you agree with me?
我们的想法可能有些出入。
This is a kind of “agree-or-not” sentence.Agreement should be given based on the Agreement and Sympathy Maxim.Therefore, when the interpreter chooses the expression “有些出入” instead of “不同意”.The atmosphere is more polite and harmonious.2.2.2 Choosing of sentences
Interpreters may have different sentences that come into mind during interpretation, while they have possibility to choose the most suitable one from them.As a result, interpreters can find the most polite one under the direction of politeness communicative principle.2.2.2.1 Tack maxim and generosity maxim Two conclusions can be drawn from these maxims.Firstly, offering is more polite than request in an imperative sentence.Secondly, politeness communicative principle in language can be classified into various degrees because more indirect expressions give listeners more freedom to choose what they want.If a sentence is delivered in a more indirect way, it would be more polite.Example1, Answer the phone.I want you to answer the phone.Will you answer the phone?
Can you answer the phone?
Would you mind answering the phone?
Could you possibly answer the phone?
Example 2, Call a taxi for me.18
I want you to call a taxi for me.Will you call a taxi for me?
Would you mind calling a taxi for me? In each example, the last one is the most polite because it gives the listener more opportunity to refuse.It is successful to minimize the cost to others and maximize benefit to others.More examples can be found at the beginning of a press conference.In order to keep the meeting going quietly, the host would say to the reporter just as “请各位与会人员关闭手机”.Under this circumstance, interpreters have these choices:“Turn off the cell phone.” “Can you turn off the cell phone?” or “Can I probably ask you to turn off the cell phone?”.Among them, the degree of being polite is deeper and deeper, then the last one is the most polite.In order to show politeness, interpreters usually express ideas in a mild and roundabout way.For example, when disagreeing with somebody, one would say,“I don’t think you are right” rather than“you are wrong”.Another example“You don’t seem to understand” instead of “You don’t know” so directly.2.2.2.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim
These two maxims demand maximization of praise of others and of dispraise to oneself.They contain two aspects and the first is “negative praise” which means saying something good to somebody instead of criticizing others.An example is followed,“Do you like my skirt?” “Well, yes.But it’s not my favorite.” Although B does not like A’s skirt, he expresses his feelings in a polite way.The second type is “exaggerated praise”, which is common in interpretation from Chinese to English
because English speakers like to exaggerate their feelings, while Chinese are more implicit in comparison.Here is an example: after a party, guests coming from China say to the host,“谢谢你的邀请，我们度过了一个愉快的夜晚。” Interpreter can express like this,“Thank you so much for inviting us, we had a wonderful night”.In this version “so much” is an exaggerated word.Another example is, when praising others, one usually addresses in this way, ”What a beautiful house!” or “What a cute boy”.Another example,“你觉得我们有机会合作这个项目么？”
Hopefully, let’s wait and see.Version1: Is there any possibility for us to cooperate with each other on the project?
希望可以，让我们边走边看。
Version2: Is there any possibility for us to cooperate with each other on this project?
希望能有这个合作机会，让我们边走边看。
Based on Approbation and Modesty Maxim, it is polite for the interpreter to maximize praise of the Chinese party.The Chinese party asks the question about the cooperation possibility in this situation.For some reasons, Without exact comment on the possibility, the foreigner gives an ambiguous answer to the question.Thus, the second version is recommended.2.2.2.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim
These two maxims demand maximization of agreement between oneself and 20
others.English speakers usually express disagreement in this way:“sorry”or“Excuse me”.For instance,A says,“I like these pictures, they are beautiful”.Then B says “Well, I don’t have any eye for beauty, I’m afraid”.From this example, it is easy to see that although B does not agree with A, he does not express that in a direct way, which not only decreases the conflict between them, but also increases the accordance with the speaker.That is to say, in order to make the listener happier, good details should be talked.For instance,“That was the great Oscar for John” and “That was the great news about John”.The first sentence brings more happiness to the listener.On the contrary, when we talk about some sad news, try to say some vague words instead of details.In western culture, the expression of “death” is a typical one.For example,“be asleep in the arms of God”“be taken to paradise and go to heaven”.Another example,“I was sorry to hear about your husband” is more polite than “I was sorry to hear about your husband’s death”.2.2.3 Choosing of expressions
Choosing of expressions means that during interpreting, an interpreter is likely to choose different ways to express the idea.Among these choices, he or she would find the most polite one according to politeness communicative principle, which includes the changing of sentence structure or custom of expression in different languages.The author would illustrate the point in following aspects.2.2.3.1 Tack maxim and generosity maxim
Here is an example to show the expression choices under the direction of these two maxims.21
你看过那份计划了吗？
真不好意思，我昨天去看父母了。
Version1: Sorry, I went to visit my parents yesterday.Version2: Sorry, I haven’t seen it though, since I went to visit my parents yesterday.In this situation, the hidden meaning of Chinese speaker is that he hasn’t looked into the proposal yet.According to Chinese culture, the reason is given at first.However, person asks the question in order to know whether the proposal is seen though or not.Thus, in order to show respect to the leader, he or she had better choose the latter one to give the direct answer first and if time permits, giving reasons in a simple way.In this way, the modest attitude of speaker can be clearly reflected and thus gaining opinion of Chinese audience.2.2.3.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim Here is an example to show the expression choices under the direction of these two maxims.That is all my speech, If you have any question concerning my speech, welcome.Version1: 我的演讲完毕，有问题可以问我。
Version2: 我的演讲完毕，如有问题，欢迎随时提问。
The original sentence is a traditional English way of expression with no offence.However, the translated version1 may seem a bit rude to the audience in China.Thus, although violating the literal meaning of the original words, interpreters maybe choose the latter one to show politeness and create a harmonious atmosphere.22
2.2.3.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim
Under the direction of these two maxims, the author will list an example:
Do you agree with our arrangement?
Yes, the transportation and accommodation are great.Version1: 是的，交通和住宿都不错。
Version2: 安排的很好，尤其是住宿和交通。
In order to be polite, version2 chooses the expression “安排的很好”，which is not heightened in the original words.The change of expression adds the degree of agreement and sounds more agreeable than just saying“是的”.Therefore, the listener will be glad to your interpretation.3 Strategies for applying politeness communicative principle in interpretation
Since a great many researches have been done on the strategies whenever concerning politeness or subjectivity, the author is going to mention three of them simply.There are substitution when the speaker does not mention, treason when the speaker does mention but not polite to the audience and omission to name just a few.3.1 Substitution Interpretation needs substitution sometimes.Since it has already been proved that interpreter is able to cope with subjectivity, substitution cannot be avoided because of different languages, backgrounds, styles and so on.When comes to politeness communicative principle, substitution can be utilized in following: The key point of Tack and Generosity maxims is to reduce the cost of others.In some cases, people are not willing to talk about death, disease, body part and so on.23
Instead, they would use indirect words replacing them.For instance, “big C” stands for “cancer” “mentally handicapped” replaces “retarded”, “psychiatric hospital” rather than “mental hospital”.Concerning about unemployment, they would use the words: “unwaged, between jobs”.It’s good for one to try hard to agree with others,if not that matters, and it is the key issue of Agreement and Sympathy maxims.When one agrees with the other but he or she omits the words like “yes” or “sure” and directly continue the topic.On such occasions, it is greater if the interpreter say like “of course” or “definitely” to emphasize the agreement.Substitution can be found quite often in opening and end of speeches, informal lectures and interviews, which allows to establish harmonious atmosphere without influencing the content or final result.3.2 Treason In some occasions, if we translate the sentences literary, it would cause misunderstanding due to different cultural backgrounds.As bridge of communication, it is interpreter’s responsibility to promote better interactions, even sometimes not being loyalty to the original words.In order to maximize praise of others and minimize praise to oneself, interpreters may sometimes behave modest on behalf of the speaker.Such kind of situation can be found when communicative parties come from different cultural backgrounds.For instance, the Westerners tend to be direct while Chinese are used to behave modest.It is the guest speaker’s or sometimes interpreter’s responsibility to use words or concept of the host speakers and that can also be regarded as a kind of agreement to 24
the host party and its custom for sake of offering more agreement to others.Situations exist when parties hold different opinions toward one issue or when slip of tongue occurs.Interpreters should be pay attention to this strategy, be loyalty to the original words and pass on the meaning to the listeners.3.3 Omission Facing with difficulties in interpretation, omission is one of the strategies most often applied.Omission concludes deletion of words, phrases, sentences or even a paragraph.Here is an example: Please turn to page 20, maybe 22.let me see, yes, 25.Version1:请翻到书的20页，也许是22页，让我看看，第25页。
Version2:请翻到书的第25页。
It costs a lot for the audience to hear page 20, 22and 25 getting themselves busy in turning to pages that are not certain.Thus, it is wise and polite for the interpreter to slip to the final page which is quite certain, or else it will cause a confusing situation.However, this strategy is not proper in all conditions.When comes to important content, no random omission is allowed.Conclusion
Through this paper, the author draws the conclusion that it is very important and feasible to use politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Therefore, when interpreters understand preconditions of the principle and adopt related interpretation strategies, the interpreted version would be better.Since interpreters are already aware of the importance to be polite and feasibility to subjectivity.Besides, some possible ways to deal with subjectivity, interpretation strategies under the direction of politeness communicative principle are are listed in the paper.It is conductive to the improvement of the quality of interpretation and the development of interpreters themselves.Since this paper is done with the aid of many reference books and some papers, there may exist weakness and limitations during the process.Besides, there are causes that actually lead to these limitations: Firstly, as a college student, it is unlikely for the author to get in touch with interpreters in everyday life;Secondly, not doing or observing enough interpreting practice, it is impossible for the author to collect a large number of materials and cover all the areas.Finally, the author has little experience in interpretation, which causes the big trouble to perfect the paper.As a result, based on the materials available and current condition, the author tries best to make the paper reliable.The author hopes that the future researches can spare more efforts in the following aspects.Firstly, researches may collect as much materials as they can through all possible channels in future.If time permits, such kind of collection may 26
produce a more reliable research than this one.Secondly, there is no space and time left for strategies and suggestions.The author just lists three of them to name just a few.It is the hope of the author that future researcher can lay more emphasis on the strategy part to make this research more complete and systematic.Bibliography Brown.P &Levinson, S.Universals in Language Usage [J].Shanghai: Shanghai
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External Translation Press, 2001.顾曰国.跨文化交际 [M].北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2005.郭英珍.语用中的礼貌原则与口译的敬体形式 [J].华北水利水电学报, 2004(2).侯林平, 姜泗平.我国近十年来译者主体性研究的回顾与反思 [J].山东科技大
学学报, 2006(3).利奇.语义学 [M].上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 1996.吕炳华.译者主体性的体现.[J] 山东外语外贸大学学报, 2005(1).戚伟燕.译者主体性的体现和强弱.[J] 杭州电子工业学院学报.2004(1).裘姬新.译者主体性及其制约因素 [J].河南科技大学学报, 2004(1).28
王晓雯.合作、礼貌原则与口译 [J].安徽冶金科技职业学院学报.2006(2).29
第二篇：会议口译中技巧的应用
会议口译中技巧的应用
摘要：针对翻译工作者和口译人员来说，会议中所涉及的翻译工作具有较强的挑战性。会议口译中口译人员该具备何种能力，已不停留于中英语知识或者口译技能上。会议中，由于不少内容均为现场发挥，为达到理想的气氛，口译工作者往往还需掌握非语言知识、应变能力以及较高的职业素养等。换而言之，口译人员在会议中应学会巧妙使用翻译技巧，不断融入会议氛围，从而保证整个会议、翻译的优质完成。
关键词：会议口译；技巧；应用
会议口译，属于跨语言、涉及多种文化的交流职业，位于口译领域的高端。通常，会议口译表现为交替、同声传译两种基本模式。口译听解过程中，译员有必要集中注意力去听取，用自己的思维对源语予以加工，强调意义并抓住信息的着手点，从而有序完成记忆、表达等各项任务。倾听时，还应积极调用个人的百科、情景以及专业等“非语言知识”。对非语言知识的掌握程度会从很大程度上影响口译的准确性和流畅性，一名合格的口译员需要具有优秀的语言能力和相当的专业知识背景。
一、顺句驱动
和同声传译相比，会议交替传译的要求相对较低。尽管译者无需立即翻译出源语言，但时间上也相对较为紧迫。区别于笔译工作者，会议交替传译没有太多的时间去分析原材料，必须在约定的时间内予以翻译。基于此，会议交替传译并不需要译者对原文进行100%的翻译，而是涉及大概内容、传达出正确的信息便可。也正因为这样，口译工作中往往使用顺句驱动法，这也是口译人员有必要掌握的一项技巧。
很显然，顺句驱动也就是根据源语言中不同语句所出现的顺序，对原文依次进行翻译。中英文在语言上存在不少差异，口译人员通过该种翻译法很难对原文进行全面把握。不过，鉴于口译工作的时效性要求较高，该方法能为译员节省更多的时间，减轻工作强度，改善翻译效率。以赖斯演讲为例，我们这里对顺句驱动做初步分析。
例句：Different nations will find ways to express democratic values that reflect their own cultures and their own ways of life.通过上面提及的顺句驱动法，我们可做出如下翻译：“在不同的国家，人们的民主意识、文化背景和生活方式均会存在差异。”
二、断句
针对译者，若要正确把握顺句驱动，第一步就必须学会如何断句，懂得怎样抓好复杂句子内出现的不同信息点。学会了断句，我们自然可以掌握顺句驱动。英语语言中有很多繁琐的长句，怎样断句，这是很多中国学生面临的难题，对译员的语言功底也是极大地考验。不过，这里所说的断句并不是纯粹以断句为目的，而是要服务于口译的需要，讲究合理、合适性，以便对某些冗杂的英文句子进行翻译。
若中英信息在表达方式、主要内容上十分接近，则可不采用断句方法，该种情况较为少见。不同的语言或多或少会存在差异，译者在汉语翻译中会看到很多长句，这就必须熟练应用断句技巧。基于此，译者第一步应对讲话内容予以认真倾听，脑海中对所有长句及其关键信息点进行赚取；根据听到的顺序逐次予以翻译。正因为差异的客观性，翻译时译者还有必要对句子做出调整或者是修补。这里仍以赖斯的讲话为例，其中有这么一句：Democracy is the most realistic way for diverse peoples to resolve all differences，and share power，and heal social divisions without violence or repression.很明显，上述为英语长句。我们在翻译前，有必要进行断句，并得到最终结果：民主具有较高的有效性，能够对群众争端予以解决、实现权利共享，消除社会上存在的分歧。
三、重复
汉语文学中，很多人会借助重复的手法对句子气势予以渲染。相对来说，英文文学中则几乎不会使用该种手法，有时甚至是刻意禁止的。朱自清家所执笔的散文《匆匆》中，“匆匆”的出现频率高达5次，其目的是为了渲染气氛。汉语更注重意合，其句子、词汇的结构可以背重复，特别是在礼仪场合。而英语则重形合，若反复出现肯定会臃肿，我们在翻译时有必要关注重点。
由于不同文体间存在差异，有时重复手法也很有必要。就比如下列句型：Worse than„Worse than„Or perhaps worse than...。在政治文体文中，适当用重复和反问的语气有助于增强气势。从某种层面上看，中英文中均适用于重复手法。因此，上述句子也可理解为：“会比...更糟糕么？还会比...更糟糕么？或者比...更糟糕吗？”
四、转译
顾名思义，语言翻译中经常会使用转译这一技巧，它在很多翻译形式中也较常出现。会议交替传译同样如此，必然会使用该种翻译方法。全面地使用转译，有助于维持译文的通畅性，让译文变得更具可读性。不过，转译的界定较为宽泛，一般可分成词性和逻辑转换，以及句式调整等形式。为便于读者更好地分析，这里我们将以此举例分析。
（一）词性转换
例句1：The problem is that too many peaceful human rights activists，and journalists，and bloggers are sitting in prison for actions that should not be considered crimes in any country.翻译：问题在于：越来越多热衷和平、倡导人权的记者、民主人士以及博主纷纷入狱，但这些人身上的罪在所有民主国家均难以立足。该句话的翻译，将peaceful当成动词，释义为热爱和平。
（二）句式调整
例句2：The reason is that America desires no permanent enemies that we can imagine a better relationship with North Korea，and we are working to build it through the Six Party Talks.翻译：美国不想结交长久的敌人，我们希望借助六方会谈构建更加和谐的美朝关系。在对该句话进行翻译时，我们会对语序进行调整和翻译。
（三）逻辑转换
例句3：The main problem for democracy in the Middle East hasn’t been that people are not ready for it.The problem is that there are violent forces of reaction that cannot be allowed to triumph.翻译：中东地区所面临的民主问题在于：战胜不了的武力反抗分子依然存在，而并不是人们未做足准备。上句中，显然是逻辑被成功转换再进行翻译的。
五、增补
我们都知道，中文强调意合，句中不同的意群、成分均有着某种紧密的联系。很多情况下，中文都不需要使用连接词或者介词，其句子形式相对而言较松弛。英语则强调形合，句子的不同意群或者成分结合均有必要借助连接词或者介词予以实现。也正是如此，英语形式要严谨很多。不过，中英文句式上存在的差异，必然需要译者在两种语言互译中学会增补。特别是英文译为中文时，更需使用增补方法。看如下例句：Worse than the tyranny of Saddam Hussein at the heart of the Middle East，who terrified his neighbors and whose legacy is the bodies of 300，000 innocent people that he left in unmarked mass graves？
根据上下文，我们可巧妙地予以增补。这里我们可将原文译为：伊拉克作为中东中心，被萨达姆专制政权所占领；他威慑他人人民，并对30余万名群众予以杀害，形成了很多无名坟墓，还有什么比这更糟糕？需要注意的是，增译法的存在并不是无中生有，也不是凭空添加原文当中本没有的意义，虽然在增译的部分当中是无法从原文当中找到相对应的词语的，但由于其目的是要表达原文的信息，或者将翻译的内容更符合译入语的表达风格，增译的现象是非有不可的。
六、省略
有增补，自然也会出现省略。口译期间，省略可以说无法避免。原因在于：人的处理能力相对有限，口译现场肯定会受到噪音等因素限制，译员想要彻底听取原文并将其传送给给译入语听众，难度很大，而且完全形式上的对应往往不符合译入语听众的语言习惯，会使翻译内容生硬，翻译腔明显。大量的口译实践表明，省略极为普遍，哪些情况下需用到省略？
例句：No，ladies and gentlemen，the past order in the Middle East is nothing to extol，but it does not make the challenges of the present less difficult.这里，我们可将句子做如下翻译：不，女士和先生们，以往的中东不具有称颂价值，我们当下遭遇的挑战也让人堪忧。句子中，“past order”等词可不予翻译。
在这个句子当中我们不难看出，实际上减译法在句子当中很难体现得很清楚，因为减译的目的就是为了让语言更加流畅和自然。
七、结语
本文站在会议口译的角度上，探讨口译过程中技巧应用的重要性，例如关于增补和省略的实用性，以及通过举出事例，令人们意识到增译与减译的重要性。在世界一体化进程中，不同领域之间的合作仍在增加。很多国际会议或者是国际活动，要求大量的翻译人才，尤其是口译人才，但提出的要求也愈来愈高。该类会议中，会议交替传译可谓是占主导地位之一的翻译形式。会议口译过程中，译者有必要结合实际选择相应的翻译技能，将发言人的句子流畅、准确地呈现给听众，正所谓“运用之妙，存乎一心”，个人能力与素养的逐步提升，则是通过加强练习、学习和实践习得的。
参考文献：
[1]何其莘.管窥同声传译中的一些技巧[J].上海外国语大学学报，2009（12）.[2]刘宓庆.同声传译中的反译与顺译[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报，2010（11）.[3]苏冲.浅析中英会议传译技巧――以赖斯在2008世界经济达沃斯年会开幕式上的发言为例[J].青年文学家，2014（1）.作者简介：王少兴，对外经济贸易大学英语学院在职人员高级课程研修班学员。
第三篇：两性言语交际中礼貌原则的应用
摘要: 本文根据Leech所提出的礼貌原则对男女两性言语交际行为进行了分析, 旨在提高人们对性别言语差异的认识, 使两性能得体地进行交际。关键词: 礼貌原则;男女两性;言语交际
礼貌是人类社会生活中一项具有道德和伦理意义的行为准则, 是人类文明的标志。因此,自古以来一直极受推崇。在语言活动中, 遵循礼貌原则是实行合作性会话的重要方面, 它对于人与人之间能否实现沟通起着重要的作用。男女两性在社会中扮演不同的角色, 不论是哪一个国家,哪一种文化, 人们对男女的社会期望(social expectation)是不同的, 因此男女在言语交际中的表现也有很大的差异。
一、有关礼貌原则的研究
礼貌作为一种社会现象一直受到人们的关注。很早以前, 人们就从社会学、心理学、伦理学和文化学等诸多方面进行了深入研究, 但关于礼貌的语言问题研究却始于20世纪50年代美国学者戈夫曼(E.Goffman)的面子行为理论(the theory of facework)。接着英国学者布郎(P.B rown)和莱文森(S.Levison)在1987年发表了一篇题为语言应用的普遍现象: 礼貌现象(Unversals in Language U sage: Politeness Phenomena)的文章, 第一次对礼貌、面子等问题作了系统的探讨。他们认为: 礼貌就是
典型人(Mode l Person)为满足面子需求所采取的各种理性行为。人的言语行为本质上都是一些所谓威胁面子的行为(face threaten ing acts), 讲究礼貌就是要减轻某些交际行为给面子带来的威胁。人一般有积极面子需求和消极面子需求。80年代, 英国语言学家利奇(G.Leech)从语用学和人际修辞的角度对交际活动中的礼貌原则进行了新的归纳和分类。Leech的礼貌原则通过说话人和听话人之间损益的动态变化来体现两者之间的礼貌互动格局, 主要由六条策略准则组成, 分别是得体准则(Tact Maxim)、宽宏准则(Generosity Maxim)、表扬准则(Approbation Maxim)、谦虚准则(Modesty Maxim)、求同准则(Agreement Maxim)和同情准则(Sympathy Maxim)。Leech的礼貌原则在整个语言界引起了很大的反响。我国语言学学者如刘润清(1987)、顾曰国(1992)、徐盛恒(1992)、何恒幸(1994)等, 也对礼貌问题作了适合于中国文化的理论研究, 他们对利奇的礼貌原则提出了改进意见, 各自有了一些新颖的提法, 其中较有影响的是顾曰国提出的贬已尊人准则和称呼原则。本文正是在Leech所提出的六条准则的基础上对两性言语行为加以讨论的。
二、两性言语行为中礼貌原则的遵守与违反
(一)得体准则和宽宏准则(Tact Maxim &Generosity Maxim)得体准则指的是尽量减少对他人的损失, 尽量增大对他人的利益;而宽宏准则是指尽量减少 对自己的利益, 尽量增大自己的损失。得体准则和宽宏准则是言语交际中概括性很高的会话原则, 也是语用学的重要准则, 它要求双方言语交际必须尽量多为他人着想。体现在言语里, 就是必须真实、恰如其分, 不言过其实, 从而使交际能顺利进行并获得最佳效果。得体准则和宽宏准则受交际对象、交际者的语言修养、交际的具体情境、社会文化规范等因素的制约。女性在交谈中语气委婉、客气, 如在建议别人做某事时她们不用生硬的祈使句, 而用情态动词、一般疑问句和反意疑问句等来使语气变得柔和。例如她们常常使用
Would you mind taking the heavy bag for me? Open the door for me, could you? 等语句。男性正好相反, 更多使用祈使句表示命令的语气, 如Lie down!Don’t move!Sit right here!等多出于男性之口。这样的例子在文学作品中也很常见, 例如在Jane Eyre的第十三章中就有这样一个例子: “Ah!That pricks pride.Well, fetch me your portfolio, if you can vouch for its contents being original;but don t' pass your word un less you are certain: I can recognize patchwork。” “Then I will say nothing, and you shall judge for yourself, sir.” I brought the portfolio from the library.“Approach the table” said he;and I wheeled it to h is couch.Adle and Mrs.Fair fax drew near to see the picture.“No crowding,” said M r.Rochester: “ take the drawing from my hand as I finish with them;but don’t push your faces up to me.”(Bront?.C, 1999: 115)在这段文字中Mr.Rochester向Jane询问她的受教育情况, 并且想看她的画, 他完全违反了得体和宽宏准则采用了命令的语气。而Jane为了维持对话则尽可能地表现出含蓄与委婉。当然在这个例子中男女主人公的不同表现除了与他们的性别有关外, 还与他们所处的阶级地位有关。综上所述, 男性在很多情况下违背得体准则和宽宏准则;女性则尽可能地遵守它们。(二)表扬准则(Approbation Maxim)表扬准则指的是尽量减少对他人的贬低, 尽量增大对他人的赞誉。两性比较而言, 女性喜欢使用恭维语。在日常语交际中, 女性善于较频繁地使用恭维语来表达对他人的积极评价、羡慕、鼓励、欣赏和感激等, 以满足对方正面面子的需求,同时也较多地受到别人的恭维, 特别是在服饰, 外貌方面。男性受到的恭维较少, 而且受到的恭维多来自工作方面。如我们在生活中能发现以下的例子: 一群妇女在餐馆吃饭, 有一位陌生的男士走到桌边对其中一个女士说:
我一直在注意你, 你的微笑太美了, 使整间餐馆都为之生辉。说完这些话, 这位男士离开了餐馆, 消失了。那位受恭维的女士会很乐于接受;反过来如果是一位女士走向陌生的男士恭维他的笑容, 却是完全令人无法想象和接受的。Homles(1988)分析了484 件恭维的个案, 发现其中51% 的女人互相恭维, 9% 是男人互相恭维, 23.1%是男人恭维女人, 16.5% 是女人恭维男人。由此可见, 女人比男人更遵守表扬准则。(三)谦虚准则(Modesty Maxim)谦虚准则指的是尽量减少对自己的赞誉, 尽量增大对自己的贬低。女性比男性更遵守谦虚准则。这一点可在汉语的降格称呼的使用上找到例证。降格称呼是指新婚夫妇一旦有了孩子, 在称呼上就要降格, 即降到孩子的角度去称呼他人, 如称呼自己的父母往往用爷爷、奶奶(这在江浙一带很普遍), 称呼自己的兄弟姐妹用伯伯、舅舅、姑姑等;称呼同事用叔叔、阿姨(在孩子在场的情况下)。这种降格称呼是顾曰国教授总结的贬已尊人准则和称呼原则的体现(顾曰国, 1992), 更多见于女性的称呼语中。实际上, 以贬已达到尊人的礼貌目的, 是汉文 化礼貌中最突出的特点。由于历史、社会、宗教、心理等方方面面的原因, 女性的社会地位仍低于男性, 降格称呼法和古时候女子的自谦语诸如奴婢、臣妾等一样无不体现了女性用贬已来达到表示礼貌的目的。在英语中男女交际活动也能看到应用谦虚准则的例子。我们还是以Jane Eyre 中的一段材料为例, “Have you read much? ” “Only such books as came in my way;and they have no t been numerous or very learned.”(115)(Bron?t C., 1999: 115)在这个例子中Rochester问Jane是否读过很多书, Jane回答既不“ numerous”也不“ very learned”。实际上, Jane 是通过尽量减少对自己的赞誉, 尽量增大对自己的贬低来表达对顾主的尊敬和礼貌。
(四)求同准则(AgreementMax im)求同准则指的是尽量减少与他人的不同意见, 尽量增大与他人的相同意见。女性在交谈中常表现出温柔、耐心, 喜他人之喜, 忧他人之忧, 避免矛盾和敌意, 以求交际双方的心理平衡。相反,男性常表现出对立、自信、有竞争力。因此, 女性总是倾向于遵守求同准则, 而男性则更倾向于违背求同准则。具体表现在以下两个方面;
1、谈话角色转换规则的遵守。女性在交谈中表现得比较合作, 通常是大家轮流讲, 人人都有说话的机会,很少发生个别人长时间占据发言权的情况。开始讲话时, 女性倾向于明确提及前面别人已经说过的, 并尽量将自己要说的与之相联系, 比较注意保持交谈的连贯与顺畅。因此, 她们往往会围绕同一个话题谈上较长时间, 话题转换较为缓慢。说话过程中女性比较注意听者的反应与参与, 交谈中的女性会很自然地找到生活中各种各样的共聚点;与此相反, 男性不断转换自己感兴趣的话 题、打断他人的话题、控制话题, 这些行为表现出男性希望自己的言行能引起别人的注意和重视,以表明自己的权威。
2、表明自己不同观点的方式。当自己的观点与他人不同时, 女性倾向于迂回地表明自己的不同看法甚至委屈自己迁就他人, 而男性往往直截了当提出不同想法。如在下面的一段对话中: Mary: H ere is a nice sofa.Tom: Yes, it is.But it is too expensive, too.Its' $ 489.99.That’s almost 500 dollars.Mary: I know.Bu t I guess good furniture is always expensive.Tom: No, not very much.Mary: I don 't either.Oh, Tom, how do you like this chair? Tom: Yes, but that’s too expensive.Mary: Do you like this one? It s' on sale.It s' only $ 199.99.Tom: How much is it? Mary: Never mind the price.Do you like it? Tom: But 很显然这对男女在买沙发的问题上有不同的看法。Mary喜欢漂亮的沙发, 而Tom更喜欢便宜的沙发。每一次Mary做出选择时, Tom 都表示不同意, 而无论Tom 说什么Mary都表示同意。这一对话充分表现出男女对求同准则的遵守和违反倾向。(五)同情准则(Sympathy Maxim)同情准则是指减少双方反感, 尽量增加双方同情。男女双方在对这一准则的遵守与违反上也表现出极大的差异。我们以禁忌语为例, 在一般情况下禁忌语和诅咒语的使用会引起他人反感。男性常常违背同情准则使用damn, fuck, bull shit,这样的禁忌语。女性通常本能地回避污秽的语言, 喜欢用精炼、含蓄、间接语言来表达, 如oh,dear, goodness等。下面的话语发生在家庭里:A1: Oh, dear, you v'e put the peanu t butter in the refrigerator.A2: Shit, you v'e put the peanut butter in there frigerator.显然, A1是出自妻子之口, 她在抱怨犯错误的丈夫;而A2则是丈夫抱怨妻子的。汉语中也是
如此。女性在抱怨自己运气不好的时候常常会说
天啦!我怎么这倒霉!, 男性则会说
他妈的!老子真倒霉!。同情准则下的男女差异还表现在对他人的话语产生反应方面。女性一般耐心倾听他人说话,常与说话者产生共鸣, 对他人遇到的困难或麻烦产生同情并能给予安慰。而男性却很少表现出同情, 他们往往以困难的解决者的身份自居, 向对方指手画脚。如: A: 我昨天自行车丢了。B1: 真的呀!你是怎么丢的? B2: 是吗? 你应该把它锁好的。
B3、哎哟, 真的吗? 太可惜了, 我上个星期也丢了自行车, 当时我也很烦。B4: 真的啊!不过别太难过了, 旧的不去, 新的不来。
B1和B2多半出于男性之口, B3和B4 回答则更可能来自于女性。
三、结语
总之, 会话是最常见的交际行为, 礼貌保证了言语交际的顺利进行。了解男女对礼貌规则运用中的性别差异, 能够帮助交际者针对不同的交际对象, 把握好交际中礼貌的度, 使男女两性都能得体地进行人际交往。参考文献: [1] Bronte.C.Jane Eyre.北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 1999.[2] Brow n, P& S.Levinson, Politeness: Some Universals in Language Use [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.[3] Holmes, J.Paying comments: A Sex – preferred Positive.Politeness strategy [J].Journal of Pragmatics.1988,(12).[4] Leech.G.Principle of Pragmatics [M].New York: Longman Inc, 1983.[5]顾曰国.礼貌、语用与文化[J].外语教学与研究, 1992,(4): 11-17.[6]何兆熊.新编语用学概要[M].上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2000.[7]冉永平& 何自然.语用与认知[M].北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2001.[8]熊学亮& 刘国辉.也谈礼貌原则[J].四川外语学院学报, 2002,(3): 60-62.
第四篇：口译中礼貌用语和称呼语的跨文化交际差异
一、口译中礼貌用语的跨文化交际差异：
对于同中国人交往的外国人来说，要弄清楚汉语的礼貌语言也是够麻烦的了。究其原因就是英语中很少使用谦词与敬语。下级给上级写信，可能客气一点，但也没有很多特别的谦词与敬语。不必考虑对方的年龄、头衔、地位等。下面是汉、英之间的一些例子：
1、汉语中常用的套语
刘师傅---Master...令郎---one’s son
丫头---one’s daughter
高见---a good idea 贵姓---Your name
久仰大名---I’ve heard a lot about you 哪里，哪里。---Thank you.大作---one’s book/article,etc.府上---your home;the place you are from 耽误您的时间了。---Thank you for your time.惭愧，惭愧！---I’m flattered.I’m very much honored.2、寒暄语
您好！吃了吗？——Hi!/ Hello!/ How have you been?
上哪儿去啊？——How are you? / How are you doing?
It’s a nice day, isn’t it ?
回头见。——See you later / soon.好久不见了。——I haven’t seen you for a long time.Long time no
see.How have you been for these days?
请随便。——Be at home,please.请留步。慢走。走好。慢点骑。——Take care.不见不散。——Be there,or be square.We won’t leave until we see each other,shall we?
3、问候
辛苦了。——You’ve had such a hard time.Thank you for your time.你一定很累了。——You must be very tired / exhausted.辛苦了，先生。——(Did you have a)Hard time,sir?
4、客套用语
劳驾。借光。请问。——Excuse me./ Can you help me?
愿意效劳。——It’s my(a)pleasure.请便。——Please yourself.您（老）先走。女士优先。——After you./ Ladies first.里面请。——Welcome./ Come in,please.请随便。——Be at home,please.请自己动手。——Help yourself to...还有比如“这是我应该做的。”这句汉语通常表达的含义是客套、客气；英文则应该表达的是某人的工作、义务，非做不可。这句话中英结构、表达形式都类似，但实际含义则差异很大。如果翻译成“It’s my duty.”显然不合理，应该翻译成：It’s a(my)pleasure.造成中西方礼貌语言差异的原因与中西方文化背景、道德观、价值观等方面的不同有密切联系，如果把一种文化中的语言使用规则直接搬到另一种文化中去，则往往会造成误会甚至冲突。中国人与西方
人使用礼貌语言有明显的区别，主要体现在以下几个方面：
A.从不同角度反映客观事实；
B.从不同的方面体现说话人与听话人的关系； C.用不同手段表示自己的意图。
二、口译中称呼语的跨文化交际差异
（一）姓名称呼
在英汉两种语言中都可以使用全称来称呼对方，但是值得一提的是由于在汉语文化中直呼其姓名很多时候都会被认为是不礼貌的现象。在两种语言中直呼其名的现象也是共同存在的。例如：“李晓梅”可称“晓梅”，“Mary Lee”可称“Mary”。汉语中多用于比较熟悉的人之间体现一种彼此间的亲密关系。但是在英语中直呼其名是很常见的称呼方式，无论身份地位、亲疏关系、年龄长幼都可以直呼其名，这在中国文化中是难以接受的。在西方人看来这却体现了彼此间平等、友好、融洽的关系。英语中还可以直呼其姓，这在汉语中是没有的现象，汉语中更习惯在姓氏前加上“老”表（示年长、见识广博和具有丰富经验）或“小”来表示对被称呼者的尊敬。这正是中国文化中尊老爱幼思想的体现，而这也是在英语中没有的现象，你决不会看到用 “little／old Smith”来对被称呼着表示尊敬，相反“old＇＇在英语中涉及比较敏感的年龄问题．通常会给被称呼者造成“年老无用”的感觉
（二）亲属称呼
汉语受到传统的民族文化的影响，按照宗亲和姻亲血缘关系及长幼顺序，对亲属称呼进行了严格划分，以表示亲属之间的亲疏关系。
在英语中则恰恰相反，西方人更多地体现了追求自由和平等的人文观
念，因此英语中的亲属称呼显得简单而且笼统化，往往一个英语中的称呼语要对应好几个汉语中的称呼语。１．宗亲和姻亲亲属关系
中国传统文化中“男尊女卑”的思想突出，讲究父系传宗接代的正统血缘关系。具体体现在父系亲属（宗亲）和母系亲属姻（亲）都各自具有不同的称呼语。在汉语中，父系亲属的祖辈称呼“祖父（爷爷）”“祖母（奶奶）”。母系则称“外祖父（外公）”“外祖母
（外婆）”，母系亲属明显多一个“外”字，同样讲究这种父系正统思想的称呼有“堂兄（哥）／堂姐／堂弟／堂妹（父系同辈亲属）孙‘子／孙女孙（辈）”，分别对应母系的“表兄（哥）／表姐／表弟／表妹母（系同辈亲属）”和“外孙，外孙女（孙辈）”。此外，汉语还包括对祖父母、外祖父母兄弟姐妹及其配偶的称呼（如“伯祖父／伯祖母（父系）”“叔祖父／叔祖母（父系）
舅‘公／舅婆 母（系）”等）、父母兄弟姐妹的称呼（如父系称呼伯父一伯母，叔叔一婶婶，姑姑一姑父；母系称呼舅舅一舅妈。姨妈一姨父）等。在西方国家，没有这种传统的守旧思想，并且大家族的血缘关系观念也比较模糊，因此在英语中这类称呼就显得比较简单．通常是一个英语称呼语对应几个汉语称呼语。如： “祖父„外‘祖父”都叫 ｇｒａｎｄｐａ； “祖母”“外祖母”都叫ｇｒａｎｄｍａ；“伯父”“叔叔”“舅舅”“姑父”“姨父”都称为ｕｎｃｌｅ：“伯母”“婶婶”“舅妈”“姑姑”“姨妈”都称为 ａｕｎｔ；“堂兄（哥）／堂姐／堂弟／堂妹”以及“表兄（哥）／表姐／表弟／表妹”用cousin一词表示即可。
2、中国文化中讲究长幼尊卑，西方文化中提倡人生来平等。
在英语中，亲属称呼与名字结合可以用来称呼长辈，比如“Uncle Sam”、“Aunt Rose＇’“Father Smith”、“Sister Linda”等。即使是两兄弟，也更多的是叫名字。这在中国文化中简直是难以想象的，汉语亲属称呼属于叙述式，精细、具体、复杂，英语中哥哥和弟弟都用brother 英语称呼语中的表现就是称呼语显得较为简单自由。顶 多在前面加上“old(elder)／little(younger)”来表示长幼，但是它却没法区分“大哥和二哥„二‘姐和三姐”等。(三)职业、职位及职称称呼差异
汉语中一般可以将职位职称直接用于称呼当中，一般的方式为“姓+职位／职称”。就职业上来讲，老师、医生、护士、工程师、律师等在人们心目中比较高尚或者被人们称之为“白领”的职业可以采用这种称呼方式，如：张老师、王医生等，值得一提的是，像工程师这样的名称较长的职业，人们一般习惯用简化的方式进行称呼，如：李工。另外，某些职业还可以和亲属称呼结合构成称呼语，如：警察叔叔、解放军叔叔、司机大哥、护士阿姨等等。就职位上来讲，一般是高职位才会用于这种称呼，特别是管理者，如：王经理、刘局长、李总等，而且在称呼副职的时候常常将“副”字去掉以表示对被称呼方的尊敬，如直接称呼“李副局长”为“李局长”。就职称上来讲，一般只有“教授”一词用来作称呼比较常见，如：李教授、王教授 英语中除了“doctor”“president”“mayor”“judge”“ professor”“manager” 等少数几个职位职称词用于称呼外，一般少用这类词表
示称呼，通常情况下是在姓氏前面加上Mr．／Mrs．／Miss／Ms．表示对对方的尊敬，并且在稍微熟悉之后就直呼其名了，这似乎在汉语中是很少见的。而西方国家的人如果在听到“Teacher Smith，Manager Liu，Engineer Zhang，Boss Yang等称呼时也同样会觉得不可理解。
第五篇：《人际交往,礼貌应用》活动策划
《人际交往，礼貌应用》活动策划
【活动背景】
讲文明、有礼貌、重礼仪是个人内在修养的表现，也是他们将来走向社会人际交往的必备素质。但现在许多学生细节行为上却不注意，没有意识到文明礼貌其实在细节上，在生活中的时时处处。礼貌关乎个人，也关系到民族、国家形象。
【活动目的】
通过本次主题班会使同学们认识自己的行为习惯，意识到文明礼仪的重要性，并在生活与学习中不断学习应用和改进，讲文明，知礼仪的好学生，为和谐校园的创建尽一份力。
【活动时间】2010年5月16日
【活动地点】城建405教室
【参与人员】建装0901班全体学生
【活动形式】诗歌朗诵、小品、相声、小游戏、自由发言、活动、唱歌
【活动准备】
1、提前布置主题班会内容，选出二位主持人，主持人准备好讲稿，叫同学们查阅有关文明礼仪的相关知识。
2、叫同学们结合校园中文明与不文明的现象做好发言准备，说明班会基本的流程，并把全班分成两个小组。
3、制定游戏规则，排练小品、朗诵。
【活动流程】
一、团支书宣布活动开始
二、主持人宣布班会开始，引入主题
1、诗歌朗诵《微笑》
2、小品/相声
3、最牛的广告语。
4、最美得广告语
5、妙猜礼貌用语
三、总结
他们的事例给了我们什么启示？
在生活中我们应该怎么做，才能让我们周围充满和谐、愉快？ 除了微笑，除了积极主动，除了内心谦和，要使生活更美好，我们还应该怎么做？
四、主持人小结：
五、当一回小作家
1、为社会创作几个公益广告词。
2、写几首关于文明礼貌的小诗。
3、推选出我班的文明礼貌口号。
六、结束
中华民族是礼仪之邦，传统美德应该发扬。让我们从点滴做起，让我们从现在做起，注意自己的语言和行动，革除丑恶陋习，塑造良好形象，用实际行动告诉大家：文明礼仪就在我们身边。相信，只要你我共同努力，文明礼仪之花一定会将我们的生活装点得灿烂辉煌，香满校园。
活动到此结束。
本班文明形象大使选举（备用）
选出我班的礼仪形象大使
在我们身边也有许多在平时表现文明礼貌的同学。今天就来做个小小的调查，让我们从言行举止上塑造文明中学生的良好形象。从班里的同学中，选出一男一女作为我们班的文明大使，来发扬我班最top的文明与修养~！！
大家用小纸条写好后，交到小组长那里，然后小组长统计好后，交到计票员手里。让我们来看看我们的形象大使。
建装0901班团支部
2010年5月14日
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