安徽理工大学毕业设计英文翻译

第一篇：安徽理工大学毕业设计英文翻译

安徽理工大学

自动化专业本科毕业设计英文翻译

学院(部)：电气与信息工程学院 专业班级： 自动化0 班 学生姓名： x x x 指导教师： 讲师

年 月 日 Implementation of Fuzzy-PID in Smart Car Control

Abstract—An unmanued smart car control system and the fuzzy-PID control algorithm are produced.A design scheme of fuzzy-PID controller is put forward.The simulation analysis from matlab indicated that the dynamic performance of fuzzy-PID control algorithm is better than that of usual PID.Experimental result of smart car show that it can follow the black guide line well and fast-stable complete running the whole trip.Keywords — fuzzy-PID;smart car;fuzzy controller;fuzzy control 1 Introduction In recent years, many countries are developing unmanned vehicle technology.This gives birth to many new theories and applied technology.Reference[1] presents the theory of turn ahead which uses real-time monitoring speed to change the turn-in point dynamically, then it implements the control strategy to achieve a perfect characteristics of steering.Reference[2] uses edge detection algorithm to extract track information and adopt P control.Reference[3] proposes a efficient, good anti-jamming and adaptive image processing dynamic algorithm which effectively solves the out of track caused by the changes of ambient light and track.Reference[4] reconstructs spatial relationships of track and calibrates camera using nonlinear optimization, then it can measure lateral deviation accurately.The above improve vehicle performance in one way but they are all lack of characteristics of car movement and based on lots of experiments.A fuzzy-PID control algorithm and a design scheme of fuzzy-PID controller are put forward in this paper.At last, the experimental result is given out to prove the validity of fuzzy-PID.2 Hardware system design To implement the design of fuzzy-PID algorithm, it’s necessary to design a hardware system of smart car.Smart car would have a smart control unite which contain detection of guide line, steering angle value, speed value and so on.See details in Fig.1.1

Fig.1 The functional block diagram of smart car 3 Basic principle of fuzzy-PID It’s difficult for usual PID control algorithm to achieve the best effect.Because, the parameters Kp, Ki, Kd can’t adjust to different object or different state of the same object.Fuzzy control is based on fuzzy set and fuzzy logic.Without precise mathematical model it can determine the size of controlled variable according the rule table organized by experience.In general, fuzzy control input variables are based on system error E and error change EC, which is similar to PD control.Such control might have a good dynamic characteristic, but the static performance is not satisfactory.Combining fuzzy control and PID control, this would make a system have both flexibility-adaptablity of fuzzy control and high accuracy of PID control.Fig.2 shows the structure diagram of fuzzy-PID control system, in which fuzzy controller is responsible for selecting a different PID parameter to improve the local performance thus increasing over all performance.2 Design of fuzzy-PID controller Speed drive motor controller design is similar to the following example for steering gear controller design.Fuzzy controller consists of fuzzification, fuzzy-inference and defuzzification, which are based on the knowledge base.[6] Controller input error and error change, output the parameters Kp,Ki,Kd.Suppose the fuzzy set for E is{NB,NM,NS,NO,PO,PS，PM,PB};the fuzzy set for EC、Kp、Ki and Kd is{NB,NM,NS,ZO,PS,PM,PB}.The linguistic meanings are: NB = negative big, NM = negative middle, NS = negative small, NO = negative zero, ZO = zero, PO = positive zero, PS = positive small, PM = positive middle, PB = positive big.So the membership function curves of fuzzy variables E、EC、Kp、Ki and Kd are shown in the Fig.3-Fig.7: 3

It’s necessary to establish rule table after finishing fuzzification.According the description of rule table, 56 fuzzy conditional statements can be summed, which look like If(E is PB)and(EC is PB)then(Kp is PB)(Ki is ZO)(Kd is PB).See details in Tab.1-Tab.3.Then, the last step is defuzzification and making a lookup table.During fuzzy control, the lookup table would be embed into the program.Suppose input value is fixed, the corresponding output value would be found in the table.Actually, this would save much computing time, and the control would become simply.Analysis of experimental results

Experiment used the steering gear model.The simulation circuit were shown in Fig.2.The usual PID and fuzzy PID algorithm were all simulinked in the Matlab.Responding curves obtained were shown in Fig.8 and Fig.9.The experimental result show that compared with the usual PID, the responding time of fuzzy-PID algorithm is shorter without over swing.The system dynamic performance is improved significantly.6 Conclusion and outlook This paper provided a design scheme for controlling a smart car, which is proved practically and superlatively though experiments.Unmanned smart car is due to the development of computer technology, pattern recognition and intelligent control technique.Many countries and research groups are doing research in the area.But it’s a complicated system, which involves a number of technologies.So the development of each technology is important, for it would become the bottleneck of the development of smart car.Stepper motor Stepper motor is the electric pulse signals into angular displacement or linear displacement of the open-loop stepper motor control element pieces.In the case of 8 non-overloaded, the motor speed, stop position depends only on the pulse frequency and pulse number, regardless of load changes, when the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to Set the direction of rotation of a fixed angle, called the “step angle”, which the angle of rotation is fixed step by step operation.Number of pulses can be controlled by controlling the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes;the same time by controlling the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes.1 Work Induction motor is a stepper motor, does it work is the use of electronic circuits, the DC power supply into a time-sharing, multi-phase timing control current, this current stepper motor power supply, the stepper motor to work properly , The drive is sharing power supply for the stepper motor, the polyphase timing controller.Although the stepper motor has been widely used, but the stepper motor does not like a normal DC motor, AC motor in the conventional use.It must be double-ring pulse signal;power driver circuit composed of the control system can be used.Therefore, it is not easy with a good stepping motor, which involves mechanical, electrical, electronics and computers, and much other specialized knowledge.As the stepper motor actuators, electromechanical integration, one of the key products, widely used in a variety of automatic control systems.With the development of microelectronics and computer technology, increasing demand for stepper motor has applications in all areas of the national economy.2 Categories Now more commonly used include the reaction of step motor stepper motor(VR), permanent magnet stepper motor(PM), hybrid stepper motors(HB)and single-phase stepper motor.3 Permanent magnet stepper motor Permanent magnet stepper motor is generally two-phase, torque, and smaller, usually 7.5 degree step angle or 15 degrees;Permanent magnet stepper motor output torque, dynamic performance, but a large step angle.4 Reaction Stepper Motor

Reaction is generally three-phase stepping motor can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large.Reaction by the stepper motor rotor magnetic circuit made of soft magnetic materials, a number of the stator phase excitation winding, the use of permeability changes in torque.Step Motor simple structure, low production costs, step angle is small;but the dynamic performance is poor.Hybrid Stepping Motor Hybrid Step Motor combines reactive, permanent magnet stepper motors of both, it's a small step angle, contribute a large, dynamic performance, is currently the highest performance stepper motor.It is also sometimes referred to as Permanent Magnet Induction Stepping Motor.It consists of two phases and the five-phase: the general two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees and the general five-phase step angle 0.72 degrees.The most widely used Stepper Motor.Stepper motor drive for energy saving 6 Three-phase stepper motor drive special features:  180% low torque output, low frequency characteristics of a good run  Maximum output frequency 600Hz, high-speed motor control  full range of detection of protection(over voltage, under voltage, overload)instantaneous power failure restart  acceleration, deceleration, such as dynamic change in the stall protection function to prevent  Electrical dynamic parameters of automatic recognition function to ensure stability and accuracy of the system  quick response and high-speed shutdown  abundant and flexible input and output interface and control, versatility  use of SMT production and three full-mount anti-paint treatment process, product stability and high  full range of Siemens IGBT power devices using the latest, to ensure the quality of high-quality 7 Basic principles Usually for the permanent magnet rotor motor, when current flows through the stator windings, the stator windings produce a magnetic field vector.The magnetic field will lead to a rotor angle of the magnetic field makes the direction of a rotor and the stator's magnetic field direction.When the stator magnetic field vector rotating at an angle.As the rotor magnetic field is also transferred from another perspective.An electrical pulse for each input, the motor turning a point forward.It is the angular displacement of the output and input the number of pulses proportional to speed and pulse frequency is proportional to.Power to change the order of winding, the motor will reverse.Therefore, the number of available control pulse, frequency and power the motor windings of each phase in order to control the stepper motor rotation.8 Induction Stepping Motor 8-1 features: Induction, compared with the traditional reactive, structural reinforced with a permanent magnet rotor, in order to provide the working point of soft magnetic materials, and the stator excitation magnetic field changes only need to provide to provide the operating point of the consumption of magnetic materials energy, so the motor efficiency, current, low heat.Due to the presence of permanent magnets, the motor has a strong EMF, the damping effect of its own good, it is relatively stable during operation, low noise, low frequency vibration.Induction can be seen as somewhat low-speed synchronous motor.A four-phase motor can be used for four-phase operation, but also can be used for two-phase operation.(Must be bipolar voltage drive), while the motor is not so reactive.For example: four phase, eight-phase operation(A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A)can use two-phase eight-shot run.Not difficult to find the conditions for C =, D =.a two-phase motor's internal winding consistent with the four-phase motors, small power motors are generally directly connected to the second phase, the power of larger motor, in order to facilitate the use and flexible to change the dynamic characteristics of the motor, its external connections often lead to eight(four-phase), so that when used either as a four-phase motors used, can be used for two-phase motor winding in series or parallel.8-2 classification：Induction motors can be divided in phases: two-phase motor, three phase motor, four-phase motor, five-phase motor.The frame size(motor diameter)can be divided into: 42BYG(BYG the Induction Stepping motor code), 57BYG, 86BYG, 110BYG,(international standard), and like 70BYG, 90BYG, 130BYG and so are the national standards.8-3 the stepper motor phase number of static indicators of terms: very differently on the N, S the number of magnetic field excitation coil.Common m said.Beat number: complete the necessary cyclical changes in a magnetic field pulses or conducting state with n said, or that turned a pitch angle of the motor pulses needed to four-phase motor, for example, a four-phase four-shot operation mode that AB-BC-CD-DA-AB, shot eight four-phase operation mode that A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A.Step angle: corresponds to a pulse signal, the angular displacement of the rotor turned with θ said.θ = 360 degrees(the rotor teeth number of J * run shot), the conventional two, four-phase, the rotor teeth 50 tooth motor as an example.Four step run-time step angle θ = 360 ° /(50 * 4)= 1.8 degrees(commonly called the whole step), eight-shot running step angle θ = 360 ° /(50 * 8)= 0.9 degrees(commonly known as half step.)Location torque: the motor is not energized in the state, its locked rotor torque(as well as by the magnetic field profile of harmonics caused by mechanical error)static torque: the motor under the rated static electricity, the motor without rotation, the motor shaft locking torque.The motor torque is a measure of volume(geometry)standards, and drive voltage and drive power, etc.has nothing to do.Although the static torque is proportional to the electromagnetic magnetizing ampere turns, and fixed air gap between the rotor teeth on, but over-use of reduced air gap, increase the excitation ampere-turns to increase the static torque is not desirable, this will cause the motor heating and mechanical noise.12 智能小车控制中模糊-PID控制的实现

摘要：本文设计了一个自动智能小车控制系统和模糊-PID控制算法。提出了一个设计模糊PID控制器的方案。通过matlab的仿真分析表明,模糊-PID控制算法的性能比一般的PID控制更好。智能小车的试验结果表明它会随黑色的引导线快速并且稳定的走完整个行程。关键词：模糊PID；智能小车；模糊控制器；模糊控制。

1．简介

近年来,许多国家正在研制无人驾驶的车辆技术。产生了许多新的理论和应用技术。文献[1]中提出了一个采用实时检测速度从而准确、动态改变小车转向的理论，从而实现转向完美特性的控制策略。文献[2]中采用边缘检测算法来提取道路信息，并采用了比例控制。文献[3]提出了一种有效、具有良好抗干扰性的、适应性强的动态图像处理算法。这种算法有效的解决了由环境光线变化以及轨道变化所引起的小车偏离轨道现象。文献[4]利用非线性最优化重建了轨道和摄像调整间的空间关系，从而使它能够精确的测量出横向偏差。上述方案都从某种意义上改善了小车的性能，但他们都缺少以小车运动和大量实验为基础的小车的特性。这篇文章中提出了一个模糊控制算法以及模糊PID控制器的设计方法。在本文最后,给出了实验结果来证明模糊PID算法的有效性。

2．硬件系统设计

要实现模糊PID控制算法的设计，有必要设计一个智能小车硬件系统。智能小车应该有由道路检测，转角检测，速度检测等构成的智能控制单元。详见图1。

图1 智能小车原理框图 3．模糊PID控制的基本原则

用一般的PID控制算法来获得最好的响应是不容易的。因为参数Kp、Ki、Kd不适应于不同的对象，或者同一个对象的不同状态。模糊控制是以模糊集合和模糊逻辑为机车的。不需要精确的数学模型，它可以由用经验建立起来的规则表来确定控制变量的大小。一般来说，模糊控制的输入变量基于系统的误差E和系统的误差变化量Ec。这和比例－微分控制相似。这样的控制可能可以获得较好的动态性能，但获得的静态性能不能让人满意。

将模糊控制于PID控制结合起来，这就会使系统即具有模糊控制所具有的灵活的适应特性，又具有PID控制的所具有的较高的精确度。图2给出了模糊PID控制系统的结构图，其中模糊控制器的作用是选择不同的PID参数来改善局部响应，进而改善整体的响应。

图2 模糊PID控制仿真框图

4．模糊PID控制器的设计

速度驱动电机控制器的设计和下面给出的转向机构控制器设计是相似的。模糊控制器由模糊化、模糊推理、去模糊化组成，这些都是以知识库为基础的。控制器输入为误差及误差变化量，输出为参数Kp、Ki、Kd。

假设误差E的模糊集合为{NB NM NS NO PO PS PM PB};误差变化量Ec、参数Kp、Ki、Kd的模糊集合为{NB NM NS ZO PS PM PB}。他们表示的意义为：NB=负大、NM=负中、NS=负小、NO=负零、ZO=零、PO=正零、PS=正小、PM=正中、PB=正大。得到模 糊变量E、EC、Kp、Ki、Kd的隶属度函数曲线如图3至图7所示：

图3 Kp隶属函数响应曲线

图4 Ki隶属函数响应曲线

图5 Kd隶属函数响应曲线

图6 E隶属函数响应曲线

图7 Ec隶属函数响应曲线

在模糊化完成后需要建立规则表，根据规则表的描述，可以总结出56个模糊条件语句，形式例如：如果(E 是 PB)并且(Ec 是 PB)那么(Kp 是 PB)(Ki 是 ZO)(Kd是 PB)。详见表1—表3。

最后一个步骤是去模糊化和建立查询表。在模糊控制中查询表应该嵌入到程序中。假设输入的值是固定的那么可以在表中查出相应的输出值。实际上，这可以节省许多计算时间并使控制简化。

表1 Kp规则表

表2 Ki规则表

表3 Kd规则表

5．实验结果分析

图8 PID控制响应曲线

图9 模糊PID控制响应曲线

实验利用了转向机构模型，它的仿真回路已经由图2给出。我们已经用MATLAB仿真出了一般PID控制算法和模糊PID控制算法，获得的响应曲线如图

8、图9所示。

实验结果表明，同一般得PID控制相比模糊控制的响应时间要短且没有超调的。系统的动态性能有了重大的提高。

6．总结和展望

这篇文章给出了一个控制智能小车的设计方案，并且通过实验从实际上很好的验证了这个方案。

无人驾驶智能小车是以计算机技术、模式识别以及智能控制技术的发展为基础的。许多国家和机构都在做这一方面的研究，但它是一个复杂的系统，它包含了许多方面的技术，所以任何一个技术的发展都是重要的，这可能成为智能车发展的瓶颈。

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步进电机

步进电机是将电脉冲信号转变为角位移或线位移的开环控制元步进电机件。在非超载的情况下，电机的转速、停止的位置只取决于脉冲信号的频率和脉冲数，而不受负载变化的影响，当步进驱动器接收到一个脉冲信号，它就驱动步进电机按设定的方 向转动一个固定的角度，称为“步距角”，它的旋转是以固定的角度一步一步运行的。可以通过控制脉冲个数来控制角位移量，从而达到准确定位的目的；同时可以通过控制脉冲频率来控制电机转动的速度和加速度，从而达到调速的目的。工作原理

步进电机是一种感应电机，它的工作原理是利用电子电路，将直流电变成分时供电的，多相时序控制电流，用这种电流为步进电机供电，步进电机才能正常工作，驱动器就是为步进电机分时供电的，多相时序控制器

虽然步进电机已被广泛地应用，但步进电机并不能象普通的直流电机，交流电机在常规下使用。它必须由双环形脉冲信号、功率驱动电路等组成控制系统方可使用。因此用好步进电机却非易事，它涉及到机械、电机、电子及计算机等许多专业知识。步进电机作为执行元件，是机电一体化的关键产品之一, 广泛应用在各种自动化控制系统中。随着微电子和计算机技术的发展，步进电机的需求量与日俱增，在各个国民经济领域都有应用。分类

现在比较常用的步进电机包括反应式步进电机（VR）、永磁式步进电机（PM）、混合式步进电机（HB）和单相式步进电机等。永磁式步进电机

永磁式步进电机一般为两相，转矩和体积较小，步进角一般为7.5度 或15度； 永磁式步进电动机输出力矩大，动态性能好，但步距角大。反应式步进电机

反应式步进电机一般为三相，可实现大转矩输出，步进角一般为1.5度，但噪声和振动都很大。反应式步进电机的转子磁路由软磁材料制成，定子上有多相励磁绕组，利用磁导的变化产生转矩。

反应式步进电动机结构简单，生产成本低，步距角小；但动态性能差。混合式步进电机

混合式步进电动机综合了反应式、永磁式步进电动机两者的优点，它的步距角小，出力大，动态性能好，是目前性能最高的步进电动机。它有时也称作永磁感应子式步进电动机。它又分为两相和五相：两相步进角一般为1.8度而五相步进角一般为 0.72度。这种步进电机的应用最为广泛。变频器对步进电机的节能改造 三相步进电机专用变频器特点：

■低频转矩输出180%，低频运行特性良好 ■输出频率最大600Hz，可控制高速电机

■全方位的侦测保护功能(过压、欠压、过载)瞬间停电再起动

■加速、减速、动转中失速防止等保护功能

■电机动态参数自动识别功能，保证系统的稳定性和精确性 ■高速停机时响应快

■丰富灵活的输入、输出接口和控制方式，通用性强 ■采用SMT全贴装生产及三防漆处理工艺，产品稳定度高 ■全系列采用最新西门子IGBT功率器件，确保品质的高质量 基本原理

通常电机的转子为永磁体，当电流流过定子绕组时，定子绕组产生一矢量磁场。该磁场会带动转子旋转一角度，使得转子的一对磁场方向与定子的磁场方向一致。当定子的矢量磁场旋转一个角度。转子也随着该磁场转一个角度。每输入一个电脉冲，电动机转动一个角度前进一步。它输出的角位移与输入的脉冲数成正比、转速与脉冲频率成正比。改变绕组通电的顺序，电机就会反转。所以可用控制脉冲数量、频率及电动机各相绕组的通电顺序来控制步进电机的转动。感应子式步进电机

1、特点： 感应子式与传统的反应式相比，结构上转子加有永磁体，以提供软磁材料的工作点，而定子激磁只需提供变化的磁场而不必提供磁材料工作点的耗能，因此该电机效率高，电流小，发热低。因永磁体的存在，该电机具有较强的反电势，其自身阻尼作用比较好，使其在运转过程中比较平稳、噪音低、低频振动小。感应子式某种程度上可以看作是低速同步的电机。一个四相电机可以作四相运行，也可以作二相运行。（必须采用双极电压驱动），而反应式电机则不能如此。例如：四相，八相运行（A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A）完全可以采用二相八拍运行方式.不难发现其条件为C=,D=.一个二相电机的内部绕组与四相电机完全一致，小功率电机一般直接接为二相，而功率大一点的电机，为了方便使用，灵活改变电机的动态特点，往往将其外部接线为八根引线（四相），这样使用时，既可以作四相电机使用，可以作二相电机绕组串联或并联使用。

2、分类

感应子式电机以相数可分为：二相电机、三相电机、四相电机、五相电机等。以机座号（电机外径）可分为：42BYG(BYG为感应子式步进电机代号）、57BYG、86BYG、110BYG、（国际标准），而像70BYG、90BYG、130BYG等均为国内标准。

3、步进电机的静态指标术语 相数：

产生不同对极N、S磁场的激磁线圈对数。常用m表示。拍数：完成一个磁场周期性变化所需脉冲数或导电状态用n表示，或指电机转过一个齿距角所需脉冲数，以四相电机为例，有四相四拍运行方式即AB-BC-CD-DA-AB，四相八拍运行方式即 A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A.步距角：对应一个脉冲信号，电机转子转过的角位移用θ 20 表示。θ=360度（转子齿数J*运行拍数），以常规二、四相，转子齿为50齿电机为例。四拍运行时步距角为θ=360度/（50*4）=1.8度（俗称整步），八拍运行时步距角为θ=360度/（50*8）=0.9度（俗称半步）。定位转矩：电机在不通电状态下，电机转子自身的锁定力矩（由磁场齿形的谐波以及机械误差造成的）静转矩：电机在额定静态电作用下，电机不作旋转运动时，电机转轴的锁定力矩。此力矩是衡量电机体积（几何尺寸）的标准，与驱动电压及驱动电源等无关。虽然静转矩与电磁激磁安匝数成正比，与定齿转子间的气隙有关，但过分采用减小气隙，增加激磁安匝来提高静力矩是不可取的，这样会造成电机的发热及机械噪音。

第二篇：安徽理工大学

安徽理工大学

请问下，我是今年安徽省理科考生550分，想学地质工程和弹药工程与爆炸技术。虽然安理大的王牌专业是后者，可我查阅相关资料发现该专业不太适合女生。而我又是外表典型瘦弱型的女生，不知能否吃得了苦。望学长学姐们能指教，谢谢

你好！这2个专业确实不是很适合女生报考。你可以考虑电气类（电气、电子、自动化、通信），材料类（高分子、非金属、复合材料）、机械等专业，就业不错，考研成绩也很好，女生多一些。另外还可考虑我校经管类专业，女生比例很大，不过这些专业相对于各工科专业来说实力要弱一些。以上发言仅供参考，欢迎报考安徽理工大学！

采矿工程系 每个班0个女生

土木工程系 每个班2个女生

护理专业每个班18个女生

市场20

信管8

计算机10

金管12

力学8

爆破1

适合女生的专业应该像经管类的金融、电子商务，还有土木类的建筑学（五年），工程管理，电气类（电气、电子、通信）、材料类（高分子、复合材料、非金属），英语，数学，力学，物理等都可选择。当然也可选择像机械、土木这些热门，不过男生很多，不一定适合女生。以上内容供你参考，你还可咨询我校招生办：（0554）6668487 6632810。

宿舍条件有好有差：全是4人间，上面是床，下面是写字台与柜子等，公共卫生间；区别是有的有阳台，有的没有，有的有瓷砖，有的水泥地等等，2年后新校区一期建好之后，本届学生应该都会搬过去，那规划的很漂亮。在各个理工类大学，女生是极其受欢迎的。欢迎你报考。

你好！你的分数可以报考安徽理工大学二本专业。预计明年这些专业都可升为一本。安理二本也有很多性价比不错的专业。如医学院在上海有附属奉贤医院，安理给南京军区招的国防生也是医学类专业，这反映了安理医学类专业的认可度。还有一些新加的比如车辆工程专业，依托安理强大的机械学院，还有近期才从合工大调来当副校长的王其东教授（在安徽车辆制造业名声大，人脉广）的大力支持，将来发展大有可为！再生资源科技专业为国家战略新兴产业专业，安大与安理同时申请，只有安理成功获准招生，足见安理在工科方面的优势。另安理正在淮南市山南新区新建目前安徽单体面积最大的新校区，由同济大学设计，标准高，环境优美，欢迎莘莘学子报考！

追问

谢谢，我确切的分数是509，高二本线32分，而且我是淮南本地人，我很想上安理大，那我报什么专业比较合适？并且就业率高？期待你的回答。

回答

嗯，因为今年新加了5个专业，专业分数线方面不好估计。你可以考虑一下车辆、能源化学、物联网以及临床医学等专业，这些专业部分属于老牌热门，部分属于新兴产业，就业形势应该不错！由于你的分数恐怕刚好达线，建议你可考虑省内的安建工、合肥学院等这些学校也都不错。最后预祝你能进入理想的高等学府深造！谢谢！

第三篇：采矿工程本科毕业设计英文翻译

Use of Mineral Coal for Sorption Sewage Treatment

A.V.Mozolkova Russian University of People’s Friendship.Moscow, Russia E.V.Chekushina Russian University of People’s Friendship.Moscow, Russia A.A.Kaminskaya Russian University of People’s Friendship.Moscow, Russia

Treatment of mining, industrial, household and other sewage is an actual problem for many mining and processing enterprises.Coal-mining industry is not an exception.Usually, at coal enterprises, treatment of mine sewage before it is dumped consists in settling and subsequent filtering.Many pollutants are not removed from the sewage by this method.Hence, dumped water frequently does not satisfy sanitary requirements regarding the permissible content of oil products, dissolved substances and other parameters.For additional cleaning of sewage it is possible to use sorption methods.By these methods water is cleaned of oil products, heavy metals, a number of organic substances and other polluting substances, depending on the used sorbent properties.Both natural and artificial materials can be used as sorbents.Constraint for wide use of sorption methods of sewage treatment in the coal industry is high cost of the majority of sorbents.A number of technologies for obtaining inexpensive and good quality sorbents from coal minerals have been developed.These sorbents can be manufactured directly in coal mines which has additional advantage of reducing transport costs.The processes sorbents may be recycled or burnt.Apart from that production and sale of sorbents can serve the coal-mining enterprises as an additional source of income.One of the most widespread sorbents is activated coal.Quality activated coals are carbon sorbents, having an internal specific surface of more than 500㎡/g, and characterized by iodine adsorption(iodine value)of more than500mg/g.mineral coal, peat and wood can serve as raw materials for activated coal production.Traditional production techniques of activated coal include two basic stages of thermal processing of the initial carbon-containing raw material-carbonization and activation, done in different devices.Both stages are energy-consuming and ecologically dangerous, which explains the high cost of activated coal, received through this technology(1200-4000 dollars/MT).Carbonization is the elimination of volatile substances by heating up to the temperature of 600-900℃, because with volatile components there are basically formed the oxygen and hydrogen, and increase carbon content in initial raw material.Carbonization is done in mining or rotating furnaces with utilization of external form-holder, as a rule, waste gases with temperatures of 600℃ and higher.Activation means increasing the volume and pore surfaces of carbonized material at heterogeneous reaction.The most used reagent is water vapour with the temperature of 900℃ and higher, and the process takes 15-20 hours.Both stages are energy consuming and pose threat to environment.For one tonne of activated coal from 2 up to 4 tonnes of specific fuel like crude oil and natural gas are consumed.From 1000 up to 1500 m³ of processed gasses with high content of SOx(1-2 g/ m³), H2S(200-250mg/ m³), resinous substances(10-40mg/ m³), phenols(50-70mg/ m³), carbon oxides(up to 5%)and also other substances which are carcinogenic and mutagenic are formed and released into the atmosphere during both stages.High-energy consumption and environmental danger, which requires large investments in nature protection activities, result in the high cost of quality-activated coal.Another group of carbon sorbents, which was widespread in the 80’s, consists of inexpensive carbon sorbents used in nature protection technologies and industry.Such sorbents are produced by a one-phase technology, without additional activation.Their adsorption activity is not high(iodine value less than 300mg/g)but the cost is low(250-700 USD/MT).because the price of these sorbents is comparable to the cost of their regeneration, they are used only once and are burnt after saturation.The leaders in the production of such sorbents are Rheinbraun AG(Germany, 200 thousand MT per year)and Australian Char Ltd(Australia, 150 thousand MT per year), which produce brown coal semi-coke used for treatment of wastewater and smoke.In Russia research work in this direction is conducted, but only test works have been done so far, although the quality of carbon sorbents obtained from Kansk-Achinsk coals did not concede to production from Rheinbraun AG and Australian Char.One of the directions of utilization of semi-coke from Kansk-Achinsk coals, production of which was planed at Krasnoyarsc thermal power station 2(device ETX-175), was its utilization as carbon sorbent.The reason for production of inexpensive carbon sorbents by one-phase technologies being not developed in Russia is the absence of demand for this product.This production is basically used for cleaning of sewage, however there is no effective ecological service in Russia, and the penal sanctions of the environmental protection legislation are so insignificant that industrial enterprises do not have ant motivation to invest in nature protection.In1992-1994 the employees from Joint-Stock Company “Carbonica-F”(at that time Open Company “Sibtermo”)have developed a new method of production of carbon sorbents, which considerably from all known technologies.During the research of dynamic effects in a layer evaporator the regime conditions were defined under which the effect of “thermal wave” could be observed in the device.Using this effect, the authors created a layer evaporator in which volatile components of coal were exposed to gasification(incomplete oxidation), and the degree of carbon conversion was adjusted by the mode of injection feed.By changing the regime parameters it was possible to conduct the process as fuel gasification(with only ashes remaining in the end)without any residue, and also as gasification of volatile components of coal, thus receiving so-called semi-coke containing solid coal.From one tonne of Kansk-Achinsk coal with calorific content of 3600-3800 kcal/kg can be produced about 0.33 tonnes of semi-coke with calorific content up to 7000 kcal/kg(as anthracite)and up to 1700 m3 of combustible gas with calorific content of 800-900 kcalJm3, suitable for use as an energy source.Technological process of Joint-Stock Company “Carbonika-F” has a large number of advantages in comparison to the already known methods of obtaining activated coal and semi-coke

1.Simplicity of hardware.One-phase process.The stages of drying, pyrolysis, thermal decomposition of volatile substances and semi-coke cooling are incorporated in one device.The device is auto-metric;it means that external heat-carrier for coal heating is not used.2.Ecological safety.In the technology of Joint-Stock Company “Carbonica-F” all hydrocarbons, including resinous substances, are broken down and gasified inside the device during the formation of combustible gas containing only CO, H2, CO2, N2, H20, H2S and insignificant quantity CH4.Sludge, pyroligneous waters, phenols and other harmful impurities are not formed in this process.3.Because the speed of gas filtration from a layer reactor is low(0,02-0,03 m/s in comparison to 0,5-2,5 m/s for mine furnaces), the process is less dependent on fractional composition of coal, hydraulic resistance of the layer and allows to process fine-grained coals.4.As a result of low speed of filtration the phenomenon of carrying out of fly ashes from the layer does not occur, because the device works as a granular filter.Combustible gas is moved in user-boiler or can move to the gas turbine without preliminary cleaning.The volume of SOx, NOx, CO contained in waste gases is lower than that produced when obtaining equivalent quantity of heat by burning coal.Combustible gas without prior cleaning can be used to produce electric and/or thermal power or as an energy carrier for thermal processes.5.Unlike the already existing technologies, in the given process there is no dump（排空孔）of gaseous heat-carrier(气体热载体)into the atmosphere and consequently（因此）the construction of other additional gas purification systems（更多的天然气净化系统工程）and catalytic burning of carbon oxide(CO)（催化燃烧的碳氧化物）is not required.与现有的技术不同，在以上给出的过程呢个中，没有气体热载体排放的到空中的排空孔，因此，更多的天然气净化系统和催化燃烧的碳氧化物的工程是不必要的。

Test of the solid residue(semi-coke)have revealed, that this material is characterized by large specific surface(more than 500㎡/g)and high adsorption activity(iodine value 500mg/g and higher), and because of these parameter does not concede to quality-activated coal.经过试验的固体残渣（半焦）表明：这种材料的特点是表面积大（大于五百平方米）并且有很强的吸附性（碘值是500毫克每克甚至更高）而且因为这些参数并不退让与高质量的活性炭。

The product received with the technology of Joint-Stock Company “Carbonica-F” is certificated as activated coal ABG(active, brown coal of gasification), for it there were developed technical conditions TU 6-00209591-443-95.The characteristics of ABG activated coal produced from the coal of 62 mark from “Berezovsky-1” opencast colliery.获得技术联合股份公司“Carbonica-F认证的产品被认证为ABG类活性炭（就是具有活性的棕色的气化煤）为此，在此基础上又发展了TU 6-00209591-443-95技术条件。ABG活性炭的特点来自于出产它的来自”Berezovsky-1“露天煤矿的62号煤。

High specific surface and adsorption activity of ABG coal is explained by the fact that both gasification of coal volatile components, and activation of carbon-containing solid residue of gaseous products occur in the device simultaneously.Because gasification products contain up to 20%n of hydrogen whose molecules are smaller than the ones of water vapour, and hence their permeability in pores of semi-coke is higher, activation(heterogeneous reaction)is done not only with vapor, but also with hydrogen, which practically is not present in the traditional technologies.Thus, carbonization stages and activation are combined in one device.气化煤挥发性成分和激活含碳固体残留气体产品同时在装置上发生的事实就解释了ABG煤的高比表面积和强大的吸附特性。因为气化产品包含了20%以上的氢，而这些氢分子比那些水蒸汽要小一些，因此他们在半焦气孔的渗透率就高一些，激活（异构反应）就完成了，不仅与蒸汽，还与氢，而这些实际上是传统技术中不存在的。因此，碳化阶段和激活是在同一装置中同步进行的（相结合的）。

Other positive effect of application of this method of coal processing is that in ”thermal wave“ mode the products of thermal decomposition which contain very toxic resinous substances(coal tar pitch used in experimental medicine for the inoculation of cancer in experiments on mice, brown coal is more toxic), passing through a hot layer of semi-coke(500-700℃)are completely broken down into two and three-nuclei gases H2O, CO2, CO, H2.Measurements done at the working production plant of Joint-Stock Company ”Carbonica-F“ have shown that the gas does not contain hydrocarbons of lines above methane, and also carcinogens, including benzo(a)pirene.其他应用到这种方法的积极效果是在“热波”模式中产品的热分解含有剧毒物质的树脂（煤沥青用于实验医学的接种癌症的实验小鼠，褐色碳毒性更强。）经过一个半焦的热层（500到700摄氏度）完全分解成双核或三核气体：水，二氧化碳，一氧化碳，氢气。测量工作在”Carbonica-F“联合股份公司的工作生产厂完成，这表明了这种气体不仅包含了碳氢化合物甲烷以上的行，也包含了致癌物质，包括：

Cooling of the activated coal from 550 up to 70℃ before discharging is carried out by compulsory circulation of gaseous heat-carrier(waste gases)through a layer of the product and further through shell-and-tube heat exchanger in which water used in closed circuit is also provided.Total process efficiency reaches 95% due to the high degree of utilization, which is associated with utilizing the thermal energy.在把活性炭从高于550摄氏度冷却到70摄氏度的过程以前，Departing waste gases do not undergo any cleaning;there are even no cyclones.Nevertheless, the content of harmful mixtures(NOx 150 mg/m3, SOx 50 mg/m3, ash less than 10 mg/m3)is essentially lower than the established norms and parameters of working boiler and thermal power stations, even those equipped with modern multistage systems of gas purification including electro filters.This is explained by a insignificant ablation of ash from devices, sorption of sulfur compounds in activated corner, and also focus temperature from the user-boiler is lower than 1600℃-“threshold（” 阈值）temperature at which begins the formation of nitrogen oxides due to the oxidation of nitrogen from the air.汽车尾气不经过任何清理，也没有分离器。然而，有害混合物的含量（NOx 150 mg/m3, SOx 50 mg/m3,含灰尘少于10 mg/m3)实质上比规定和工作锅炉和热电站的参数都要低。甚至是那些配备了现代化多级系统的气体净化过滤器。这是用来自仪器燃烧产生的毫无意义的灰尘来解释的，硫磺混合物的吸附作用在激活的一角进行，并且也把用户锅炉法制温度低于1600℃作为重点，而这个温度是空气中的氧化氮形成氮氧化物的开始。

The technology of Joint-Stock Company ”Carbonica-F“ can be used for any not conglomerating coals.”Carbonica-F“联合股份公司的技术可以被用在任意的非聚合煤上。

Similar sorbents or slightly conceding in quality to activated coal are formed by semi-coking of unconglomerated coal.Semi-coke received by using the technology developed and patented at Joint-Stock Company ”Carbonika-F“ is characterised by large specific surface(above 500 m2/g)and high adsorption activity(iodine value 500 mglg and more), and with these parameters does not concede in quality to activated coal.The production of this sorbent is ecologically safe.The producon by-product-combustible gas can be burnt in boilers of thermal power station.类似的吸附剂或是质量稍微差一点的活性炭油由聚合碳的半焦形成。半焦被使用该技术发展和专利的”Carbonika-F"联合股份公司使用，特点是表面积大（大于500平方米/ g），和高吸附活性（碘值500 mglg等）而且这些参数不会影响到活性炭的质量。生产这些吸附剂是具有生态安全性的。产品的副产品会在热电站的锅炉里被燃烧。

Some mineral coals(called mesoporous)have internal pores accessible to water, having the size 3.5-4 manometers(mesopores), forming active surface, sized 50-120 m2/g(unlike all other natural coals with surface of 0.5-1 m2/g).These coals can be used as sorbents without additional activation.They clear water of undissolved and dissolved mineral oil, deep dispersing mixtures, iron, phenol, ions of heavy metals, ammonia, nitrates, benzo(a)pirene and so forth.Sorbent MIU-S received from poorly metamorphosed mesopore coal can be used for 3-7 years with periodic regeneration.Alkali regeneration solution is removed from the fitter without other additional neutralization, because in alkali and acid medium MIU-S presents buffer properties, neutralizing these media.一些矿产煤（叫做孔）有内部吸水孔，面积在50-120 m2/g（不像其他自然界的煤表面积是0.5-1 m2/g）。这些煤无需激活就可以被用作吸附剂。他们可以清理不溶水和融化的矿物油，深层分散混合物，铁，酚，重金属离子，氨，硝酸盐，苯等等。MIU-S吸附剂来自劣质变形孔煤，可以在定期更改新的情况下用3-7年。碱再生解决方案从管工上移除而没有其他而外的失效，因为酸和碱的中介MIU-S存在缓冲性能，能够中和这些媒介。

Specific porous structure of mesopore coals assures sorption extraction of dissolved mineral oil products with concentration lower than 1 mg/l, and thus is not always reachable even with activated coals.具有特殊渗透结构的孔酶能够吸附提取溶解浓度低于1毫克/升的矿物油产品，因此并非总是能获得活性炭。

Using MIU-S filters in drinking water supply systems made the stability of their work in conditions of continuous exploitation evident, maintaining the properties of sorbents at null and sub-zero temperatures and absence of biomass formation.使用MIU-S filters在饮水供应系统中使用MIU-S filters可以使系统工作具有稳定性。可以为储蓄开采创造条件，保证吸附剂在零度或是零下温度条件下都可以持续进行且没有生物的形成。

Besides the abovementioned technologies, sorbents can be obtained from material coal by its briquetting and activation.Raw mineral for briquettes can be coals of any rank.除了上述提到的技术，吸附剂可以从矿物煤中通过成型和活化获得。制作煤球的矿物原料可以是任何一种煤。Thus , sorbents suitable for additional cleaning of sewage are possible to be produced from mineral coals by special processing, and sometimes directly.Production of own sorbents may solve the problem of additional cleaning of sewage in coal enterprises.Mesopore coals can be used as sorbents without additional processing;the other coals need additional activation.The studied sorbents can be used for cleaning sewage water from mineral oil products, organic substances and metal ions.因此，适合附加清洗下水道里的)污物的吸附剂可以通过特殊处理从矿物煤中得到，并且有时候是可以直接得到的，不需要特殊处理。制作自己的吸附剂可以解决煤炭企业附加清洗污水的问题。有孔煤不经过额外的处理就可以直接被用作吸附剂；其他的煤需要额外的处理才行。吸附剂的研究能被用于矿物油产品，有机物质和金属离子的污水处理中。

REFERENCES Kovaleva LB., Matvienko N.G., Solovyeva E.A., Tarnopolskaya M.G.: The Application of Natural Mineral Coal in the Technology of Sewage Treatment from Mineral Oil.World n Mining Ecology.Works of the Congress 1999, pg.310-315.2.Congress o For the preparation of the article have been used materials from the site www.xiexiebang.com.ru, www.miu-sorb.ru

第四篇：采矿工程毕业设计英文翻译

Underground Mining

Most present-day mining in Europe occurs under 2000 to 4000 ft of overburden, as more easily mined coal deposits have been depleted.At this depth most mines are developed as shaft mines.All personnel, material, and coal have to be hoisted trough these shaft.Considering the two factors of hoisting capacity and required length of shaft, a considerable investment is necessary to reach the coal-bearing strata.The requires huge investments.Openings at this depth have to be equipped with costly supports, and periodic reworking and repair is necessary.Mines not only extend horizontally but also vertically through the development of new levels.The life of the mines is thus extend considerably, and surface installations can be amortize over a longer period.The more limited reserves have forced companies into mining less favorable deposits, and European government require that all possible deposits be mined to conserve the nation’s energy resources.These factor and the large percentage of inclined seams and faults make mining very difficult and costly.The population density and the heavy surface buildup cause additional expense in the form of payments for subsidence damage to surface structures.Therefore, backfilling is frequently practiced to reduce subsidence.The close spacing of faults often severely limits the size of a mining section, forcing frequent moves and excessive development work.The thickness of the overburden results in very high ground pressure.This would require extremely large pillars if the room and pillar method was applied.Additionally, support is required for any opening, adding prohibitive costs to a multiple-entry room and pillar operation.As a result, single-entry longwall operations requiring the minimum number of entries and allowing maximum recovery of resources is the mining method almost exclusively practiced.Shaft mines dominate the European coal mining industry.Shafts 20 to 30 ft in diameter, with circular cross section, lined with masonry, concrete, or steel are the dominant means of gaining access to the coal-bearing strata.They are often extended beyond the last mining level to provide for future expansion.As in the Unite States, shafts are developed by drilling, blasting, and excavating or by large-diameter shaft-boring equipment.Shaft boring is more frequently used, particularly on the smaller and shorter subshaft, which connect the different levels but do not extend to the surface.Haulage in the shaft is usually accomplished by hoisting of the filled mine cars on multistage cages or by skips.Pumping of coal slurry is also done in special cases.The complex system of forces and the resulting rock mechanical problems developed by mining activities at different levels result in significant differences between European and US underground development.The rock mechanical interaction of the extraction operations at the various levels require that all deposits be mined as completely as possible.Pillars left after mining create zones of extreme and often unmanageable ground control problem, as well as a high probability of roof bounce.Since the number of entries is kept to a minimum because of cost, no bleeder systems are provided.If retreat mining is practiced, only two entries are advanced in to a new mining area.Panels are laid out as large as possible.The large-panel layout is used as another means of reducing the number of entries.Minded–out panels are sealed off to prevent spontaneous combustion through the removal of oxygen.The main levels, with extensive entry systems, are used for coal, supply, and personnel haulage and for ventilation.They are often spaced with little regard to the position of the coal seams, because the deposits are reached selectively through other means.In the past, 165-or330-ft intervals were selected while increasing ground pressures and development and maintenance increase substantially, requiring large volumes of air for cooling.As a result, entry cross sections at these levels have to be increase.Fig.9.1 German multilevel, multiseam shaft-type coal mine.Underground facilities：

(1)main shaft with skip hoisting;(2)exhaust ventilation shaft with multistage cage;(3)third-level station;(4)blind shaft with cylindrical storage bin;(5)blind shaft with car-hoisting facilities;(6)main entry;(7)main entry;(8)section or panel entry;(9)road heading machine(10)longwall section with plow;(11)longwall section with shearer;(12)longwall section in a steeply pitching seam mined manually with air picks;(13)longwall section in steeply pitching seam with plow;(14)minded-out gob area;(15)ventilation lock;(16)belt conveyor as main haulage;(17)main car haulage;(18)storage bin and skip-loading facilities;(19)supply haulage with a mono-rail;(20)supply haulage with mine cars;(21)monorail system as personnel carrier;(22)worker-trip cars;(23)pump station.Surface facilities:(a)hoisting tower with overhead hoist;(b)shaft building;(c)head frame;(d)main exhaust fan and diffuser;(e)coal preparation plant with loading facilities;(f)coking coal silo;(g)container vehicle for filling of coke ovens;(h)coke oven battery;(i)coke watering car;(k)coke quenching tower;(l)gas tank;(m)water-treatment plant;(n)refuse pile;(o)power plant;(p)cooling tower;(q)water tower;(r)supply storage area;(s)sawmill;(t)training and teaching center.地下采煤

目前，大部分欧洲的煤矿开采都已经达到了2000到4000英尺，主要是因为浅部容易开采的煤层都已经采完。在这个深度的大部分煤层都已经发展成为要用相关井筒进行开采的地步。所用的人员、材料、煤炭都不得不从井筒采用绞车等提升进行运输。考虑到绞车提升容量以及所需要的井筒长度的两个因素，一个相当大的资金投入对于开采到煤层所处的地层是必需的。这些大范围的地下巷道或隧道的网络的开拓和维护费用需要一笔巨大的投资。在这个深度进行开拓不得不装备一些很昂贵的支架和一些循环型的改造和返修，这些也都是必要的。

采矿不单单是拓宽水平方向而且通过开拓新的水平来拓宽来延深。所以矿井的服务年限被极大地拓宽，并且地表的安装设备费用也能够在很长的一个时期内得以缓冲。

有限的资源储备迫使公司开采要去开采那些并不是很乐观的煤层，并且欧洲各国政府要求采出所有可采的煤层以保护国家的能源。这些因素由于大比率的煤线和断层以至于煤炭的开采非常困难并且价格昂贵。由于人口密度的增长和地表建筑的增加，从而造成地表的沉陷对于建筑物的破坏，以至于增加了额外的成本。因此，采空区填充是最常用的防治地表沉陷的实践措施。过小的断层间距常常严重地限制采区的尺寸，因而不得不频繁搬家，并造成过大的开拓工程量。

上部覆盖层的厚度导致了相当大的地层压力。如果采用房柱式开采方法，就需要留异常巨大的煤柱。另外，任何一个工作面都需要支 架，并且增加了额外的费用对于多种平巷峒室的支撑措施。

地下开采统治着欧洲的煤炭开采工业。井筒直径大约20到30英寸，一般采用钢筋混凝土砌碹的圆形断面，作为主要的连接巷道连接到含煤地层。他们一般被延深到超过最后一个开采水平来满足未来的拓展。如在美国，立井是用打眼、放炮和挖掘方法或用大直径钻井设备来开凿的。钻井时经常被采用的，尤其对于小型的长度较短的连接各个水平但不通往地面的暗井。

井筒中一般采用罐笼中承载矿车或箕斗进行提升。在特殊情况下采用煤泥泵出的形式开采。

这种力的复杂的系统和岩石力学的合成的问题在煤矿开采活动不同的水平在欧洲和美国存在巨大的不同。

在多个水平煤层进行开采时，岩石之间相互力的作用要求尽可能的将煤全部采出。煤矿开采后留下的煤柱形成了一个压力极高并且相当难以维护的空间，具有很高的发生顶板岩石突出的可能性。

由于资金成本的问题，巷道入口的数目保持在最小值。没有回风巷的系统开始形成。如果采用后退式的开采方法，在采煤区段只有两个入口。

区段一般被尽可能的大。大区段的布置方式其实从另一个角度说就是为了减少入口的数目。开采过后的区域一般打上封闭，以切断氧气的来源从而防止采空区煤层自燃。

在布置有众多巷道主要的水平，它被用来运送煤炭、供给以及人员的运输和通风。他们经常空出一部分位置的煤柱不采，因为储量已 经达到并通过别的方法进行有选择性的开采。在过去，165或330英尺的间隔被有选择的当逐渐增加的矿山压力和开拓的维护费用迫使增加到660或990英尺。温度随着深度的增加也急剧增加，需要大容量的空气从而达到降温的目的。以至于这些水平的采区巷道也就要求增加。

图9.1 德国多水平、多工作面立井井筒式矿井

地下设备：

(1)箕斗提升主井；

(2)担负抽出式通风的并配有多层罐笼的副井；(3)第三水平井底车场;(4)带有圆柱形煤仓的暗井;(5)有矿车提升设备的暗井;(6)主要大巷;(7)主要大巷;(8)采区或盘区平巷;(9)掘进机；(10)采用刨煤机的长壁工作面采区;(11)采用采煤机的长壁工作面采区;(12)采用人工风镐的急倾斜煤层的长壁工作面采区；(13)采用刨煤机的急倾斜煤层的长壁工作面采区;(14)采空区;(15)风门;(16)胶带输送机作为主要运输设备;(17)主要矿车运输;(18)煤仓和箕斗装载峒室设备;(19)材料运输采用单轨运输;(20)材料运输采用矿车运输;(21)单轨矿车用于人员运输;(22)人车;(23)泵房及地表设备:(a)带有高架天轮的提升塔;(b)井筒;(c)井架;(d)主扇和扩散管;(e)有装载设备的洗选厂;(f)焦炭仓罐;(g)运送焦炭冶炼的运送机;(h)焦炭炉电池;(i)焦炭水车;(k)焦炭冷却塔;(l)瓦斯容器箱;(m)水处理装置;(n)矸石堆;(o)动力厂;(p)冷却塔;(q)水塔;(r)仓储区域;(s)锯木厂;(t)培训中心.

第五篇：江西理工大学毕业设计工作条例

理工教务字„2010‟56号

江西理工大学本科毕业设计工作管理条例

第一章 总 则

第一条

根据《教育部办公厅关于加强普通高等学校毕业设计（论文）工作的通知》（教高厅[2004]14号）精神要求，为进一步规范我校本科毕业设计（论文）管理工作，全面提高本科毕业设计（论文）质量，特制定本条例。

第二条

毕业设计（论文）是各学科专业人才培养方案的重要组成部分，是实践教学的重要环节之一，通过毕业设计（论文）可培养学生综合运用所学基础理论、基本知识和基本技能，分析解决实际问题的能力，并对学生进行全面科学研究的基本训练。

第三条

毕业设计(论文)包括以下环节：(一)教师申报课题；(二)学生选题；

(三)查阅中、外文献资料，撰写开题报告（文献综述）；(四)调查研究；

(五)设计(实验)方案的选择与论证；

(六)工程或工艺设计、计算，实验研究、数据整理；(七)技术经济分析，理论分析、论证或绘制图纸；

(八)编写设计说明书或撰写毕业论文（其中摘要应含有中、英文）；(九)撰写3000字左右的缩写小论文；(十)指导教师评阅、聘请教师审阅；(十一)答辩；

－１－(十二)成绩评定。

第四条

本科毕业设计（论文）工作实行以学院管理为主的校、院两级管理制度。

第二章 组织管理及职责分工

第五条

毕业设计(论文)工作在分管教学的校长领导下，教务处宏观管理与监督，各学院、教研室具体负责。学校和各学院均应重视和加强对毕业设计（论文）环节的管理、检查和总结工作。

第六条

教务处负责组织和管理全校毕业设计(论文)工作，学校其它有关部门应积极配合，为毕业设计（论文）各环节的正常运行提供必要条件。具体职责是：

(一)统一管理全校毕业设计(论文)工作，对毕业设计(论文)进行宏观指导，协调解决有关毕业设计(论文)工作的主要原则问题。

(二)研究、制订有关毕业设计(论文)的条例、规定及相关文件。(三)加强毕业设计(论文)的中期检查和监督工作。

(四)组织各学院毕业设计(论文)的工作检查、总结以及质量评选工作。 第七条

各学院由主管教学的院长负责，组织和管理本学院各专业的毕业设计(论文)工作，具体职责是：

(一)根据各专业培养目标和教学要求，组织制定本学院各专业毕业设计(论文)大纲、工作进程、评分标准及管理细则等。

(二)审核各专业教研室上报的毕业设计(论文)题目和指导教师(包括校外指导教师)名单，负责组织师生双向选题工作。

(三)检查了解各专业毕业设计(论文)进度和质量，及时解决存在的问题。(四)成立本学院答辩委员会，组织本学院各专业毕业设计(论文)的答辩工作。(五)配合学校组织本学院毕业设计(论文)的综合检查和质量评选工作。

(六)组织对本学院毕业设计(论文)成绩进行分析、汇总、上报，向学校提交毕业设计(论文)工作总结、质量分析报告和整改意见。

(七)收集、保存毕业设计(论文)有关资料。

第八条

各专业教研室是直接组织与指导学生进行毕业设计(论文)工作的基层单位，其具体职责是：

－２－(一)落实毕业设计(论文)任务，选聘校内外指导教师；审议并确定毕业设计(论文)题目。

(二)确定本专业学生毕业设计(论文)的时间、地点及方式等。(三)进行毕业设计(论文)动员，宣布纪律及注意事项。(四)检查、督促教师对学生的考勤与指导。

(五)组织毕业设计(论文)的评阅、答辩和成绩评定，确定各答辩小组的人员并指定负责人；平衡各组进度及评分标准。

(六)进行毕业设计(论文)工作总结，向学院提交工作总结、质量分析报告及改进意见。

第三章 指导教师及申报课题

第九条

毕业设计(论文)教学实行指导教师负责制。指导教师应对整个毕业设计(论文)阶段的教学活动全面负责。指导教师的具体要求：

(一)指导教师一般应由讲师及以上职称的教师担任。讲师及以下职称的指导教师在指导前三届毕业设计（论文）时只能作为第二指导教师，聘请具有副教授及以上职称的担任第一指导教师。部分新专业可根据实际情况，聘请校外同行专家、教授担任指导教师。指导工程设计的教师，应有良好的工程素质和工程实践经历；校外指导教师必须具有工程师以上的技术职称。

(二)指导教师应有实际的设计、实验或研究工作经验，治学严谨，为人师表。(三)指导教师对毕业设计(论文)的业务指导，应把重点放在培养学生的独立能力和创新能力方面，充分调动学生的积极性。指导教师在指导过程中应做到：

1、在调查研究的基础上申报课题，毕业设计(论文)任务书上应明确学生独立完成的内容和进度计划，并下达给学生。

2、及时指导和检查学生收集与课题有关的资料。

3、即时答疑(质疑)，定期检查学生设计(论文)的进度。

4、审阅学生的毕业设计(论文)，指出错误，提出修改意见并做出恰当的审查意见。审查学生参加毕业答辩的资格，指导学生参加毕业答辩。

5、在毕业设计(论文)完成后，对学生进行全面考核，写出评语，提出成绩评定的初步意见。

－３－(四)申请在外单位做毕业设计（论文）的学生，必须填写《本科生校外毕业设计(论文)审批表》（见附件1），经批准后除该单位指派指导教师外，相关的学院还必须指定教师参加指导和联系，掌握毕业设计(论文)的要求和进度，保证毕业设计(论文)质量。

第十条

指导教师开出的课题恰当与否，对毕业设计(论文)的质量有着直接影响，合适的课题使指导教师与学生都能充分发挥自身的优势，使教与学两个方面都得到收益和提高。选开课题的基本原则是：

(一)课题范围和深度应符合学生所学理论知识和实践技能的实际情况，尽可能反映现代科学技术发展水平。课题难易要适当、份量要合适、过程要完整，使学生经过努力能够完成。对于少数学习优秀的学生，可适当加大份量与难度。

(二)提倡不同学科专业互相结合，扩大专业面，开阔学生视野，实现学科之间的互相渗透。在满足教学基本要求的前提下，尽可能地结合生产、科研和实验室建设的实际任务。

(三)要注意在毕业设计(论文)中培养学生查阅外文资料、应用计算机的能力，并注意把理论分析与实验分析结合起来。

(四)坚持“一人一题”的开题原则，若大题目相同，则须有相应的小题目，大题目的总体设计每个同学都要参加，其余部分应做到分工明确，以保证每个同学都能独立完成相应部分工作。

(五)若指导教师坚持要两人及以上学生做相同的题目，必须由指导教师提出书面申请，且该学院对选题相同的同学提出切实可行的管理方案，经教学院长审核同意，得到教务处批准后方能采用。所有学生必须独立完成毕业设计说明书（或毕业论文）的撰写工作。

(六)为了保证毕业设计（论文）的指导质量，原则上一个指导教师指导学生人数控制在8人以内。

(七)每一个课题都必须先有充分的资料、文献、数据和规范等依据。不允许先立课题后找依据。

(八)工科专业结合工程实际的课题原则上要求达85%以上，工科专业应以毕业设计为主。

－４－ 第十一条

对新开出的毕业设计（论文）课题，必须由指导教师填写《本科毕业设计（论文）课题申报表》（见附件2），经教研室讨论，报学院教学院长批准方能下达供学生选择。

第四章 学生及选题

第十二条

根据指导教师公布的毕业设计（论文）题目，结合自己具体情况进行选题，在选题后必须尽早与指导教师联系，做好毕业设计（论文）准备工作，并填写《本科毕业设计（论文）选题申请表》（见附件3）。课题一经选定，由所在学院报教务处备案，不得随意改变。若确需改变题目的，需重新按程序审定、报批和备案。

第十三条

毕业设计（论文）开始两周前，根据教师下达的《本科毕业设计（论文）任务书》（见附件4），认真填写《本科毕业设计（论文）开题报告》（见附件5），并交指导教师审阅，由指导教师组织开题。

第十四条

应充分发挥学习的主动性和责任性，认真按照毕业设计（论文）任务书规定的要求、内容、进度，独立完成设计（或论文）。严禁互相抄袭或请他人代做。

第十五条

遵守学校的有关规定、纪律和要求，努力和认真完成毕业各环节。对违犯纪律者，要严格按照学校学籍管理的有关规定处理。

第十六条

撰写毕业设计（论文）说明书时，做到条理清晰，逻辑性强，符合科技写作规范，并严格按照学院、教研室所规定的《本科学位论文统一格式的规定》编写要求（见附件6）进行撰写、打印和装订（封面见附件7）。毕业设计（论文）说明书字数原则上不得少于1万个印刷符号。

第十七条 学生的毕业设计(论文)中有多张图纸的，至少有一张采用计算机绘制，机械类的学生必须有一张0#的手工绘图。

第十八条 完成一篇3000字左右（外语类按相关专业要求）的小论文，格式按公开出版的论文格式（可参考江西理工大学学报中的论文）。

第十九条

对涉及保密的毕业设计（论文）内容，未经许可，一律不准对外泄密。第二十条

通过学位论文答辩后，应对在毕业设计（论文）答辩过程中教师提出的意见做出必要的修改。

第二十一条

需提交完整的毕业设计（论文或说明书）材料的纸质和电子文档各1份。

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第五章 考核与答辩

第二十二条

毕业设计(论文)考核是一项严肃的工作。学生的毕业设计(论文)成绩，不仅反映学生的学习质量，也在一定程度上反映学校的教学质量。严格考核程序，合理评定成绩，对调动教师和学生的积极性，培养治学严谨的学风，提高教学质量都有很大意义。

第二十三条

指导教师在学生进行答辩前应对学生的毕业设计(论文)进行评阅（指导教师为中级职称的学生毕业设计（论文）材料需请副教授及以上职称的教师进行审阅），填写《本科毕业设计（论文）成绩评审表》（见附件8）。

第二十四条 “答辩”是完成毕业设计(论文)过程中一个必不可少的环节，学生答辩应在毕业答辩会上公开进行。答辩一般在毕业设计(论文)规定时间内的最后一周进行。

(一)各学院应成立以主管院长为组长的答辩委员会(5至11人)，负责答辩工作。要根据各专业学生人数和课题性质，划分为若干答辩小组(须3人以上的单数组成)进行答辩工作，并指定相应的负责人。必要时，学校主管部门有关人员按照各学院日程安排检查答辩。

(二)需对参加毕业设计(论文)学生进行答辩资格审查，无故旷课累计超过规定教学时数三分之二者不得参加答辩。

(三)答辩包含二个基本过程

1、自述过程：学生用不少于15分钟的时间陈述毕业设计(论文)的主要内容。

2、问答过程：教师提问和学生回答问题不少于15分钟。

(四)答辩完成后，由答辩小组根据指导教师对学生情况的汇报、审阅意见、评阅意见和答辩情况评定学生毕业设计(论文)成绩并填写《本科毕业设计（论文）答辩记录及成绩表》（见附件9）。各专业的评分标准由各学院根据其学科性质制订。

(五)二次答辩。在小组答辩完成以后，各学院可组织毕业设计(论文)初评成绩为优秀的学生进行第二次答辩。在第二次答辩后，从中评出不超过全年级15%的优秀毕业设计(论文)。

第二十五条

在各学院学生的毕业设计(论文)综合成绩中，“优秀”（90分及以上）不超过15%，“优秀”和“良好”（80分及以上）合计不超过75%。

－６－ 第二十六条

毕业设计(论文)不及格者不颁发毕业证书，按结业处理。允许这些学生在结业后一年内再回校补做毕业设计(论文)和参加答辩。具体课题和时间由各学院安排。学生补做毕业设计(论文)答辩及格后，学校按学籍管理规定，确定换发证书。

第六章 检查与评选

第二十七条

教务处应根据本规定及其他有关规定，在各学院的配合下，组织相关人员对毕业设计（论文）工作的准备、选题、落实、指导、考核、答辩等方面进行阶段性检查和监督工作。

第二十八条

学校和各学院要特别重视和组织好毕业设计（论文）的中期检查工作，中期检查内容参考《本科毕业设计（论文）中期检查情况表》（见附件10）。

第二十九条

各学院在答辩结束后，要聘请相关人员对学生的毕业设计（论文）进行评估。毕业设计（论文）工作结束后，要进行全面总结，总结材料参考《毕业设计（论文）质量分析表》和工作总结提纲（见附件11和附件12）。学校在学院自评基础上进行抽测评估（见附件13）。

第三十条

学校要保证毕业设计（论文）各环节工作的顺利完成，妥善处理好毕业分配与教学工作在进程中的矛盾，努力减少和消除毕业分配对毕业设计（论文）各环节的不利影响和冲击。

第三十一条

学院按不超过学生总人数的10%评选院级优秀毕业设计（论文），在获院级优秀毕业设计（论文）中按学院学生总人数的1%推荐校级优秀毕业设计（论文），且由指导教师填写《江西理工大学优秀毕业设计（论文）推荐表》（见附件14）。

第三十二条

在各学院推荐的校级优秀毕业设计（论文）中，教务处组织专家再次进行评审，按不超过学院推荐人数的70%评选出校级优秀毕业设计（论文）。

第三十三条

按承担毕业设计（论文）指导教师总人数的5%评选校级毕业设计（论文）优秀指导教师，并填写《江西理工大学优秀毕业设计（论文）指导教师申报表》（见附件15）。

第三十四条

校级优秀指导教师的必备条件是单独指导的毕业设计（论文）被评为校级优秀毕业设计（论文）。

第七章 附 则

－７－ 第三十五条

各学院对所有学生的毕业设计(论文)要进行整理、归档、保管，保管时间一般为五年，保存地点为各学院资料室。

第三十六条

本科毕业设计（论文）的相关资料见以下附件（各学院可依据具体情况参考或采用）。附件可从教务处网站的“下载专区——实践管理”中下载。

1、本科生校外毕业设计(论文)审批表

2、本科毕业设计（论文）课题申报表

3、本科毕业设计（论文）选题申请表

4、本科毕业设计（论文）任务书

5、本科毕业设计（论文）开题报告

6、本科学位论文统一格式的规定

7、本科学位论文封面

8、本科毕业设计（论文）成绩评审表1和2

9、本科毕业设计（论文）答辩记录及成绩表

10、本科毕业设计（论文）中期检查情况表

11、学院（专业）毕业设计（论文）质量分析表

12、本科毕业设计（论文）工作总结提纲

13、本科毕业设计（论文）质量抽测评价表

14、本科优秀毕业设计（论文）推荐表

15、本科优秀毕业设计（论文）指导教师申报表

第三十七条

原有关文件与本条例有冲突的，以本条例为准。第三十八条

本条例由教务处负责解释，自下发之日起执行。

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二O一O年十二月二十八日

主题词： 本科 毕业设计 管理 条例

抄 送： 校领导 学工部 江西理工大学教务处

2010年12月28日签发

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