新标准大学英语4英语翻译1245679单元[大全5篇]

第一篇：新标准大学英语4英语翻译1245679单元

(一)我认为，选修第二专业并不适合每一位本科生。我大学本科主修英语专业，大一时就开始辅修经济学了。无疑，我是班里最用功的学生。我竭尽全力想同时达到两个不同专业的要求，但还是有不及格的时候。因为经济学需要良好的数学基础，我不得不花大量时间钻研数学，因而忽略了英语学习。

If you ask me, taking a second major isn’t good for every undergraduate.In my freshman year as an English major, I took economics as my minor.By all odds, I was the most hardworking student in my class.But try as I might to meet the requirements of the two different subjects, I still couldn’t do well enough to pass all the exams.Given that the study of economics required a good command of mathematics, I had to spend so much time on math that I neglected my English major.第二学期,《英国文学》及《宏观经济学》两门课不及格给我敲响了警钟，这可是我一生中第一次考试不及格，这大大打击了我的自信心。虽然我不是一个容易向命运低头的人，在暑假结束的时候，我还是决定放弃经济学，以免两个专业都难以完成。当我只需修一个专业的时候，一切似乎又回到了正轨。(if you ask me;odds;try as … might;sap one’s confidence;given that;bow to fate;come to a close;for fear that;now that)Failing English Literature and Macroeconomics in the second semester sounded the alarm for me.This was the first time I did not pass a course in my life, which had greatly sapped my confidence.Although I was not a man who would easily bow to fate, as the summer break came to a close, I decided to give up economics for fear that I would fail in both subjects.Now that I had only one subject to attend to, everything seemed to be on the right track again.（二）1 张磊是在毕业工作后才开始意识到读书的乐趣的。反思自己的大学教育时，他感慨不已：他的一些同学都沉浸于从图书馆或书店找到的各种有趣的书籍，而他却只读了一些教科书，其中连一本真正能让他爱不释手、值得一读的书都没有。他可以说是被剥夺了通过书了解作家奇妙世界的特权。

It was not until after he had graduated from university and started to work that Zhang Lei became aware of the pleasure of reading.Reflecting on his undergraduate studies, he lamented that he, unlike his classmates who had immersed themselves in various interesting books they were able to lay hands on from the library or bookshop, had only read textbooks, none of which was really worthwhile, or could be read in one sitting.He was deprived of the privilege of gaining access to the writers’ fantastic worlds through the windows their books have opened, so to speak.2 如今，他嗜书如命，废寝忘食，好像要把大学期间没机会读的好书全都读一遍。到目前为止他已经利用业余时间读了几百本小说、传记和游记。他意识到书不仅能向他展示一个充满希望的前景，帮他消除现实生活中的压力和疲劳，而且能够帮他澄清一些误解，找到生活的真谛。(reflect on;in one sitting;lay hands on;immerse in;worthwhile;privilege;withstand;vista)Now he has become an avid and omnivorous reader.It is as if he wants to make up for those marvelous books he hadn’t had a chance to read in his university days.By now, in his spare time, he has read several hundreds of books, including novels, biographies and travel notes.He realizes that books cannot only reveal to him the vista of a hopeful future and help him withstand stresses and strains, they can also help him clear up some misconceptions and discover the true meaning of life.（四）谈及目前经济萧条所带来的影响，学生活动的减少就是一个很好的例证。为了活跃校园生活，大学愿意划拨一部分资金来资助学生社团活动，但由于今年学校的预算大幅减少，对社团的资助也相应缩减了不少。显然，学生社团要恢复以前的活力就必须想办法克服自身的经济困难。有人主张招募更多会员，因为会员费的增加可以帮助他们度过难关。

When it comes to the effects of the current economic downturn, the decrease of student activities is a good case in point.To enliven campus life, the university is always willing to carve out money for activities organized by student clubs and societies, but such sponsorships have been pared down this year because of huge budget cut.Apparently, student organizations need to weather their own financial crisis if they want to recover from their current state of inactiveness.Some suggest enrolling more club members, on the ground that the consequent increase of membership fees may help them get out of the difficulty.当然，如果有更多的会员交年费，而且缩减一些日常开支，我们还是能省下一些钱来组织活动的。但是，问题的关键在于社团活动的费用与参加活动的人数是成正比的，因此这种方法恐怕不太可行。要推进社团活动，同时又不使经费超支，我们必须群策群力，拿出别的筹钱方法，而不是仅仅依赖学校拨款和会员费。(when it comes to;carve out;pare down;cut back on;bottom line;go into the red;pool;in lieu of)No doubt, if we have more members paying the annual fee, and if we cut back on our daily expenses, we can spare some money for organizing activities.But the bottom line is that the expenses of these activities are in proportion to the number of participants.I’m afraid this won’t be of much help.To boost student activities and to avoid going into the red, we still need to pool our ideas and come up with some other ways of raising money, in lieu of relying only on university grants and membership fees.（五）我们对理想丈夫或理想妻子的假设显示出我们的性别期待以及我们对性别期待的反应。如果大多数年轻姑娘希望她们的未婚夫强悍、能干、可 靠，那么小伙子们也就别无选择，只能把自己训练得强悍、能干、可靠，这样才能赢得女孩子的芳心。如果他们的做法与性别期待背道而驰，那么 他们很可能会在悲叹自己的光棍生涯中度过下半辈子。根据同样的不成文 法则，如果多数年轻男子希望他们的未婚妻温柔体贴、耐心、忠贞，认为 这些比什么都重要，那么姑娘即便不是这种人，也会假装自己将来会成为 贤妻良母。Our presumptions about what ideal husbands or wives are like reveal a lot about our gender expectations as well as our responses to them.If most girls want their fiancés to be tough, capable and reliable, there is no more option left for young men other than to be trained as tough, capable and reliable if they want to win girls’ heart.If they act to the contrary, they will most probably bemoan their bachelor’s status for the rest of their lives.Following the same unwritten rule, if most boys expect their fiancées to be caring, patient and faithful more than anything else, girls are prone to let on that they will become faithful wives and loving mothers even if they are not the type.深入研究一下这种性别期待，我们就会发现这是受生理和社会因素制 约的。无疑，女性为孕育婴儿做好了生理准备，而男人则完全不适合这项 工作。男人只有努力挣钱养家，才能让一家人过上好日子。(presumption;option;other than;bemoan;unwritten rule;to be prone to;let on;goes without saying)Looking into such gender expectations, we may find that they are based on both physiological and social factors.It goes without saying that women are physically prepared to bear children, whereas men are utterly unfit for the job.Therefore, a family is better-off when its male members devote their time to providing food and other necessities for it.（六）为保证校园的安全，校方最近发布了一项新的规定，禁止小商贩进入校园。校长呼吁学生在这件事上与学校合作。学生们表示强烈反对，几百 名学生在学校的 BBS上表达了他们的愤怒。他们说，因为校园离市中心很 远，校内商店里的货品又不多，把小贩赶出校园就无异于把学生扔到孤岛 上。有些人提出，正是在这样的事情上，学校应该听取学生的意见和需求。有些学生认为，这项规定能让校园更安全的想法是错误的。

To make the campus safer, the university authorities recently released a new regulation that forbids any vendors from entering the campus, and the president called on the students to cooperate with the university on this matter.But the students’ opposition was strong, and hundreds of them expressed their anger on the university BBS.They said that to keep vendors off campus is like deserting the students on an island, as the university was far away from the downtown and the shops on the campus did not provide enough commodities.Some claimed that it was precisely for matters of this kind that university should listen to students’ opinions and needs.Some students thought the university had got it wrong in believing that this regulation will ensure safety on campus.学生的反应让校长感到震惊，为弥补过失，他宣布学校将重新考虑这 项规定。他对学生说，他们完全有权力过上方便、舒适的生活，但校园的 安全也同样重要。他还提议在校园里建一个大超市，在宿舍楼附近开一些 便利店(convenience store)，这样就能大大方便学生们的生活。(it’s for matters of this kind;get sth wrong;make amends;be entitled to)Shocked by the students’ reaction, the president tried to make amends for his mistake by announcing that the university will look into this new regulation again.He told students that they were entitled to live a convenient and comfortable life, but safety is just as much an important concern as that.He proposed to build a big supermarket within the campus and some convenient stores near dormitory buildings, which would certainly make students’ life much easier.（七）在毕业典礼上，一家知名 IT公司的经验丰富的 CTO托 马斯克拉克 给 140名渴望在IT行业干出一番事 业的计算机科学专业的学生提出了一 些重要建议。在他看来，信息技术不仅仅是组装机器和装置。这个领域，在 创新起着关键的作用。所以IT工作者自然要承受巨大的压力，因为他们每天都要想出一些新点子。

In the graduation ceremony, Thomas Clark, a veteran CTO of a renowned IT company, offers some important advice to 140 computer science majors who aspire to pursue a successful career in IT.In his opinion, information technology is not just about assembling machines and devices;it is a domain where innovation plays the key role.So naturally IT workers have to endure high pressure in their work as they need to come up with new ideas on a daily basis.但是克拉克也指出，行业的最终目标是利润。IT如果你想在这个领域获得成功，你应该牢记创新并 不等同于个人主义。值得注意的是，很多有天赋的年 轻人由于狂妄自大，交流能力差，没能发挥他 们的潜力，因此没有取得成功。克拉克强调说，你必须学会和不同部门的人合作，这样你才能创造出能被市场接受的产品，你的才华才能绽放。(aspire to，assemble;domain;on a daily basis;ultimate;synonymous with;blossom)But Clark also points out that the ultimate goal of IT business is profit.If you want to succeed in this business, you need to keep in mind that innovation is not synonymous with individualism.It is noticeable how many gifted young men have failed to achieve success because of their arrogance and poor communication skill.Clark emphasizes that you have to learn to cooperate with people from different departments and only thus can your talent blossom out by creating products that will be accepted by the market.（九）.近20年来，一直有人认为简体字是激进的汉语改革的产物，不能保留传统文化的精华。在他们看来，那么多中国人读不懂繁体字是一件可耻的 事。有些人甚至认为简体字是一个有缺陷的语言系统，用简体字使中国人变笨了，中华文明已经到了紧要关头，必须用繁体字才能拯救我们的民族文化。In the last couple of decades, there have always been people who believe that simplified characters are a product of the radical reform of Chinese language, and fail to retain the essence of our traditional culture.From their point of view, it's disgraceful that so many Chinese cannot read traditional characters.Some even argue that simplified characters are a defective system of language and using them makes Chinese people dumb, and that our civilization has reached a critical stage where we have to go back to traditional Chinese characters to save our national culture.但是这些提倡恢复繁体字的人并不能提出足够的理由来支持他们的观 点。他们还忘记了重要的一点：繁体字太复杂，在中国古代，这在受过良 好教育和没受过教育的人之间造成了巨大的鸿沟，而简体字则让上亿的中 国人识了字，并在一定程度上模糊了受过教育的精英和普通大众之间的界 限。如果我们重新启用繁体字，可能会侵害到大多数人受教育的权利，破 坏中国社会的团结。

But those in favour of traditional characters are unable to provide sufficient evidence for their assertions.They also forget an important point: In ancient China the complexity of traditional characters created a rift between the educated and the uneducated, while the simplified characters had helped hundreds of millions of people become literate, and to a certain extent blurred the boundaries between the educated elite and the ordinary public.If we went back to traditional characters, it would be very likely to infringe on the majority's right to education and damage the unity of Chinese society.

第二篇：第三单元大学英语英语翻译

Organizing Data in a Traditional File

Environment

An effective information system provides users with timely, accurate, and relevant information.This information is stored in computer files.When the files are properly arranged and maintained, users can easily access and retrieve the information they need.传统环境下的数据组织

一个高效的信息系统应向使用者提供及时、准确以及相关的信息。信息存储在系统的文件中。正确地整理和维护文件，可以使用户很容易地检索到他们所需要的信息。

You can appreciate the importance of file management if you have ever written a term paper using 3×5 index cards.No matter how efficient your storage device(a metal box or a rubber band), if you organize the cards randomly your term paper will have little or no organization.如果你在撰写学期论文时曾经使用过3×5索引卡，你会体会到文件管理的重要性。不管你的存储设备（一个金属盒或一个皮筋）效率如何,如果你随意地组织你的卡片,你的学期论文将会缺乏组织性

Given enough time, you could put the cards in order, but your system would be more efficient if you set up your organizational scheme early on.If your scheme is flexible enough and well documented, you can extend it to account for any changes in your viewpoint as you write your paper.如果有足够的时间，你可以将卡片按次序放置，但是如果你早点创建你自己的组织方案，你的系统会做得更有效。如果你的方案足够的灵活并且文档也很齐全，那么在你撰写论文时，可以利用它来说明观点中的任何变化。

The same need for file organization applies to firms.Well-managed, carefully arranged files make it easy to obtain data for business decisions, whereas poorly managed files lead to chaos in information processing high costs, poor performance, and little, if any, flexibility.Despite the use of excellent hardware and software, many organizations have inefficient information systems because of poor file management.公司同样也需要组织文件。组织良好，认真安排的文件可以使商业决策获取数据变得更容易，而组织混乱的文件只能导致信息处理紊乱、成本高、性能差并且灵活性低。尽管使用优秀的硬件和软件，但由于文件组织得不好，很多组织的信息系统的效率还是很低。

File Organization Terms and Concepts A computer system organizes data in hierarchy that starts with bits and bytes and progresses to fields, records, files, and databases.A bit represents the smallest unit of data a computer can handle.文件组织术语及概念

计算机系统按层次组织数据，位、字节、数据项、记录、文件和数据库。位代表计算机中最小的数据单位。

A group of bits, called a byte, represents a single character, which can be a letter, a number, or another symbol.A grouping of characters into a word, a group of words, or a complete number(such as a person’s name or age), is called a field.一组位，叫做一个字节，表示一个独立的字，它可以是一个字母、一个数字或其它的符号。一组字组成一个词、一组词或一个纯数字（例如一个人的名字或年龄）叫做一个字段。

A group of related fields, such as the student’s name, the course taken, the date, and the grade, comprises a record;a group of records of the same type is called a file.For instance, the student records could constitute a course file.一组相关的字段，例如学生的姓名、所选的课程、日期、年级，组成一个记录；一组相同类型的记录被称为文件。例如，学生记录可以构成一个课程文件。

A group of related files makes up a database.The student course file could be grouped with files on student’s personal histories and financial backgrounds to create a student database.一组相关的文件组成一个数据库。学生课程文件可以和学生个人履历文件、个人经济情况文件共同创建一个学生数据库。

A record describes an entity.An entity is a person, place, thing, or event on which we maintain information.An order is a typical entity in a sales order file, which maintains information on a firm’s sales orders.Each characteristic or quality describing a particular entity is called an attribute.一个记录描述了一个实体。一个实体可以是一个人、一个地方、一个东西或一件事情，我们维护与它们有关的信息。销售订单文件提供一个公司销售订单信息，在销售订单文件中，一个订单是一个典型的实体。

For example, order number, order date, order amount, item number, and item quantity would each be an attribute of the entity order.The specific values that these attributes can have can be found in the fields of the record describing the entity order.每个用来描述具体实体的特质或特征的叫做属性。例如，订单号、订货日期、订货量、产品代码和产品数量每一个都是实体订单的一个属性。这些属性的具体取值可以在描述实体订单的记录中的字段里找到。

Every record in a file should contain at least one field that uniquely identifies that record so that the record can be retrieved, update, or sorted.This identifier field is called a key field.An example of a key field is the order number for the order record or an employee number or social security number for a personnel record(containing employee data such as the employees’ name, age, address, job title, and so forth).文件中的每一条记录至少包含一个能被唯一识别的数据字段，这样记录可被检索、更新或分类。这个标识字段叫做关键字段。举个关键字段的例子,如订单号是订单记录的关键字段，员工编号或社会保险号是一个个人记录（包括员工数据，例如员工的名字、年龄、住址、工作职别等等）的关键字段。

Accessing Records from Computer Files

Computer systems store files on secondary storage devices.Records can be arranged in several ways on storage media, and the arrangement determines the manner in which individual records can be accessed or retrieved.从计算机文件中存取记录

计算机系统将文件存储在外存设备中。记录以多种方式存放在存储介质中，而且存放方式决定了单个记录被存取或检索的方式。

One way to organize records is sequentially.In sequential file organization, data records must be retrieved in the same physical sequence in which they are stored.In contrast, direct or random file organization allows users to access records in any sequence they desire, without regard to actual physical order on the storage media.一种组织记录的方式是有序的。在按顺序组织的文件中，数据记录的检索顺序必须与数据的存储顺序相同。相反，不考虑存取介质的物理顺序，直接或随机存取文件允许用户以任何他们想要的顺序存取文件。

Sequential file organization is the only file organization method that can be used on magnetic tape.This file organization method is no longer popular, but some organizations still use it for batch processing applications in which they access and process each record sequentially.顺序文件组织是唯一的一种可以用在磁带上的文件组织方式。这种文件组织方式已不再流行了，但是一些组织仍然使用它来进行批处理，这些处理对每一条记录依次进行存储和处理。

A typical application using sequential files is payroll, in which all employees in a firm must be paid one by one and issued a check.Direct or random file organization is utilized with magnetic disk technology(although records can be stored sequentially on disk if desired).Most computer applications today utilize some method of direct file organization.顺序文件的一个典型应用是工资单，必须依次地对工资单中的所有公司职员支付工资和支票。直接存取或随机存取文件组织方式可用于磁盘技术（但是，如果愿意的话，磁盘中的记录可以按顺序存储）。

Problems with the Traditional File Environment

Most organizations began information processing on a small scale, automating one application at a time.Systems tended to grow independently, and not according to some grand plan.Each functional area tended to develop systems in isolation from other functional areas.Accounting, finance, manufacturing, human resources, and marketing all developed their own systems and data files.传统文件环境存在的问题

大多数组织每次进行的都是小规模的、自动化的信息处理。系统越来越具有独立性，并且不再采用大型的方案。每个功能区的开发都试图孤立于其它模块。会计、金融、生产、人力资源和销售均开发各自的系统和数据文件。

Each application, of course, required its own files and its own computer program to operate.For example, the human resources functional area might have a personnel master file, a payroll file, a medical insurance file, a pension file, a mailing list file, and so forth until tens, perhaps hundreds, of files and programs existed.当然，每个应用都需要自己的文件和计算机系统。例如，人力资源功能区可能需要一个人事主文件、一个工资文件、一个医保文件、一个退休金文件、一个邮件发送清单文件等等，几十个甚至上百个文件或程序。

In the company as a whole, this process led to multiple master files created, maintained, and operated by separate divisions or departments.就整个公司来说，这个过程会导致多种主要文件的创建、维护，并被不同的部门使用。

There are names for this situation: traditional file environment;the flat file organization(because most of the data are organized in flat files);and the data file approach(because the data and business logic are tied to specific files and related programs).By any name, the situation results in growing inefficiency and complexity.对这种情况的叫法有：传统文件环境、平面文件组织（因为大部分的数据组织在平面文件里）、数据文件方式（因为数据和事务逻辑被捆绑于具体的文件和相关的程序中）。无论是哪个名字，这种环境的结果就是低效和复杂性越来越大。

As this process goes on for five or ten years, the organization is saddled with hundreds of programs and applications, with no one who knows what they do, what data they use, and who is using the data.当这种处理方法使用了五或十年，组织已经承载了上百个程序和应用软件，没有人知道这些程序和软件做什么，用什么数据，并且谁在使用数据。

The organization is collecting the same information in far too many files.The resulting problems are data redundancy, program-data dependence, inflexibility, poor data security, and inability to share data among applications.组织可以从多个文件中搜集同一个信息。导致的问题就是数据冗余、程序与数据间相依赖、非灵活性、缺乏数据安全性和应用软件之间无法共享数据。

Data Redundancy and Confusion

Data redundancy is the presence of duplicate data in multiple data files.Data redundancy occurs when different divisions, functional areas, and groups in an organization independently collect the same piece of information.For instance, within the commercial loans division of a bank, the marketing and credit information functions might collect the same customer information.数据冗余和混乱

数据冗余表现为完全一样的数据存放在多个数据文件中。当一个组织中不同的部门、功能和团体独立地搜集相同部分信息时就会发生数据冗余。例如，在一个银行的商业贷款部门里，市场和借贷信息功能可能搜集相同的客户信息。

Because it is collected and maintained in so many different places, the same data item may have different meanings in different parts of the organization.Simple data items such as the fiscal year, employee identification, and product code can take on different meanings as programmers and analysts work in isolation on different applications.由于信息的搜集和维护是在不同的地方进行的，所以相同的数据项会在组织中不同的部分有不同的含义。当不同的应用软件的程序员和分析工作是相互孤立的，简单的数据项，例如会计、员工身份证明和产品编码会表现出不同的意思。

Program-Data Dependence

Program-data dependence is the tight relationship between data stored in files and the specific programs required to update and maintain those files.Every computer program has to describe the location and nature of the data with which it works.程序与数据间相依赖

程序和数据之间的依赖是指存储在文件中的数据和用来更新及维护这些文件的具体的程序间存在紧密的关系。每个计算机程序都必须对它使用的数据的位置和属性进行描述。

In a traditional file environment, any change in data requires a change in all programs that access the data.Changes, for instance, in tax rates or ZIP-code length require changes in programs.Such programming changes may cost millions of dollars to implement in programs that require the revised data.在传统文件环境中，数据的任何更改要求所有存取这一数据的程序发生改变。例如，税率或邮政编码长度的变化要求程序也要随之变动。这种对修改了数据的程序进行设计上的改变可能会花费几百万美元。

Lack of Flexibility

A traditional file system can deliver routine scheduled reports after extensive programming efforts, but it cannot deliver ad hoc reports or respond unanticipated information requirements in a timely fashion..缺乏灵活性

一个传统文件系统在大量的程序设计工作后会提供常规的日程安排报告，但是它不能提供临时的报告或及时回应事先无法预料到的信息需求。

The information required by ad hoc requests is somewhere in the system but too expensive to retrieve.Several programmers would have to work for weeks to put together the required data items in a new file.临时请求所需要的信息存储在系统某处，但由于花费高而无法获取。几个程序员需要花费数周的时间将所需的数据项放到一个新文件中。

Poor Security

Because there is little control or management of data, access to and dissemination of information are virtually out of control.What limits on access exist tend to be the result of habit and tradition, as well as of the sheer difficulty of finding information.缺乏安全性

由于对数据的控制和管理太少，信息的存取和传播实际上是不被控制的。现有的存取限制是由习惯和惯例所造就的，同样也造就了寻找信息的异常艰难。

Lack of Data-Sharing and Availability

The lack of control over access to data in this confused environment does not make it easy for people to obtain information.Because pieces of information in different files and different parts of the organization cannot be related to one another, it is virtually impossible for information to be shared or accessed in a timely manner.缺乏数据共享和有效性

在这种混乱的环境里，对数据的存取缺乏控制使得人们很难获取信息。因为不同文件中的信息和组织的不同部分不能联系起来，所以信息无法及时共享或存取。

The Database Environment Database technology can cut through many of the problems created by traditional file organization.A more rigorous definition of a database is collection of data organized to serve many applications efficiently by centralizing the data and minimizing redundant data.数据库环境

数据库技术可以解决很多有传统文件组织方式引发的问题。对数据库更严密的定义是通过集中数据和减少多余的数据，有效地向应用软件提供组织过的数据集合。

Rather than storing data in separate files for each application, data are stored physically to appear to users as being stored in only one location.数据的物理存放要让用户觉着数据被存放在唯一的一个地方，而不是存储到每个应用程序所需的相互独立的文件上。

A single database services multiple applications.For example, instead of a corporation storing employee data in separate information systems and separate files for personnel, payroll, and benefits, the corporation could create a single common human resources database.一个数据库可以为多个应用程序提供服务。例如，将员工数据存储在相互独立的信息系统和相互独立的员工文件、工资文件和保险金文件中的一个替代做法是，公司可以创建一个通用的人力资源数据库。

Database Management Systems

A database management system(DBMS)is simply the software that permits an organization to centralize data, manage them efficiently, and provide access to the stored data by application programs.数据库管理系统

数据库管理系统（DBMS）就是一个简单的软件，它允许一个组织集成数据、有效管理数据并且通过应用程序提供对存储数据的存取。

The DBMS acts as an interface between application programs and the physical data files.When the application program calls for data item such as gross pay, the DBMS finds this item in the database and presents it to the application program.DBMS在应用程序和物理数据文件间扮演接口的角色。当应用程序需要如工资总额的数据项，DBMS在数据库中查找这一数据项并将它提交给应用程序。

Using traditional data files the programmer would have to define the data and then tell the computer where they were.A DBMS eliminates most of the data definition statements found in traditional programs.A database management system has three components: A data definition language A data manipulation language A data dictionary 使用传统的数据文件，程序员不得不定义数据并且告诉计算机它们在那儿。一个DBMS会去除大部分传统程序中的数据定义声明。

一个数据库管理系统包含三个组成部分： 数据定义语言 数据操作语言 数据字典

The data definition language is the formal language used by programmers to specify the content and structure of the database.The data definition language defines each data element as it appears in the database before that data element is translated into the forms required by application programs.数据定义语言是程序员用来详述数据库内容和结构的形式语言。在数据元素被翻译成应用程序所需要的形式之前，数据定义语言定义了数据库中的每一个数据元素。

Most DBMS have a specialized language called a data manipulation language that is used in conjunction with some conventional third-or fourth-generation programming languages to manipulate the data in the database.This language contains commands that permit end users and programming specialists to extract data from the database to satisfy information requests and develop applications.大部分DBMS有一种叫做数据操作语言的专用语言，它和传统的第三代或第四代程序语言结合起来操作数据库中的数据。这种语言包括允许终端用户和程序设计专家从数据库中提取数据来满足信息需求和应用开发的命令。

The most prominent data manipulation language today is Structured Query Language, or SQL.Complex programming tasks cannot be performed efficiently with typical data manipulation languages.However, most mainframe DBMS are compatible with COBOL, FORTRAN, and other third-generation programming languages, permitting greater processing efficiency and flexibility.现今，最杰出的数据操作语言是结构化查询语言，或者叫SQL。使用典型的数据操作语言，复杂的编程任务无法被高效率地执行。然而大部分中央处理机的DBMS与COBOL, FORTRAN及其他第三代编程语言相兼容，这就使得处理更高效和更灵活。

The third element of a DBMS is a data dictionary.This is an automated or manual file that stores definitions of data elements and data characteristics such as usage, physical representation, ownership(who in the organization is responsible for maintaining the data), authorization, and security.Many data dictionaries can produce lists and reports of data utilization, groupings, program locations, and so on.DBMS的第三个元素是数据字典。这是一个自动或手工的文件，存储了对数据元素和数据属性的定义，例如使用、物理表示、所有权（组织中谁负责维护数据）、授权和安全。很多数据字典可以提供数据使用、分组、程序存储位置等内容的列表和报告。

By creating an inventory of data contained in the database, the data dictionary serves as an important data management tool.For instance, business users could consult the dictionary to find out exactly what pieces of data are maintained for the sales or marketing function or even to determine all the information maintained by the entire enterprise.由于建立了一个数据库中数据的清单，数据字典成为一个重要的数据管理工具。例如，商业用户可以翻阅字典来正确地查找出用于销售或市场功能的数据或者甚至支配整个公司的所有信息。

The dictionary could supply business users with the name, format, and specifications required to access data for reports.Technical staff could use the dictionary to determine what data elements and files must be changed if a program is changed.字典可以为商业用户提供名字、格式和说明，以获取报告所需数据。技术员工可以利用字典来决定如果一个程序发生了改动,那么什么样的数据元素和文件也必须被改变。

Most data dictionaries are entirely passive;they simply report.More advanced types are active;changes in the dictionary can be automatically utilized by related programs.For instance, to change ZIP codes from five to nine digits, one could simply enter the change in the dictionary without having to modify and recompile all application programs using ZIP codes.大部分的字典是完全被动式的；它们只不过是报告。更高类型的字典是主动的；相关程序可自动地使用字典中的变化。例如，将邮政编码由五位改为九位，一个人可以简单地在字典中记录这一改变，不必修改和重新编译所有使用邮政编码的程序。

In an ideal database environment, the data in the database are defined only once and used for all applications whose data reside in the database, thereby eliminating data redundancy and inconsistency.Application programs, which are written using a combination of the data manipulation language of the DBMS and a conventional programming language, request data elements from the database.在一个理想的数据库环境里，数据库中的数据只被定义一次就可以被所有的应用软件使用，因此可以消除数据的冗余和不一致性。结合DBMS的数据操作语言和常规程序语言编写的应用程序需要数据库中的数据元素。

Data elements called for by the application programs are found and delivered by the DBMS.The programmer does not have to specify in detail how or where the data are to be found.应用程序需要的数据元素可由DBMS查找和传递。程序员不必详述查找数据的位置和方式。

Use of a DBMS can reduce program-data dependence along with program development and maintenance costs.Access and availability of information can be increased because users and programmers can perform ad hoc queries of data in the database.The DBMS allows the organization to centrally manage data, utilization, and security.使用DBMS除了减少程序的开发和维护费用，还可以减少程序和数据间的依赖。由于用户和程序员可以对数据库中的数据进行随机查询，信息的可获性和可用性得到提高。DBMS允许组织集中管理数据、应用和安全。

New Words(1)New Words(2)New Words(3)New Words(4)New Words(5)New Words(6)Phrases(1)Phrases(2)Abbreviations Questions for Discussion Why do we need file organization? How to access records from computer files? Which problems exist in the traditional file environment? What is DBMS? How does DBMS resolve problems in the traditional file environment? Translation for Reference

第三篇：新标准大学英语第二册第二单元课文翻译

保持微笑

两个月以前，我在一份科普杂志上读到一篇有趣的文章，文章是关于不同文化背景下的人们是如何通过面部表情流露情感的。文章说，俄国人在面部表情中流露的情感最少——美国人流露的最多。这似乎非常有趣。但作为印度人，我觉得更有趣的是，研究人员还研究了哪个国家的人笑得最多。印度人在排行榜上几乎是垫底的——准确地说，位于第124 名，而丹麦人则居于首位。

这使我想到自己，以及自己的经历。我记得我的女儿——那时候她肯定是在八岁左右——曾经问我：“爸爸，为什么只有当外国人到家里来的时候你才微笑？” 我意识到自己确实像她说的那样。通常，只有当外国客人来访时我才微笑。有外国客人时，我会有意识地努力改变我正常的面部表情。从女儿提醒我之后，我决定开始更多地微笑，在家里这样，上班也一样。

起初，我得强迫自己微笑。我记得在什么地方读到过，我们皱眉的时候比微笑的时候动用的肌肉要多得多。可是我们依然需要努力才会微笑——那是一种习得的行为，而不是一种反射动作。但令人奇怪的是，只要我拉起嘴角的肌肉，就觉得快乐。换句话说，面部反应能增强其所表达的情感。

几天前，我乘火车在印度南部旅行。我身边坐着一位年轻人，为了让我坐得舒服，他挪了挪他的包以便给我腾出更大的地方来。他挪包的时候，一直在微笑。随后我们就各自落座，一起（用英语）聊起了各自的情况。他说，他在欧洲一间科学实验室工作，接着又说，在外国生活的经历改变了他的身体语言和面部表情。在我到达目的地之前，我们交换了电子邮件地址，并约好以后再见。我们一见如故——就因为在拥挤的火车上，一位年轻人选择了对陌生人微笑

第四篇：新标准大学英语Unit1短语

1、依我看

2、赞美，吹嘘

3、不停地唠叨

4、安宁的生活

5、无论我多么

6、保持心情愉快

7、拿走，割掉一些走

8、税务局

9、个人所得税

10、银行经理

11、手机账单

12、聪明的人

13、突然，出乎意料的14、买养老金

15、年底

16、更不用说

17、退学者

18、看重了，瞄上了

19、伦敦政治经济学院20、履历表

21、大概

22、用狗赌博

23、在酒吧喝酒

24、向命运低头

25、以…为例

26、觉得有责任做某事if you ask me crack up tobang on about sheltered life try as i might stay cheerful slice off

the Inland Revenue income tax

the bank manager mobile bills bright spark out of the blue buy a pension the end of the year let alone dropout

have one’s eye on

the London School of Economics CV kind of

gambling the dogs down the pub

bow oneself towards the inevitable take...for example feel obliged to do sth.27、收拾行李

28、以…结局

29、做复印文件的工作 30、端茶倒水

31、呼出…名字

32、为口渴的顾客服务

33、要求高的工作

34、中年常客

35、穿西装

36、泡菜三明治

37、面包片要削掉

38、非常容易

39、使高兴

40、我生日那天最精彩的瞬间

41、迷惑不解的眼神

42、和平常一样

43、出现

44、创业

45、金融生意

46、回顾

47、投资银行

48、还钱

49、生意红红火火 50、感谢信

51、改造房子

52、得到最好的回报 pick up end up in

do photocopies make the tea greet...by name serve thirsty clients demanding work middle-age regular in a suit

pickle sandwich the crusts cut off dead easy cheer up

the highlight of my birthday the confused look on one’s eyes as usual turn up

set up one’s business finance business look back

investment bank pay back

thriving business a thank-you note adapt the house give the best return

第五篇：21世纪大学英语第四册,英语翻译

Unit 1

1.美国人往往以从事的工作对人们进行划分。家庭和教育这些特点被认为是不太重要的。

Americans tend to define people by the jobs they have/do.Such characteristics as their family and educational backgrounds are considered less important.2.他决不妥协的个性是他再也无法容忍他的雇主，并最终递交了辞职书的原因。His uncompromising personality explains why he could no longer put up with his employer and eventually submittedhis resignation.3.如果你真想学好英语，你就必须投入大量的时间和精力，否则你就不会有任何进步。对于其他课程也可以这麽说。

If you really want to learn English well, you must put in a lot of time and energy, or you'll go nowhere.The same can be said of other subjects.4.有些演员的名声靠的是他们天生的美貌，但是达斯汀.霍斯曼（Dustin Hoffman）尽管身材矮小（short stature)，也还是出类拔萃，而使他与众不同的正是他精湛的演技。

Some actorsfame is built on their innate beauty, but despite his short stature, Dustin Hoffman rose above and it is his excellent acting that set him apart.5.他负责管理之后，我们发现它与前任（predecessor)有明显的不同：他有干劲和激情，想出了很多新点子，并把工作中放在如何鼓舞我们的士气上。

After he took charge, we discovered that there were striking differences between him and his predecessor.He had the drive and passion, came up with many new ideas, and focused his work on how to raise our morale.6.当邓小平宣布中国改革开放的时候，他被永远载入了史册。尽管障碍重重它以不懈的努力为我国的现代化作出了永久性的贡献。

Deng Xiaoping made history when he declared China's reform and opening-up policy.Despite tremendous obstacles, he made lasting contributions to our country's modernization with his unrelenting efforts.7.为什么有人拥有天才级智商却被智商平平的但很刻苦的人丢在后面？承认除了智商外，还有很多别的因素与一个人的成就有着很大的关系。

Why could someone with a genius IQ be left behind by a hardworking person with an average IQ? It has to be acknowledged that besides one's IQ, many other factors have much to do with one's achievements.8.这位教师真了不起，她能在教东西之前调动学生的积极性。这并不是因为他有天赋，而是因为他只想着在课堂上吸引他们的注意力。

This teacher is really remarkable in first motivating her students so she can really teach them something.It's not that she is talented, it's that she focuses completely or drawing theirfull attention in class.unit 2

1.他瞪眼看着约翰，对他拒绝合作感到愤怒。

He glared at John and was annoyed by his refusal to cooperate.2.约翰真诚的讲话表达了他对那些在他处于困境时给过他慷慨帮助的人们的感激之情。

John's sincere speech shows his gratitude to the people who rendered him generous help when he was in difficulty.3.他可说是一个集邮家。他曾经积蓄了两年去买一张珍邮这件事便是证明。He is something of a stamp collector.The fact that once he saved up for two years to buy a rare stamp is proof of it.4.这些玫瑰的美丽怎么评价也不过分。他们以各种方式吸引住了所有的游客。The beauty of these roses could not be overstated.They took/caught all the visitorsfancy in one way or another.5.起先，他理所当然的认为该地区应当多造些公路。然而仔细计算其费用后，他在做出最后决定前又不得不重新考虑了。

At first he took it for granted that they should build more highways in this area.Then a careful calculation of the expenditure compelled him to think twice before he made the final decision.6.每次收到我的礼物，不管多少，我的朋友比尔绝不忘记表示感谢。

Each time he receives a gift from me, no matter how small, my friend Bill never fails to acknowledge it.7.那位新闻记者决定找到那对老夫妻信中提到的年轻人。那封信赞颂了年轻人为改善他们的生活条件而付出的努力。

The journalist has decided to trace the young man referred to in the old couple's letter, which is a tribute to the young man's effort at improving their living conditions.8.虽然他厌烦了那些每天上门来吹嘘其产品的推销员，但他克制着没有将他们拒之门外。

Though he was fed up with the salesmen who knocked at his door and boasted about their products every day, he refrained from slamming the door in their face.Unit 3

1.汤姆因一问题而心神不宁但又一筹莫展，直到她学会以不同策略把它解决才不心烦。

Tom was hung up on the problem but could do nothing about it until he learnt to solve it with different tactics.2.横向思维帮助他提出了原来似乎已走进死胡同的新理论。

Lateral thinking has helped him to advance his new theory which had seemed to reach a dead end.3.我们最新的建设计划的框架已获得地方政府的批准。他是否会按时实施对这座沿海城市的发展具有极为重大的意义。

The framework of our latest construction plan has been affirmed by the local government.Whether it will be carried out on time is of the utmost significance to the development of this coastal city.4.在设法寻找一个解决问题的办法的过程中，爱德华在思想上陷入了僵局，但后来他改变了观察角度，以一种完全意想不到的方式解决了问题。

While trying to find a solution to the problem, Edward reached an impasse in his thinking, but later he changed his point of view and solved the problem in an entirely unexpected fashion.5.昨天他的汽车几乎是迎头撞上了一辆卡车。如果他继续这样随便开车，我确信他最后一定

会被送进医院的急诊室。

Yesterday his car crashed into a truck almost head-on.If he does not stop driving socarelessly, I am sure he will wind up in the emergency room of a hospital.6.许多人认为计算机机房将最终取代图书馆，想吸收新知识的学生最终将在计算机机房里学习一切。

Many people believe that computer labs will eventually take over from the libraries and students who want to take in new knowledge will end up learning everything in the computer lab.7.这幅画的结构设计有一个缺点。你为什么不擦掉那几条垂直线，把它简化一点呢？

There is a flaw in the structural design of the painting.Why don't you erase the vertical lines and simplify it a little bit?

8.约翰本该在很久以前就把烟戒掉了。毕竟健康对每个人来说都是最重要的。John should have given up smoking a long time ago.After all, health is of the utmost importance to everybody.unit 4

1.学校应避免仅按学生考试成绩来判别孰优孰劣并以此对待他们。相反，好的教育体制应使每一位学生都能达到良好的水准，成为全面发展的（well-rounded)人。

Schools should avoid deciding who is superior only in terms of students' exam results and treating them accordingly.Instead, a good educational system should enable every student to measure up to good standards as well-rounded people.2.大学生课后有问题时，往往在办公时间之外不容易找到老师。这是由于教师繁忙的学术研

究，而不是他们对学生漠不关心。

As often as not, when college students have questions after class, their teachers are not readily available except during office hours.This is due to teachers' busy academic research, rather than their indifference to the students.3.这个班级由40名学生组成，他们中大部分按英语水平过去常被归在中等之列。但由于这位老师从不在言辞中表露出不耐烦，学生们对他的教学方法产生了积极的反应，从而没有辜负他的期望。

This class consists of forty students, most of whom used to be labeled average in terms of English level.But as this teacher has never shown any verbal impatience, the students have reacted positively to his teaching methods and lived up to his expectations.4.在美国，教书变得越来越难了，部分原因是学生越来越多样的种族背景以及需要另外培训才能掌握得更为复杂的教学技术。

Teaching is becoming increasingly demanding in the United States, due in part tothe diversity of students' racial background and the complexity of educational technologies that require additional training.5.英国人经常被归类为保守型，显然这一归类带有成见。实际上，英国在民族特性方面与其他欧洲国家相比并没有太大的差异性。英国人有礼貌，爱整洁，讲秩序，充满自信。

The English are, as often as not, labeled conservative.Obviously this label is

prejudiced.In reality, Britain is not very different from other European countries in terms of national characteristics.The British are polite, neat, orderly and confident.6.你的朋友对你非常真诚，你也应该同样以诚相待，绝不应该欺骗他，或者带着讽刺的口吻谈论他的挫折。

Your friend treats you sincerely, so you should respond accordingly and mustn抰 deceive him or talk about his setbacks with irony(ironically).7.有些年轻人在成长过程中有着要求独立的强烈愿望。他们宁可通过自己的努力来度过生活中的困难，也不愿意带着负罪感求助于他们的父母。

Some young people grow up with a strong desire for independence.They would rather try hard to go through life on their own than turn to their parents for help with asense of guilt.8.邻居们恼火的原因是他们发出的噪音，但是由于他们一再保证夜间停工，从而得以完成这套公寓的装潢。

The neighbors' irritation/annoyance was due to the noise they made.However, because of reassurances that they would stop working at night, they went through with the decoration of this apartment.Unit5

1.正如你可以想象到的，阅读为我打开了一个新的天地并永远改变了我的人生道路。

As you can imagine, reading has opened a new world to me and changed forever the course of my life.2.他从童年起就对书籍表现出一种非常强烈的兴趣。他对书籍如此迷恋，一直从不让一天过去而不进行一些阅读。

He had demonstrated an unusually intense interest in books since childhood.He was so fascinated with booksthat he never let a day pass without doing some reading.3.他每次从地铁上下班身边都有一本想读的书。他就这样在过去三年中读了近一百本书。

Every time he takes the subway to and from work, he has with him a book that he wants to read.That is the way he has read nearly a hundred books in the past three years.4.他读中学时常在自己的房间内读书至深夜。每次听到母亲走近的脚步声，他便关掉灯假装睡着。而母亲一走过，他便打开灯，重又读起来。

When he was in high school, he used to read deep/far into the night in his own room.Each time he heard the approaching footsteps of his mother, he would turn off the light and feigned sleep.But as soon as his mother passed, he would turn on the light and begin reading again.5.几乎没有什么关于中国的东西是他不感到好奇的。为了满足自己的好奇心他已决定亲自到那去尽量多看一些。

There is hardly anything about China he’s not curious about.And to satisfy his curiosity he had decided to go there in person.6.我不知道是什么使得你儿子羡慕那位流行歌手并试图事事模仿他的。你还是问问他本人好了。

I don’t know / I have little / no idea what made your son feel envy of that pop

singer and try to emulate him in everything.You might as well ask him in person.7.他从图书馆借到那本书就在走廊的灯光下飞快的把它翻了一遍。

As soon as he checked out the book from the library, he thumbed through its pages by the corridor light.8.我认为没有哪的人在农村学到的比我更多。实际上，农村的三年使我比进某个大学学习得更深入细致。

I don’t think anybody ever learned more in the countryside than I did.In fact, the three years in the countryside enabled me to study far intensively than I would have if had attended some college.Unit 6

1.他生来就有残疾，但他从不沮丧，也从未屈服于任何困难。

He was disabled form birth, but he never felt frustrated, nor did he give in to any difficulty.2.汤姆一直坚决要求提升。当机会出现时，他立即抓住了。

Tom had been holding out for the promotion.When such an opportunity showed up, he grabbed it at once.3.他对所有的标准化考试都不信任并认为应该有某种更好的东西来取代他们。He distrusts all standardized tests and believes that there should be something better to substitute for them.4.我的论点是，我们应当马上对这些有争议的问题逐个进行调查。

My thesis is that we should carry out a survey of these controversial issues one by one right now.5.贝蒂勤劳而又可靠。她从不在困难面前退缩。总之，她是我们都为之感到骄傲的那种学生。

Betty is diligent and dependable.She never shies away from any difficulties.In short, she is the kind of student that we are all proud of.6.把汽油箱放在你的房间里是不明智的，因为它极易燃烧，并可能在几分钟之内就将你辛辛苦苦挣来的财富付之一炬。

It is ill-advised to keep the gas tank in your home for it ignites easily and may burn up your hard-earned fortune in a few minutes.7.史密斯博士的讲座等于是说，很早就显示出高情商的孩子无论面对什么困难都会最终取得成功。

Doctor Smith’s lecture accounts to saying that a child who displays high EQ early on in life will succeed eventually in the face of all kinds of difficulties.8.由于在美国许多婚姻都以离婚告终，心理学家们建议所有家庭中的夫妇都应更经常的相互沟通，不要等到为时太晚时才来解决他们的问题。

Since many marriages end in divorce in the United States, psychologists have suggested that couples in all families communicate with each other more often and solve their problems before it becomes too late.Unit7

1.随着长大，我渐渐接受了这一事实：我永远不会实现成为一名作家的梦想。

As I grew up, I made my peace with the fact that I would never fulfill my dream of becoming a writer.2.迈克尔想了两天还没填出字谜游戏里那个至关重要的词，最后只好失望的放弃。

Michael had got stuck trying to figure out the word essential to the word puzzle for two days before he threw up his hands in frustration.3.当这位歌手发现市面上有自己作品的盗版时，他十分震惊，发誓绝不放过那个盗贼。

The singer was taken aback by the pirate editions of his songs in the market, and he vowed not to let the pirates off.4.感谢您购买我们的锅炉。作为回报，我将免费为您处理旧锅炉。

Thank you for purchasing our furnace.In return we will get rid of your old one for free.5.我和苏珊互诉了别后发生的事情，从中我得知她已经出版了好几本儿童读物。Susan and I filled each other in on what had happened after we parted, from which I learned that she had had several children’s books in print.6.当连锁大书店的竞争逼得她的小书店歇业后，已届中年的莉莲不知道自己还能做些什么。

Her bookstore having been frozen out by giant chain bookstores, the middle-aged Lillian was at a loss what else she could do.7.你需要有人在旁不断督促才会完成这一任务。

You need somebody to urge you constantly to see the task through to completion.8.因为害怕新建购物中心会破坏社区的宁静，许多居民反对这一计划。

For fear that a new shopping center would ruin the peace of the community, many residents opposed the construction plan.In recent years, it is a not-uncommon social phenomenon.It has been a hot topic for a long time.Concerning this phenomemon, it has aroused hot discussion and opinions vary from person to person.Some people are of the opinion that to some extent, it is good for the society.It has a significant impact to the society.On the contrary, other people take the opposing view that it is also likely to bring about some undesirable consequences.As far as I am concernd, every coin has two sides.It is never an exception.From my point of view, it would be a wonderful way, if we do it reasonably.It a word, we should inspire its advantages and abandon its disadvantages.