第一篇:中学生英语学习常见错误-动词
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中学生英语学习常见错误--动词
1.[误] She laid down and soon fell asleep.[正] She lay down and soon fell asleep.[析]考试中常出现的是易混动词lay放,lie躺,lie说谎。它们的过去时、过去分词和现在分词变化如下:
lay(放)laid,laid,laying(及物动词)lie(躺)lay,lain,lying(不及物动词)lie(说谎)lied,lied,lying
2.[误] Please rise your hand.[正] Please raise your hand.[析] rise 是不及物动词,其后不能接宾语,如:The sun rises in the east.而raise是及物动词。
3.[误] I like to swim very much, but I don't like swimming this afternoon.[正] I like swimming very much, but I don't like to swim this afternoon.[析] like作为“喜欢”讲时,可以接动名词也可以接不定式,但接动名词时多表达一种习惯性动作。而接不定式则侧重于表达一次性、特殊性的动作。
但要注意的是like 与would连用时则一定要接不定式,如:Would you like to go with me?再有一点要注意的是,like作为介词“像”讲时,只能用分词作其宾语。
4.[误] Stop!Did you listen to a strange voice?
[正] Stop!Did you hear a strange voice? [析] hear的侧重点是听到、听见什么,而listen to 的侧重点为听的倾向,如:listen!Do you hear someone calling help?这样的词还有look与see。
它们的侧重点也不同,look重于“看”的倾向,而see重于看见没看见。
5.[误] Did you watch some film recently?
[正] Did you see some film recently? [析] 英语中see 与 watch 各有不同的用处,see用于看电影、剧目,而watch用作看电视和看球赛。
6.[误] Look.A beautiful lamp hanged from the ceiling.[正] Look.A beautiful lamp hung from the ceiling.[析] hang有两个含义,① “挂”,它的过去时与过去分词是hung,hung;② “绞刑”,这时它是规则动词,其过去式与过去分词则为hanged,hanged。
7.[误] How long can I borrow this book?
[正] How long can I keep this book? [析] “借”在英文中有三个词,① 借入,即borrow,如:May I borrow some books from the library?② 借出,如:I can lend my bike to you.③ 借多久要用keep,因为borrow与lend都是终止性动词,而keep是延续性动词。如 How long can I keep it?
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8.[误] We have won your class.[正] We have beaten your class.[析] win是及物动词,其后面的宾语应是比赛、战争、奖品、奖金。而beat的宾语,应是人、队、班级等等,如:We won the game.9.[误] I left my key.[正] I forgot my key.[正] I left my key at home.[析] leave是“丢下”,其后一定要接地点状语,而forget其后不要接地点状语。
10.[误] Oh!It's raining outside.Please bring the rain coat with you.[正] Oh!It's raining outside.Please take this rain coat with you.[析] bring为“带来”,接近说话人,如:Next time bring your little sister here.而take为“带走”,远离说话人。fetch为“去某处取什么回来”,如:Please fetch some coffee for us要熟记的是在初中课文中与take有关的词组,如: take away 拿走 take back 收回 take down 取下take off 脱下 take…out 拿出 take place 发生 take hold of 拿住 take part in 参加take a seat 坐下take one's place 替代take a look 看看 take one's turn 轮流 take a message 捎信 take care of 照看 take it easy 别着急take one's time 慢慢来 take one's temperature 测量体温
11.[误] The policeman reached his gun.[正] The policeman reached for his gun.[析] reach作“到达”讲时是及物动词,直接加地方,如:I reached the hotel at 8∶30但作“伸手去拿”,则要用reach for something。
作为“到达”讲时还有arrive(in+大地方)/(at+较小的地方)和get to+地方.要注意的是与get有关的词组有: get back 回来 get in 收割 get into 进入 get off 下车 get on 上车 get out 出去 get up 起床 get to 到达get ready for=be ready for为…做准备 get on /along well with 与人相处融洽 get 加比较级为变得如何,例如: get colder and colder.12.[误] This dictionary spent me five dollars.[正] This dictionary cost me five dollars.[析] 英文中的“花费”有4个spend, cost, take 和 pay,其中spend 与pay所在句中的主语应为人,如:I spent two hours in doing my homework.I paid five dollars for the book.而cost与take的主语则是事物,如:It takes me two years to finish this book.sb spend 时/钱on sth in doing sth sth cost sb 钱
It takes sb 时/钱 to do sth sb pay 钱 for sth
13.[误] In summer I always sleep with the windows opened.[正] In summer I always sleep with the windows open.[正] I always sleep with the windows closed.嘉兴英语教学网 www.xiexiebang.com 收集整理 欢迎使用
[析]要注意open是动词也是形容词,而close则要用其过去分词作形容词。
14.[误] Please wait a minute.I'm having on my clothes.[正] Please wait a minute.I'm putting on my clothes.[析]英语中的穿衣服要分状态,是什么样的穿着打扮,还是穿衣服的动作两类动词。表示穿着状态的词有have on, wear在用法上have on不宜用进行时态,它多用一般时态,如:She has on a new school dress.而wear则多用进行时来表示状态,如:She is wearing a new sweater.在表示动作的词中put on是常用的一词。
dress用作动词当“穿衣”讲时其后宾语不应接衣物,而要接人,如:My children were very young they couldn't dress themselves.在表示穿着状态时用其过去分词当形容词,如:He is dressed in white.15.[误] My computer can't begin.Could you find someone to help me?
[正] My computer can't start.Could you find someone to help me? [析] begin与start均可指“开始”,而且常常可以互换,如:School begins(starts)at 8 a.m.但是在两种情况下不宜用begin 而要用start, ① 当作机器开动、发动讲,如:My car can't start.There must be something wrong with it.② 作为“旅途开始”讲,如:We should have to start early.There was a lot of traffic on the road.16.[误] I'm very glad because I have founded my lost key.[正] I'm very glad because I have found my lost key.[析] find是不规则动词,它的过去式和过去分词是found, found,而found又是另外一词“建立”,它是规则动词,其过去式与过去分词是founded founded, 如:The People's Republic of China was founded in 1949.17.[误] Please.Let's speak in English.[正] Please.Let's speak English.[正] Please.Let's talk in English.[误] Can you speak it English? [正] Can you say it in English? [析] 英文中“说”有4个常用词say, tell, speak, talk.其中不及物动词有speak和talk,如:I want to talk with you.We are talking about the new film.而speak其后接语言时是及物动词,其他情况是不及物动词。say 与tell是及物动词,其中tell常用双宾语,如:Tell us a story.但用于讲实话或谎话时也用单宾语。如: Tell the truth.say sth in English.Say+内容 tell sb sth= tell sth to sb tell the truth(真相)/a lie(谎话)/a story(故事)speak+语言
talk with/to sb about sth
[误] Can you say Japanese from Chinese? [正] Can you tell Japanese from Chinese? [析] tell…from为固定词组,即分辨两者的不同。
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18.[误] Excuse me, did I step on your foot?
[正] Oh, sorry, did I step on your foot? [析] excuse me用于未打扰对方前,以提醒对方注意的用语,而sorry则是由于自己已做的事向对方道歉。
19.[误] Would you care for to swim with us? [正] Would you care to swim with us? [析] care for 后接不定式时,要省略for,或换用名词,如:Would you care for a cup of tea.care for 作“照顾”讲时与look after相同。在初中阶段学习与for有关的词组有: ask for 请求 call for 接人,请人 care for 关心 go in for 从事 answer for 负责 look for 寻找 wait for 等待 send for 请人 pay for 付款
search for 寻找 leave for 去某地 prepare for 准备
thank somebody for doing something 为某事向某人道谢。
20.[误] Are you understanding it? Yes, I got to it.[正] Do you understand it? Yes, I got it.[析] understand这一词没有进行时态,如同感观动词love、hate… I got it 是美语,即I understood it。要记住get 作为“到达”讲时是不及物动词,如:I'll get to the school at 8 a.m.初中范围常用与to有关的动词词组如下: belong to 属于 come to 苏醒 point to(at)指着get to 到达 refer to 谈到 stick to 坚持 lead to 导致 turn to 翻到 look forward to 期望agree to 同意
21.[误] The meat has gone badly.[正] The meat has gone bad.[析] 英语中go, get, become, turn作为转变时,其后接形容词,这时这些动词应被看作系动词后加形容词。
22.[误] The teacher said the earth moved around the sun.[正] The teacher said the earth moves around the sun.[析]如果主句的谓语动词是现在时,其宾语从句可以是任何时态。如果是过去时,则宾语从句中的时态应与之呼应。但地球围绕太阳转是不随时间而变化的客观事实,所以还应用一般现在时态来表达。
23.[误] I'll come to see you as soon as I'll be back.[正] I'll come to see you as soon as I am back.[析] 在状语从句(条件,时间状语从句等)中要用一般现在时来表示将来,主句为一般将来时/祈使句/主语+情态动词+动词原形,主将从现 如:I should tell him when he comes back.24.[误] I want to know whether you come to my party tomorrow or not.[正] I want to know whether you will come to my party tomorrow or not.嘉兴英语教学网 www.xiexiebang.com 收集整理 欢迎使用
[析]在宾语从句中则要用将来时表示将来的动作。要注意的是如果宾语从句中仍有状语从句时,依然要用一般现在时表示将来,如:I want to know if it rains tomorrow you'll come here or not.25.[误] What did you do at eight last night?
[正] What were you doing at eight last night? [析]在描述过去某一具体时刻的动作或从某时到某时一段时间内正在进行的动作要用过去进行时,如:I was washing clothes from eight till noon last Sunday *26.[误] My classmates came to see a film yesterday.I didn't go with them, because I have seen it before.[正] My classmates came to see a film yesterday.I didn't go with them because I had seen it before.[析]现在完成时与过去完成时的相同之处是其动作均开始于过去的某一点,它的差别在于该动作是截止到什么时候。如动作截止到现在用现在完成时;如动作截止到过去,用过去完成时。例如:I've learnt English for three years.(到现在为止)又如:Before I went to college, I had learnt English for three years.(动作截止到上大学那时,即截止于过去)
27.[误] I'm feeling well now.[正] I feel well now.[析]瞬间动词有些无进行时态,它们是:表示思维状态的词:believe, feel, forget, imagine, know, mean, need, prefer, remember, understand, want
表示感情的动词:care, like, do like, love, mind, hate, fear 表示状态的词:belong, own 感观动词: feel, hear, see,smell, taste
28.[误] When have you done this work?
[正] When did you do this work? [析] when提问的是一个时间点不可用于完成时态的问句中。
29.[误] This is our new English teacher.He has gone to many foreign countries.[正] This is our new English teacher.He has been to many foreign countries.[析] have gone to 是到某地去了,此人现在不在这里。have been to 是到过某地,现在此人在说话现场。
30.[误] I have borrowed this book for two weeks.[正] I have kept this book for two weeks.[析]截止性动词有完成时态,但不可和与表达一段时间的时间状语连用。如:When I got to the cinema the film had begun.但要讲
When I got to the cinema the film had be on for five minutes 这样的用法还有buy, join, die, 如:I bought this book yesterday.我昨天买的这本书。
I have had this book for two days.这本书我已买了两天了。
I joined the club two years ago.两年前我加入了这个俱乐部。
I have been in this club for two years.我加入这个俱乐部已两年了。My father died five years ago.我父亲是5年前去世的。
My father has been dead for five years.我父亲已去世5年了。
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31.[误] Have you understood the lessons?
[正] Do you understand the lessons? [析] 有些动词不易用完成时态,它们是understand, think, believe, know(知道)
32.[误] It was said that the Second World War had broken out in 1939.[误] It was said that the Second World War was broken out in 1939.[正] It was said that the Second World War broke out in 1939.[析]在讲述过去的历史事件时,总要用过去时而不要用完成时,而且happen, break out, take place作为发生讲时均没有被动语态。
33.[误] When I walked along the street.I happened to meet an old friend.[正] When I was walking along the street I happened to meet an old friend.[析]在一个长动作发生或进行的过程中,某一突然事件发生,这时长动作应用进行时(现在进行时或过去进行时),而突发性动作用一般时(一般现在时或一般过去时),如:When my father is reading a newspaper the telephone rings.34.[误] Please buy a book to me.[正] Please buy me a book.[正] Please buy a book for me.[析]在接双宾语的动词后面的两个宾语,一个是直接宾语,一个是间接宾语,如:Buy me a book中me是间接宾语,而a book是直接宾语。如果将直接宾语前置,其后应加for,其它加to
如: Tell me a story.Tell a story to me.Give me a book.Give a book to me.但buy sb sth= buy sth for sb, make sb sth=make sth for sb
35.[误] He was seen come into the book store.[正] He was seen to come into the book store.[析] 在主动语态中,有时可以加不带to的不定式作宾语,如:I saw him come into the book store.但如果变为被动语态时,则要将省略的to还原。make sb do sth改为被动时sb made to do sth.当然这些动词还可以加动名词作宾语,如: I saw him coming into the book store, 如变为被动语态时,则没有变化。如:He was seen coming into the book store.
第二篇:中学生英语学习常见错误[10]定语从句
中学生英语学习常见错误[10]-定语从句
[误] I won't tell you the name of the person who teach me English
[正] I won't tell you the name of the person who teaches me English
[析]在定语从句中,关系代词作主语时,从它本身看不出其数的形式,这时要由它的先行词决定。这里who 应由 the person 单数决定,应该用单数谓语动词。又如:I who am a student want to find a spare time job这里的 who 应与 I 是一致的,所以其谓语动词应该用am。
[误] We talked about the things and the people who we met during the Second World War[正] We talked about the things and the people that we met during the Second World War
[析] 这里的关系代词不要用 who,因为其先行词有两个一个是 things(物),而另一个是people(人),这时既不可用 who,又不可用 which,因前者只能用于先行词是人的情况下,而后者则用于先行词是物的情况下,所以只能用 that,因为它的先行词既可以是人又可以是物。
[误] The book,that I bought yesterday,was very good
[正] The book,which I bought yesterday,was very good
[析]先行词与定语从句被逗号分割开来时,即作为非限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中 which,when,who,whom,where,when,whose 等都可以和限制性定语从句中的作用一样,而独有 that 不易用于非限制性定语从句。
[误] The dictionary which I lent it yesterday is a very useful tool
[正] The dictionary which I lent yesterday is a very useful tool
[析]关系代词在定语从句中是要起语法作用的,它不是作主语就是作宾语。虽然在作宾语时它的位置由原来的宾语位置移到了句首,但它的作用依然存在,而且在原宾语位置上不能再出现宾语。
[误] The teacher I want to learn English from is the one which comes from America
[正] The teacher I want to learn English from is the one who comes from America
[析] the one,anyone,those 作代词并且是指某人、物时,其关系代词不能用 which 应用 who。[误] This is the room in that the old man lives
[正] This is the room in which the old man lives
[正] This is the room which the old man lives in
[正] This is the room that the old man lives in
[析] that 不能紧跟在介词后作介词宾语,但如果介词不前置仍放于句尾,则可用 that 作引导词,而且可以省略。如: This is the room the old man lives in
[误] I can do everything which is good for you
[正] I can do everything that is good for you
[析] 在先行词是 all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one 等不定代词时,虽然它们指的是物体,但不要用 which 而用 that 作定语从句的引导词。
[误] The only thing which the students can do is studying hard
[正] The only thing that the students can do is studying hard
[析] 在先行词前有 only,any,few,little,no,all,one of 等词修饰时,虽然先行词指的是物,也不要用 which 作关系代词,而要用 that。
[误] This is the first American film which I've ever seen
[正] This is the first American film that I've ever seen
[析] 在先行词是序数词,或由序数词修饰时,其关系代词不可用 which 这样的用法还有在形容词最高级修饰的先行词之后,如: This is the best book that I have ever seen
[误] He is from Africa, that we can see from the colour of the skin
[正] He is from Africa, as we can see from the colour of the skin
[析] 当 as 或 which 引导非限制性定语从句时,它可能没有明确的先行词,它们所指代的是前面整个句子。如例题应译为他是从非洲来这个事情是可以从其肤色上看出的。
第三篇:英语写作常见错误
一、大学生英语作文常见问题
1.文化差异造成作文不切题
英汉不同的语篇思维模式是造成不切题的直接原因。中国人的写作方式一贯是含蓄、委婉的,而英美人则喜欢开门见山地叙述主题;所以我国学生在进行英语写作时,由于受汉语语篇思维模式的影响,阐述时不能从主题入手,不能紧扣主题进行写作,致使文章主题不明确、观点不够鲜明。
2.缺乏写作技巧
学生对写作技巧掌握的不足,主要体现在作文中所使用的句式上。许多大学生在写作中一味地采用短句、“主—谓—宾”、“主—系—表”这类结构的简单句。即使出现一些长句,用的往往也是“and”、“but”、“if”、“because”等最简单的关联词。虽然在平时的课堂上也学习了大量表示因果、转折、对比、递进、并列等关系的关联词,但是在实际的写作过程中却不会使用,即使偶尔使用了,又常常出现拼写或是使用不当的错误。可见,学生在平时的学习过程中,缺乏对此类过渡性词语的使用训练。正确使用不同的过渡性词语尚且无法做到,而倒装句、省略句、强调句、排比句等复杂的句式,在大学生作文中更是难得一见了。句式的单一,导致文章读起来枯燥无味,没有新鲜感;过多地使用短句、简单句更使文章的语言显得幼稚、缺乏连贯性。
一篇好文章的条件很多。除了内容丰富和组织紧密之外,词汇的运用和句子的处理,也起着决定性作用。句子可长可短,同一件事,可以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单句,文章必定很单调乏 味。如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句,读起来也很费力。
最好的方法是以简单句为基础,配合适当的并列 句和复杂句。简单句可长可短,通常要加些附属成分,如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词 短语,以及节缩成分。总之,作者可根据情况,使句子多样化,使文章灵活多姿。例如下列五个句子的基本概念一样,但 是句式不同,内容重点也有些差别:
(1)The goats grazed peacefully in the farm and were unaware of the
approaching hunter.(并列结构(1)+2)
(2)Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter.(现在分语短语+简单句)
(3)In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the approaching hunter.(介词短语+并列结构(1)+2)
(4)There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm, unaware of the
approaching hunter.(简单句+形容语短语)
(5)As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the approaching hunter.(原因副词从句+主句)
3.作文语言错误
语言错误是在大学生作文中最显著、最普遍的问题。它包括单词拼写错误、标点错误、词语搭配、时态语态等语法错误,还包括学生受母语影响所写出的“中国式英语”。在有些学生作文里,语法错误频率之高甚至于无法让人找到一个完全正确的句子。例如:
(1)Congratulations, we managed to finished training and through the check when we step on goose step in the front of platform.(2)Then the Chinese woman began to hardworking and saving money, while the American loaded money from the bank.4.句子结构不完整
一般说来,正常的句子必须包含一个主语和一个谓语,否则就是错误的。例如:
(1)Aussuming(Assuming)that something happen that we unexpected likes get sick, buy something, and so on.(2)As far as we know that making money is not easy in the least.此类错误就是语法结构不完整,主要表现在句子中谓语动词的缺失,复合句中主句的缺失等。
5.语句表达汉语化
除了词汇和语法方面的问题以外,汉语式英语的现象也在学生的写作中普遍存在。如把“打某人的脸”说成“hit somebody's face”(应为“hit somebody in the face”),把“天黑了” 说成“The sky becomes dark ”(应为“It becomes dark”)。由于英语不是母语,要想克服此种现象,必须做到写作时尽量用英语思维,而不是借助汉语翻译。
(1)I think economize money will be better.First, hardworking and thritly(thrifty)is a tine(fine)tradition of Chinese.(2)There are many young people like spending tomorrow’s money.二、大学生作文不理想的原因分析
1.英语基础薄弱
基础薄弱主要表现为学生对语法知识掌握不牢及对基本词汇记忆不清。比如,大多数作文中出现了定冠词和不定冠词的滥用,主谓不一致,单复数搞不清楚(例如:a people等),时态和语态混乱及词语的各种形式掌握不牢,甚至句子结构不完整等现象。拿句子不完整举例来说,它指的是有些学生因为对句子结构认识模糊,所以出现只写半句的现象,这也是造成失分的原因之一,如下:
(1)Because they thought their wages were too low.
(2)While waiting for their arrival.
.2.词汇量太小
对词汇学习不够重视,对已学词汇把握不住,只知其一不知其二。没有将所学习的词汇运用到句子中去。有些学生认为大学考试中词汇考试占比率小或不占比率,也就放松了
词汇学习。因此导致进大学后,学生词汇量没有扩大,也是一个不容忽视的原因;词汇的有限导致许多学生有口难言,一旦用英语写作就好像被缚住了手脚,欲说不能。对他们来说,用英语作文实在是一件很头疼的事情。
3.缺乏思想,深度不够
英语考试中大部分学生不能得高分还有一个重要原因,就是他们的作文缺乏思想、深度不够。很多虽然已是大二的学生,甚至是大三大四学生,但是他们在作文当中所表现出的智力水平与阅历似乎只相当于一个初中或高中生,写出的文章着眼点低、视野狭窄,缺乏深度。
4.缺乏应试技巧
缺乏应试技巧,主要表现为有些学生在篇首或篇尾有喊口号倾向(如Dear Friends,let's not hesitate to say“No”);或画蛇添足,本来文章该结束了却偏要罗罗嗦嗦地再来两句多余的话;另外一些学生对字数把握不准,不是写得太短就是写得太长。写得太短的会因为字数不够而失分,写得太长会分散阅卷老师的精力,也“言多易失”,反而得不偿失。还有一些学生书写潦草、笔迹模糊,让阅卷老师难以辨认。
以上简要分析了大学生英语写作中常见的问题,也是大学英语写作教学应该注意的几个问题。写好一篇英语作文,从整体来说要按照以下步骤进行:明确写作目的,拟订文章结构纲目;列出与文章主题有关的事实,说明或议论材料;考虑最佳表达形式;在草拟的提纲中把内容进行分类,删去无关内容;写作应一气呵成,完成后,对字、词、句、段进行斟酌,并检查文章是否完整。
三、提高大学生英语写作水平的相关对策
造成大学生英语写作能力偏低的原因是复杂的,既有环境因素的影响,也有学生、教师
主观上不重视,还有客观条件的限制。要解决问题,必须从这些方面下手,全方位地进行。1.提高学生及教师对英语写作重要性的认识
现在,许多学生对英语学习的认识仍然存在误区。大多数人学习英语的目标就是通过大学英语四、六级考试,以便在毕业的时候好找工作。很多人并不认为自己将来真的会使用到英语。然而事实上,在世界全球化的时代背景下,在外资或者外贸领域的工作中,与外国上级或同事,以及国外的客户进行英文的文书沟通,早已是家常便饭了。但是在教学中,写作能力的培养却没有引起足够的重视。为了引起师生们对英语写作的重视,建议在高考、四六级考试、研究生入学考试等大型考试中,增加英语写作成绩所占的比重,让学生对语言掌握的程度在写作的测试中能够很好地得到反映。
2.重视词汇学习
语音、语法和词汇既是语言的三大要素,又是表达功能的手段,也是进行交际和思维的最重要的手段。词汇是语言体系中结构和意义的统一体,是语言的主要的基本单位。在英语写作方面,有的习作表现是用词过于简单、平淡、有的习作中出现了不少晦涩的偏词,但这些词本身可能出现搭配贴切性等问题。因此,只有在词汇学习时,认真掌握词的确切含义及其用法,在英语写作中才能准确地选择单词或短语来表达自己的思想。有的学生不能生动具体地表达含义,例如:We think that insisting will lead to success.如果能在这个句子中用上更生动的单词或词组就会使其更加具体,从而避免内容泛泛而空洞。前面句子可改成:We hold the idea that perseverance is one of the important factors in leading US to success.3.利用例句、范文强化训练
要求学生多接触各种题材的范文是非常有必要的。具体步骤是:范文展示——范文解释——在教师指导下总结各种题材的范文格式——细读范文。在命题作文训练时还需要注意以下几个问题:一是审题,它是写好文章的前提,注意文章的题材和表达格式;二是确定主
题及编写提纲;三是写初稿,然后仔细修改。注意内容是否齐全,关联词语是否恰当,标点使用是否正确,字数是否符合要求;四是要求学生尽可能用英语思维,不要写“汉语式的英语作文”。对于英语作文而言,多练肯定是一个永恒的法宝,能使人的表达清晰,西谚云:Writing makes an exact man。
4.加强阅读训练
常言道:读书破万卷,下笔如有神,这一点也完全适于英语写作。写作是一种语言输出形式,只有语言输入大于语言输出,语言输出才有可能:只有积累了一定的英语思想感受和大量的英语语言素材,才有可能写好的英语作文。阅读不仅能帮助学生积累思想,也能帮助他们积累语言素材。在阅读过程中应细心分析和揣摩原文的语言特点、遣词造句、习惯用法和固定搭配等。不但要细读、精读,而且还要摘录其中的常用词组。长期坚持这样的练习,头脑中自然会存储大量优美、地道的表达法,写英语作文时自然会得心应手,笔下生花。
5.注重批改讲评
学生完成作文后,教师应注重文章的评改工作。很多大学生不喜欢教师抽样批改作文,他们希望教师对每一篇作文都认真批阅,对教师肯定其作文优点的愿望十分强烈。因此,教师应认真批阅每一位学生的习作,采用比较科学、直观的评分标准,要指出习作中的主要优缺点及改进方向。将学生习作中普遍性的错误记下来,在堂上集中讲解纠正。讲评优秀作文时,教师与学生一道发表自己的见解,从布局谋篇到英语遣词造句,从多角度进行赏析。用“学生教学生”的办法常能收到事半功倍的效果。
总之,通过对学生英语写作常见问题的剖析并采取相应的对策,经过不懈的努力训练,大学生们用英语写作的积极性及英语写作的能力不难达到理想的高度。
第四篇:常见考研英语错误
1.错误答案的10个陷阱:过分绝对、无中生有、正反混淆、就事论事、以偏概全、夸大内容、偷换概念、增减词汇、答非所问、文化迷惑
正确答案的4个特点:照抄原文(小心答非所问)、同义替换、全面概括、答案分配均匀。
2.做题时的三个一切:一切从大纲要求出发(主题>细节,此最重要)、一切从解题需要出发、一切从原文事实出发(忘我)。
3.推理题的做法:先说说几种常见错误1)无中生有2)推理过度3)偷换概念
从四个角度来考虑:1)过转折词推理得出作者态度和文章主题2)从逻辑上进行推理(谨防偷换概念,如:主动变被动、原因变结果)3)通过段首段尾推理得出主题。4)通过原文细节进行同义替换推理。
特点:必须同原文中的词和句子所提供的事实基础推理得出,不能主观臆断、无中生有
注意两点:1)同义替换是关键(过于绝对、扩大或缩小范围和推理过度皆错)2)就近原则
You can make it!
有些经验想与大家分享,对于基础不好又想过国家线的人很有帮助的。
1.完形填空:考来考去,无法就是那些核心词汇,在kaoyan.com论坛上有下的,大家可以去参考一下,有些词是反复出现的,就算是考场上碰到陌生的词汇,认识你知道的那几个词,采取排除法,自然就选这个不认识的单词。大家没有必要花时间去背那些看上去很陌生的但有可能连一次也没有考过的生僻音讯上。特别是对于那些单词记了就忘的马大哈,呵呵。
2.阅读理解:没有扎实的基础这个不好拿分,并且四十分啊,大头。谁都丢不起分。如果你的基础较差,那就很遗憾了。不过还是有技巧的。
a.我习惯采取先看答案选项再看正文的方式,原因如下,没有必要把阅读理解里字字句句琢磨个透,有时候你发觉好不容易把某个难句理顺了,却发觉后面根本就有涉及到这个问题。所以先看答案选项再阅读正文,不仅能做到有的放矢,事半功倍,并且这样可以节约不少的时间。
b.另外要注意一点,有些带有个人观点的社会性的文章表达的是仅仅是作者自己的观点,这些观点有可能很偏激,甚至于有可能是错的,如果碰到形如:according to the author's view,which is true about the following scentence?这样的句子,大家要小心了,千万不要主观臆断,凭常识和经验,认为谁对就选谁,这个得要根据作者表达的观点来判断。
c.有时候就算你把全文读通了,也会碰到两个选项十分相近的情况。这个时候就要返回到文章里面,找到出处,然后仔细揣摩作者的意图。
3.七选五。这个看似好拿分又容易失分的。一句话:在文章里找关键词,选择能与答案匹配的。主要是考察文章结构,文章难度其实不大,基础弱的如果语文知识还可以还是比较好拿分的。
4.翻译:这个没有什么好说的。句子都不简单,平时复习的时候注意一下,别看到难句 1 就跳过了,要不然在考场上你根本没有信心把这种题目做好。
5.作文:好好地多背背作文,重要的是不少犯语法错误,错写几个单词都没关系,作文写得要像个有水平的人,时不时加上些不常用的词汇,使用多样化的句子结构,比如倒装句,虚拟句这样不至于让阅卷同志认为只是出自个高中水平的小生手中,作文拿个十五分,多数情况下就算你的作文写得再烂,除非偏题(哈哈,是不是范文背多了,牛嘴斗在马头上了),阅卷考官不认你功劳也认你苦劳,一般是不会给你很低的分的。
另外有几点提醒大家:
1.别以为自己四六级或是托福考了多少的高分,就以为考研没有问题了,考研除了考基础知识另外很重要的一个考察点就是逻辑思维,有扎实的英语基础知识固然是好事,那那个只代表英语水平,不代表你的能力。否则拿什么资格去做研究生呢?
2.关于时间分布上,如果时间紧,没有必要去检查完形填空和翻译,道理很简单,四道完形填空的分值才和一道阅读理解相当。你花这么多时间去纠正四道完形填空,还不如花点儿时间做好一个阅读理解。另外翻译的话,有时间就可以检查吧,重新梳理一下句子结构,看起来好看点儿。别让阅卷人士怀疑你高考语文不及格。
论坛来源:http://bbs.kaoyan.com/thread-1696866-1-2.html 考研加油站 http://www.xiexiebang.com/
怎样掌握数学考试技巧
我是05年考的研,成绩还算不错数学竟然考了120另我有些吃惊,这些我可没白费劲。俗话说“台上三分钟,台下十年功”。经过冲刺阶段得奋力拼搏,胜败将取决于考场之中。这还是要有一些技巧的。
(1)确定做题顺序。在做题顺序上可以采用填空、计算、选择、证明的顺序。因为选择题的分数要相对的少一些,但他们一般对基础知识要求较高,选项迷惑性大有时需要花好多时间去分析也难以取舍,而且有些选择题的计算量也是很大的,如果在开始做题时就感觉不顺手花的时间太长,这样会影响考试情绪。证明题考的是严密的逻辑推理,难度也比较大。我认为把这两道题放在最后做比较好,开始先做简单的。在考试时,先通观整个试题,明确哪些分数是必得的。哪些是可能得到的,哪些是根本得不到的,再采取不同的对应方式,才能镇定自如,进退有据,最终从总体上获胜。
(2)做选择题的时候,可以巧妙的运用图示法和赋值法。这两种方法很有效。平时用得人很多,考试时尽量不要留有空白,就算是不会的题也要写一些相关的内容得一点“步骤分”。
(3)要保持卷面的整洁和美观,以获得“印象分”。
(4)考场要宝保持良好的心态。不要把自己弄的特别的紧张,就把他当作是一次很平常的考试去对待。
(5)临考前最好不要是天天抱着类似《考前冲刺》之类的书看,把以前的吃透掌握就行了。我就是在临考试时把以前看的例如陈文灯的书,恩波的历年试题解析,黑博士的高分复习成功指南,龚冬保的考研数学典型题等再粗略的翻了一遍,因为时间不允许。每本书都有 2 自己的解题方法和思路,吃透几本就行了,多了反而不好。
(6)考试时思想一定要放松,情绪要平静下来,尤其是当见到一些平时没有见到的题目时,千万要镇定,不要乱了方寸。把有把握的一定要作对,考试时做到“分分计较,每分必争“。
(7)
在考场上合理分配时间。按由难到易的程序,一般刚开始题都比较简单,后面的越来就越难了。自己可以根据自己的实际情况来定。
根据我们长期从事考研政治辅导的经验证明,考生能否取得好成绩,是教师和考生的共同责任。教师如同教练员、指挥员,考生如同运动员、战斗员,教师运筹帷幄,考生决胜千里。考生能否得高分(80分以上),教师负有不可推卸的主要责任,教师是主导,考生是关键。我们编写教材、辅导授课的目标是力求指导、帮助考生取得事半功倍的复习好效果,增强政治理论课所要求达到的素质,衷心拥护党的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领、基本方针,同时为得高分(80分以上)奠定基础。多年来考生不能考得高分的最大障碍有三个:一是不懂理论,主要是不懂哲学、政治经济学;二是不会做题,主要表现在主观性试题不能得高分;三是近两年来部分考生存在侥幸、浮躁心理,不勤奋刻苦,指望漏题、押题。不懂不会又迷信漏题、押题,加之死记硬背,其结果只能是事倍功半、怨天尤人。总结近几年我们指导考生得高分的经验,需要有三个方面的结合:一是坚持以考试大纲为依据的基本理论及其相关的中央精神(特别是“三个代表”)、社会热点的结合;二是坚持理论和实际的结合,增强运用理论分析问题(包括历史的与现实的、理论的与实践的问题)的能力;三是坚持教师与考生的结合,教师要有“三保”:保证有认真负责、精益求精的教学态度,保证有科学实用的教学内容,保证有事半功倍的教学方法。同时,作为行为主体的考生,也要有“四要”:(一)要有正确的学习态度
1.提高对政治理论重要性的认识
马克思主义理论是我国社会主义现代化建设和改革开放的指导思想,是党和国家的路线、方针、政策的理论基础。自觉地掌握马克思主义理论并具有一定的政治理论水平是我国社会主义现代化建设人才必备的才能和应有的素质,也是青年知识分子确立科学的世界观、历史观、人生观、价值观的理论依据。马克思主义理论是硕士研究生入学考试中文理科必考的科目,其考分是考生总分的重要组成部分,其考分关系到总分高低的问题,进而关系到考生是否被录取的问题,有的情况下起着决定性的作用。因此,不论从什么角度看,考生对政治理论应有足够的重视。
2.有勤奋学习的决心
总结考研成功的经验,甚至可以说是人生成功的经验,概括起来是:志坚、勤奋、得法、机遇。志坚是指坚定的理想、信念和坚强的意志、毅力,具有不达目标誓不罢休的精神。勤奋就是要勤劳努力,勤学、勤思、勤问、勤练,刻苦钻研,一丝不苟。得法就是要有达到理想目标的效率高的好方法。机遇就是碰到好机会、好境遇。这四个方面是密切联系、相互作用、缺一不可的。就考研政治理论复习备考而言,之所以需要勤奋学习,是因为应考范围广泛,试题具有一定的深度,既考知识,又考运用知识的能力;既考在大学学习过的基本内容,又考近一二年来的一些新知识新观点。要取得好成绩,即使有经验丰富、确有研究的教师的辅导,但最终还是靠考生个人的勤奋学习、刻苦钻研。
学习态度最忌讳的是:不愿学硬学,不花时间少学,不动脑筋浅学,只靠死记硬背或突击猜几道 3 题备考,这肯定是不成功的。我们一贯不赞成押题。押题就是押宝,是一种赌博心态,纯属自欺欺人。
(二)要了解考试的要求和试题的特点 1.考试要求
(1)试题范围:2007年考试包括马克思主义哲学原理、马克思主义政治经济学原理、毛泽东思想概论、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论、形势与政策,以及当代世界经济与政治(或有关基本原理在这一领域中的运用)。考分比例约22、20、18、20、10、10分。
(2)试题类型:有单项选择题、多项选择题、分析题三种,所占分值为16、34、50分。选择题属客观性试题,分析题属主观性试题,各占总分的50%。(3)试题内容:首先是考查考试大纲所要求的基本理论、基本知识;其次是考查运用基本理论、基本知识的思维能力;第三是考查正确认识和对待重大社会现实和人生问题的思想水平。简言之,要考查学生的理论、政治、思维、思想四个水平。2.试题特点
试题具有理论性、政治性、现实性、综合性的特点,这无疑是对的。为了便于掌握,我们分析出近几年的考题所具有的一些鲜明特点:
(1)以考试大纲为范围。通常试题不超过大纲的要求,但有时也会出现个别试题超纲。
(2)以示范教材为基础。文理科的大多数试题都能从教育部社政司组编的示范教材中找到出处即直接和间接的依据,但有些内容是教材中找不到的。
(3)以中央精神为指导。在理论内容上更加突出地贯彻以胡锦涛为总书记的党中央的新思想、新观点、新论断,尤其是科学发展观、构建社会主义和谐社会的两大战略思想。
(4)以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为中心。学习马克思主义要以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为中心,考试也要以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为中心。其他科目的试题有一定数量是同邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想相联系的。因此,邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论的直接和间接考分是最高的。
(5)以社会热点为理论联系实际的对象。每年试题中的材料题大都联系前一二年发生或更长时期存在的社会热点问题,例如国有企业的改革与发展、西部大开发、改革实践的巨大成就和负面效应、收入分配、以法治国、以德治国、经济全球化、世界多极化、大国关系、“三农”问题等。
(6)以掌握基本理论、基本知识的重点及其运用能力为考查与评价目标。这具有综合性的特点,既考查基础性的理论,又考查对基础性理论的理解、记忆,还要考查对基础性理论的实际运用能力。这是体现素质考试的特点。
试题还有一些特点,如以历届考题为参考;三年以内的考题不以原题题型重复出现(但其内容可以改变题型出现);试题的覆盖面较广(但并非每门课程的每章都有考题);试题难易兼顾,其顺序由简到繁、由易到难、由低分到高分等。
这些特点是我们研究历届考题所得出的结论,考生只要了解就行了。(三)要有科学实用的复习方法 1.复习总依据
复习备考根据什么进行?要针对试题的特点进行:以考试大纲为范围,以示范教材为基础,以中央精神为指导,以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为中心,以社会热点为理论联系实际的对象,以掌握基本理论、基本知识的重点及其运用能力为考查与评价目标等。考生实际上是要选择符合这些特点的教材进行复习备考。我们编写的教材力求具有这些特点。2.复习总要求
全面复习、掌握重点、联系实际、学会应用,或者说,找考试点、懂考试点、记考试点、练考试点、会考试点。这就要在复习过程中正确处理几个方面的关系,一是要分清考试点和非考 4 试点;二是要在考试点中分清重点和非重点,着重要抓重点;三是要解决懂(理解)和记忆考试点的关系,在懂得的基础上记忆;四是要解决记和会的关系,在记的基础上练习,达到会的目的,在练习过程中加深理解和记忆。考生要在老师的指导下,分清与掌握考点、重点、难点、已考点、未考点、考试大纲的新增点、修改点。3.采取系统逻辑记忆的方法
对考试点特别是重点考试点不要死记硬背,要在理解的基础上记忆,识记与熟记相结合,按照课程内容及顺序分部分、分层次识记,“顺藤摸瓜”,条理分明,层次清楚。4.要进行一定题量试题的练习
在复习、识记的基础上做一定量的练习题。我们编写的试题有两个部分,一部分是在序列之一中的已考试题汇编。做这部分试题的目的是为了解决“以不变应万变”的要求。做已考试题有四个功能:一是估量自己的水平,二是掌握复习考试的重点,三是掌握考查目标,四是掌握试题特点和答题特点。另一部分是在序列之二、三中我们教师精心编写的从未考过的模拟试题。这些试题是在研究以往考题的基础上,依据考试大纲、十五大、十六大、十六届三中全会、四中全会、五中全会的内容和精神以及2006年中央反复强调的有关重大问题编写的,力求体现理论重点和现实重点相结合的具有全面性、典型性、综合性、针对性、技巧性特点的试题。做这些试题是为了解决“以变应变”的要求,进一步理解和掌握重点,增强运用基本理论、基本知识分析和解决问题的能力,熟悉各种答题方法。做这些题时,先做后对答案,并要搞清做得对、错和全面、片面的理由,否则收效甚微。
我们提倡做题要在一定数量上的精练,这包括两方面的意思,一是数量上的要求,以覆盖考试重点为标准的题量;二是质量上的要求,就是做每一题都要明确:此题考什么?是如何考的?考这个题的理由是什么?如何做这个题?做题开始要慢,逐步由慢到快。5.分阶段进行复习
基础阶段可从7月至10月,通过会做已考试题解决考试所需要内容的懂、记即掌握内容、培养能力的问题;运用阶段在11月,解决巩固内容和增强运用能力的问题;总结阶段从12月至考前,解决突击时事、高度总结的问题,总结所需要记忆的内容,总结答题的思路与方法。6.要对各科有不同的侧重点和要求
政治理论考试所包括的各科的性质和内容是不同的,考试的要求也有所不同。因此,复习备考要区别对待。
(1)马克思主义哲学原理、马克思主义政治经济学原理是整个政治理论的基础,它们分别是最抽象及比较抽象的理论,理论的内涵最小及较小,外延最大及较大,试题可以出得最灵活及较灵活。如2006年哲学试题可以说没有一个考题能直接从教材上找出完全一样的正确答案。因此学习这两门课一定要懂、要真懂,才能做到活学活用,这样才能把最难的哲学试题变为不难。复习这两门课始终要搞清楚概念、观点、意义三个问题,掌握理论的系统性并要分清理论是非以及在现实中的运用。
(2)毛泽东思想概论、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论是马克思主义原理和中国实践相结合的产物的两次历史性飞跃的三大理论成果,是中国化了的马克思主义,是具有中国特色的革命和建设理论,属马列理论运用与创新、发展的理论,理论的内涵大、外延小,试题的要求较为严格、准确,不可能有更大范围的发挥,既考理解,更考记忆的准确。复习备考一定要以经典著作、中央文件、最高领导人的权威说法为准。复习这两门课始终要抓住以理论的观点为主,同时要了解其依据和意义,强调掌握重点要准。
(3)当代世界经济与政治是马克思主义基本原理与邓小平国际战略思想以及党中央的新观点、新思想的相结合的运用。对考生的要求是能够掌握课程所要求的基本知识、基本观点并能用以分析当代世界的一些重大经济与政治问题以及国际关系的问题,拥护党和国家的对外战略、方针、政策。
5(4)形势与政策的考试是最具体的,包括现阶段党和政府的重大方针政策、间国际和国内的重大时事。近几年考题主要是政治性内容,个别属经济问题。考生平时看看报纸、听听新闻,并在考前一个月内作出归纳,大概就不成问题了。这部分试题与其说是考学生,不如说是考辅导教师,辅导教师应对此负主要责任。(四)要有科学实用的考试方法
复习和考试是既有区别又有联系,复习为了考试,复习是基础,考试是目标。只有复习好,才有可能考得好;没有复习好,肯定考得不好。但复习好也不一定考试就好,其中主要原因就是方法问题。考试得高分的基础是复习好,但也同考试方法得当与否密切有关。总结考生政治理论考试能否得高分的经验教训,可以概括得高分有“三诀”:(1)懂记内容、综合掌握;(2)审题仔细、理解题意;(3)不同题型、不同答法。得高分的要求有二字:答客观性试题要“准”;答主观性试题要“全”。
根据我们长期的学习和教学经验特别是长期指导考研的经验,做出两个方面的归纳与总结,供考生朋友们结合自己的经验,加以参考。1.一般考试方法
考试方法是指同考试直接有关的方法,包括了答题方法,但不只是答题方法。所谓一般考试方法,就是比较普遍适用的方法,不仅适用于政治理论考试,也适用于其它课程的考试。(1)头脑清醒,情绪平稳
考试,特别是升学、晋升、资格等关系人生履历的重大考试,是一种高强度高难度的脑力劳动。因此,一定要在考试过程中保持健康的身体、清醒的头脑,考前要休息好。考试是一种沉思而紧张的思维活动,不宜太激动、太惧怕、太紧张,需要保持一种平稳的心态,使答题过程达到并保持最佳的思维状态,才有可能获得自己水平甚至超水平的充分发挥。切忌进考场前说说笑笑、打打闹闹或胆颤心惊、患得患失和答题过程中注意力分散。(2)按序做题,先易后难
一般重要的正规的考试试题,有难有易,难易兼顾,既有理论、知识的理解、记忆,又有理论、知识的分析、综合、推理等运用。整个试题的排列顺序是先易后难、由低分到高分。考生不必把试题通读一遍后再答题,直接按试题排列顺序的先后答题就可以。因为通读一遍,既浪费时间,又会因遇到一些难题而引起不必要的惊慌。假如在本该容易答的前面试题中遇到一些不会答的试题,也不要紧张,把一下不会答的试题留下,继续往后答对自己来说容易的试题,返回来再答,也许就会答了。选择题中最难的是不定项选择题中的哲学与政治经济学的间接性试题,是考理解与综合能力,其他选择题并不很难,因此,仍要使用按序做题、先易后难的方法。
(3)审题仔细,务求准确
审题是答题的前提,审题不准不全就会答错答偏,审题差之毫厘,答题就会谬之千里。考研试题大多数都不是简单明了、一目了然的,看错了或理解错了一句话就会全错。(4)胸中有数,对号入座
所谓胸中有数,就是考生在考前对基本理论、基本知识的重点内容有一个全面的系统的理解和记忆,审题时把试题输入大脑,同已储存的知识信息相联系,进而判断试题所考的范围与要求,最后给出正确的答案。只有胸中有数,才能实现对号入座。(5)准确全面,防漏防偏
选择题又称客观性试题,答案是确定的,不论谁答谁改标准都一样,多选、少选、错选都不给分。因此,回答选择题要求准确无误。选择题之外的试题,称之为主观性试题,从参考答案到答卷、改卷都会发生差别,主观性很强。因此,回答主观性试题要求紧切题意,不要以偏概全,而要以全盖偏,即方面全、点点全,而不在多。(6)不留空白,以全盖偏 所谓不留空白,是指不论是对主观性试题还是对客观性试题都要回答,即使没有把握答对也要答,因为不答就没有分,答错了也不倒扣分,而答对了或对主观性试题答对了一部分都会有分。开个玩笑说:不答白不答,不答是傻瓜。不答或对单项选择题多选了属技术性错误,可说是傻瓜错误。以全盖偏是对主观性试题而言的,前已说明。概言之:不当傻瓜,盖帽答法(对主观性试题而言)。
(7)思考要点,边想边答
这一方法是对主观性试题而言,不必打草稿,就往答卷上写,只要要点回答出来,其顺序是无关紧要的,一般改卷大都是踩点给分。这样的答法可以节省时间。(8)字迹清楚,词要达意
这是对回答主观性试题的要求。有些考生答题的文字写得潦草又不整齐,用词又不当,给改卷者以不好的印象,肯定要被扣分。相反,字迹清楚整齐,用词恰当,表达清楚,就可能被加分。(9)层次分明,合乎逻辑
这是对回答主观性试题的要求。考生回答问题时要按照试题要求的顺序逐点回答,可分出(1)(2)(3)„„,不要东拉西扯,颠三倒四。(10)稍息后查,不急交卷
试卷答完后,为了防止思维定势,不要立即就查,待休息一下再复查,也许能查出不妥之处。有的考生为了显示能耐,考试时间未到就急于交卷,这是不必要的。2.不同类型试题的答法 选择题
选择题,包括单项选择题和不定项选择题,属于客观性试题。单项选择题,有四个备选项,只有一项是最符合题意要求的。多项选择题,从2005年开始改为四个备选项,至少有一项是符合题意要求的,也就是说正确的选择可能有1~4个选项。
选择题主要是考查基本理论、基本知识的理解与记忆,相对主观性试题而言是比较容易的,特别是单项选择题最容易。不定项选择题有难度,难在试题有一定的综合性,如果考生没有对理论、知识的全面掌握理解和分析、比较能力,就容易被错误的干扰项所迷惑,发生多选、少选、错选的错误。因此,要准确地答好选择题,首先需要全面掌握基本理论和基本知识,其次要有一定的方法。
(1)正选法(顺选法)试题的题干即问题明白,就可以直接从题肢即备选项中选出正确答案,其它选项就不必考虑。这种方法最适用于直接性试题,这种试题考查基本概念、基本观点与知识的理解和记忆,大多数单项选择题属于这种性质的试题。(2)逆选法(排谬法)逆选法是将错误答案排除的方法。遇到从题干上直接看不出正确答案的试题就需要正选法、逆选法并用。(3)比较法(蒙猜法)这种方法是没有办法的办法,在有一定知识基础上的蒙猜也是一种方法。
在做题过程的一般情况下是三种方法综合使用,对试题的性质不同,即是正面出题还是反面出题,其答题的特点不同。
A、正面出题,问的马克思主义理论、知识的正确观点,大多数题目属于正面出题。a.凡是备选项是错误观点,肯定是错误答案,不选;b.备选项是正确观点的,不一定是正确答案;c.只有符合题意要求的正确观点,才是正确答案。
B、反面出题,问的是不正确的错误的观点,属反面出题,题量较少。a.凡是备选项是正确观点的,肯定是错误答案,不选;b.备选项是错误观点的,不一定是正确答案;c.备选项只有符合题意要求的错误观点,才是正确答案。
例如,题意问的唯物主义,回答唯心主义肯定不对,回答辩证法也不对,这是所答非所问,牛头不对马嘴;题意问的是唯心主义,回答是唯物主义肯定不对,回答是形而上学也不对。近几年来的选择题的考题中最难的是哲学试题,其次是政治经济学试题,尤其是其中的不定项选择题,相当多的试题是间接性试题,考查考生对综合知识、是非界限的理解与运用能力。分析题
分析题是要求考生结合所学知识和原理分析材料并回答问题。2003年考试大纲从形式上没有出现论述题与材料题的题型,而采用了取名为分析题的题型。根据考试大纲的题型示例,实际上分析题包括材料题的论述题与材料题两种形式。
(1)材料题的论述题是先给一段材料,然后要求用有关的观点、原理加以分析说理或评述。这种形式的分析题实际上是扩大了的辨析题。
(2)材料题是一般给出三个以上的材料,然后要求运用相关知识和原理分析材料并回答问题。这两种分析题在以往考试中早已出现,着重考查考生运用理论分析和解决问题的能力,分析题共有五题,其中最后一题分为选做题Ⅰ、选做题Ⅱ,考生任选一题,若两题都回答,只按第Ⅰ题的成绩记入总分。
对于(1)形式的分析题的答法或思路是:
①首先是看懂、理解给定的材料,它是正确的或错误的或是模糊的、不准确的; ②根据给定问题找出或答出同材料直接相关的原理、观点; ③运用原理、观点分析给定材料,阐明正确的认识。对于(2)形式的分析题的答法或思路是:
① 认真细致地阅读给定的材料,弄清楚表达的背景、针对性和观点;
② 把试题要求回答的问题同材料结合,确定材料所考的科目及有关原理、观点; ③ 运用有关原理、观点,按照问题要求,再看材料,进行鉴别、比较、概括、综合。
要答好分析题,要求考生要掌握理论的系统性、分清理论是非,掌握有关问题的时代背景、历史进程,并在备考过程中参阅和练习一些相关题型,提高分析、比较、综合问题的能力。在师生的共同努力下,教师指导有方,学生复习得法,政治得高分就能实现。概括地说,政治得高分的要诀是:勤奋得法,充满信心;分步复习,找懂记会;抓住重点,分清是非;考点精练,定得高分。
第五篇:常见常用英语动词短语
常用英语动词短语大全
一、动词be构成的短语动词
1.be known as/be famous as作为„„而闻名
be known for因„„而出名 be known to为„„所知 be known by凭„„而知 The hill is known for the temple. LuXun is known to us as a writer. One can be known by his words and deeds.
2.be married to与„„结婚
She is married to a musician.
.. 3.be tired of/with对„„厌烦
He is tired of/with this kind of life.
=He is bored with this kind of life. 4.be terrified at被„„吓一跳
He is terrified at the snake.
12.be engaged to与„„订婚
5.be burdened with负重
My daughter is engaged to a nice
have
20.be up to应由„„,轮到„„ It's up to her to answer the question. 21.be meant/intended for打算给,打算用作
Is this valuable painting meant for me? 22.be connected with与„„有联系 He was also connected with the government.
23.be crazy about对„„狂热 Many young people are crazy about Hip-Hop.
二、动词break构成的短语动词 1.break out爆发 2.break in打断;闯入 3.break into闯入;破门而入 4.break away from脱离
5.break down(机器,车辆)坏了;失败了;摧毁;分解,人身体跨了 6.break through突破 7.break off折断;中断;断绝 8.break up驱散,拆散,分手
三、动词carry构成的短语动词 1.carry on进行开展;维持;继续 2.carry out执行;进行,执行,实行;贯彻
3.carry away拿走 4.carry off夺走,抢走 5.carry forward
发扬, 结转
5.call up打电话;征召;回想起
I called Tom up and told him the news.
In most countries men are called up at the age of 18.
As I grew up in a small town at the foot of a mountain, the visit to the village called up scenes of my childhood.
五、动词catch,hold构成的短语动词
6.carry through
帮(某人)渡过难
1.catch/take/get hold of sth.抓住某关; 使(某人)保持勇气
物
7.carry about 随身携带
Catch/Get/Take hold of the
四、动词call构成的短语动词
rope.and I'll pull you up.
1.call on拜访某人,号召
2.catch up with赶上
2.call at拜访某地
Work hard and I gin sure you are able 3.call for需要;要求;邀约(人);取(物)
to catch up with others in class.
Success called for hard work.
3.catch fire着火;烧着
call for a doctor去请医生
Last night a big building caught fire.
4.call in 请来;收回
4.catch sight of发现;看到
Mother is badly i11.so call in a doctor at once.
Come along!It’s nearly eight o'clock. 3.come out出来;出版
How did the printing come out? 4.come true实现
I am sure your dream will come true one day.
5.come back to life苏醒过来
When the wounded soldier came back to life,he found himself in hospital.
6.come to the point说到要点,触及问题实质
7.come about发生,造成 The event came about as he had predicted it. 8.come across碰见
You’re the most beautiful woman I've ever come across.
同义词组:run across
I came across an old friend in the street. 9.come to all end结束
Your duties here have come to an end. 10.come to light为人所知,显露 The robbery didn’t come to light until upstairs?
6.do up系纽扣;梳理
Look,your bottom isn’t done up. do up one’s hair梳理头发 the next day 11.come up with提出,想出
He came up with a new suggestion
七、动词do构成的短语动词 1.do well in在某方面做得好 My cousin is a sailor and he is doing very well in the navy 2.do good to对„„有好处
Doing morning exercises will do good to your health.
3.do harm to对„„有害处 Too much noise does harm to our health.
4.do with处理
What did you do with our goods? 5.do sb.a favour帮某人的忙
Will you do me a favour to carry it
八、动词get构成的短语动词 1.get in touch with同„„取得联系 2.get up起床
He gets up very early every day. 3.get back回来;取回 1 will get back next weekend. 4.get on上车
You shouldn’t get on the bus until it
has stopped completely 5.get over克服;度过
You’ll soon get over these difficulties.6.get off下车
The bus stopped and the passengers
got off.
7.Get together相聚
We should go to a restaurant to get
together.
出去
The news of the disaster soon get about.
16.get across使理解
The teacher tried to explain the problem,but the explanation did not get across to the class.
17.get away离开 was in a meeting and couldn’t get away.
18.get down to(doing)sth.安心做,开始认真干
You must get down to your studies this year.
九、动词give构成的短语动词 1.give up放弃
I persuaded him to give up the foolish plan.
2.give in屈服;投降
He wouldn’t give in to the enemy. 3.give out用完;耗尽 Our food and water will give out soon.
4.get out of从„„出来,摆脱,He got out of debt.
5.give away分发;捐赠;泄露 He gave away most of his fortune to the poor work Please don’t give my secret away. 6.give off放出
This engine gives off lots of smoke and steam 7.give back归还;恢复
Don’t let the good chance go by. 3.go out(灯、火)熄灭
When they arrived,the fire had gone out.
4.go on(doing)继续做某事 Please go on with your work. 5.go on to do sth.接着做另外的事 He went on to watch TV after he had finished his home一 6.go over检查;复习
When I came into the teacher's room,our teacher is going over our Living here has given me back my health.
homework.
7.go through完成;通过;经历;仔细
十、动词go构成的短语动词
检察
1.go ahead继续;干吧
During the night the computers go He went ahead with the work and got it done.
She went through one hardship after 一May I use your phone?
---Certainly.Go ahead. 2.go by(时间)过去;经过(地点)
The poor boy often has to go without supper.
16.go beyond超过
That’s going beyond a joke. 17.go up上升,上涨
The goods have gone up in quality. 18.go down下降,降沉,下沉
The moon has gone down.
十一、动词have构成的短语动词 1.have a word with sb.和某人说句话 Could you spare a few minutes? I want to have a word with.2.have words with争吵
They’ve had words with her about money.
3.have(deep)effects on对„„有(深远)影响
The book has great effects on his life. 4.have difficulty in/find difficulty in/have trouble(in)doing… 做„„有困难 We have/find difficulty in writing the composition.
We have trouble in writing the composition.十二、动词keep构成的短语动词 1.keep on doing sth.继续或反复做某事
Marx kept on studying English and using it when he lived in London. 2.keep up坚持;保持;
Keep up your courage and you will succeed.
3.keep up with跟上
She can’t keep up with others. 4.keep back保留;阻止;隐瞒;拒留
She was in deep sorrow。but she kept back her tears. 5.keep away from远离
Keep children away from the fire. 6.keep … out of使„„不进入
In ancient times, the Great Wall was built in order to keep the enemy out of
歉
He apologized/made an apology to her.
3.be made up of组成
Two thirds of the earth’s surface is made up of vast oceans.
4.make up组成;化妆;补充;弥补;编造;捏造
5.Great Britain and Northern Ireland make up the United Kingdom. It took her more than one hour to make up for the party Our losses have to be made up with more loans.
The whole story is made up.5.make room for给„„腾地方 Would you like to make room for the old lady? 6.make up one’s mind下决心 I have made up my mind to work harder than before.
7.make up for弥补
We must make up for the time wasted before.
8.make use of利用
We should make full use of the books in the library
9.make one’s way排除困难前进 After the film ended we made our way out of the cinema. 10.make progress进步
With the teacher's help,I have made much progress. 11.make repairs修理
They are making repairs in that building
12.make a promise许诺言
Father made a promise to buy me a new computer 13.make a living谋生
He began to make a living by himself when he was ten.
Can you put me through to this number?
9.put forward提出建议,拨快(钟等)The doctor put forward a good suggestion.
十七、动词take构成的短语动词 1.take up占用(时间;空间);从事 The piano takes up too much space in the room 2.take„out拿出去
We don’t allow taking books out of the reading room 3.take sides站在„„一边
Switzerland didn’t take sides in the First World War. 4.take place发生
The strike took place just before liberation.
5.take the place of代替
Now cotton can be taken the place of by many other materials.
6.take one’s place就座;代替某人职位 They took their places before the meeting began. 7.take it easy别着急
Take it easy.and you are not badly i11.
8.take off脱掉;起飞;成功 The plane takes off at eight.
They not just made progress but took off.
9.take part in参加
Martin Luther King took a leading part in the great march 10.take pride in以„„而自豪
He took pride in being a student in Beijing University.
11.take away(from)拿走;使停留,使离开
The child was taken away from school,not allowed to at. 12.take in欺骗,摄取
take on雇用,接受(工作),呈现(品质、面貌)
take over接管
The pretty girl took in my feeling. You’d better take in some fruits. Yon have taken on too much The frogs can take on the colours of its background
32.help oneself to sth.尽管请便;请随便吃
As you like fish,help yourself to it. 3.hand in交上来
You have to hand in your compositions before weekend. 4.hand out分发
Would you like to help me to hand out the books to your classmates? 5.1ead to sth./doing sth.导致
Hard work can lead to Success. 6.1ead a...1ife过„„的生活
Einstein led a simple life in America. 7.die of死于„„(内因)
die from死于„„(外因)
The old man died of old age.
Many old people died from air pollution in winter. 8.die out灭绝
This kind of bird is dying out.
二十、动词tell, talk, speak,hear,ask,answer构成的短语动词
1.talk to/with sb.和某人谈话
The woman I talked to just now is in charge of the office.
2.speak of/speak about大胆讲话;大声说出来
He dared to speak about his opinion at the meeting. 3.hear of听说
I don’t know him.but I have heard of him.
hear from接到某人的书信
I haven’t heard from him for nearly a year.
4.ask for要;请求
He often asks his parents for money. 5.ask sb.to do sth.要某人做某事
ask sb.for sth.向某人要某物 6.answer for对„„负责 You will have to answer for your behaviour one day
53.show sb.around领某人参观 We were showed around the new factory by the chief engineer. 4.point out指出
If I have done anything wrong,please point it out 5.point at指指点点
In part of Asia you must not sit with feet pointing at another person.6.agree to do sth.同意做某事
He agreed to help me with my English.
7.agree with同意某人的意见;适合于
He agreed with me at last.
The climate here doesn’t agree with me.
8.agree on意见一致
The building of a new factory was agreed on last month. 9.pay for付钱
I paid 100 yuan for that shirt.
10.pay off还清债务
It took the couple ten years of hard work to pay off the debts. 11.pay back把钱还回给某人
I can lend the money to you on condition that you must pay it back in two days.
二十三、动词try,wait构成的短语动词 1.try on试穿
He is trying on a new suit. 2.try out试用
Any TV set must be tried out before it leaves the factory.
3.try one’s best to do尽力去做„„ We all try our best to help others. 4.wait for等待
Hurry up!They must be waiting for us.
5.wait on服侍;伺候
Mrs.Smith waited on her husband from morning till night
The maths problem is too difficult for me to work out.
14.struggle against与„„作斗争
We are struggling against pollution.、15.quarrel with sb.about sth.为„„争吵
She often quarrels with her husband about housework.
16.devote„to sth./sb.献身于;致力于
After he graduated from university,he devoted himself to the teaching work in the countryside.
What does“U.S.”stand for7
stand by支持
No matter what happens.I’11 stand by you.
stand by = support/take part with/take the side of/be in favour(support)of 20.begin at/start with/begin with以„„开始
Today we shall begin at page 40.
Autumn begins/starts with August.
to begin with首先
21.end up最后落得„„的结局/下场
end(up)with以„„结束 22.act on照„„行事
.
17.used to do sth.过去常常
He acts on principles.
There used to be a brook in front of
23.answer for/be responsible formy house when 1 was a little child.
对„„负责
18.settle down定居
You will answer for what you said.
After years of traveling, Mr.Li
You will be responsible for what you decided to settle down.
said.
19.stand for代表
9使用
He shared her toys with others. 32.base„on根据
He based the conclusion on experiments.
33.congratulate„on/upon祝贺
We congratulated her on winning the contest.
34.consist of/be made up of由„„组成
The United Kingdom consists of/is made up of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
35.clear up放晴;收拾;整理;澄清;解决
The weather cleared up after the thunderstorm.
Let me clear up the things on the tables.
I'd like to clear up two or three points.
副词up与某些动词连用,表示“完全„‘彻底”或“动作难度等的增加”
We’ve eaten everything up.‘
He tore up the letter after reading it.
36.up和动词组成的其它短语还有:
look up查找tie up绑好fasten up固定好8peak up大声说blow up吹起来save up储存add up加起来tidy up收拾干净break up打碎speed up加速lock up锁好bring up抚养set up成立 37.cure„of治愈;痊愈
The medicine cured him of his headache.
38.treat„for治疗;医治
The doctor treated me for my broken leg.
treat„to„以„„款待
I’11 treat you to dinner.
treat„as把„„当作„„
The teacher treated us as her friends.
get out of the habit of改掉„„的习惯
He is in the habit of getting up early.
He got out of the habit of smoking. 53.present„with赠送
He presented her with a gold watch.
54.1ive on靠„„生活,以„„为主食
Sheep live on grass.
1ive through活动,经历过
He has lived through two wars and two revolutions.
1ive up to不辜负
We shouldn’t live up to my parents’ will.
1ive with忍受,容忍
I don’t like the noise.but I have to live with it.
55.mix...with同„„混合 Oil and water can’t mix with each
other.
56.wipe out消灭
The enemy troops have been wiped out.
57.result in导致
result from由„„引起
Overeating results in/causes/leads to/brings about his illness.
His illness results from overeating. 58.Rob…of...抢走
The pain robbed him of sleep.
remind„of„使(某人)想起一„·
This reminds me of what we did together during our holidays.
warn„of以..警告(某人)„„
He was warned of the danger.
inform„of...通知(某人)„„
Have you informed them of your departure?
59.watch out for提防
同义词组:look out for
371.be aware of知道,意识到
He was not aware of her presence till she spoke to him. 72.become of发生
They wondered what had become of him.
73.beg for乞求
He came over and begged for a light 74.benefit from得益于
I benefited from my father’s advice 75.be buried in埋头于
He was buried in a book99.object to反对
Do you object to such simple pleasures? 76.centre...on集中„„于 She centred her attention on the problem.
77.charge„for索价
’ charge„with控告
We don’t charge anything for that.
97.be lost in埋头于,迷失在„„中 We were lost in the forest 98.take notice of注意
Don’t take any notice of what he says. 99.object to反对
Do you object to such simple pleasures? 100.be occupied with/in忙于,从事于 He was occupied in writing letters. 101.occur to被想到
That view of the case did not occur to me before 102.operate on为„„动手术 You can’t get a private doctor to operate on him. 103.pass away去世 He passed away at eighty. pass by经过,流逝,忽视
He had a feeling that his friends were passing him by pass on传递,传给,去世
The news was passed on by word of mouth
104.reach for伸手去拿
Sam reached for his gun.
reach out伸出
David reached out and took down a small leather-bound book. 105.react to反应,反对
How did he react to the news? 106.remember„to代向„„问好
Remember me to your family!107.rise up起立,起议
The people finally rose up and dethroned(废黜)the unpopular monarch.
108.round up把„„聚拢
Round up the rest of the flowers. 109.seek after/for追求,征求,寻求
What did you seek for? 110.serve as担任,充当
Tom served for twelve years as a