第一篇:翻译技巧 反译法
第八节反译法
由于讲英语国家的历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性与我国不同,因此 这些国家人们的思维方式和生活习性亦与我国不同。这种差别体现在语言习惯 七,便产生了两种语言各自不同的表达形式。在表示否定意义时,这种差异显得 尤为突出。有的英语句子形式上是否定的而实质上是肯定的,有的形式上是肯定 的而实质上是否定的。在翻译某些英文句子时,应当特别注意两点:一是英语里 有些从正面表达的词语或句子,汉译时可以从反面来表达,即正说反译法;二是 英语里有些从反面表达的词语或句子,汉译时可从正面来表达,即反说正译法。例如:
(1)The kind of machine is far from being complicated.
这种机器一点也不复杂。
这个句子如果译成“这种机器离复杂甚远”就使人感到不知所云。
(2)He wrote three books in the first two years,a record never reached before.
他头两年写了3本书,打破了以往的记录。
原文从反面表达,译文从正面表达。如译成“这是他从前从未达到的记录” 则显得很别扭。
(3)I have read your articles,but,expect to meet an older woman.
我读过你的文章,但没料到你这样年轻。
本句如译成“我读过你文章,但我料想会见到一个年纪更大的女人”则不符 合汉语表达习惯。
从以上例中可以看出,有些句子从正面译不顺,不妨从反面译;反面译不 顺,则不妨从正面译,因为同一个概念,一个民族正着说,以为是合乎表达习惯 的,而另一个民族则认为反着说才顺口。因此,在恰当的场合灵活运用反译法不 失为确保译文语义明晰、文从字顺的有效手段。
一、正说反译法
英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的。一 些语言学家称这些词为“含蓄否定词”,另一些语言学家则称之为“暗指否定 词”。英语中的含蓄否定词或含蓄否定短语一般都要译成汉语的否定词组。
(一)名词
(1、Shortness of time has required the omission of some countries.
由于时间不够,没能访问某些国家。
(2)All international disputes should be settled through negotiations and avoidance
of any armed conflicts.
一切国际争端应通过谈判,而不是武装冲突来解决。
(3 1 There was complete absence of information on t11e oil deposit in that country.
关于该国的石油储量情况,人们毫无所知。
(4)Politeness is not always the sign of wisdom,but the want of it always leaves
room for.the suspicion of folly.
尽管有礼貌并不一定标志着此人有智慧,但是无礼貌却总是使人怀疑其
愚蠢。
(5)A lack of awareness of cultural differences or local customs Can create
problems.
不注意文化差异或当地风俗可能会产生问题。
作为名词用的含蓄否定词还有:defiance(不顾,无视),denial(否认,否 定),exclusion(排除),freedom(不,免除),refusal(不愿,不允许)和loss(失去)等。(二)动词或动词短语
(1)Scientists reject authority as an ultimate basis for truth·
科学家不承认权威是真理的最终根据。
(2)Water is a good lubricant, if you can devise a way to keep it from leaking out or evaporating.如果能设法使水不漏出来或蒸发掉,那么水就是一种很好的润滑剂。
(3)English differ from French in having no gender for nouns.英语和法语不同,英语名词没有性的变化。
(4)To preserve the fiction,he refrained from scolding his son until the guests left.为了不漏破绽,他强忍着不责骂自己的儿子,直到客人们离去。
(5)An investment in the money market fund has tied up the money until the end
of the term of the investment.
投资于货币市场的资金在投资期满之前是不能动用的。
类似的动词还有refuse(不愿,不肯,无法),lack(缺乏,没有),defy(不
服从,不遵守,不让),forbid(不许),stop(不准)和ignore(不理,不肯考虑)等。
(三)形容词或形容词短语
(1)My younger brother would be the last man to say such things.
我弟弟决不可能说这种话。
(2)They were watching the fluid situation with concern.
他们关切地注视着动荡不安的局面。(3)It is said that it is only a marginal agreement.
据说.那只不过是一个无关宏旨的协议。
(4)These official documents shall form an integral part of this contract.
这些正式文件是合同不可分割的组成部分。
(5)These elements are shielded SO that they are free from the influence of
magnetic field.
这些元件已加屏蔽,因此不受磁场的影响。
类似的形容词及其短语还有:absent(不在,不到),awkward(不熟练,不 灵活,使用起来不方便),bad(令人不愉快的,不受欢迎的,不舒服的),blind(看不到,不注意),dead(无生命的,无感觉的,不毛的),difficult(不容易 的),:foreign to(不适合的,与„„无关),short of(不够)和poor(不好的,不幸的)等。
(四)介词或介词词组
(1)That kind of thing is very extraordinary.It seems against nature.不过那种事情很不寻常,似乎不符合自然规律。
(2)These planes were held back to protect our home inlands instead of being used
where they were badly needed.
这些飞机被留在后方保卫后方本岛,未用于其他急需的地方。(3)It was beyond your power to sign such a contract.
你无权签订这种合同。
(4)It is generally believed that the men who are habitually behind time are as
habitually behind success.
人们普遍相信,习惯不准时的人通常也不会成功。
(5)Only one of us has ever gone to live in the village and he was back in town
within five months.
我们中只有一个人真正在乡村生活过,不过这个人待了不到5个月就返回了城里。(五)副词
(1)Slowly the old man pulled the letter out of the envelope,and unfolded it.
这位老人不慌不忙地从信封里抽出信纸,然后打了开来。
(2)The officers and soldiers blazed away until they had no ammunition left.
官兵们连续不断地射击,直到用尽所有的子弹。
(3)The subversion attempts of the enemy proved predictably futile.
不出所料,敌人的颠覆活动证明毫无效果。
(4)Time is what we want most,but what many use worst·
时间是我们最缺少的,但许多人却最不善于利用时间。
(5)So far,experts have had about the same degree of success as stock—market
forecasters,which is to say they do badly.
到目前为止,汇率预测专家的成功率与股票市场上的预测者大体一样,这就是说他们做得不好。(六)连接词及其短语
(1)He is too careful not to have noticed it.
他那么小心,不会不注意到这一点的。
(2)Unless English team improves their game,they are going to lose the match.如果英格兰队不改进打法,就会榆掉这场比赛。
(3)The old lady would rather be buried with her money under a mountain of rock
than trust another bank.
老太太宁可和她的钱一起被葬入石山下,也不再相信任何一家银行了。(4)Until he spoke I had not realized he was foreign.
他要是不说话,我还一直不知道他是外国人。(七)某些固定短语
(1)The restaurant was anything but satisfactory.
这家餐馆太不让人满意了。
(2)Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with
dignity.
双方认为,那个和平建议他们可以接受,而又不失体面。(3)1 was at a loss to understand what she alluded to.
我无法领会她谈话中的所指。(4)The escaped criminal is still at large.
逃犯仍未捉拿归案。
(5)The islanders in this small country found themselves far from ready to fight the war.
这个小国的岛民们发现自己远远没有做好作战准备。
(6)There are many energy sources in store.The problem has been to use the
energy at a reasonable cost.
有许多能源尚未开发。问题在于要以一个合理的代价利用这些能源。(八)句子
(1)Let me watch you at it again.
再让我逮着,可饶不了你。
(2)If it worked once,it Can work twice.
一次得手,再次不愁。
(3)It’S human nature to want something better.
人总是不满足于现状。
(4)We are wiser than to believe such stories.
我们还不至于蠢到竟然相信这种谎言。
(5)Her grandfather is already 80,but he carries his years lightly
她祖父已80岁了,可是并不显老。
(九)某些含有否定意义的谚语和警句
英语中有些谚语和警句翻成汉语时,也可采用正说反译法,尽可能用简练的 汉语或相应的汉语成语来表达。例如:
(1)Seeing is believing.
百闻不如一见。
(2)Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven.
宁为鸡头,不为牛后。
(3)Let sleeping dog lie.
莫惹事生非。
(4)Bite off more than one Can chew·
贪多嚼不烂。
(5)Call a spade a spade.
直言不讳。
(6)A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。
二、反说正译法
反说正译法指的是将英语中有些与not等否定词连用的词语或带有否定词缀 的词语译成汉语的肯定形式。这样做有时是为了将原文中某些否定形式所具有的 肯定含义清楚地表达出来;在另外一些时候也许是为了将译文组织得更加自然流 畅。当然,也常常可能两种目的兼而有之。(一)名词
(1)It was said that someone had sown discord among us.据说有人在我们中间挑拨离间。
(2)The dishonesty of the government officials was exposed by the newspaper.政府官员们的欺诈行为在报纸上披露了出来。(3)A look of disbelief replaced the smile on her face.
怀疑的神色取代了她脸上的微笑。
(4)He manifested a strong dislike for his mother’s job.
他对他母亲的工作表示出强烈的厌恶情绪。(5)These slums ale a disgrace to the city government.这些贫民窟是市政府的耻辱。
(6)They were puzzled by the sudden disappearance of their guide.他们向导的突然失踪使他们感到困惑不解。
(7)There has been serious disagreement between the two countries over this
question.
关于这个问题两个国家之间存在着严重分歧。(二)动词
(1)T}le employer could dismiss any employee who had ever displeased him·
雇主可以解雇任何曾得罪过他的雇员。(2)How he longed to unsay his tactless words!
他多么希望收回他那些不得体的话啊!(3)The mother gently disengaged her hand from that of her sleeping daughter·
母亲小心翼翼地从熟睡的女儿手里抽出自己的手。
(4)We are now unprovided with the techniques necessary for the manufactoring of
rags into paper.
我们目前缺乏用破布造纸所需的技术。
(5)The thief jumped over a neighboring garden wail and disappeared among the crowds.
这个小偷从邻居的花园墙头上翻了出去,在人群中消失了。(三)形容词
(1)This kind of bird is unusual winter visitors to America.这种鸟冬季很少到美国来。
(2)It was inconsiderate of her to mention the matter in his hearing.她实在轻率,竞当着他的面谈论此事。(3)All the articles are untouchable in the museum.博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。
(4)APEC will have to be non-discriminatory and it will have to seek to be open
rather than closed in its approach.
亚太经济合作组织必须一视同仁,而且态度上必须是开放的,而不是封闭的。(5)Peter was an indecisive sort of person and could not be a good leader.彼得这人优柔寡断,当不了好领导。(四)副词
(1)The show was,unfortunately,one of the dullest we have ever seen.可惜的是,这次演出是我们所看过的最乏味的演出。(2)She carelessly glanced through the note and got away.她马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。(3)All things invariably divide into two.
事物都是一分为二的。
(4)“I don't know if I ought to have come,”he said breathlessly,grasping Sandy’s arm.
“我不知道我该不该来”,他气喘吁吁地说,一把抓住了桑迪的胳膊。(5)Johnson believed that the Minister of Education had in fact dishonorably
resigned from office.
约翰逊认为该教育部长辞职实际上是很丢面子的。(五)短语
(1)His escape was nothing short of being miraculous·
他的脱险可以说是个奇迹。
(2)The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of lung cancer.调查结果清清楚楚地说明,人死于肺癌。
(3)It would be foolish,not to say mad,to sell your house.你要卖房子真蠢,简直是疯了。(4)There is nothing like mineral water to quench one’s thirst.
矿泉水是解渴的最好饮料。
(5)She meant to help,no doubt,but in fact she has been a hindrance.
她的的确确是想帮忙的,可实际上却成了累赘。(6)The enemy’s spies were not going to lose sight of us.
敌人的密探一直在监视我们的行踪。
(7)A11 men between 18 and 45 without exception are expected to serve in the
army during the War.
所有18岁至45岁的男子统统要在战时服役。(六)句子
(1)For many years there was no closeness between the two countries.
两国关系曾疏远了很多年。
(2)The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us.
这些事件引起了我们的注意。
(3)The United Nations Organization has not,so far,justified the hopes which the
people of the world set on it.
到目前为止,联合国辜负了世界人民寄予的希望。
(4)A book may be compared to your neighbor;if it be good,it cannot last too
long;if bad,you cannot get rid of it too early.
书好比邻居,如果是本好书,相伴得越久越好;如果是本坏书,越早摆脱掉越好。(5)Knowledge about the most powerful computers man has ever developed is too
valuable not to share.
人类已经开发出功率极大的计算机,这方面的知识极为宝贵,应为人类共享。
三、英语中的双重否定旬
英语中的双重否定句,除了有时可以译成汉语的双重否定句外,一般说来应 译成肯定句。不过,它是一种特殊的强调句式。以have to(不得不)为例,两个 “不”字去掉以后意思不变,但语气强度就差多了。例如:
(1)There is no evil without compensation.
恶有恶报。
(2)There is not any advantage without disadvantage.
有一利必有一弊。
(3)There is no grammatical rule than has no exception.
条条语法规则都有例外。(也可译为“世上没有不例外的语法规则”。)
(4)It never rains but pours.
不雨则已.雨必倾盆。
(5)The charging of a condenser from a battery is not unlike the filling of a tank
from all oil reservoir.
电池给电容器充电就像油罐给油箱加油一样。
(6)We can’t be too careful in doing this kind of experiment.
我们在做这类实验时应尽可能小心。(也可译为“我们在做这类试验时
无论怎样小心也不过分”。)(7)I 8nl not reluctant to accept your proposal.
我非常愿意接受你的建议。(也可译为“你的建议我并非不愿接受”。)当然,有的英语双重否定句译为汉语的双重否定句更为通顺。(1)There is no story without coincidence.
无巧不成书。
(2)The significance of this report and importance Can never be overemphasized.
这个报告的意义和重要性,不管怎样强调,也不算过分。
四、委婉式肯定
英语中的这种句子是一种迂回的表示肯定的方式,字面上看似否定,实际上 是委婉的肯定。例如:
(1)I couldn’t feel better·
我感觉好极了。
(2)He can’t see you quickly enough-
他很想尽快和你见面。
(3)I couldn’t agree with you more-
我太赞成你的看法了。
f41 He didn’t half like the girl-
他非常喜欢那姑娘。
五、否定的陷阱
英语中的一些否定结构如果按字面意义理解很容易出错,这些结构我们称之 为“否定的陷阱”。下面就是一些有代表性的结构。(一)cannot„too(怎么„„也不)(1)You cannot be too careful in proofreading.校对时,越仔细越好。
(2)We shall never be able to stress too much for his kindness.不管我们怎么感谢他,都不足以报恩于万一。
(3)The importance of this conference cannot be overestimated 这次大会的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分。(二)not„because(并非因为„„而)(1)Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time.
不要因为时间紧而敷衍搪塞。
(2)This project is not placed last because it is difficult to be put into practice
此方案并非因为它不好实施而被放在最后。
(3)The engine didn’t stop because the fuel was finished.
发动机并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转的。(三)for all„(尽管„„,不,说不定)(1)You may leave at once for all I care.
你尽可立即离去,我才不管呢。
(2)For all we knew,the files we were supposed to fetch were already on
their way.
说不定该由我们去取的文件已在途中。
(3)She seemed as fresh as ever,for all that I never saw her drink or eat.
尽管我从未见到她喝点什么或吃点什么,她似乎仍然精神饱满。(四)both„not(并非两者„„都)(1)Both the instruments are not precision ones.这两件东西不都是精密仪器。(2)But you see,we both cannot go together.
但是我告诉你,我们俩不能同时都走。(五)all/every„not(并非„„都)(1)All towns did not look like as they do today.
在过去,城镇并不都像今天这样个个千篇一律。(2)All that glitters is not gold.
发光的并一定都是金子。
(六)It be+a.+n.+that„(再„„也难免)(1)It is all ill wind that blows nobody good.
坏事未必对人人都有害处。(也可译为“再坏的事也不是对人人都有害处”。)(2)It is a good workman that never blunders.
智者千虑,必有一失。(也可译为“再聪明的工匠也难免出错”。)(3)It is a long lane that had no end.
路必有弯。(也可译为“再长的胡同也有尽头”。)最后值得一提的是,在英汉翻译过程中,反译法的使用必须要针对具体情况 灵活掌握,切不可一概而论,机械套用。有些英语词语或句子正译、反译皆可,两者并无实质性差别,究竟采用何种译法主要依据个人行文习惯或视具体的上下文而定。
(1)We have found your terms and conditions agreeable.
译文l:我们同意你方条款。
译文2:我们对你方条款没有异议。
(2)Much to our regret,the packing of the landed goods is quite different from
that you have promised.
译文l:十分遗憾,到货的包装与贵方承诺的相差很大。
译文2.十分遗憾,到货的包装与贵方承诺的大不相同。
(3)The works of art were left intact,the money gone·
译文l:艺术品还在,钱却不翼而飞。
译文2:艺术品原封未动,钱却不翼而飞。
1.将下列句子译成汉语,并注意将斜体部分反说正译。(1)The doubt was still unsolved after our repeated explanations·
(2)We are not completely satisfied with your manner of doing business·
(3)After the ship unloads at the dock,the goods will go to the container freight(4)Students,with no exception,are to hand in their papers tomorrow afternoon.(5)The thought of returning to our native land never deserted us at that time.
(6)It is generally believed that there is nothing like jogging as a means of exercise.(7)The system of gas supply in the city leaves nothing to be desired.(8)The significance of these incidents wasn't lost on them.
(9)Their undisguised effort to persecute the leaders of opposition party met with
nationwide condemnation.
(10)Suddenly she heard a sound behind her,and realized she was not alone in the room.2.将下列句子译成汉语,并注意将斜体部分正说反译。
(1)While trade is good in my company,money is very tight at present.(2)The Foreign Minister doubted the desirability of a negotiation to be held at that time.
(3)Charles dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the 0ld man.
(4)In your eagerness to secure profits,you have failed to give due consideration to the sellers’ standpoints.
(5)If the weather holds a few days,the team of the explorers will set off.
(6)While I liked his work,I pointed out areas where improvement was possible.(7)In the event of any contingencies beyond our control,we shall not be held
responsible for the late delivery of the goods.
(8)In the absence of a settlement through negotiation,the case under dispute call be
submitted to arbitration.
(9)Cowards die many times before their death;the valiant never taste of death but
0nce.
(10)One of the advantages of the fibre-optic communications is freedom from direct
effect of interfering radio transmission.
第二篇:2016年翻译硕士笔译技巧:英语修辞格译法
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2016年翻译硕士笔译技巧:英语修辞格译法
一、什么是修辞格
修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼,给人以美的享受。要翻译好英语修辞格,首先要弄清其特点、弄清英汉两种语言在这方面的异同,然后根据具体情况采用恰当的技巧进行翻译。英语修辞格种类很多,但粗略分来似可分为音韵修辞格、词义修辞格和句法修辞格。
(一)音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)
顾名思义,音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。它主要包括onomatopoeia、alliteration和assonance.Onomatopoeia是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法,与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。恰当地运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。如:
Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes.高跟皮鞋声阁阁地传了过来。
Alliteration就是在一个词组或一个诗行中,有两个以上彼此靠近的词,其开头的音节(或其他重读音节)具有同样的字母或声音;assonance是在一句话或在一个诗行中间,有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。前者与汉语的双声(汉语中两个或多个音节,声母相同,叫做双声,它不是辞格)相似,后者与汉语的叠韵(两个或多个音节彼此韵母相同)非常相似。例如:
(1)Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.(alliteration)皮特.派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。
(2)With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.(assonance)怀着这个信念,我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。
(二)词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices)
词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。它们主要包括 simile,metaphor,allusion,metonymy,transferred epithet,personifi-cation,hyperbole,irony,euphemism,pun,oxymoron,zeugma,contrast 等。
A.simile,metaphor;allusion
Simile与汉语的明喻基本相同,用某一事物或情境来比拟另一个事物或情境。其本体和喻体均同时出现在句中,在形式上是相对应的。英语 simile 的比喻词一般是 like,as(……as)等,汉语明喻的比喻词通常是“好象”、“仿佛”等。例如:
They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails.这些人犹如街上的有轨电车,满足于在自己的轨道上运行。
Metaphor兼有汉语隐喻、借喻及拟物的特点,即把甲事物当作乙事物来描写。如:
(1)Experience is the mother of wisdom.经验为智慧之母。(隐喻)
(2)She is shedding crocodile tears.她在掉鳄鱼眼泪。(借喻)
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(3)Mark my words,the first woman who fishes for him,hooks him.瞧着吧,不管什么女人钓他,他就会上钩。(拟物)
比喻修辞手法主要涉及形象。人们生活在自然界,有许多共同的经历和感受。比较英汉两种语言中常用的比喻,就会发现有许多惊人的相似之处,比如都用狐狸比喻狡猾,用羊比喻温顺、用钢铁比喻坚硬,常见喻体相同的还有Footnote(脚注)、Harelip(兔唇)等。当然,比喻形象往往打上各个民族独特文化的烙印,某些英语喻体形象会让中国读者不知所云,如英文 as wise as a man of Gotham(“象戈丹人一样明智”)就让人费解。其实戈丹是英国的一个村庄,相传那里的人是最愚蠢的,所以这个比喻的意思是“蠢笨无比”.类似的例子还有:
as thick as thieves亲密无间(不是“像贼一样厚”)
as old as the hills古老(不是“像山一样老”)
The ship plows the sea.船在乘风破浪地前进。(不是“船在犁海”)
Allusion与汉语的暗引相近似。其特点是不注明来源和出处,一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组,将其融合编织在作者的话语中。引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。英语引用最多的是源出《圣经》故事以及希腊、罗马神话、《伊索寓言》和那些渊源流长的谚语、格言等。例如:
(1)Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.语法是他的大弱点。(Achilles是希腊神话中的一位勇士。除了脚踵处,他身上其他地方刀枪不入。)
(2)The project is an economic albatross from the start.这个项目从一开始就是一个摆脱不了的经济难题。(Albatross是英国诗人柯勒律治的《古舟子咏》中的信天翁,它被忘恩负义的水手杀死后,全船陷入灾难中。)
B.metonymy;transferred epithet Metonymy、synecdoche和_1antonomasia都是不直接说出事物的本来名称,而换用另一个名称或另一个说法。它们大体上相当于汉语的借代(分为旁借和对代两类)。如Crown(王冠)可喻指君主、王权、王国政府等;doll(玩具)可喻指姑娘、宝贝等。再如:
(1)The baby was brought up on the bottle.这个婴儿是喝牛奶或羊奶长大的。(metonymy──用奶瓶代奶)
(2)Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest.某个沉默的、无名诗人也许在此长眠。(antonomasia──用米尔顿代诗人)
Transferred epithet是采用表示性质和特征的形容词或相当于形容词的词来修饰、限定与它根本不同属性的名词。这种修辞手法能与汉语中的移就基本相似。例如:
The doctor's face expressed a kind of doubting admiration.(用“疑惑”修饰限定“钦佩”)医生的脸上流露出钦佩而又带有疑惑的神情。
C.personification;hyperbole
personification与汉语拟人完全相同,就是赋予物以人的言语属性。这种拟人化的修辞手法读起来使人感到特别形象生动、富有情趣。例如:
Words pay no debts.空话还不了债。
Hyperbole与汉语的夸张完全相同,都是为了表达深刻的感受,抒发强烈的感情,通过故意夸大事实来给人留下深刻的印象。例如:
His words made my blood freeze.听了他的话,我的血都快凝固了。
D.irony;euphemism;pun
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Irony的含义比汉语的反语广泛。它包括verbal irony,dramatic irony,situational irony.后两种已超出一般修辞格的范畴,这里不作详细介绍。Verbal irony与汉语反语的特点完全相同,也是正话反说,反话正说,一般需借助于特定的上下文和语境才能被正确理解。在多数情况下,irony可以译成汉语的反语。例如:
She talked about great people as if she had the fee-simple of May Fair,and when the court went into mourning,she always wore black.她一开口就是某某勋爵某某大人,那口气竟好象她生来就是贵族。宫里有了丧事,她没有一回不穿孝。
Euphemism就是用转弯抹角的说法来代替直截了当的话,把原来显得粗鲁或令人尴尬的语言温和、含蓄地表达出来。这在汉语中叫委婉语。例如:
用sanitation engineer替代garbage man(清洁工)
用the disadvantaged替代the poor(穷人)
用industrial action替代strike(罢工)
Pun与汉语双关一样,就是用一个词,一句话,或一个语言片段同时表达双重意思:一个是表面的,一是隐含的,并且以隐含的意思为主。恰当的运用这种手法会使语言生动有趣,达到由此及彼的效果。英语pun 和汉语的双关语都可以分为两类:谐音双关(homophonic puns)和语义双关(homographic puns)。前者是利用词意根本不同的谐音词构成。后者是利用一词多义的特点来构成。虽然pun和汉语双关在格式和修辞作用上基本相同,但是由于两种语言的语音不同,多义词也很难找到完全对应的词语。例如:
What does that lawyer do after he dies?——Lie still.那个律师死后干什么?──躺着仍说鬼话。(注:lie躺,撒谎;still安静地,仍然)
E.oxymoron;zeugma;contrast
Oxymoron(矛盾修辞法)与汉语中的反映辞格类似,都是将相互矛盾的概念和判断巧妙地联系在一起,以便相互映衬,突出事物的特点,表达复杂的思想感情和意味深长的哲理。矛盾修辞手法在英语中常见,但在汉语中很少见。如:sweet sorrow 忧喜参半(不是甜蜜的悲伤);proud humility 不卑不亢(不是骄傲的谦卑)
Zeugma(轭式搭配法)是用一个词(动词、形容词或介词)与两个以上的在意义上不相干的名词搭配。它用词简练,饶有风趣,与汉语的拈连在性质上完全一致。例如:
She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.她对这个无家可归的孩子打开了自己的大门,也打开了自己的心扉。
Contrast和汉语的对照在修辞格上是完全相同的,就是把两个相反的事物或一件事物的正反两方面放在一起,在比较和衬托之中突出不同事物的矛盾性,例如:
United we stand,divided we fall.合则存,分则亡。
(三)句法修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices)
句子结构上的修辞格主要是指通过句子结构的均衡布局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞手法。这类辞格主要包括repetition,rhetorical question,antithesis,apostrophe 等。它们与汉语中的反复、设问、对偶、倒装基本相同。例如:
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(1)I have written in bed and written out of it,written day and night.我卧床写,起床写;白天写,晚上也写。(repetition)
(2)The gods,they say,give breath,and they take it away.But the same could be said-could it not?人都说老天爷把气赐予生灵,又把气夺走。不过这话用在小小的逗号上,何尝不是如此?(rhetorical question)
(3)Man proposes,God disposes.谋事在人,成事在天。(antithesis)
(4)Up went the balloon into the cloudless sky.气球腾空而起,飘入万里无云的蓝天。(anastrophe)
二、修辞格的译法
翻译英语修辞格力求译文能有效地再现原文的修辞效果,否则译文即使在大意上与原文差不多,也会使原文的精神和风格受损,削弱语言的表达力。一般说来,修辞格的翻译原则是形似不如神似重要。要做到这一点有时可以采取直译,因为英汉两种语言在修辞手法上存在某些惊人的相似之处;但有时仅靠直译是不行的,因为英汉两种语言还存在着许多差异。无视这些差异而采用直译不但不能保持原文中修辞格的神韵,反而会歪曲原作的意思,造成译文语言晦涩难懂。这时译者就得借助其他翻译技巧,根据具体情况灵活地改换原文的某些修辞手法,使译文符合译入语的语言规范和表述习惯。总的说来,英语辞格的译法主要有直译、加注、释义、归化、切分、数种译法并用等。
A.直译
在英汉两种语言的修辞手法和比喻形象无甚差异的情况下,就可采用直译。直译既可传达原文的意义,又可保持原文的修辞风格,丰富译文的语言表达力。例如:
(1)They were only crying crocodile tears at the old man's funeral because nobody had really liked him.在老头子的葬礼上,他们只不过挤了几滴鳄鱼的眼泪,因为老头子在世时他们都不喜欢他。
(2)The book set off a firestorm of reaction.这本书引起风暴般的反应。
(3)Among so many well-dressed and cultured people,the country girl felt like a fish out of water.同这么多穿着体面而又有教养的人在一起,这位乡下姑娘颇有如鱼离水之感。
(4)I would my horse had the speed of your tongue.但愿我的马有你的嘴那样快。
(5)I deserve neither such praise nor such censure.这样的夸奖我担当不起,这样的责备我也担待不起。
(6)On the 14th of March,at a quarter to three in the afternoon,the greatest living thinker ceased to think.3月14日下午两点三刻,当代最伟大的思想家停止思想了。
B.加注
加注也是丰富译入语语言表达法的一种有效方法。它既能传达原文的意思和神韵,又能扩展读者的知识面。尤其当原文所用的典故在上下文中起比较重要的作用时,使用加注能收到较好的效果。例如:
(1)Christ,to hear some of those sailors' myths,you'd think bloody Fort Knox was on every ship that sailed.天哪,要是听信有些水手的胡说八
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道,你会以为每条出海的船上都有该死的诺克斯堡哩。
(注:诺克斯堡是美国的一个军事保留地,是美国黄金仓库的所在地。)
(2)They did not reopen the Pandora's Box they had peeked into in 1972.他们在1972年曾挖掘过这些丑事,如今却不再打开这个潘朵拉的盒子。
(注:潘朵拉的盒子原自希腊神话故事,里面藏有许多能给人们带来不幸的事物。)
(3)-Why are parliamentary reports called “Blue Books”?
——Because they are never red.──为什么议会报告称为“蓝皮书”?
──因为他们从来就不是红的。(注:red和read谐音,实际上是指“从来没有人读它们”)
C.释义
由于许多英语修辞手法或比喻形象本身是特有的,如保留其形就会危害其义。如头韵法,其搭配可以千变万化,很难碰巧找到相同的汉语搭配,即使勉强凑韵,也不一定能表达原文的意思。这时就必须首先保证译文能正确传达原文的思想内容,然后再尽一切可能去表现原文的节奏和旋律。如英语明喻as rich as Croesus,如译成“富得像科里瑟斯”,读者会十分费解,不知Croesus是何许人也。如果加注,说明Croesus是公元6世纪小亚细亚吕底亚国王,十分富有。读者虽然能明白了该词的意思,却极易分散他们阅读的主要注意力,因此不如干脆意译为“ 极为富有”,不必顾及其修辞手法。其他例子还有:
as drunk as a fiddler酩町大醉(在英格兰早期文化生活中,民间小提琴手在公共场合为舞蹈伴奏,人们往往以酒酬谢,小提琴手因此每每喝得大醉。这种奇特的比喻只好意译。)
(1)They prolonged the clasp for the photographers,exchanging smiling words.他们延长握手的时间,让摄影师照相,同时微笑着交谈。(英语transferred epithet——汉语无修辞格)
(3)You want your pound of flesh,don't you?你要逼债,是吗?(英语allusion ——汉语无修辞格)
(4)I spoke to them in hesitant English.我结结巴巴用英语对他们说。(英语transferred epithet——汉语无修辞格)
(5)He is the mouth of the House in its relations with the Crown.他是议会对王室的发言人。(英语metonymy——汉语无修辞格)
(6)Clearly a tug of war over key policies continues between the pragmatic and ideological camps.不言而喻,注重务实的和强调意识形态的两大营垒还会在重大政策上争吵不休。(英语metaphor——汉语无修辞格)
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第三篇:英语四级翻译辅导:英语长句的译法技巧
英语四级翻译辅导:英语长句的译法技巧
长句在科技性的文体中的出现极为频繁, 因此也就成为研究生入学考试的重点, 通过对近年来试题的分析我们可以看出,所考查的绝大多数划线的部分都是长句。
在翻译长句时,首先,不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理,因为,无论是多么复杂的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思, 然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系, 再按照汉语的特点和表达方式, 正确地译出原文的意思,不必拘泥于原文的形式。
一、英语长句的分析
一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面:(1)修饰语过多;(2)并列成分多;(3)语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:
(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3)分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语,它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。
(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。
(5)注意插入语等其他成分。
(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析:
例1.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析:(1)该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。
(2)该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句;who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child;where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli;在suggest的宾语从句中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual development.在作了如上的分析之后, 我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解, 然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种翻译方法, 就可以把该句翻译成汉语为: 行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
例2.For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement
elsewhere.(85年考题)
分析:(1)该句的骨干结构为it is more „ to do sth than to do sth else.是一个比较结构, 而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。
(2)该句中共有三个谓语结构, 它们之间的关系为: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to „ 为主体结构, 但it是形式主语, 真正的主语为第二个谓语结构: to sit comfortably at home, 并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。
(3)句首的for a family of four作状语, 表示条件。另外, 还有两个介词短语作插入语: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语, 修饰to sit comfortably at home.综合上述翻译方法,这个句子我们可以翻译为:
譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
二、长句的翻译
英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。因此, 在进行英译汉时,要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。
(1)顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例如:
例1.Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.(84年考题)
分析: 该句子由一个主句, 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: A.既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时;B.电仍在为我们工作;C.帮我们开动电冰箱;D.加热水;E.或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致, 因此, 我们可以通过顺序法, 把该句翻译成:即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。
例2.But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.(84年考题)
分析: 该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that„”, it为形式主语, that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to „结构, 其中, 不定式作主语, the time „是“expectation of life”的同位语, 进一步解释其含义, 而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构, 表达了四个层次的意义: A.可是现在人们意识到;B.其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的;C.人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”;D.将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法, 把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 整个句子就翻译为:可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说,经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。
下面我们再列举几个实例:
例3.Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人;他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。
例4.This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”
这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈, 是否必须有一定的湿度才行?”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高?”
例5.It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event;it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures;it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man's life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣;其后, 这种爱好变得成熟起来, 我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性, 对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣;对历史的爱好,最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。对死去的, 无论是伟大与平凡, 所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人,都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。
例6.If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志,他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。
(2)逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。例如:
例1.Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容,全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: A.铝直到19世纪才被人发现;B.由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝;C.由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起;D.最普遍的是跟氧结合;E.铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后,这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成:
铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合;因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以,铝直到19世纪才被人发现。
例2.It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成, “„„变得越来越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有三个谓语结构, 包含三层含义: A.„„变的越来越重要;B.如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;C.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 翻译成:
因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。
下面我们再举几个实例:
例3.It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。
例4.They(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动,因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。
例5.A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人,正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。
例6.Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。
例7.Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。
(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子,分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。例如:
例1.The number of the young people in the United States who can't read is incredible about one in four.上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子, 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译, 就可能被翻译成:
没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。
这样, 就使得译文极为不通顺, 不符合汉语的表达习惯, 因此, 我们应该把它译为:
大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。
例2.Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.(85年考题)
分析: 在此长句中, 有一个插入语“it is often said”, 三个并列的谓语结构, 还有一个定语从句,这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义, 因此在翻译时, 可以采用分句法,按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句, 结果为:人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。
下面我们再举一个例子:
例3.All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.(85年考题)
他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧,以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。
例4.Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的数目如此之多,以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。
(4)综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下,一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:
例1.People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析: 该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门;B: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况;C:警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, B表示让步, C表示原因, 而A则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序,我们作如下的安排:尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。
下面我们再举几个例子:
例2.Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。
例3.Taking his cue from Ibsen's A Doll's House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband's treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示,从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。
例4.Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊,而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。
第四篇:翻译技巧 2非谓语动词的译法
英 译 汉 非谓语动词的译法
英语中非谓语动词包括分词、不定式和动名词。动名词与名词具有类似的功能,在翻译时可以参考名词性从句或抽象名词的译法, 下面, 我们主要通过一些实例说明动词不定式和分词的翻译方法。
例1.Americans do not like to be called materialistic because they feel that this unfairly accuses them of loving only material things and of having no religious values.美国人不喜欢被称为物质主义者, 因为他们认为指控他们只重物质利益, 没有宗教价值观是不公正的。(不定式作宾语)
例2.The writer's purpose may be simply to inform, or to make readers aware of similarities or differences that interesting and significant in themselves.作者的目的或许只是想告诉读者或者让读者意识到(存在于比较对象之间的)很有趣、值得注意的相似和不同之处。(不定式作表语)
例3.The aim of science is to describe the world in orderly language, in such a way that we can, if possible, foresee the results of those alternative courses of action between which we are always choosing.科学的目的在于用规律的语言来描述世界。这样, 如果可能的话, 我们就能预见到可供选择的两个行动方案的结果。我们经常遇到这种选择。(不定式作表语)
例4.It is the business of the scientist to accumulate knowledge about the universe and all that is in it, and to find, if he is able, common factors which underlie and account for the facts that he knows.科学家要做的事就是积累有关宇宙和宇宙中的一切事物的知识, 而且要是可能的话, 找出那些既能构成科学家所知事实的基础, 又能解释这些事实的共同因素。(不定式作主语)
例5.It is a difficult task to compare two systems of education which stem from different roots and often produce contrasting effects.两种教育制度体系源于不同的根基, 并常常产生对照鲜明的不同效果, 因而,要将它们作一比较, 确非易事。(不定式作主语)
例6.This tendency to escalate a situation into its worst possible conclusion is what I called awfulizing, and it can be a key factor in tipping the balance toward, illness or health.把一种情况逐渐地想象为最坏的结果, 我称之为“杞人犹天”, 这或许能打破你体内平衡, 或使你患病, 或使你健康。(不定式作定语)
例7.As never before, the nations of the world demonstrated a willingness to put aside ideological and individual differences to confront a common threat.世界各国决心要把意识形态分歧和各自的不同意见放在一边而来正视这个共同的威协, 这在以前从来没有过。(不定式作定语)
例8.To communicate precisely what you want to say, you will frequently need to define key words.要准确表达想要表达的内容, 就经常需要对关键词进行释义。(不定式作状语)
例9.To make calculations manageable even by computers, most of the models suppose either that the oceans are a shallow, motionless swamp or that they don't exist at all.为了使这些计算甚至可以用普通的计算机来处理, 大多数模型要么假设海洋是既浅又静止的沼泽, 要么假设它们根本不存在。(不定式作状语)
例10.We can have greater confidence in the reality of a healing system that is beautifully designed to meet most of its problems.我们对下述事实应抱有充分而信心: 人体的健康机制十分精妙, 足以应付大部分疾病。(不定式作状语)
例11.Having disproved and disputed the theory for more than two decades, some biologists are now embarking an undertaking to interpret it in a new approach.20多年来, 某些生物学家一直对该理论持否定与争议的态度, 现在他们正在开始一项研究, 以新的方法解释这一理论。(现在分词做状语)
例12.The first cause of the liberation of women was the development of effective birth-control methods, freeing women from the endless cycle of childbearing and rearing.妇女的解放首先起因于有效的节育措施的出现, 从而将女人从生养孩子的无尽循环中解放出来。(现在分词做状语)
例13.At every crossways on the road that leads to the future, each progressive spirit is opposed by thousands of men appointed to guard the past.在通往未来道路的每一个十字路口上, 每一个具有进步思想的人都会遭到受命维护过去的千千万万名卫道士的反对。(过去分词做定语)
例14.The very first flight of Spacelab, manned by an international team of scientist-astronauts, demonstrated that a Nobel-prize-winning theory on the function of the inner ear was incorrect.正是这第一座由跨国科学家和宇航员操作的太空试验站, 证明了一项曾获诺贝尔奖的关于人体内耳作用的理论是不正确的。(过去分词做定语)
例15.But the details of this movement--what causes it, how it relates to other processes occurring in the ocean at the same time, and how it interacts with the earth's atmosphere--remain sketchy.但这种洋流的详细情况--诸如什么导致了这种洋流, 它与伴随它的其他海洋特征有什么联系以及它与地球的大气是怎样相互作用的--都还不太清楚。(现在分词做定语
英 译 汉 状语从句的译法
英语状语从句表示时间、原因、条件、让步、目的等等, 英语状语从句用在主句后面的较多, 而汉语的状语从句用在主句前的较多, 因此, 在许多情况下, 应将状语从句放在主句前面。下面我们通过一些实例说明它们常用的翻译方法。例1.When the levels reached 6 percent the crew members would become mentally confused, unable to take measures to preserve their lives.当含量达到6%时, 飞船上的人员将会神经错乱, 无法采取保护自己生命的措 施。(时间状语从句)
例2.When censorship laws are relaxed, dishonest people are given a chance to produce virtually anything in the name of “art”.(83年考题)
当审查放宽时, 招摇撞骗之徒就会有机可乘, 在“艺术”的幌子下炮制出形形色 色的东西来。(时间状语从句)
例3.When tables and other materials are included, they should be conveniently placed, so that a student can consult them without turning over too many pages.当书中列有表格或其他参考资料时, 应当将这些内容编排在适当的位置, 以便 使学生在查阅时, 不必翻太多的书页。(时间状语从句)
例4.This happens when a fact is discovered which seems to contradict what the “law” would lead one to expect.每当发现一个事实使人感到与该定律应得出的预期结论相矛盾的时候, 就发生这种情况。(时间状语从句)
例5.Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a 'valid' or 'fair' comparison.(92年考题)
既然对智力的评估是比较而言的, 那么我们必须确保, 在对我们的对象进行比 较时, 我们所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。(原因状语从句)
例6.The policies open to developing countries are more limited than for industrialized nations because the proper economies respond less to changing conditions and administrative control.由于贫穷国家的经济对形势变化的适应能力差一些, 政府对这种经济的控制作 用也小一些, 所以发展中国家所能采取的政策比起工业化国家来就更有局限性。(原因状语从句)
例7.For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.(95年考题)
例如, 他们(测试)并不对社会总的不平等作出补偿, 因此, 测试不能告诉我们, 一个社会地位低下的年轻人如果生活在较为优越的条件下, 会有多大的才能。(结果状语从句)
例8.It also plays an important role in making the earth more habitable, as warm ocean currents bring milder temperatures to places that would otherwise be quite cold.由于温暖的洋流能把温暖的气候带给那些本来十分寒冷的地区并使之变暖, 因此, 海洋在使我们这个地球更适合人类居住方面也扮演一个重要的角色。(原因状语从句)
例9.Electricity is such a part of our everyday lives and so much taken for granted nowadays that we rarely think twice when we switch on the light or turn on the radio.(84年考题)
电在我们的日常生活中所占的地位是如此重要, 而且现在人们认为电是想当然的事, 所以我们在开电灯或开收音机时, 就很少再去想一想电是怎么来的。(结果状语从句)
例10.The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.(92年考题)
如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话, 那么我们对所有被比较者来说, 前两个因素必须是一致的。(条件状语从句)
例11.Although television was developed for broadcasting, many important uses have been found that have nothing to do with it.虽然电视是为了广播而发明的, 但是电视还有许多与广播无关的重要用途。(让步状语从句)例12.Though the cost of the venture would be immense, both in labour and power, many believe that iceberg towing would prove less costly in the long run than the alternative of desalination of sea water.这种冒险的代价, 不管是在人力还是在能源消耗方面, 都将是巨大的。然而, 许多人认为, 冰山牵引最终会证明比选择海水脱盐法花费要少。(让步状语从句)
例13.Therefore, although technical advances in food production and processing will perhaps be needed to ensure food availability, meeting food needs will depend much more on equalizing economic power among the various segments of populations within the developing countries themselves.因此, 尽管也许需要粮食生产和加工方面的技术进步来确保粮食的来源, 满足粮食需求更多的是取决于使发展中国家内部的人口各阶层具有同等的经济实力。(让步状语从句)
例14.Whether the characters portrayed are taken from real life or are purely imaginary, they may become our companions and friends.无论书中描述的角色来自真实生活还是来自纯粹的想象, 他们都可能成为我们的伙伴和朋友。(让步状语从句)
例15.By many such experiments Galileo showed that, apart from differences caused by air resistance, all bodies fall to the ground at the same speed, whatever their weight is.伽利略经过多次这类实验证明, 一切物体, 不论其重量如何, 除了因空气阻力引起的差别外, 都是以同样的速度落向地面的。(让步状语从句)
第五篇:第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
一、名词性从句的翻译
包括:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
(一)主语从句
① what ,whatever ,whoever,whether ,when ,where ,how ,why 等词引导翻译时,一般可以按照英语原文顺序来翻译
例1.What he told me was only half-truth.他告诉我的只是些半真半假的东西而已。例2.Whatever is worth doing should be done well.任何值得做的事情都应该做好。
例3.Whether he comes or not makes no difference.他来不来都没有关系。
例4.When we can bengin the expedition is still a question.我们何时才能开始这次考察仍然是悬而未决。例5.How he is going to do it is a mystery.他准备怎么做这个事情是个迷。
② 用it做形式主语的主语从句,把主语从句放到汉语句子最前面去翻译。例1.It doesn’t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.他参加不参加会议没有多大关系。(it没有翻译)
例2.It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后,竟然还能活着,这看来是不可想象的。(it翻译为“这”)例3.It is strange that she should have faild to see her own shortcomings.真奇怪,她竟然没有看出自己的缺点。(it不用翻译,还可以翻译为“奇怪的是....”)
(二)宾语从句
①
用that ,what ,how ,when ,which ,why ,whether ,if 等引起的宾语从句。翻译成汉语的时候,一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。
例1.I told him that because of the last condition ,I’d have to turn it down.我告诉他,由于那最后一个条件,我只能谢绝。例2.Can you hear what I say ? 你听得到我所讲的吗? 例3.I don’t know that he swam across the river.我不知道他游过了那条河。
例4.I don’t know how he swam across the river.我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的。
例5.He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.他已经通知我他们将在什么时候谈论我的建议。例6.Smith replied that he was sorry.斯密斯回答说,他感到遗憾。
例7.He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others.他再三提醒大家说,决定这件事的不只是他一个人,还有其他许多人。
② 在翻译的时候,that 所引导的宾语从句一般可按英语原文顺序翻译;it有时候可以不用翻译。
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
例1.I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o’clock in the morning.我向他们讲清楚了的,他们必须在上午十时前交卷。(it没有翻译)例2.I heard it said that he had gone abroad.听说他已经出国了。(it没有翻译)
例3.I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.我被选参加会议,感到光荣。(it没有翻译)
例4.We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.打开国门,实行开放,我们认为这是绝对必要的。(it翻译为“这”)
(三)表语从句
例1.It seems that it is going to snow.看起来要下雪了。
例2.That is why Jack got scolded.这就是杰克受到训斥的原因。
例3.The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people.问题是我们能否赢得大多数人民群众的支持。
例4.His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him.他对新闻界的看法是,记者们不是支持他,就是反对他。
(四)同位语从句
能借同位语从句的名词主要有:belief(相信),fact(事实),hope(希望),idea(想法,观点),doubt(怀疑),news(新闻,消息),rumor(传闻),conclusion(结论),evidence(证据),suggestion(建议),problem(问题),order(命令),answer(回答),decision(决定),discovery(发现),explanation(解释),information(消息),knowledge(知识),law(法律),opinion(意见,观点),truth(真理,事实),promise(承诺),report(报告),thought(思想),statement(声明),rule(规定),possibility(可能)等。
① 一般来说,同位语从句可以直接翻译在主语后面。
例1.He expressed the hope that he would come over to vosit China again.他表示希望再到中国来访问。例2.There is a possibility that he is a spy.有可能他是一个间谍。
② 有时候在翻译同位语从句时,可以将其放在所修饰的名词前面,相当于前置的修饰语,但不一定使用定语的标志词“的”。
例1.We know the fact that bodies possess weight.我们都知道物体具有重量这一事实。
例2.The rumor that he was arrested was unfounded.关于他被捕的传闻是没有根据的。
③ 增加“即”(或者“以为”、“这样”)的词来连接,或用冒号、破折号直接分开主语和同位语从句。
例1.But this dose not in any way allter the fact that they are now ,from a practical point of view ,irrational.但这却丝毫改变不了一个事实,即从实用的观点来看,他们今天仍是不合理的。例2.We have reached the conclusion that practice is the criterion for testing truth.我们已经得出这样的结论:实践是检验真理的唯一标准。
例3.Not long ago ,the scientists made an exciting discovery that this waste material could be turned into plastics.不久前,科学家们获得一个令人振奋的发现—可以把这种废物变成塑料。
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
二、定义从句的翻译
重要性:绝对重点,绝对难点,绝对要掌握
翻译考点重要性排序:定语从句>状语从句>被动结构>名词性从句 英语中定语从句的分类:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
(一)前置法
把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面,可以用“的”来连接。例1.He who has never tasted what is better dose not konw what is sweet.没吃过苦得人不知道什么是甜。
例2.Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
例3.His laughter ,which was infectious ,broke the silence.他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。
(二)后置法
把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面,翻译为并列分句。
1.重复先行词
例1.I told the story to John ,who told it to his brother.我把这件事告诉了约翰,约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。
例2.We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee whose activities deserve to be encouraged.在此我们对特别委员会表示满意,特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。
例3.You ,whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research ,have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect.我们的先辈在天文研究方面取得了初步的成功,而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。
例4.Although he lacks experience ,he has enterprise and creativity ,which are decisive in achieving success in the area.他虽然经验不足,但有进取心和创造力,而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。
2.省略先行词
例1.It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.是他接到那封信,说你的叔叔去世了。
例2.They work out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.他们制定出一种新方案,采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。
(三)融合法
把定语从句和它所修饰的先行词结合在一起翻译。例1.There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.楼下有人要见你。
例2.In our factory ,there are many people who are much interested in the new invention.在我们工厂里,许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。
例3.We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有一些国籍标志。
例4.She had a balance at her banker’s which would have made her beloved anywhere.她在银行里的存款足以使她到处受到欢迎。
(四)状译法
把定语从句翻译成汉语中的状语从句
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
1.译成表示“时间”的分句
例1.A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with other or be absent-minded.司机在开车时,不许和人谈话,也不能走神。
2.译成表示“原因”的分句
例1.He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs.Smith ,who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话,因为她现在异常无礼,令人厌烦。
3.译成表示“条件”的分句
例1.Men become desperate for work ,any work ,which will help them to keep alive their families.人们极其迫切地要求工作,不管什么工作,只要能维持一家人的生活就行。
4.译成表示“让步”的分句
例1.He insisted on buying another house ,which he had no use for.尽管他并没有这样的需要,他坚持要再买一幢房子。
5.译成表示“目的”的分句
例1.He wish to write an article that will attract the public attention to the matter.为了引起公众对这一事件的注意,他想写一篇文章。例2.He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument.为了证明他的论点,他正在收集确凿的材料。
6.译成表示“结果”的分句
例1.They tried to stamp out the revolt ,which spread all the more furiously throughout the country.他们企图镇压反抗,结果反抗愈来愈烈,遍及全国。
7.译成表示“转折”的分句
例1.She was very patient towards the children ,which her huaband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心,而她的丈夫却很少这样。
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
三、状语从句的翻译
单个单词作状语的情况
法则:灵活运用
状语从句可以表示:时间、原因、条件、让步、目的和结果等意义。
(一)时间状语从句
时间状语从句的连接词常常有:
when(当...的时候),whenever(每当...),as(当...时),since(自从...),until(直到...,如果不...), till(直到...),before(在...前),after(在...后),as soon as(一...就),once(一旦...), the moment(一...就),immediately(一...就),the day(在...那天),no sooner...than(一...就), hardly(scarcely)...when(一...就),the instant(一...就),instantly(一...就),directly(一...就), the minute(一...就),the second(一...就),every time(每当...),by the time(等到...的时候)等。① 译成相应的时间状语
例1.While she spoke ,the tears were running down.她说话时,泪水直流。
例2.She came in when I was having supper.我正在吃饭的时候,她进来了。
例3.As he finished the speech ,the audience burst into applause.他结束讲话的时候,听众掌声雷动。② 译成“一(刚、每当)...就”的结构 例1.I’ll let you know as soon as I have it arranged.我一安排好就通知你。
例2.Directly he uttered these words ,there was a dead silence.他刚说出这些话,大家就沉默下来。
③ 译成条件句
例1.Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.如果机器发生故障,就把电门关上。
例2.A body at rest will not move till a force is exerted on it.若无外力的作用,静止的物体不会移动。
例3.We can’t start the job until we have the approval from the authority concerned.如果没有有关当局的批准,我们不能开始这项工作。
(二)原因状语从句
英语中,原因状语从句的连接词常常是:
because(因为),since(既然,由于),as(因为),now that(既然),seeing that(既然), considering that(考虑到,因为),in that(在某方面),in view of the fact that(鉴于)。
① 译成表“因为”的分句,放在主句前翻译,显示“前因后果”的关系。例1.The crops failed because the season was dry.因为气候干燥,作物欠收。
例2.We had to put the meeting off ,since so many people were absent.由于很多人没有来,会议只好延期。
② 用汉语的“之所以...是因为”的结构来连接。例1.He will get promoted ,for he has done good work.5
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
他之所以得到提升,是因为他工作干得很好。
例2.Theory is valuable because it can provide a direction for practice.理论之所以有价值,是因为它能给实践指出方向。
③ Not...because 的结构
例1.I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me.我之所以教书并不是因为教书对我来说太容易。
(三)条件状语从句
英语中连接条件状语从句的连接词常常有:
if(如果),unless(除非,如果不),providing that(假如),so long as(只要), on condition that(条件是),suppose that(假如),in case(如果),only if(只要), if only(但愿,要是...就好了)等。
① 翻译在主语前面
例1.It was better in case they were captured.要是把他们捉到了,那就更好了。
例2.If you tell me about it ,then I shall be able to decide.假如你把一切都告诉我,那么我就能够作出决定。
② 翻译在主句后面,用来补充说明条件。例1.You can drive tonight if you are ready.你今晚就可以出车,如果你愿意的话。
例2.No doubt I could earned something if I had really meant to.毫无疑问,我本来是可以赚到一点的,如果我真有那样打算的话。
(四)让步状语从句
英语中,表示让步关系的连接词常常有:
though(虽然),although(虽然),even if(即使),as(尽管),while(尽量),whatever(无论什么),wherever(无论哪里),whoever(无论谁),however(无论怎样),no matter(不论,不管),for all that(尽管),granted that(即使),in spite of that fact that(尽管),despite the fact that(不管)等等。例1.No matter what I say or how I say it ,he always thinks I’m wrong.不管我说什么,也不管我怎么说,他说是认为我错了。例2.While we can not see the air ,we can feel it.我们虽然看不见空气,但却能感觉到它。
例3.Granted that you don’t like the proposal ,you shouldn’t have rejected it without consulting others.即使你不喜欢这个建议,你也不应该没有同别人商量就把它否决了。
(五)目的状语从句
连接目的状语从句的连接词常常有:
that(为了,以便),so that(为了,以便),lest(以防),in case(以防,以免), for fear that(以防),in order that(为了)
① 一般翻译在主句前面
一般来说,这种表示“为了”的目的状语从句通常放在主句前面翻译。
例1.He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.6
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
为了不惊醒她,他轻轻推开房门,悄悄地溜了出去。例2.We should start early so that we might get there before noon.为了正午以前赶到那里,我们很早就动身了。
② 还可以翻译在主句后面
表示“省得”、“以免”、“以便”、“使得”、“生怕”等概念。
例1.He emphasized it again and again ,lest she should forget.他反复强调这一点,免得她忘了。
例2.They hid themselves behind some bushed for fear that the enemy should find them.他们躲在树丛后面,以防被敌人发现。
(六)结果状语从句
① 连接结果状语从句的连词常常有:
so that ,so...that ,such....that ,to much a degree 等等,通常可以翻译为“结果,如此...以至于...”,可以直接翻译。
例1.He made a wrong decision ,so that half of his lifetime was wasted.他做了错误的决定,结果浪费了自己半生的时间。例2.The difference is such that all will perceive it.差别这么大,所有人都看得出来。
② 在主句中含有“never ,never so ,not much ”等否定词,可以翻译为“没有...不”。例1.She never comes but she borrow.她不借东西不来。(即:他如果不借东西就不来。)例2.She is not so old but that she can read.他并没有老到不能读书。
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
四、被动语态的翻译
句法翻译中第三大结构
英译汉时,大量的被动语态要根据汉语的习惯翻译成主动
被动语态翻译:少用“被”字
1.译成汉语主动句
(1)保存原文主语
适合的情况:句子的主语是无生命的名词,且句中无“by”引导的行为主体。
例1.The meeting is scheduled for April 6th.会议定于四月六日举行。
例2.Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.睡能从液体变成固体。
例3.When rust is formed ,a chemical change has taken place.当绣形成的时候,就发生了化学变化。
(2)主宾颠倒
适合情况:有“by”引导。例1.She was given a new pen by her father.她爸爸送给她一支新钢笔。
例2.Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.这种化学反应能放出热和光。
例3.Only a small portion of solar energy is now being used by us.现在我们只能利用一小部分太阳能。
例4.Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission inour country.我国已将通讯卫星用于实况转播。
例5.The numerical data concerned are provided in the next chapter.下一章提供了有关的数据资料。
(3)增加主语
例1.The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。
例2.She was seen to enter the building about the crime was committed.有人见过她大致在案发时进入了那座建筑物。
例3.What we say here will not be long remembered ,but what we do here can change the world.我们在这里所讲的话,人们不会长久记住。然而我们在这儿所做的事,却能改变世界。
2.译成汉语无主句
例1.Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quicjly.已经采取了措施来防止这种流行病迅速蔓延。例2.Water can be shown as containing impurities.可以证明,水含有杂质。
例3.The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end.必须全部停止这种讨厌的噪声。
3.译成汉语判断句
判断句也叫“是”字句 例1.The decision to attack was not taken lightly
进取的决定不是轻易作出的。
例2.Printing was introduced into Europe from China.是从中国传入欧洲的。
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
例3.The manuscript was sent to the printer in London a few weeks before the French revolution.手稿是在法国革命前几周寄往伦敦付印的。
例4.The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。
4.译成汉语被动句
有些英语被动句着重被动的动作,突出原文的被动意义
汉语中被动标志:“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、遭到、加以、得以、为...所、由...来”。
例1.He had been fired dor refusing to obey orders from the head office.他因拒绝接受总公司的命令而被解雇了。
例2.The schoolboy was knocked down by a minibus when crossing the street.那名男生在穿过街道时让一辆小公共汽车撞到了。例3.He was praised by his teacher.他得到了老师的表扬。
例4.Problems should be resolved in good time.问题应及时加以解决。
例5.For s long period to come ,most of China’s elderly will continue to be provided for by their families.在未来较长的一段时间里,中国的老年人仍旧要由家庭来赡养。
5.“It+被动语态+that”的翻译
采用主动语态翻译方式
三种翻译方式
例1.It is considered that bioclimatology is an involved subject.有人认为,生物气候学是一门复杂的学科。
例2.It is stressed that the field of science may be divided into two major areas :natural science and social science.有人强调说,科学的范畴可以分为两个主要领域:自然科学和社会科学。例3.It should be pointed out that this process is oxidation.应该指出,这一过程就是氧化。常用被动句型的习惯译法:
It is hoped that...希望,有人希望
It is assumed that...假设,假定
It is claimed that...据说,有人主张
It is believed that...有人相信,大家相信
It is reported that...据报道,据通报
It is considered that...人们认为,据估计
It is said that...据说,有人说
It is supposed that...据推测,人们猜测
It has been announced that...已经宣布
It is asserted that...有人主张
It is rumored that...听说,谣传
It is noticed that...有人指出,人们注意到
It is suggested that...有人建议,建议
It is reputed that...人们认为,可以认为
It is learned that...据说,据闻,已经查明
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
It is demonstrated that...据证实,已经证明
It is estimated that...据估计,有人估计
It is pointed out that...有人指出,人们指出
It is proposed that...有人推荐,有人建议
It was told that...有人曾经说
It was first intended that...最初就有这样的想法
It will be said that...有人会说
It was noted above that that...前面已经指出
It must be admitted that...必须承认,老实说
It has been illustrated that...据图示,据说明
It is stressed that...有人强调说
It can not be denied that...无可否认
It can be said without exaggeration that...可以毫不夸张的说
It is sometimes asked that...人们有时会问
It was felt that that...有人认识到
It is universally accepted that...人们普遍认为
It is unanimously agreed that...大家一致同意
It is alleged that...据说
It is calculated that...据计算
It has been proved that...已经证明
It has been found that...人们已经发现
It is still to be hoped that...我们仍然希望
It is well-konwn that...众所周知,大家都知道
It should be realized that...我们应该认识到...第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
五、否定结构的翻译
(一)部分否定
1.all ,both ,every ,everybody ,everyday ,everyone ,many ,everything ,entirely ,altogether, absolutely,wholly ,completely ,everywhere ,always ,often 等与否定词not 搭配使用,常常翻译为“并非所有,并不是都”。例1.All that glitters is not gold.并非所有发光的都是金子。例2.Both the windows are not open.两扇窗户并不都是开着的。
例3.Everybody does not believe the rumor.并不是每个人都听信这个谣言的。
例4.They are not always in the office on Sundays.他们不一定每个星期天都在办公室。例5.The responsibility is not altogether mine.责任并不全在于我身上。
例6.The situation is not necessarily so.情况并非如此。
2.“all...not ”和“every...not ”等结构属于传统用法。现代英语中采用“Not all...” 和“Not every...”这种表达形式。例1.Not all matals are good conductors.并非所有的金属都是良导体。例2.Not everyone accepts his proposal.并不是所有的人都接受他的建议。
(二)全部否定
never(决不,从来不),no(没有,不),not(不,不是),none(没人,谁都不,没有任何东西),nobody(没人),nothing(什么也没有,没有任何事情),nowhere(没有什么地方),neither(两者都不),nor(也没有,也不),not at all(一点也不)。例1.He is no professor.他根本不是教授。
例2.None of my friends smoke.我的朋友都不抽烟。
例3.Our great motherland has never before been so prosperous as it is today.我们伟大的祖国从来没有像今天这样繁荣昌盛。
例4.Nothing in the world is difficult for the one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事,只怕有心人。
例5.Never have we been daunted by difficulties.我们任何时候都没有被困难吓倒过。
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
(三)双重否定句
常见的双重否定形式主要有:no...not(没有....不),Without...not(没有...就不)
Never(no)...without(每逢...总是,没有...不)Never(no)...but(没有...不)
Not(none)...the less(并不...就不)
Not(never)...unless(不少于,不亚于,和...一样),Not...any the less(没有...而少做)。
例1.Now no spaceship cannot be loaded with man.现在没有任何宇宙飞船不能载人。(用汉语的双重否定翻译)
现在所有的宇宙飞船都可以载人。(用汉语的肯定结构翻译)例2.You will never succeed unless you work hard.如果你不努力,就绝不能成功。(用汉语的双重否定翻译)
只要你努力,你就会成功。(用汉语的肯定结构翻译)例3.There is nothing unusual there.那里的一切都很正常。
例4.The machine is working none the worse for its long service.这台机器并没有因为长期使用而运转不良。
这台机器长期使用运转一直良好。
例5.She did not work any the less for her illness.她没有因为生病而少做一些工作。例6.That’s nothing less than a miracle.那完全是一个奇迹。
例7.No task is so difficult but we can accomplish it.再困难的任务,我们也能完成。
(四)形式肯定但意义否定
英语中的某些句子虽然以肯定形式出现,没有no ,not ,never 这样的词,但表达的意思是否定的,翻译成汉语时要翻译成否定句。
1.more than can...结构
more than can...在意义上相当于英语得can not...可以翻译为“简直不,无法,难以”:
more than one can help 相当于as little as possible ,可以翻译为“尽量不,绝对不”。例1.The beauty of the park is more than words can describe.这个公园美德简直无法形容。
例2.The boy has become very insolent and it is more than his parents can bear.这男孩变得非常无礼,到了他父母都不能忍受的地步。例3.Don’t tell him more than you can help.能不跟他讲究尽量不要跟他讲。
例4.She never does more work than she can help.能不做的事情,她是绝对不做的。
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
2.anything but...结构表示否定意义,常常翻译为“绝对不,根本不,一点也不”。例1.He is anything but a scholar.他绝对不是一个学者。
例2.The wood bridge is anything but safe.那座木桥一点也不安全。
3.have yet to do...结构表示否定意义,相当于have not yet done...,常常翻译为“还没有”。例1.I have yet to hear the story.我还没有听过那个故事。例2.I have yet to learn the new skill.我没有学那项新技术。
4.may(might)as well...结构表示否定意义,常常翻译为“还不如”。例1.It is still raining hard outside;we may as well stay here over the night.外面仍然在下大雨,我们还不如呆在这里过夜呢。例2.You might as well burn the book than give them to her.你把这些书给她还不如烧毁了好。
5.借助具有否定意义的动词或动词短语
这样的动词或者动词短语常常有:
miss 错过,即没有碰到
deny 拒绝,即没有答应
lack 缺乏,即不足
refuse 拒绝,即否认,没有答应
escape 逃避,即没有被发现
resist 抵抗,即没有放弃
reject 拒绝,即没有答应
decline 拒绝,即没有答应
doubt 怀疑,即不太确信
wonder 想知道,即不明白
fail 失败,即没有完成
exclude 排除,即没有接受,不包括
overlook 没有注意到
cease 终止,即没有坚持
neglect 没有注意到
defy 不服从
forbid 不许
give up 放弃,即没有坚持
refrain from 不允许
lose sight of 不管
keep up with 不落后于
save...from 使...不
shut one’s eyes to 不看
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
to say nothing of 更不用说
not to mention 更不用说
protect(keep ,prevent)...from 不让
keep off 不接近
keep out 不让进入
turn a deaf ear to 不听,不顾
fall short of 不足
live up to 不辜负
dissuade...from 劝...不要
keep...dark 不把...说出去 例1.The specification lacks detail.这份说明书不够详尽。
例2.My husband missed the last bus ,so he had to go back home on foot.丈夫没赶上末班公共汽车,所以只好步行回家。例3.The error in calculation escaped the accountant.会计没有注意到这个计算上的错误。例4.Please keep the news dark.请不要把这个消息说出去。例5.He fail to meet his girlfriend.他没有碰到他女朋友。
6.借助具有否定意义的名词
常常具有否定意义的名词有: neglect 没有注意到
failure 失败,即没有完成
refusal 拒绝,即否认,没有答应 absence 不在,缺少 shortage 不足 reluctance 不情愿 ignorance 没有注意到 loss 没有
exclusion 排除,既没有接受,不包括 lack 缺乏,没有
negation 拒绝,即否认 Greek to 对...一无所知
例1.We cannot finish the work in the absence of these condditions.在不具备这些条件的情况下,我们不能完成这项工作。例2.She was at loss what go do.她不知所措。
例3.English literature is Creek to her.她对英语文学一无所知。
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
7.借助具有否定意义的形容词或形容词短语
常见的具有否定意义的形容词或形容词短语有:
far from 远不,一点也不
free from 不受...影响
safe from 免于
short of 缺少,不足
ignorant of 不知道,没有注意到
independent of 不受...的支配
impatient of 对...不耐烦
deficient 缺乏
devoid of 不具有,缺乏
alien to 不同
foreign to 不适合,与...无关
blind to 看不见
far and few between 很少
absent from 不在 different form 不同
reluctant to 不愿意
less than 少于,不多于
dead to 对...没有反应
the last 最后的,即最不愿意,最不配,决不 例1.The newspaper accounts are far from being true.报纸的报道远非属实。
例2.Present supplies of food are short of requirements.目前食品供不应求。
例3.Holidays are few and far between.放假的时候并不多。
例4.He is the last man she wants to meet.她最不想见到的人就是他。
8.借助具有否定意义的介词或者介词短语
past 超过
above 不低于
without 没有
beyond 超出
instead of 而不是
in vain 无效,没有
in the dark 一点也不知道
at a loss 不知所措
but for 要不是
in spite of 不管
at fault 出错
against 不同意
before 还没有...就
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
below 不到...beside 与...无关
but 除...之外
except 除..之外
from 阻止,使...不做某事
off 离开,中断
under 在...之下,不足
within 不超出
beneath 不如,不足
beneath one’s notice 不值得理睬
out of 不在...里面,不在...状态
out of the question 不可能
in the dark about 对...不知
例1.That lazy boy went to class before he had prepared his lesson.那个懒惰的小孩不预习就去上课。例2.Mr.Smith was above reproach.史密斯先生是无可指责的。例3.Her beauty is beyond compare.她的美丽是无以伦比的。
(五)形式否定但意义肯定
英语中的某些句子虽然以否定形式出现,但表达的意思是肯定的。这一类翻译方法与上面一类“形式肯定但意义否定”结合起来,就是通常人们所说的“正话反说,反话正说”的翻译技巧。
常见的带有隐含肯定意义的词组或单词主要有:
not...until 直到...才
not...to 越...越好
none but 只有
nothing but 只有,只不过
nothing more than 仅仅
no sooner...than 刚一...就
none other than 不是别的人或物而正是
none the less 依然,仍然
not but that 虽然
make nothing of 对...等闲视之
for nothing 徒然,免费
not only...but also 不仅...而且
not...long before 很快就
no more than 仅仅,只是
no other than 只有,正是
例1.You can’t be too careful in doing experiments.你做实验要特别小心。
例2.There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of forces.各种材料在力的作用下,多少都会有些变形。
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
例3.It is no more than a beginning.这仅仅是个开端。
例4.They gave me the wrong book ,and I didn’t notice it until Igot back to my room.他们把书给错了,直到我回到我的房间才注意到了。
(六)否定成分的转译
I do not think you are right./You are no right.我认为你不正确。
1.否定主语转换为否定谓语
例1.No energy can be created ,and none destroyed.能量既不能创造,也不能毁灭。例2.No sound was heard.没有听到声音。
例3.Neither plan is practicable.两个方案都行不通。
2.否定谓语转换成否定状语
例1.He doesn’t study in the classroom.他不在教室里学习。
例2.I was not playing all the time.我并不是一直都在玩。
例3.The women did not come here to ask us for help.这位妇女来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助。
例4.Metals do not change their form as easily as plastic bodies do.金属不像塑料物体那样容易变形。
3.主语的否定转换为从句的否定
not because...并不是因为...才...例1.She did not come because she wanted to see me.她并非因为想见我才来。
例2.You should not despise him because he is young.你不应该因为他年轻就轻视他
4.否定主句的谓语转换为否定宾语从句的谓语
①
常常出现在动词think ,believe ,except ,suppose ,imagine ,reckon ,fancy , anticipate ,figure 等后面的宾语从句中。
例1.I don’t think that they must have arrived there by now.我认为他们现在一定还没有到达那里。
例2.I don’t suppose they will object to my suggeston.我想他们不会反对我的建议的。
例3.I didn’t imagine that he would go abroad.我料想他不会出国了。
② 当有view ,wish ,belief ,thought ,opinion 等名词作主语的表语从句时。例1.It is not my opinion that he is the best man for the job.我认为他斌不是这项工作的最佳人选。
例2.It is not my thought that he can finish the work within a week.我认为他不可能在一周内完成这项工作。
例3.It is not my wish that you should break your work.我希望你不要违背诺言。
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
六、比较结构
考研翻译中考过的比较结构:
less and more 与其说...不如说...(99)
not so much...as...与其说...不如说...(94)
rather than 而不是
not any more than /no more than 既不...也不(06)从理解与表达的角度来看:
比较的形式是次要的,重要的是意义上的比较。
I am taller than him.This classroom is larger than that.(一)as...as...句型
① as...as...句型
同级比较,翻译成:“什么和什么一样” 例1.My parcel is as heavy as yours.我的包裹和你的包裹一样重。
例2.She is as much interested in music as ever.她和以前一样对音乐感兴趣。
例3.The economic development in our country is as stable recently as formerly.最近,我国的经济发展和以前一样稳定。
② not as(or so)...as...句型
相反比较,翻译成:“什么不如什么” 例1.My uncle is not as(or so)tall as your father.我叔叔不如你父亲高。
例2.People are not so honest as they once were.人们现在不如过去那样诚实了。
③ not so much...as...句型
通常翻译为“与其说...不如说” 例1.He was not so much angry as disappointed.他与其说是生气,还不如说是失望了。(可以理解为:“他的生气不如失望多”,就是说“他更多的是失望,愤怒是其次。”)
例2.The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.海洋与其说是要把世界分割开来,还不如说是把世界连接在一起。
例3.Bad writing is caused not so much by mistakes in grammar as by weakness in style.拙劣的写作,与其说是语法上的错误,还不如说是由于文体上的弱点。
④ not so much as...句型
not so much as...这个结构相当于“not even...”,所以通常翻译为“甚至不...,甚至没有...”。
例1.He didn’t so much as ask me to set down.他甚至没有请我坐下。
例2.He cannot so much as spell a word.他甚至连一个词也不会写。
例3.He didn’t so much as his fare home.他甚至连回家的路费都没有了。
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
(二)比较级+than to do...句型
通常翻译为“不至于做某事”。例1.You ought to know better than to go swimming on such a cold day.你不至于这么冷的天气去游泳吧。
例2.I have more sense than to tell him about our plan.我不至于傻到会把我们的计划告诉他。
例3.I had a better command of English than to make such foolish mistakes.我的英语学得很好,不至于犯这样愚蠢的错误。
(三)more...than...句型
① more A than B句型
more A than B句型通常用于一个人或者事物在两个不同性质或则特征上面的比较。翻译为“与其说B,不如说A”。类似的结构还有less A than B,翻译为“与其说A,不如说B”
请注意这两个结构中“与其说”与“不如说”的对象,即A与B两者的在翻译中的位置。例1.He is more good than bad.与其说他很坏,不如说他很好。例2.He is less good than bad.与其说他很好,不如说他很坏。例3.He is more a writer than a teacher.与其说他是老师,不如说他是作家。例4.He is less clever than diligent.与其说他聪明,不如说他勤奋。② more than...句型
1.more than 后面接数词,表示“多于...,...以上”的意思。例1.I have known him for more than twenty years.我已经认识她二十多年了。
例2.I have more than ten dollars in my pocket.我口袋里还有十多美元。
2.more than 后面接名词或者动词,表示“不只是...”的意思。例1.He is more than a father to her.他待她胜过父亲。
例2.He more than smiled ,but laughed.他不只是微笑,而是放生大笑。
3.more than 后面接形容词、副词、分词,表示“极其,非常”。例1.She was more than kind to us.他对我们非常好。
例2.He was more than upset by accident.这个意外事故让他非常心烦。
4.more than...can...则表示“难以...,完全不能...”的意思。例1.That is more than I can understand.那件事情,我实在是不明白。
例2.The cold was more than the children could bear.寒冷是孩子们所不能忍受的。
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
③ no more...than...句型
no more...than...句型在意义上与not any more than...一样,表示对两者都否定,所以可以翻译为“...和...一样不,不...正如...,既不...也不...,...和...两者都不”。
例1.His grammar is no better than mine.他的语法同我的一样不好。
例2.He is no more a writer than a painter.他既不是画家也不是作家。 跟no more...than...句型相近,但是意义相反的句型是no less...than...,可以翻译为“既是...,也是...,两者都是...”。
例1.He is no less a writer than a painter.他既是画家也是作家。
例2.I am no more a poet than he is a scholar.我不是诗人,正如他不是学者一样。
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
七、强调结构
强调结构在考研翻译中考的并不多,考研翻译近13年来,至于在98年的71题考过。
在英语中,有时候为了突出某一个词、词组、句子时使用强调结构,强调结构通常采用变化词语顺序,增加用于强调的词语,或者采用强调句型“It is +被强调部分+that...”.为了突出强调部分,有时候在汉语译文中将该部分放在句首,或者加上一些表示强调词:“的确、究竟、务必、千万、就是、正是”等词来突出强调语气。
(一)倒装与强调
① 强调宾语
例1.Such good students we have never seen.像这样好的学生,我们还从来没有见过。(直接按照英语顺序翻译)例2.Not a word did she say the whole two hours.整整两个小时她一句话也没有说。(把宾语还原到谓语动词后面翻译)
② 强调状语
例1.At any time and under no circumstances will China be the first to use or menace to use nuclear weapons.在任何时候和任何情况下,中国都不会首先使用或威胁使用核武器。(直接按照英语得顺序翻译)
例2.Never will they give up the struggle for freedom and peace.他们绝对不会放弃为自有和和平而斗争。(把状语还原到谓语动词前面翻译)
③ 强调表语
例1.More serious was the problem of environmental pollution.更为了严重的是环境污染问题。(直接按照英语顺序翻译)例2.Very strange the thing seemed.这件事情好像很奇怪。(把表语还原到系动词后面翻译)
④ 强调宾语补足语
例1.Electronic computers make possible the fast complicated calculation.电子计算机使快速进行复杂计算成为可能。(把possible 还原为到宾语后面)例2.A scandal people call the whole matter.人们把这件事称为丑闻。(把a scandal 还原为到宾语后面)
(二)助动词do
在动词前面加上助动词do,也是英语中一种表示强调的方法。翻译成汉语时,可使用“的确、确实、务必、一定、千万、真的”等词来突出强调语气。例1.She did accomplish the task in time.她的确准时完成了任务。
例2.We do have sufficient food and drink.我们确实有足够的食物和饮料。
(三)添加词组
在英语中,可以在what ,where ,who ,why ,等疑问词后面加上the devil ,the hell ,on earth ,in(或under)heaven 等词组用来加强语气,有时在某些否定词或最高级后面也可以加上on earth 以增强语气。翻译成汉语时,可以增加“究竟,到底”等词来处理。
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
例1.Who the devil is that women ?
那个女人究竟是谁?
例2.What on earth is the matter over there ?
那里到底发生了什么事情?
例3.How on earth can one accomplish such a feat ?
一个人怎么能够完成如此伟大的工作呢?
(四)It is +被强调部分+that...强调句型
英语中,It is +被强调部分+that...这种句型常用来突出某一个部分,在意义上起到强调的作用。被强调部分如果指人时,可以用who ,whom 代替that ,it 本身没有实在的意义;被强调部分可以是谓语以外的其他任何成分:主语、宾语、状语等;翻译时可以在被强调部分加上“就是、正是、是”等来加以强调;如果被强调部分本身带有强调词,比如:only,not until 译成汉语时则不需要加强调词。
例1.It was Professor Wu that(who)sent me the letter.给我寄信的正是吴教授。(强调主语)
例2.It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.昨天晚上在实验室做实验的正是我父亲。(强调主语)例3.It was I myself who opened the window.就是我自己打开的窗户。(强调主语及其同位语)
例4.It was your mother-in-law that(whom)I met in the park the day before yesterday.前天我在公园里碰到的正是你的岳母。(强调宾语)例5.It is this novel they talk about last week.他们上周讨论的就是这本小说。(强调宾语)例6.It was at an evening party that I first saw her.我是在一次晚会上第一次见到她的。(强调状语)
例7.It is only when one is ill that one realizes the importance of health.只有在人们生病了才知道健康的重要性。(强调状语)
例8.It was not until recently that scientists know much about lung cancer.直到最近,科学家才对肺癌有较多的了解。(强调状语)
(五)表示程度的形容词或副词加以强调
在英语里面有些表示程度的形容词或副词,也可以用来增强语气。翻译的时候,也可以增加“就是、正是、是、到底、究竟、最”等词来表示强调。例1.You are the very man I am looking for.你正是我要寻找的人。例2.Who ever said so ?
到底是谁说的?
例3.The pear is rotten right through.这只梨子完全烂了。例4.Put it right in the middle.把它就放在正中间吧。例5.This is much the best.这事最最好的。
例6.That article was simply ridiculous.那篇文章简直是荒谬极了。
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
八、插入结构
在考研翻译中并不多见,插入语结构考了4次,英语中的插入语结构表示说话人的态度和看法,解释说明整个句子,插入语结构通常与句子中的其他成分在语法上没有关联,插入语结构一般用逗号与句子其他成分隔开,可以在句子开头、中间、末尾,翻译时需要调整语序以符合汉语言的习惯。
插入结构成分:副词、形容词短语、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、主谓结构等。
(一)副词插入语
英语中副词作为插入语,可以放在句首、句中、句末; 翻译时最简单方法:直接放在句首; 例1.Apparently ,it is going to rain.很明显,要下雨了。
例2.Fortunately ,I passed the examination.幸运的是,我通过了考试。
例3.Incidentally ,your proposal has been put to the discussion at the meeting.顺便说一句,你的建议已经提交会议进行讨论了。
例4.He was luckier ,however ,because he was only slightly wounded.然而,他比较幸运,因为他只是受了点轻伤。
例5.He is young.He has much experience in teaching English ,though.他很年轻,但是他有丰富的英语教学经验。
(二)形容词短语作插入语
一般翻译为“...的是,...”这样的结构
例1.Most important of all,computers create wide communication around the world.最重要的是,计算机使世界范围内建立了广泛的交流。
例2.I slept late yesterday morning;worse still ,my bike was out of order.昨天早上我起得晚。更糟糕的是,我的自行车坏了。例3.Strange enough ,he doesn’t know that famous writer.奇怪的是,他竟然不知道那位著名的作家。
(三)介词短语作插入语
all in all 总而言之
as a matter of fact 事实上
as a result 结果
at worst 在最坏的情况下
by the way 顺便说一句
first of all 首先
for example 例如
in conclusion 总之,最后
in fact 事实上
in effect 实际上
in my opinion 依我看来,我认为
in other words 换句话说,换言之
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
in short 简言之
to my delight 让我高兴的是
to one’s amazement 使某人惊讶的是
to one’s deep regret 是某人深感遗憾的是
to one’s relief 使某人深感欣慰的是
to one’s surprise 使某人感到吃惊的是
例1.China ,in fact ,has caught up with and surpassed the world advanced levels in many respects.事实上,中国已经在许多方面赶上和超过了世界先进水平。例2.What happen to him ,by the way ?
顺便问一句,他后来怎么样了?
例3.All in all ,her condition is greatly improved.总之,他的健康状况已经大大的改善了。
(四)不定式短语作插入结构
so to speak 可以这样说
to tell you the truth 老实对你说
to be frank 说句实话
to begin with 首先
to start with 首先
to be more exact 更确切地说
to sum up 总之,概括地说
to put it briefly 简单说来
to put it in another way 换句话说
to make a long story short 长话短说
to say the least of it 至少可以这样说
needless to say 不用说
strange to say 说来奇怪
to conclude 总之,最后
to be sure 可以肯定的说
to be specific 具体说来
to be precise 准确地说
to speak frankly 坦白地说
例1.To tell you the truth ,I haven’t bought anything for a year.老实对你说,我一年来什么东西都没有买过。例2.It wasn’t a very good dinner ,to say the least of it.至少可以这样说,这次宴会并不成功。例3.The movie ,to be frank ,moved me to tears.坦白地说,这部电影把我感动得流下了眼泪。例4.She wrote ,to be exact ,ten novels in her lifetime.确切地说,她一生写了十部小说。
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
(五)分词短语作插入结构
considering...考虑到
all things considered 从整体来看
allowing for...考虑到
generally speaking 一般说来
judging from...从...来判断
putting it another way 换句话说
roughly speaking 大体说来
taking account of...考虑到
taking all things into consideration 全面看来
taking...as an example 以...为例
talking of...说道
speaking of...说道
strictly speaking 严格地说
例1.Judging from the handwriting ,it should be written by our teacher.从字迹上判断,则应该是我们老师写的。
例2.Generally speaking ,she’s not quite fit this kind of work.总的来说,他不太适合做这种工作。
例3.You managed the project very well ,considering your inexperience.考虑到你缺乏经验,你对这个项目的处理已经很好了。
(六)主谓结构作插入结构
I think 我认为
I hope 我希望
I guess 我想
I’m afraid 恐怕
I believe 我认为,我相信
I suppose 我想,我认为
I wonder 我想知道
you see 你应该明白
you know 你知道
don’t you think 难道你不认为
don’t you know 难道你不知道
I tell you 我告诉你
it seems 似乎
it seems to me 在我看来,这似乎
it is said 据说
it is suggested 有人认为
例1.The man ,I think ,does not deserve the prize.我认为,那个人不应该得奖。
例2.The air is rather refreshing ,I suppose.我想,那里的空气应该很宜人。例3.Honesty ,I believe ,is her virtue.我认为,诚实是她的美德。
第三章 翻译技巧:句法翻译法
(七)what we call 句型作插入结构
类似的句型有:
what we used to call what is called
what they described as what can be called what they regarded as as we call it as we know it
通常翻译为“所谓的...”,可以按照英语原文顺序直接翻译 例1.He is what we call a walking dictionary.他就是所谓的活字典。
例2.Most of what they regarded as geniuses are successful only because they have made extraordinary effort.大部分所谓的天才是由于付出了非凡的努力才获得成功的。
九、基础阶段学习方法
考研翻译复习时基础阶段该如何做?
考研翻译和精读在基础阶段结合起来做,最好的练习材料:考研真题
基础阶段最重要的两点:
1.单词的复习(考研英语5500词汇=3000基础词汇+2500难词汇)
最好的单词书:大纲(04年有释义)
9月1号之前看完,最晚不要超过10 月1 号
2.翻译/精读的突破(考研阅读10年来:68篇文章;翻译10篇)
最好的方法:翻译突破法
1)精读所用的材料:
新东方所发的材料,周雷等《考研英语阅读真题语言注释与难句突破》
2)每天完成的任务
每三天完成一篇阅读文章
① 10分钟通读全文;8分钟做题;5分钟翻译。
② 逐句逐词进行阅读,抄录大纲单词,试着进行翻译并核对答案。③ 返回原文查证题目是否正确,对成果进行进一步巩固。