第一篇:英语长句的译法
英语长句的译法
对于每一个英语句子的口译, 并不只是使用一种口译方法, 而是多种口译方法的综合运用, 这在英语长句的口译中表现得尤为突出。长句在科技性的文体中的出现极为频繁, 因此也就成为研究生入学考试的重点, 通过对近年来试题的分析我们可以看出, 所考查的绝大多数划线的部分都是长句。在口译长句时, 首先,不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理,因为,无论是多么复杂的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构, 找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思, 然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系, 再按照汉语的特点和表达方式, 正确地译出原文的意思, 不必拘泥于原文的形式。
一、英语长句的分析
一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面:(1)修饰语过多;(2)并列成分多;(3)语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:
(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3)分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。
(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。
(5)注意插入语等其他成分。
(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析:
例1.behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析:(1)该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。
(2)该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句;who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child;where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli;在suggest的宾语从句中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual development.在作了如上的分析之后, 我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解, 然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种口译方法, 就可以把该句口译成汉语为:
行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
例2.for a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.分析:(1)该句的骨干结构为it is more … to do sth than to do sth else.是一个比较结构, 而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。
(2)该句中共有三个谓语结构, 它们之间的关系为: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 为主体结构, 但it是形式主语, 真正的主语为第二个谓语结构: to sit comfortably at home, 并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。
(3)句首的for a family of four作状语, 表示条件。另外, 还有两个介词短语作插入语: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语, 修饰to sit comfortably at home.综合上述口译方法,这个句子我们可以口译为:
譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
二、长句的口译
英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。因此, 在进行英译汉时, 要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 口译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的口译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。
(1)顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序口译成汉语。例如:
例1.even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.分析: 该句子由一个主句, 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: a.既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时;b.电仍在为我们工作;c.帮我们开动电冰箱;d.加热水;e.或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致, 因此, 我们可以通过顺序法, 把该句口译成:
即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。
例2.but now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.分析: 该句的骨干结构为“it is realized that…”, it为形式主语, that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to …结构, 其中, 不定式作主语, the time …是“expectation of life”的同位语, 进一步解释其含义, 而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构, 表达了四个层次的意义: a.可是现在人们意识到;b.其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的;c.人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”;d.将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的口译方法, 把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 整个句子就口译为:
可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说, 经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。
下面我们再列举几个实例:
例3.prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人;他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。
例4.this method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”
这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈, 是否必须有一定的湿度才行?”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高?”
例5.it begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event;it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures;it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man`s life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣;其后, 这种爱好变得成熟起来, 我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性, 对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣;对历史的爱好, 最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。对死去的, 无论是伟大与平凡, 所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人,都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。
例6.if parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志, 他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。
(2)逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始口译。例如:
例1.aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: a.铝直到19世纪才被人发现;b.由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝;c.由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起;d.最普遍的是跟氧结合;e.铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后, 这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句口译成:
铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合;因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。
例2.it therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成, “……变得越来越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有三个谓语结构, 包含三层含义: a.……变的越来越重要;b.如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;c.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 口译成:
因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。
下面我们再举几个实例:
例3.it is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning english seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。
例4.they(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。
例5.a great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the united states the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the beat generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人, 正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。
例6.such is a human nature in the west that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。
例7.insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。
(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 口译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。例如:
例1.the number of the young people in the united states who can`t read is incredible about one in four.上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子, 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译, 就可能被口译成:
没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。
这样, 就使得译文极为不通顺, 不符合汉语的表达习惯, 因此, 我们应该把它译为:
大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。
例2.television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.分析: 在此长句中, 有一个插入语“it is often said”, 三个并列的谓语结构, 还有一个定语从句, 这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义, 因此在口译时, 可以采用分句法, 按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句, 结果为:
人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。
下面我们再举一个例子:
例3.all they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧, 以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。
例4.although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的数目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。
(4)综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在口译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种口译方法, 而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下, 一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文口译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:
例1.people were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析: 该句共有三层含义: a: 人们不敢出门;b: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况;c: 警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, b表示让步, c表示原因, 而a则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序, 我们作如下的安排:
尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。
下面我们再举几个例子:
例2.modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。
例3.taking his cue from ibsen`s a doll`s house, in which the heroine, nora, leaves home because she resents her husband`s treating her like a child, the writer lu xun warned that nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。
例4.up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。
第二篇:英语四级翻译辅导:英语长句的译法技巧
英语四级翻译辅导:英语长句的译法技巧
长句在科技性的文体中的出现极为频繁, 因此也就成为研究生入学考试的重点, 通过对近年来试题的分析我们可以看出,所考查的绝大多数划线的部分都是长句。
在翻译长句时,首先,不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理,因为,无论是多么复杂的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思, 然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系, 再按照汉语的特点和表达方式, 正确地译出原文的意思,不必拘泥于原文的形式。
一、英语长句的分析
一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面:(1)修饰语过多;(2)并列成分多;(3)语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:
(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3)分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语,它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。
(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。
(5)注意插入语等其他成分。
(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析:
例1.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析:(1)该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。
(2)该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句;who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child;where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli;在suggest的宾语从句中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual development.在作了如上的分析之后, 我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解, 然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种翻译方法, 就可以把该句翻译成汉语为: 行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
例2.For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement
elsewhere.(85年考题)
分析:(1)该句的骨干结构为it is more „ to do sth than to do sth else.是一个比较结构, 而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。
(2)该句中共有三个谓语结构, 它们之间的关系为: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to „ 为主体结构, 但it是形式主语, 真正的主语为第二个谓语结构: to sit comfortably at home, 并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。
(3)句首的for a family of four作状语, 表示条件。另外, 还有两个介词短语作插入语: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语, 修饰to sit comfortably at home.综合上述翻译方法,这个句子我们可以翻译为:
譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
二、长句的翻译
英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。因此, 在进行英译汉时,要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。
(1)顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例如:
例1.Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.(84年考题)
分析: 该句子由一个主句, 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: A.既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时;B.电仍在为我们工作;C.帮我们开动电冰箱;D.加热水;E.或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致, 因此, 我们可以通过顺序法, 把该句翻译成:即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。
例2.But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.(84年考题)
分析: 该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that„”, it为形式主语, that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to „结构, 其中, 不定式作主语, the time „是“expectation of life”的同位语, 进一步解释其含义, 而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构, 表达了四个层次的意义: A.可是现在人们意识到;B.其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的;C.人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”;D.将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法, 把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 整个句子就翻译为:可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说,经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。
下面我们再列举几个实例:
例3.Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人;他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。
例4.This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”
这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈, 是否必须有一定的湿度才行?”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高?”
例5.It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event;it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures;it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man's life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣;其后, 这种爱好变得成熟起来, 我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性, 对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣;对历史的爱好,最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。对死去的, 无论是伟大与平凡, 所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人,都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。
例6.If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志,他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。
(2)逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。例如:
例1.Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容,全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: A.铝直到19世纪才被人发现;B.由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝;C.由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起;D.最普遍的是跟氧结合;E.铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后,这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成:
铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合;因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以,铝直到19世纪才被人发现。
例2.It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成, “„„变得越来越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有三个谓语结构, 包含三层含义: A.„„变的越来越重要;B.如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;C.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 翻译成:
因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。
下面我们再举几个实例:
例3.It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。
例4.They(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动,因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。
例5.A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人,正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。
例6.Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。
例7.Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。
(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子,分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。例如:
例1.The number of the young people in the United States who can't read is incredible about one in four.上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子, 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译, 就可能被翻译成:
没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。
这样, 就使得译文极为不通顺, 不符合汉语的表达习惯, 因此, 我们应该把它译为:
大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。
例2.Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.(85年考题)
分析: 在此长句中, 有一个插入语“it is often said”, 三个并列的谓语结构, 还有一个定语从句,这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义, 因此在翻译时, 可以采用分句法,按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句, 结果为:人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。
下面我们再举一个例子:
例3.All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.(85年考题)
他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧,以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。
例4.Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的数目如此之多,以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。
(4)综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下,一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:
例1.People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析: 该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门;B: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况;C:警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, B表示让步, C表示原因, 而A则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序,我们作如下的安排:尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。
下面我们再举几个例子:
例2.Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。
例3.Taking his cue from Ibsen's A Doll's House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband's treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示,从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。
例4.Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊,而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。
第三篇:高口翻译第十讲长句的译法(汉译英)
苏州昂立教育 Suzhou Only
Interpretation
翻译第十讲 长句的译法(汉译英)
1.使用分词
与此同时,香港,新加坡的地产大鳄已经开始在中国如火如荼地做起了时尚广场,而大陆地地产商还在忙着建房子。
靳羽西标志性的一抹红唇,一袭黑衣,与设计师普拉达则偏爱跳跃鲜艳的橘色和紫色,形成了鲜明的对比。
市长号召与会成员一起为城市的发展作出贡献,随后,副市长也号召来宾们一起为城市的发展献计献策。
2.使用同一动词
那次晚会,夏洛特被一名男士迷的神魂颠倒,以至于丢失了一条珍贵的项链。
在实施行动之前,欧盟将查明现存的文化遗迹的数量,指出那些保护力度不够的措施,并说明那些管理条例应该被纳入国家法律。
我们怎能不感叹学院构思者的睿智,怎能不钦佩办学决策者的远见,怎能不感念艰辛创业者的奉献,又怎能不赞美后来者的贡献。
3.使用同位语从句
布诺在欢迎致辞时说,中国有望取代日本,成为全球最大的奢侈品消费国。
王晶利用她在市场信息部学习到的知识,对中国的酒类市场做出分析,这样一来,他得以站在潮流的前沿.Mary高级口译10 到苏州昂立,学优质口译 1 苏州昂立教育 Suzhou Only
Interpretation
当《新闻周刊》杂志电话采访首批赶赴灾区的商场员工刘林时,他作了以上的开场白。
4.使用定语从句
对女性而言,这一时代充满了机遇,社会开始追求多元化,女性领导日益获得认可。
我们游程的最后一站是五彩湾,听朋友说很棒,但需要在晚霞时出现时才能一揽胜景。
在经历48小时的连轴奋战后,赛事进入最高潮,来自全球顶尖大学的19名参赛者,他们的任务是为一家上海公司所面临的公关危机提供一个最佳解决方案。篇章翻译:
Lucrative bonuses and international travel were once the main attractions for prospective employees, but companies no longer mention glitz.Their new selling points are sandwiches with the boss, opportunities for advancement, flexible working hours and more holiday time.Another shift comes from companies’ attempts to reconcile their desire to cut costs now with their need for talent later.One solution, popular in many industries, is to offer deferred start dates to new hires, giving them six months or a year to travel or do public service.Because of the slowdown in recruiting, colleges and business schools are going on the offensive.Some have set up networks to help place students with firms run by alumni.Some schools have come to terms with the idea that finding full-time work for all graduates might be unrealistic and are creating new schemes to find temporary placements for graduating MBAs.The Johnson School of Business at Cornell, for example, has set up a programme that links MBAs with short-term projects over the summer.This way, students can at least get a foot in the door.环保词汇:Mary高级口译10 到苏州昂立,学优质口译 1 苏州昂立教育 Suzhou Only
Interpretation
坚持环境保护基本国策 adhere to the basic state policy of environmental protection污染者负担的政策 “the-polluters-pay” policy强化环境管理的政策 policy of tightening up environmental management环保执法检查 environmental protection law enforcement inspection限期治理 undertake treatment within a prescribed limit of time生态示范区 eco-demonstration region;environment-friendly region国家级生态示范区(珠海)Nationally Designated Eco-Demonstration Region国家级园林城市 Nationally Designated Garden City工业固体废物 industrial solid wastes白色污染 white pollution(by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics)可降解一次性塑料袋 throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags放射性废料积存 accumulation of radioactive waste有机污染物 organic pollutants 三废综合利用 multipurpose use of three types of wastes(waste water, waste gas, solid waste)城市垃圾无害化处理率 decontamination rate of urban refuse垃圾填埋场 refuse landfill垃圾焚化厂 refuse incinerator防止过度利用森林 protect forests from overexploitation森林砍伐率
Mary高级口译10 3
deforestation rate水土流失 water and soil erosion土壤盐碱化 soil alkalization生态农业 environment-friendly agriculture;eco-agriculture水资源保护区 water resource conservation zone海水淡化 sea water desalinization 造林工程 afforestation project绿化面积 afforested areas;greening space森林覆盖率 forest coverage防风林 wind breaks 防沙林 sand breaks速生林 fast-growing trees 降低资源消耗率 slow down the rate of resource degradation开发可再生资源 develop renewable resources环保产品 environment-friendly products自然保护区 nature reserve野生动植物 wild fauna and flora保护生存环境 conserve natural habitats濒危野生动物 endangered wildlife珍稀濒危物种繁育基地 rare and endangered species breeding center美化环境 landscaping design for environmental purposes环境恶化 environmental degradation温饱型农业 subsistence agriculture空气污染浓度 air pollution concentration酸雨、越境空气污染 acid rain and transboundary air pollution工业粉尘排放 industrial dust discharge烟尘排放 soot emissions矿物燃料(煤、石油、天然气)fossil fuels: coal, oil, and
到苏州昂立,学优质口译 苏州昂立教育 Suzhou Only
Interpretation
natural gas清洁能源 clean energy汽车尾气排放 motor vehicle exhaust尾气净化器 exhaust purifier无铅汽油 lead-free gasoline天然气汽车 gas-fueled vehicles电动汽车 cell-driven vehicles;battery cars小排量汽车 small-displacement(engine)vehicles温室效应 greenhouse effect工业废水处理率 treatment rate of industrial effluents城市污水处理率 treatment rate of domestic sewage集中处理厂 centralized treatment plant 工业固体废物 industrial solid wastes 白色污染 white pollution(by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics)可降解一次性塑料袋 throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags 放射性废料积存 accumulation of radioactive waste 有机污染物 organic pollutants 氰化物、砷、汞排放 cyanide, arsenic, mercury discharged 铅、镉、六价铬 lead, cadmium, sexivalent chromium 城市垃圾无害化处理率 decontamination rate of urban refuse 垃圾填埋场 refuse landfill 垃圾焚化厂 refuse incinerator 防止过度利用森林 protect forests from overexploitation Mary高级口译10 4
森林砍伐率 rate of deforestation 水土流失 water and soil erosion 土壤盐碱化 soil alkalization 农药残留 pesticide residue
水土保持 conservation of water and soil 生态农业 environment-friendly agriculture;eco-agriculture 水资源保护区 water resource conservation zone
海水淡化 sea water desalinization 保护珊瑚礁、红树林和渔业资源 protect coral reefs, mangrove and fishing resource
绿化祖国 turn the country green 全民义务植树日 National Tree-Planting Day
造林工程 afforestation project 绿化面积 afforested areas;greening space
森林覆盖率 forest coverage 防风林 wind breaks(防沙林 sand breaks)
速生林 fast-growing trees
降低资源消耗率 slow down the rate of resource degradation
到苏州昂立,学优质口译
第四篇:省级机构有关人员职衔规范译法(英语)
省级机构有关人员职衔规范译法(英语)
一、中国共产党山西省委员会
Shanxi Provincial Committee of the CPC
书记 Secretary
副书记 Vice Secretary
常务委员 Member of the Standing Committee
委员 Member
秘书长 Secretary-General
常务副秘书长 Executive Vice Secretary-General
副秘书长 Deputy Secretary-General
二、山西省人民代表大会常务委员会
The Standing Committee of the People’s Congress of Shanxi Province
主任 Chairman
副主任 Vice-Chairman
秘书长 Secretary-General
副秘书长 Deputy Secretary-General
委员 Member
三、省政府及有关部门
山西省人民政府
The People’s Government of Shanxi Province
省长 Governor
常务副省长 Executive Vice Governor
副省长 Vice Governor
秘书长 Secretary-General
常务秘书长 Executive Vice Secretary-General
副秘书长 Vice Secretary-General
厅长(局长、主任)Director-General
副厅长(副局长、副主任)Deputy Director-General
巡视员 Counsel
助理巡视员 Assistant Counsel
处长 Director of Division
副处长 Deputy Director
调研员 Consultant
助理调研员 Assistant Consultant
科长 Section Chief
副科长 Deputy Section Chief
主任科员 Principal Staff Member
副主任科员 Senior Staff Member
科员 Staff Member
办事员 Clerk
四、中国人民政治协商会议山西省委员会
Shanxi Provincial Committee of the CPPCC
主席 Chairman
副主席 Vice Chairman
常务委员 Member of the Standing Committee
委员 Member
秘书长 Secretary-General
副秘书长 Deputy Secretary-General
五、山西省高级人民法院
The Higher People’s Court of Shanxi Province
院长 President
常务副院长 Executive Vice-President
副院长 Vice-President
审判委员会委员 Member of the Judicial Committee
审判员 Judge
助理审判员 Assistant Judge
书记员 Clerk
六、山西省人民检察院 The People’s Procuratorate of Shanxi Province
检察长 Procurator-General
副检察长 Deputy Procurator-General
检察委员会委员 Member of the Procuratorial Committee
检察员 Procurator
助理检察员 Assistant Procurator
书记员 Clerk
山西省政府机构英文译名
山西省政府机构英文译名
师晓华
山西省人民政府:The People’s Government of Shanxi Province
山西省人民政府办公厅: General Office of the People’s Government of Shanxi Province
省政府组成部门
省发展计划委员会: Development Planning Commission of Shanxi Province
省经济贸易委员会: Economic and Trade Commission of Shanxi Province
省教育厅:Department of Education of Shanxi Province
省科学技术厅: Department of Science and Technology of Shanxi Province
省公安厅: Department of Public Security of Shanxi Province
省国家安全厅: Department of State Security of Shanxi Province
省监察委员会(省纪检委):Supervision Commission of Shanxi Province(Shanxi Commission for Discipline Inspection)
省民政厅:Department of Civil Affairs of Shanxi Province
省司法厅:Department of Justice of Shanxi Province
省财政厅:Department of Finance of Shanxi Province
省人事厅:Department of Personnel of Shanxi Province
省劳动和社会保障厅: Department of Labour and Social Security of Shanxi Province
省国土资源厅:Department of Land Resources of Shanxi Province
省建设厅: Department of Construction of Shanxi Province
省交通厅:Department of Communications of Shanxi Province
省水利厅:Department of Water Resources of Shanxi Province
省农业厅:Department of Agriculture of Shanxi Province
省林业厅:Department of Forestry of Shanxi Province
省商务厅:Department of Commerce of Shanxi Province
省文化厅:Department of Culture of Shanxi Province
省卫生厅:Department of Public Health of Shanxi Province
省计划生育委员会:Family Planning Commission of Shanxi Province
省审计厅:Department of Audit of Shanxi Province
省政府工作部门
省地方税务局:Bureau of Local Taxation of Shanxi Province
省环保局: Bureau of Environmental Protection of Shanxi Province
省广播电视局: Administration of Radio and Television of Shanxi Province
省体育局:Administration of Sports of Shanxi Province
省统计局:Statistics Bureau of Shanxi Province
省工商行政管理局:Administration of Industry and Commerce of Shanxi Province
省新闻出版局;Administration of Press and Publication of Shanxi Province
省质量技术监督局:Administration of Quality and Technology Supervision of Shanxi Province
省药品监督管理局:Drug Administration of Shanxi Province
省旅游局:Tourism Administration of Shanxi Province
省民族宗教事务局:Bureau of Ethnic and Religious Affairs of Shanxi Province
省粮食局:Grain Administration of Shanxi Province
省乡镇企业管理局:Township Enterprises Administration of Shanxi Province
省文物局:Cultural Relics Bureau of Shanxi Province
省国防科学技术工业办公室:Office of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense of Shanxi Province
省政府外事办公室:Foreign Affairs Office of the People’s Government of Shanxi Province
省政府机关事务管理局:Government Offices Administration of Shanxi Province
省农业机械管理局:Bureau of Agricultural Machinery Administration of Shanxi province
省物价局:Price Control Administration of Shanxi Province
省煤炭工业局:Bureau of Coal Industry of Shanxi Province
省法制办公室:Legislative Affairs Office of the People’s Government of Shanxi Province
省政府参事室:Counselor’s Office of the People’s Government of Shanxi Province
省监狱管理局:Prison Administrative Bureau of Shanxi Province
省公安厅交通管理局(交警总队):Traffic Administration of Shanxi Public Security Department(Traffic Police Headquarters)
省地方铁路局:Local Railways Administration of Shanxi Province
省人民防空办公室:Civil Air Defense Office of Shanxi Province
省档案局:Archives Administration of Shanxi Province
省测绘局:Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of Shanxi Province
省公路局:Highway Bureau of Shanxi Province
省机械设备成套局:Machinery & Equipment Complete Sets Bureau of Shanxi Province
省万家寨引黄工程管理局:Administration Bureau of Wanjiazhai Yellow River Diversion Project of Shanxi Province
省地质勘查开发局:Bureau of Geological Surveys and Explorations of Shanxi Province
省煤田地质局:Bureau of Coal Geology of Shanxi Province
省煤炭基本建设局:Bureau of Coal Basic Construction of Shanxi Province
省改革和发展研究中心:Research Center of Reform and Development of Shanxi Province
省招生考试管理中心:Enrolment and Examination Administrative Center of Shanxi Province
省行政学院(省委党校):School of Administration of Shanxi Proince(Party School of CPC Shanxi Provincial Committee)
山西日报社: Shanxi Daily Agency
省社会科学院: Shanix Academy of Social Sciences
省农业科学院:Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences
省社会主义学院:Socialism Institute of Shanxi Province
中央部属单位:
新华社山西分社: Shanxi Xinhua News Agency
财政部驻山西财政监察专员办事处:Shanxi Resident Financial Supervision Office of Ministry of Finance
审计署驻太原特派办:Taiyuan Resident Audit Office of CNAO(China National Audit Office)
中国证监会驻太原特派办:Taiyuan Resident Office of China Securities Regulatory Commission
省通信管理局:Telecommunications Administration of Shanxi Province
省邮政局:Post Bureau of Shanxi Province
省气象局:Meteorological Bureau of Shanxi Province
省地震局:Seismological Bureau of Shanxi Province
省国税局:Shanxi Provincial Administration of State Bureau
省出入境检验检疫局:Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of Shanxi Province
中国民航山西省管理局:Civil Aviation Administration of China, Shanxi Branch
省煤矿安全监察局:Coal Mine Safety Supervision Bureau of Shanxi Province
第五篇:数词倍数译法
第一部分:数词的译法
一、数字增减的译法:
1.句式特征:by+名词+比较级+than The wire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长3英寸。2.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+to+n.译为:增加到。。或减少到。。
Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金属切割机已经减少到50台。
二、百分数增减的表示法与译法
1.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+%
The output value has increased 35%.产值增加了35% 2.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+by+%
Retail salses should rise by 8% 商品零售额应增加3% The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本减少60% 3.句式特征:表示减少意义的动词+to+%表示减少后剩余的数量
By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺,铁的损失量减少到20%
4.句式特征:%+ 比较级 +than表示净增减的数量
Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售额与去年相比,有望增加9%。5.句式特征:% + 比较级 + 名词表示净减数
The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied.新型机械能耗量净减10% 6.句式特征:a + % + increase表示净增数
There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.与去年相比,今年钢产量净增20%
7.句式特征:%+(of)名词(代词)表示净减数,数字n照译
The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年产值仅为去年的60% 8.句式特征:%+up on 或over表示净增数
The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年粮食产量比1978年净增20%。
第二部分 倍数增加的表示法及译法
汉语表示“增加了几倍”时,英语的倍数表示倍数需减一,译成“增加了n-1倍”以表示净增加数。如果译成“增加到n倍”或“为原来的n倍”,则照译不误。
1.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+n times“表示成倍地增长,译成”增加到N倍“或”增加n-1倍“
注:1倍 once;2倍twice(或double);3倍thrice(或three times)2 表示增加意义的动词+by+ n times,该句式与上述相同 表示增加意义的动词+to+ n times表示增加到N倍,译成”增加了n-1倍“ 4.表示增加意义的动词+by a factor of + n times 5.表示增加意义的动词+比较级+by a factor of + n times表示增加以后达到的倍数,译成”比。。。大(长、宽。。)N-1倍“
6.表示增加意义的动词+ n times+比较级+than。。。7.表示增加意义的动词+ n times +adj./adv.+as....8.表示增加意义的动词+a + n times(或n-fold)+increase.......表示增加到N倍,译成”增加了N-1倍“
9.表示增加意义的动词+as + adj./adv.+ again as.....译成”比。。大(长、宽。。倍)“
例子: Line A is as long again as line B.A线比B线长1倍。
This machine turns half as fast again as that one.这台机器转动比那台机器快半倍。
10.表示增加意义的动词+half as + adj./adv.+ again as.....译成”比。。大(长、宽。。半倍)“
11.用double表示倍数,译成”等于.....的2倍“或”增加了1倍“ 12 用treble表示倍数增加,译成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“ 13.用quadruple表示倍数增加,译成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“
第三部分 倍数减少的表示方法
倍数减少在英译时,需把倍数换算成分数。成几倍减少,可以改译成”减少到1/N“或减少了”N-1/N“。而减少了N倍,可改译成”减少到1/N+1“或”减少了N/N+1“。
1.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+N times表示成N倍减少,译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“ The length of laser tube was reduced ten times.激光管的长度缩短了十分之九。2.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+by+N times表示成N倍减少,译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“ The bandwith was reduced by two times.带宽减少了二分之一。
3.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+by a factor of + N times表示成N倍减少,译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“
4.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+a-N times(N-fold)+ reduction译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“
The principal advantage over the old-fashioned machine is a four-fold reduction in weight.与旧式机器比,主要特点是重量减少了四分之三。
5.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+N times+as + adj./adv......译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“
6.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+N times+ 比较级+ than表示减少了N倍,译成”减少到1/N+1”或“减少了1/N+1“
The plastic container is five times lighter than that glass one.这个塑料容器比那个玻璃容器轻六分之五。
英语倍数句型及其译法
英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12)等,见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在
表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: 倍数增加
(一)A is n times as great(long,much,„)as B.(①)A is n times greater(longer,more,„)than B.(②)A is n times the size(length,amount,„)of B.(③)
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,„„)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,„„)n-1倍].Eg.This book is three times as long as(three times longer than,three times the length of)that one.这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。
(二)increase to n times(④)increase n times/n-fold(⑤)increase by n times(⑥)
increase by a factor of n(⑦)
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。
Eg.The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year.集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。
Eg.The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986.
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。
Eg.That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。
Eg.The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。
(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth„(⑧)
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式:
Eg.A record high increase in value of four times was reported.据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。
(四)double(增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨)Eg.The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. 这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如:
A is as much(large,long,„)again as B.(= A is twice as much(large,long,„)as B.(⑩)
应译为:A比B多(大,长,„„)1倍。
A is half as much(large,1ong,„)again as B.【= A is one and a half times as much(large,1ong,„)as B.】(11)应译为:A比B多(大,长„„)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。
倍数减少
(一)A is n times as small(light,slow,„)as B.(12)A is n times smaller(lighter,slower,„)than B.(13)
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,„„)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,„„)(n-1)/n]。Eg.The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。
Eg.This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。
(二)decrease n times/n--fold(14)decrease by n times(15)
decrease by a factor of n(16)
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。
decrease常被reduce,shorten,go/slow down等词替代。
Eg.Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。
Eg.When the voltage is stepped up by ten times,the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times.电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。
Eg.The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.该设备误差概率降低了4/5。
(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction„ 应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17)这个句型还有其它一些形式,Eg.A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. 发现迅速减少到1/7。
Eg.The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight.这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍
数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by)3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。
第四部分 动词的使动用法
动词是英语中词类中最为活跃的成分,现介绍一些使动用法共勉。1.I slowly walked my horse up the hill.我慢慢地带马上山。2.The ran the ship aground.他们把船开到滩上去了。
3.The swam their horses in the river.他们使马泅水渡河。
4.I laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.我躺下来好让疲惫的腿休息一下。5.They rode out the storm.他们安然渡过风暴
其实,研究动词个人认为,要把握后面有无宾语;宾语是人还是物;是什么样的宾语。欢迎网友探讨,动词的学习研讨方法。
第五部分 同系宾语
1.I dreamed a strange dream.2.He slept the sleep that knows no waking.3.I have fought a good fight.一、在同系宾语上附有修饰形容词时,通常可换成态度副词。live a long life = live long;live a happy life = live happily;die a national death = die nationally;die a violent death = die by violence
二、有的宾语与动词不同语源,但意义相通,也可以视为同类。run a race;run a course;run one's career;fight a battle;blow a gale;strike a blow;ring a peal;wreak one's vengeance
三、以it构成的类型:
I am determined to fight it out。我决心奋斗到底。He is starring it in the provinces.他到各地巡回演出。
We had to walk it in the rain.我们不得不冒雨而行。Can't you swim it?你游不过去吗?
四、在某些熟语中可将同系宾语省略,如look thanks = look a look of thanks He looked the thanks he could not express.他眼中现出言语无法表达的感谢。
She left the room, looking daggers at me.她以短剑相刺的目光望着我,走出了房间。
五、最高级形容词后,可以省略同系宾语。The lady was looking her best(look).She sang her sweest(song)to please him.第六部分 一组词组
1.all+抽象名词/抽象名词+itself = very + adj.He was all gentleness to her.他对她非常温存。
To his superiors, he is humility itself。对于长辈,他极为谦逊。
分析:该结构原来是表示某种性质达到极点的一种说法,有“非常”、“尽管”、“一味”、“尽” 的含义,有时甚至可以译为“。。的化身”、“。。的具体化”。普通复数名词用于“all”之后,也是表达这种概念。
He is all smiles.他一味地笑。She is all eyes.她盯着看。I am all anxiety.我真担心。
He is all attention.他全神贯注地听着。2.Something(much)of / nothing(little)of Mr.Li is something of a philospher.李先生略具哲学家风范。Mr.Wu is nothing of a musician.吴先生全无音乐家的风味。Mr.Lu is very much of a poet.陆先生大有诗人气派。Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.刘先生几无学者风度。
分析:此为表示“程度”的形容词短语,有时可以当作副词翻译。Something of =to some extent(某程度),在问句和条件句中则用anyting of(略有、多少)。nothing of译作“全无、毫无”。相类似的情况:
to be something of = to have something of + 名词+in +代名词
He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫无演说家的才能。
这类名词的用法,可以处理为副词。
He has seen something of life.他略具阅历。他稍阅世。Something of 与something like区别:程度上有差异。something like = something approximateing in character or amount指数量或性质略同的事物,又 作somewhat(似乎、略微)解释。
This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。It shaped something like a cigar.其形状略似雪茄