第一篇:Conversion词的转换译法
Conversion词的转换译法(1)
大体可分为 7 种:①词类转换(转性);②句子成分转换;③表达方式转换;④自然语序和倒装语序转换;⑤正面表达与反面表达转换;⑥主动语态与被动语态转换;⑦分句转换。Converted into verb
英语中的某些名词、介词、副词,翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。1.Noun-->verb
一)英语中很多由名词派生的动词,以及由名词转用的动词,在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词,这时可将其转译成汉语名词。
1.名词派生的动词
1)Formality has always characterized their relationship.他们之间的关系,有一个特点,就是以礼相待。
2)To them, he personified the absolute power.在他们看来,他就是绝对权威的化身。
2.名词转用的动词
1)Most U.S.spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's
atmosphere after completing their missions.美国绝大多数间谍卫星,按其设计,是在完成使命后,在大气层中焚毁。
2)The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way.植物没有专门的排泄系统,可用同样的方式加以说明。
3)As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去时,忘记了穿鞋子。
Practice 1.My admiration for him grows more and more.我对他越来越钦佩了。2.An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the studies of current affairs.了解世界历史对研究时事很有帮助。
3.He said he didn’t know whether the Russians were ready for a showdown.他说他不知道俄国人是否准备摊牌。
-er,-or-->Verb
He is a heavy drinker and a chain smoker.他这个人既能抽烟,又能喝酒。
Londoners are great readers.伦敦人喜欢读书。
2.Adj.-->Verb
Be convinced that…确信… 3.Prep./ Adv-->verb
Are you for or against my opinion? 你赞同还是反对我的观点?
Watermelons are in.西瓜上市了。
4.take/have/give/make
They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness.他们最后看了铁麦克一眼---它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。
The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.下一个新闻节目比通常短,没有提到游行。
II.Converted into Noun
1.Verb-->Noun, such as aim, characterize, impress, etc
The camel is characterized by an ability to go for many days without water.骆驼的特点是不喝水能行走多日。
What impressed me most was his heroic deed.他的英雄壮举给我留下了深刻的印象。
有些英语被动式句子中的动词,可以译成“受(遭)到……+名词”、“予(加)2 以+名词”这类结构。如:
Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth.(由于经常受到太阳、月亮以及地球引力的影响,卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。)
2.Adj.-->Noun
1.英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人,汉译时常译成名词。The decreased死者(表单数)/The accused被告(表单数)/ 其余: the + adj.表复数。/The fittest survive.适者生存。如:
1)They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。
2)Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人,热爱并保护穷人。
2.此外,根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。如:
1)Stevenson was eloquent and elegant——but soft.史蒂文森有口才、有风度,但很软弱。
2)They were considered insincere.他们被人认为是伪君子
III.Adj.-->Adv.We should make a systematic and comprehensive study of the theory on art and literature.我们应当系统全面地研究文艺理论。
Conversion词类转译练习
1.Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.在学习中,独立思考是绝对必要的。
2.If the newspapers want to have a large circulation number, they must be informative, instructive and entertaining.如果报纸想得以大量发行,必须具有知识性、思想性和趣味性。
3.Difference between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their approach and cooperation.各国社会制度不同,不应妨碍彼此接近和相互合作。
4.We are deeply convinced of the correctness of the reform and opening up policy and firmly determined to pursue it.我们坚信改革开放的正确性,并决心继续奉行。
5.In those years the Republicans are in.在那些年是共和党执政。
6.Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them.他们之间始终保持着传统的友好关系。
7.Our age is witnessing a profound political change.我们时代是一场深刻社会变革的见证。
8.Little by little they went along the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean, making careful observation on the way.他们沿着北冰洋海岸慢慢地航行,一路仔细观察。
9.Please let us know if our terms are acceptable.请告是否接受我方条款。
10.The new contract would be good for 5 years.新的合同有效期为五年。
11.The growing awareness by millions of Africans of their extremely poor and backward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new ones.千百万的非洲人民已经逐渐认识到他们的贫困落后,这就促使他们去采取措
施,创造新的条件。
12.We guarantee prompt delivery of goods.我们保证迅速发货。
13.He noticed a very close agreement between the two countries on the Taiwan issue.他注意到两国在台湾问题上的看法是非常一致的。
14.These problems defy easy classification.这些问题难以归类。
15.He personified the evil that was in the world.他是世间一切邪恶的化身。
16.On this question people of different age groups think differently.对于这个问题,不同年龄段的人有不同的看法。
17.He was motivated by a desire to reach a compromise.他的动机是希望达成某种妥协。
18.The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.因此,对于从事社会活动的人来说,培养一种爱好和新的兴趣至关重要。
19.His style is characterized by brevity.他的写作特点是简洁。
20.No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of the old generations back 36 years ago.怪不得老一辈的人看到这个情景就会想起36年前的往事。
21.Every state is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its national security.每个国家应该如何保证他的安全,只有他自己才能做出决策。
22.His words and deeds testify to his honesty.他的言行证明他是诚实的。
23.Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the work of our greatest writer.每个英国人都了解一些我们这位伟大作家的作品,不管他了解多少。
24.Americans have a craze for the sun, a belief that the sun will cure chronic illness and that where there is sunshine, there will be a job.美国人狂热地喜欢太阳,相信太阳能治疗慢性病,有太阳的地方就有工作。
词的转换译法(2)
转性译法是指在翻译过程中,根据译语的规范,把原句中某种词类的词转换成另一种词类的词,也就是我们通常所说的词类转换。英语和汉语的词类大部分重合,但是在英语中某个词类的词语可以充当的句子成分相对较少。例如,英语中充当主语的只有代词、名词或相当于名词的动名词或不定式,充当谓语的大多为动词;而汉语中,名词、动词、形容词都可以做主语、谓语、宾语以及表语。
一、汉语动词的转译
汉语的一个显著特点是大量使用动词,包括连动式和兼动式。有时,一个句子会出现多个动词,如:你妈妈叫你回去。
而英语中,一个句子通常只有一个主动词:your mother wants you back at once.汉语中动词使用比较频繁,当翻译成英语时,常用名词、形容词、介词、副词等词来译。
(一)汉语动词转译为英语名词
英语中名词结构占绝对优势,因此常用名词来表示汉语中的动词。英语有词形变化,这大大丰富了英语的名词,有些动词只要在后面加上后缀就变成名词了。汉译英时如果能适当地把动词转换为名词,则能使译文更自然,更凝练。
1.医生建议我多锻炼一些。
译文:the doctor gave me some advice of doing more exercise.
2.操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。
译文:the operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its function.
3.一定要少说空话,多做工作。
译文:there must be less empty talk and more hard work.
4.人口在不断地增加。
译文:there is a steady increase in population.
(二)汉语动词译为英语介词或介词短语
英语中介词不仅数量多(大约有280多个),而且与其他的词类搭配灵活,名词、代词、动名词、从句均可以作它的宾语。英语中介词意义丰富,且随着搭配的不同,意义会发生变化。而且有些英语介词是由动词演变而来的,依然具有动词特征,所以有时汉语动词可以用英语介词或介词词组来翻译。
(1)他到商店去买酱油。
译文:he went to the shop for a bottle of sauce.(2)她漂亮得无法形容。译文:her beauty is beyond word.(3)一座跨越杭州湾的大桥已经开始建设。
译文:a bridge has been under construction, which will span the Hangzhou bay.二、汉语名词的转译
汉语名词作主语、表语或宾语时,一般译为相应的英语名词。
但有时汉语的名词不能硬译为英语名词,而是应该根据英文习惯,转译为英语的动词、形容词或副词等词类。
(一)汉语名词转译为英语动词
英语中有一部分动词是从名词派生而来的,有的英语名词同时可以兼做动词用。汉语中的名词,尤其是抽象名词,如果也把它们翻译成英语名词,那么句子就会不地道,不符合英文的习惯。在这种情况下,我们可以把这些汉语名词译为相应的英语动词,原来主语、表语或宾语的定语就译为英语中的主语。
例如:
1)雄伟的人民大会堂给我们留下了深刻的印象。
the magnificent great hall of the people impressed us tremendously.2)他的画的特点是笔力沉着,色彩鲜艳。
his paintings are characterized by steady strokes and bright colors
上面两个例句中的“印象”、“特点”在汉语中只能用做名词表示,而在英语 常常用动词表达。3)如果旅馆都满客了,我们可以给你提供住处。we can house you if the hotels are full.4)他是世上一切邪恶的化身。
he personified the evil that was in the world.5)他的呼吸有股大蒜味道。he breaths smells of garlic.6)无知和疏忽是这错误的原因。
ignorance and negligence has caused this mistake.7)橄榄枝是和平的象征。olive branch symbolizes peace.8)这只船容易颠覆,因为它造型不合理。
译文一:this boat is apt to overturn because its shape is unreasonably.译文二:this boat is apt to overturn because it unreasonably is shaped.(二)汉语名词转译为英语形容词或副词
词类转换是英汉翻译很重要的手段之一,运用得当,可使译文通顺流畅,否则译文可能生硬晦涩。下面将英汉互译中最常见的词类转换现象介绍如下:
1.汉语中的动词转换成英语中的名词
汉语中动词用的较多,除了动宾结构外,还有连动式、兼语式等两个动词以上连用的现象。英语则不然,一句话往往只有一个谓语动词,但英语中的名词比汉语中的名词用的多。基于两种语言的这一特点,在汉译英时常把汉语中的动词转换为英语中的名词。
如:
1.你必须好好地照顾病人。You must take good care of the patient.2.他善于观察。He is a good observer.在上述两句中,“照顾”,“观察”都是动词,但译成英语,则用的是名词care和 observer。
不过,在翻译过程中,有时也要把汉语中的名词转换成英语的动词。如:
他的演讲给我们的印象很深。His speech impressed us deeply.8 2.汉语中的动词转换为英语的形容词
汉语中一些表示知觉、情感的动词,往往可以转译成英语形容词,通常用“be +形容词......”的结构来表达。
如:
我为他的健康担忧。I am worried about his health.我们对她所做的一切感到满意。We are satisfied with what she did.3.汉语中的动词转换成英语的介词或介词短语
与汉语相比,英语用介词较多,而且有一些英语介词本身是由动词演变而来,具有动词的特征。因此,在汉译英时,汉语中的动词常可用英语中的介词或介词短语来翻译。
1.露西和莉莉上同一个学校。Lucy and Lily are in the same school.2.我反对这项法律。I am against the law.4.汉语中的形容词转化为英语中的名词。如:
1.你说他傻不傻?Don't you think he is an idiot? 2.他的生日宴会很成功。His birthday party was a great success.5.英语中的形容词转化为汉语中的名词。如:
Robinhood often looted the rich and helped the poor.罗宾汉经常劫富济贫。
6.英语中的副词转化为汉语名词。如:
1.What is the fare to Nanjing and back? 去南京一个来回车费是多少? 2.She is physically weak but mentally sound.她体质差但头脑健全。
词 的 转 换(3)
一、词类转换 1.名词到动词
1)表示心理状态和观点表达的名词。
Opinion/thought/objection/ refusal /declaration /declination/ proposal/ suggestion /hope/ wish/ dream/dread/ afraid/ worry My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once.我建议他立刻戒烟。
2)“七感”以及衍生名词
sight /hearing/ touch /smelling/ taste /feeling /hunch/intuition /spectator /audience For millions of immigrants, the Statue of Liberty was their first sight of the promising land.数百万移民一踏上这块希望的土地,第一眼看到的是自由女神像。Large numbers enjoy the spectator sports.许多人喜欢观看比赛。
3)加er或or结尾的动词派生词,不表示身份或职业,而有较强的动作意味。
a fast runner跑得很快, a smart learner学得很快,a good liar你真会说谎,a bad kisser你吻技真差
You are such a loser!你真逊!
4)四大基本趋势以及任何表示动态变化的名词 Increase/decrease/estabilization /fluctuation The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years.在过去的 20 年当中,美国航空业迅猛发展。
Extension/concentration /dilution /growth/ boom /prosperity
2.介词到动词
1)off 脱离;离开;出去;走了 2)beyond 超过
The book is beyond my understanding.我根本读不懂这本书。
The classroom is beyond its maximum seating capacity.这个教室坐不下那么多人。Beyond paradise 3)above / below超过/ 低于
It’s below the average level.4)with /without 具有;拥有/缺乏;没有 5)from/to 包括;如
the developing countries from China to Brazil 包括中国、巴西在内的发展中国家 如中国、巴西的发展中国家
from /derive from 来源于/free from脱离/to /gift to you赠与;给 6)over 战胜
The victory of justice over arbitrary acts, of reason over decadence and blindness, of democracy over imperialism, of good over evil.正义战胜了专断行为,理智战胜了堕落和盲目,民主战胜了帝国主义,善战胜了恶。7)under 客观的具有;
under the policy under the assumption 中国政府无义务承诺
The Chinese government is under no obligation to 8)during 赶上
During the 10th anniversary of our corporation’s founding, I’d like to have 35% off the original price.3.形容词和副词互转
Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad.我国政府十分关心海外侨胞。
4.动词到名词
Our proposal was warmly welcomed by all the representatives.我们的提议得到了全体代表的热烈欢迎。
The girl impressed her relatives’ favorably with her vivacity and sense of humor.这个女孩以她的活泼和幽默感给她亲戚们留下了极好的印象。The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday.上周日,来访客和陪同人员一起参观了黄鹤楼。
一般来说,词类转译技巧的运用可从以下四个方面加以注意。
2、转译成名词。
英语中的某些动词、形容词,翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词。The earth on which we live is shaped a ball.我们居住的地球,形状象一个大球。(动词转译)The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded.医生尽了最大的努力来治疗病号和伤员。(形容词转译)
3、转译成形容词。
英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词,以及某些形容词派生的名词,往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。
另外,当英语动词转译成汉语名词时,原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。
It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.使用雷达探测水下目标是没有用的。(作表语的名词转译)The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man.太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。(副词转译)
4、转译成副词。
英语中的某些名词、形容词,翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词。
When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一发现有可能反对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来。(名词转译)
英译汉翻译技巧句子成分的转换
有些译者喜欢在英汉两种语言中寻找相应的语法成分,如主语、谓语、宾语,并进行一对一的转换,这种翻译在很多情况下是不成功的,因为英汉在句子结构上存在一个很大的区别。英语句子以SV(O)为框架,可以迭加多种形式的从属句子——从句、分词短语、介词短语等等——形成一个明显的形式结构。而汉语的主谓关系和英语存在很大的差别。它的形式结构不像英语那么明显,主要靠小句的串接、意义的连贯来组建句子。这类句子的谓语与主语的关系是一种陈述与被陈述。说明与被说明的关系,而不必有动作上的支配关系。英语的主谓宾语有明确的形式结构特征,而汉语主谓主要是一种语义上的结合,是一种“主题+述题”或“话题+说明”的信息结构,往往是先提出一个话题,然后对它加以评价。所以,在英译汉的过程中未必能进行语法成分的直接转换,而需要重新确立汉语的主语,经历了一种从形合结构向意向结构转化的趋势,这种趋势常体现在两个方面:一个是把英语句子拆开,成为两、三个汉语句子;二是把英语从属成分译为汉语小句,成为小句串接的意合结构。试看下例:
1.Tact must be used in requesting permission.译文:征求同意,应注意方式方法
2.Mere chance seemed to determine who lived and who died.译文:究竟谁死谁活,似乎只有一种偶然性决定。
3.The constant sunshine and mild climate of southern California made it an ideal
site for shooting motion pictures.译文:加利佛尼亚洲南部阳光充足,气候宜人,是拍摄影片的理想场所。
可以看出:翻译时往往要将英语句子的宾语转换为汉语的话题,有时也会将其他成分进行话题转换。这要视上下文及汉语表达的需求而定。
浅析英汉翻译中词类转换法的运用
英语属印欧语系,汉语属藏族语系。英汉两种语言在词汇和语法结构方面有许多不同,在大多数情况下英译汉时很难将两种语言的词汇和结构一一对应。为了使译文符合汉语习惯,翻译时不必拘泥于原文表层结构,可以在忠实原文意义的前提下将原文中某些词的词类成分转换为汉语的其他词类或成分。
下面是几个涉及词类转换的实例。例1:
Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.译文:在这些原因中,有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求;另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。(形容词reasonable转为副词,名词results转为动词,consequences of转为动宾结构)
例2:
This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.译文:这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏使农业难以以高能量消耗这种美国耕作形式继续下去了,而这种耕作方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。(副词particularly、名词energy转为形容词,形容词possible转为名词,介词with转为动词。)
例3:
The emphasis on data gathered firsthand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, make this study a unique and distinctly important social science.译文:强调收集第一手材料,加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角,使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
(名词emphasis、过去分词短语combined with转为动词)
英译汉中的词类或句子成分转换情况:
1、英语名词转译成汉语的动词、形容词或副词在现代英语中,名词使用的范围比较广,不仅常用作主语、宾语、表语、同位语,还可以用作定语或状语。具有动作意义的名词,往往可以与介词短语一起构成名词化结构,其意义相当于一个句子。英语中许多名词含义灵活,翻译时需要从其基本意义出发,联系上下文加以灵活处理。
一般说来,具有动作意义的名词或含有动作意味的名词往往可以转译为汉语动词;由形容词派生的名词和一些加不定冠词作表语用的名词往往可以转译成形容词。有些意义抽象的名词或名词短语与句子其他成分之间存在一定的逻辑关系时,可以根据其意义转译成汉语副词或相应的状语从句。
例如: 1)A glance though his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial.从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。(名词转译成动词)
2)We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.我们感到,解决这个复杂的问题是复杂的。(名词转译成形容词)3)I had the fortune to meet him.我幸运地见到了他。(名词转译成副词)
4)I had the impression that your brother was the director of the company.在我的印象中,你哥哥是那家公司的懂事长(名词转译成状语)
2、英语形容词转译成汉语的副词、动词或名词由于英汉两种语言在表达方式上的不同,由于英汉两种语言在表达方式上的不同,有些英语形容词可以转化为汉语副词这种转译法在形容词修饰的名词转译成汉语动词时更常运用。表示心理状态的形容词在联系动词后作表语时常转译成汉语动词。可以转译成汉语名词的英语形容词通常有两种:一种是加上定冠词表示某一类人的形容词;另一种是用来表示特征或性质的形容词,可以根据汉语习惯转译成名词。
例如:
1)He was a regular visitor.他以前经常来(形容词转化成副词)
2)A successful scientist must be a good observer.一个成功的科学家一定善于观察(形容词转化成动词)
3)They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员(形容词转化成名词)
3、英语可转译成汉语的名词、动词或形容词英语中副词使用频繁,有的表示时间、地点、方式,用来修饰动词;有的表示程度,用来修饰形容词或其它副词;有的起连接作用引导从句;有的用来修饰整个句子。英语副词在句子中的位置也比较灵活,有时在句首,有时在动词前后,有时在词语中间翻译时首先要弄清它的修饰关系,正确理解其含义,然后根据汉语习惯灵活处理。英语形容词或动词转译成汉语名词时,原来修饰形容词或动词的副词往往随着转译成汉语形容词。
1)I love having Friday off.我喜欢每星期五休息(副词转译成名词)2)How long will he be away? 他要离开多久(副词转化成动词)
3)I suppose boys think differently from girls.我想男孩和女孩的思维方式不同(副词转化成形容词)
4、英语动词可转译成汉语名词和副词英语中一些由名词派生或转用的动词,其概念很难用汉语动词来表达,翻译时可将该英语动词转义成汉语名词。英语被动句译成汉语“受到…+名词”或“加以+名词”结构时,该英语动词则转译成汉语名词。英语中有些动词具有汉语副词的含义,翻译时可转译成汉语副词。例如: 1)I succeeded in persuading him.我成功地说服了他(动词转化成副词)
2)He aims to enter the university next year.他的目标是明年进大学(动词转化成名词)
5、英语介词可转译成汉语动词
英语介词在句子中表示词与词之间的关系,用得相当广泛。英语介词含义灵活,搭配关系复杂,翻译时要根据其搭配关系和上下文灵活处理。一般说来,与动词搭配使用的介词往往可以省略不译,如:arrive at/in(到达),look after(照看),persist in(坚持),put up with(忍受),take care of(照管)等。
具有动作含义的英语介词或介词短语翻译时往往转译成汉语动词。例如:
go by car乘汽车去
a present for Susan 给苏姗的礼物
a letter written by English 一封英文书信
Break the circuit first in case of fire 如遇火警,首先切断电源
6、句子成分转换在很多情况下,英语中的句子成分在翻译时也可根据需要进行转换。例如:
1)As the match burns, heat and light are given off.火柴燃烧时发出光和热(主语转为宾语)2)This sort of stone has a relative density of 2.7.这种石头的相对密度是2.7(宾语转为主语)
3)Careful comparison of them will show you the difference.只要仔细把它们比较一下,你就会发现不同之处(主语转为谓语,宾语转为主语)
4)The baby doubled its weight in a year.婴儿的体重一年中涨了一倍(主语转为定语,宾语转为主语)
5)Thousands of terrified watchers stared with their hearts beating fast.成千上万的观众目瞪口呆,心怦怦直跳(定语转为谓语)
6)The ocean was filled with turtles and fish.海洋里鱼鳖成群,张网可得(主语转为状语,宾语转为主语)参考文献
[1]Carter R & McCarthy M.Vocabulary and LanguageTeaching[M].London:Longman, 1998.[2] Corson D J.Using English Words [M].Dordrech: Kluwer Academic Publishers.1995.[3]王文斌.英语词法概论[M].上海外语教育出版社,2006.[4]胡文仲.英美文化词典[M].北京:外语教学研究出版社,1997.
第二篇:合词合句译法
第十节合词译法
无论是西方作家.还是中国作家,都喜欢连用同义词以强调其表达的意思。西方作家常用的是成对词,而中国作家常用的是一条前后两个部分为同一意思的四字成语,或两条同义成语。既然这些同义词表达的是同一个意思.我们就可以他们合起来翻译也就是采用合词译法.请看下面的翻译实例。
1)You’ll supplyfinancial power, and we’ll supply man power.Isn't that fair and square?
2)In our workshop there is a hard and fast rule against smoking.3)He is dead and gone.他的确死了。
4)His father is a man who forgives and forgets.5)Her son was wise and clever, but her daughter was silly and foolish.她的儿子非常聪明,可她的女儿却很笨。
6)She shook and trembled with fear.7)He is a man of culture and learning.8)We must reach our goals and aims.我们必须到达目的。
9)He suffered aches and pains.
10)It's a ways and means of propaganda.这是种宣传方法。
11)It’s right and proper to try it.12)The room is cozy and comfortable.13)She was surprised and taken aback.她着实吃了一惊。
14)Really and truly?
15)I hate all these hustle and bustle.16)要不然时叫他趁早回心转意,有多少好处。〔曹雪芹《红楼梦》,第四+六回)Otherwise, the sooner she changes her mind the better for her.17)其中又见林黛玉是个出类拔萃的,便更与黛玉亲敬异常。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》,第四十九回)
Noticing too that Daiyu stood out from the rest, she treated her even more affectinately.18)紫鹃笑道“我说的是好话,不过叫你心里留神,并没叫你去为非作歹。何苦回老太太,叫我吃了亏,又有什么好处!” 〔曹雪芹《红楼梦》第五+七回)
“I meant well,“ was the smiling answer.“ I just wanted you to look out for yourself, not to do anything wrong.What good will it do if you report me to the old lady and get me into trouble?”
19)(曹雪芹《红楼梦》,第八十四回)
As Concubine Zhao was storming, Jia Huan in the outer room made an even more startling statement.20)(他们)都是些狐群狗党!(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第九十回)
They're a pack of curs!
21)(宝玉和黛玉)真是言和意顺,似漆如胶.(曹雪芹《红楼梦》,第五回)On all matters, indeed, they were in complete accord.22是小丫头们,亦多和宝钗亲近.(曹雪芹《红楼梦》,第五回)
Besides, Baochai's generous, tactful and accommodating ways contrasted strongly with Daiyu' stand-offish reserve and won the hearts of her subordinates, so that nearly all the maids like to chat with her.23楼梦》,第一百十六回)…
…though it was so small and had no blossoms its delicate grace was utterly enchanting.24一+九回)
Today, entering for the examination, you're going to be entirely on your own, so you'll have to take care of yourselves.25Plenty of real gentlefolk go hungry.26)中国人民的不屈不挠的努力必将稳步地达到自己的目的.(《毛泽东选集》第五卷)By our own indomitable efforts we the Chinese people will unswervingly reach our goal.27
He is determined to turn over a new leaf.28
How can you kick down the ladder?
29)二十年,时间看起来很长,一晃就过去了。所以,我们从八十年代的第一年开始,就必须一天也不耽误,专心致志地,聚精会神地搞四个现代化建设。(《邓小平文选》第二卷)Although a period of 20 years sounds quite long, the time will slip by very quickly.From the very first year of the 1980s,we must devote our full attention to achieving the four modernizations and not waste a single day.30)有些企业和单位,群众自己选举出的干部,部.很快此作出了成绩,比单是从上面指定的干部合适得多。(《邓小平文选》第 二卷)In some enterprises and other units, cadres who volunteered for leading
posts or were elected to them by the masses have achieved much in little
time and proved more capable than cadres appointed from above.31)陈词滥调old stuff
32)痴心妄想wishful thinking/fond dream
33)长篇大论a ponderous thesis/a lengthy speech(or article)
34)粗心大意careless/ negligent
35)丰功伟绩great(or magnificent)contributions.36)灵丹妙药miraculous cure /heal-all
37)自以为是,夜郎自大self-conceited /arrogant
38)以怨报德,恩将仇报return kindness with ingratitude
39)低三下四, 奴颜卑膝humble oneself
40)宽宏大量,既往不咎forgive and forget
无论是英译汉,还是汉译英,我们都必须注意到原文中用同义词时所产生的强调成分。如上面第三例句中“dead and gone”译成“的确死了”,第四例句“forgive and forget”译成“非常宽容”,第五例句中“wise and clever”和“silly and foolish”分别译成“非常聪明”和“很笨”,第六例句中“shook and trembled”译成“不停地抖”,第七例句中“culture and learning”译成“很有学问”第九例句中“aches and pains”译成“百般疼痛”,第十一例句中“right and proper”译成“完全正确”,第+二例句“cozy and comfortable”译成“非常舒适”,第十三例句中“was surprised and
taken aback”译成“”第十四例句中“really and truly”译成“”第十五例句中“hustle and bustle”译成“拥挤不堪的场面”第二十一例句中“言和意顺,似漆如胶”译成“were in complete accord”,第二十三例句中“心动神怡,魂消魄丧”译成“was utterly enchanting”,第二十例句中“孤孤凄凄,举目无亲”译成“to be entirely your own”第二十九例句中“专心致志,聚精会神”译成“devote our full attention to”
第十一节合句译法
一般说来,英语句子要比汉语句子长,一个英语句子要比一个汉语句子具有更大的容量。因此,我们在汉译英时有必要,也有可能把两个或两个以上的汉语句子翻译成一个英语句子.比较口语化的英语句子也比较短,我们在英译汉时也经常要用合句译法,把两个或两个以上的英语句子翻译成一个汉语句子.请看下面的例句。
1)The young man was very miserable.// He has no money about him.// All his savings had been stolen.2)Darkness fell.// An explosion shock the earth.// It did not shake his will to go to the front.夜幕降落时,一声爆炸震动了大地,可并没有动摇他上前线的决心。
3)That day, the President had an interview with her father.// Her father was going to the moon by space shuttle.那天,总统会见了她的父亲,因为她的父亲即将乘航天飞机去登月。
4)She is very busy at home.// She has to take care of the children and do the kitchen work.她在家很忙,又要看好孩子,又要下厨。
5)众人忙问端的。//他乃道:“原来本府新升的太爷姓贾名化,// 本贯胡州人士,// 曾与女婿旧日相交。”(曹雪芹《红楼梦》)Asked what had happened, he told them: “This new prefect,Jia Hua, is a native of Huzhou and an old friend of my son-in-law.”
6)这贾菌亦系荣国府近派的重孙,// 其母亦少寡,//独守着贾菌。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》)Jia Jun was a great-great-grandson of the Duke of Rongguo, and the only son of his mother who had been widowed early.7)袭人之母也早迎了出来。// 袭人拉了宝玉进去。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》)
By now Xiren’s mother had come out to greet him too, and Xiren led Baoyu in.8)说毕,张道士方退出去。// 这里贾母与众人上了楼,在正面楼上归坐。// 凤姐等占了东楼。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》)Thereupon the priest withdrew ,while the Lady Dowager and her party went upstairs to sit in the main balcony, Xifeng and her companions occupying that to the east.9)邢夫人将方才的话只略说了几句,// 贾赦无法,又含愧。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》)When Lady Xing gave her husband an abbreviated version of what the Lady Dowager had said, Jia She felt at a loss and bitterly mortified.10)贾琏见他去了,只得回来瞧凤姐。// 谁知凤姐已醒了,听他和鸳鸯借当。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》)As soon as she had gone Jia Lian went in to see Xifeng, who had woken up and heard him ask for a loan.11)笛声止了。// 远远地起了拍掌声和欢笑声。The flute stopped, and in the distance there was applause and laughter.12)旧历新年快来了。// 这是一年中的第一件大事。// 除了那些负债过多的人以外,大家都热烈地欢迎这个佳节的到来。(巴金《家》)The traditional New Year Holiday was fast approaching, the first big event of year, and everyone, except those who owed heavy debts—which traditionally had to be paid off before the end of the year—was enthusiastically looking forward to it.13)只有吴荪甫的眼睛里却闪出了兴奋的光彩。// 和孙吉人尚属初交,真看不出来这个细长脖子的小脑袋里倒怀着那样的高瞻远瞩的气魄。(茅盾《子夜》)
However Wusunfu’s eyes gleamed with excitement, for Sun Jiren was a comparatively new acquaintance, and Wu sunfu had hardly expected that this man with his small head and long neck would turn out to be so far-sighted and unconventional.采用合句译法时, 都是根据原文各句之间的逻辑关系, 在译文的句与句之间加上连接词语, 如汉语译文中的 “因为”, “如果”, “但是”, “又…又…” 以及英语译文中的 “and”, “while”, “when”, “so”, “but”, “because”, “for”, “as”, “who”等.第十二节缩句译法
所谓缩句译法, 就是根据原文的逻辑关系和译文的语言习惯, 把原文中的一个句子紧缩成译文中另一个句子的组成部分.一般情况下, 我们把原文上下文中相对次要的句子紧缩成相对主要的句子的组成部分, 大多紧缩成状语, 也有一部分紧缩成定语和同位语乃至主语.请看下面的例句.1)It was April 1945.the Second World War was coming to an end.1945年4月, 第二次世界大战已接近尾声.(缩为状语)
2)She went back home to take care of her husband.He was seriously ill.她回家却照料病重的丈夫.(缩为定语)
3)They sat down in the waiting-room to do some reading.People came to and off there.他们在人来人往的候车室里坐下来看点书.(缩为定语)
4)Her father became the mayor of the city.He was a murderer in the Second World War.她的父亲, 二次大战中一个杀人凶手, 竟当上了这个城市的市长.(缩为同位语)
5)黛玉又忙命倒茶, 一面又使眼色与宝玉.宝玉会意, 便走了出来.Daiyu ordered tea, glancing at Baoyu as she did so.Taking the hint, he went out of the room.(缩为状语)
6)他在去年夏天把十九岁的女儿小福子卖给了一个军人.卖了二百块钱.(老舍<骆驼祥子>)The summer before, he had sold his nineteen-year-old daughter Joy to an army officer for two hundred silver dollars.(缩为状语)
7)太阳当顶了.田野,从树, 屋舍, 都显现在光明静穆的大平面上.With the sun right overhead now, the field, the clumps of trees and the huts were all picked out clearly on a vast, flat surface, brilliantly lit and still..(缩为状语)
8.道静看见了, 气得浑身发抖.她二话没说, 立刻向经理辞了职.Quivering with anger, Daojing promptly gave notice..(缩为状语)
9.车子漫漫地走着, 在一个泥洼子里渥住了.老孙头一面骂牲口, 一面跳下地来看.The lumbering cart got stuck in the mud.Swearing at his beasts, Old Sun jumped down to take a look.10.这日他比平日起得迟, 看见她已经伏在洗脸台上檫脖子,肥皂的泡沫就如大螃蟹嘴上的水泡一般,高高的堆在两个耳朵后.Getting up later than usual, he saw his wife leaning over the wash-stand rubbing her neck, with bubbles like those emitted by great crabs heaped up over both her ears.(缩为状语)
缩句译法更多地用于汉译英, 一方面是因为汉语句子较短, 而英语句子较长, 另一方面是因为汉语句子相对简单, 而英语句子相对复杂, 结构形式比较丰富多彩.
第三篇:词型转换
1.community(复数)—
21.safe(反义词)—
2.gas(复数)— 3.hair(复数)— 4.bakery(复数)— 5.newspaper(复数)— 6.write(同音词)— 7.left(反义词)— 8.buy(同音词)— 9.stop(现在分词)— 10.direction(动词)— 11.see(同音词)— 12.happy(反义词)— 13.simple(近义词)— 14.cross(名词)— 15.there(对应词)— 16.jog(名词)— 17.photo(近义词)— 18.mouse(复数)— 19.have(单三)— 20.love(近义词)—
22.danger(形容词)— 23.good(副词)— 24.tall(反义词)— 25.match(复数)— 26.leaf(复数)— 27.big(比较级)— 28.(最高级)— 29.bring(近义词)— 30.too(同义词)— 31.hobby(复数)— 32.travel(现在分词)— 33.fun(同义词)— 34.(反义词)— 35.busy(名词)— 36.swim(现在分词)— 37.knit(现在分词)— 38.let’s(完全形式)— 39.no(同音词)— 40.do(单三)— 41.hard(反义词)— 42.meet(同音词)— 43.can not(缩写)— 44.aunt(同音词)— 45.same(反义词)— 46.they(单数)— 47.Chinese(名词)— 48.eye(同音词)— 49.study(单三)— 50.(近义词)— 51.good(比较级)— 52.(最高级)— 53.first(基数词)— 54.many(近义词)— 55.(近义词组)— 56.old(反义词)— 57.Canada(形容词)— 58.Japanese(名词)— 59.vacation(近义词)— 60.hour(同音词)—
61.stick(名词)— 62.go(过去式)— 63.bring(过去式)— 64.break(过去式)— 65.are(过去式)— 66.is(过去式)— 67.see(过去式)— 68.have(过去式)— 69.take(过去式)— 70.feel(过去式)— 71.do(过去式)— 72.run(过去式)— 73.find(过去式)— 74.stop(过去式)—
big— new— beautiful— hot— short— cool— safe— left— easy— behind— good— tall— up— thin— go— old— answer— bring— begin— open— black— green— cry—
here— same— this— those— sit— wrong— no— boring—
同 义 词 1.start— 2.fun— 3.picture— 4.love— 5.learn— 6.many— 7.too— 8.job— 9.nice— 10.laugh— 11.easy— 12.get to— 13.hard— 14.good— 15.vacation—
动词现在分词 1.cut— 2.making— 3.sing— 4.put— 5.give— 6.swimming— 7.stop— 8.begin— 9.bring— 10.shop— 11.run— 12.boat— 13.jog— 14.sit— 15.get— 16.have— 17.lying— 18.forget— 19.take— 20.travel— 21.knit—
动词和名词互换 1.building— 2.flight— 3.driver— 4.invite— 5.tour— 6.teach— 7.bake— 8.crossing— 9.visit— 10.write— 11.jog— 12.sticker— 13.sing—
形容词和副词互换 1.good— 2.finally— 3.careful—
第四篇:数词倍数译法
第一部分:数词的译法
一、数字增减的译法:
1.句式特征:by+名词+比较级+than The wire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长3英寸。2.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+to+n.译为:增加到。。或减少到。。
Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金属切割机已经减少到50台。
二、百分数增减的表示法与译法
1.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+%
The output value has increased 35%.产值增加了35% 2.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+by+%
Retail salses should rise by 8% 商品零售额应增加3% The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本减少60% 3.句式特征:表示减少意义的动词+to+%表示减少后剩余的数量
By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺,铁的损失量减少到20%
4.句式特征:%+ 比较级 +than表示净增减的数量
Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售额与去年相比,有望增加9%。5.句式特征:% + 比较级 + 名词表示净减数
The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied.新型机械能耗量净减10% 6.句式特征:a + % + increase表示净增数
There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.与去年相比,今年钢产量净增20%
7.句式特征:%+(of)名词(代词)表示净减数,数字n照译
The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年产值仅为去年的60% 8.句式特征:%+up on 或over表示净增数
The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年粮食产量比1978年净增20%。
第二部分 倍数增加的表示法及译法
汉语表示“增加了几倍”时,英语的倍数表示倍数需减一,译成“增加了n-1倍”以表示净增加数。如果译成“增加到n倍”或“为原来的n倍”,则照译不误。
1.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+n times“表示成倍地增长,译成”增加到N倍“或”增加n-1倍“
注:1倍 once;2倍twice(或double);3倍thrice(或three times)2 表示增加意义的动词+by+ n times,该句式与上述相同 表示增加意义的动词+to+ n times表示增加到N倍,译成”增加了n-1倍“ 4.表示增加意义的动词+by a factor of + n times 5.表示增加意义的动词+比较级+by a factor of + n times表示增加以后达到的倍数,译成”比。。。大(长、宽。。)N-1倍“
6.表示增加意义的动词+ n times+比较级+than。。。7.表示增加意义的动词+ n times +adj./adv.+as....8.表示增加意义的动词+a + n times(或n-fold)+increase.......表示增加到N倍,译成”增加了N-1倍“
9.表示增加意义的动词+as + adj./adv.+ again as.....译成”比。。大(长、宽。。倍)“
例子: Line A is as long again as line B.A线比B线长1倍。
This machine turns half as fast again as that one.这台机器转动比那台机器快半倍。
10.表示增加意义的动词+half as + adj./adv.+ again as.....译成”比。。大(长、宽。。半倍)“
11.用double表示倍数,译成”等于.....的2倍“或”增加了1倍“ 12 用treble表示倍数增加,译成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“ 13.用quadruple表示倍数增加,译成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“
第三部分 倍数减少的表示方法
倍数减少在英译时,需把倍数换算成分数。成几倍减少,可以改译成”减少到1/N“或减少了”N-1/N“。而减少了N倍,可改译成”减少到1/N+1“或”减少了N/N+1“。
1.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+N times表示成N倍减少,译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“ The length of laser tube was reduced ten times.激光管的长度缩短了十分之九。2.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+by+N times表示成N倍减少,译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“ The bandwith was reduced by two times.带宽减少了二分之一。
3.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+by a factor of + N times表示成N倍减少,译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“
4.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+a-N times(N-fold)+ reduction译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“
The principal advantage over the old-fashioned machine is a four-fold reduction in weight.与旧式机器比,主要特点是重量减少了四分之三。
5.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+N times+as + adj./adv......译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“
6.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+N times+ 比较级+ than表示减少了N倍,译成”减少到1/N+1”或“减少了1/N+1“
The plastic container is five times lighter than that glass one.这个塑料容器比那个玻璃容器轻六分之五。
英语倍数句型及其译法
英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12)等,见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在
表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: 倍数增加
(一)A is n times as great(long,much,„)as B.(①)A is n times greater(longer,more,„)than B.(②)A is n times the size(length,amount,„)of B.(③)
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,„„)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,„„)n-1倍].Eg.This book is three times as long as(three times longer than,three times the length of)that one.这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。
(二)increase to n times(④)increase n times/n-fold(⑤)increase by n times(⑥)
increase by a factor of n(⑦)
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。
Eg.The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year.集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。
Eg.The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986.
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。
Eg.That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。
Eg.The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。
(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth„(⑧)
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式:
Eg.A record high increase in value of four times was reported.据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。
(四)double(增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨)Eg.The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. 这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如:
A is as much(large,long,„)again as B.(= A is twice as much(large,long,„)as B.(⑩)
应译为:A比B多(大,长,„„)1倍。
A is half as much(large,1ong,„)again as B.【= A is one and a half times as much(large,1ong,„)as B.】(11)应译为:A比B多(大,长„„)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。
倍数减少
(一)A is n times as small(light,slow,„)as B.(12)A is n times smaller(lighter,slower,„)than B.(13)
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,„„)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,„„)(n-1)/n]。Eg.The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。
Eg.This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。
(二)decrease n times/n--fold(14)decrease by n times(15)
decrease by a factor of n(16)
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。
decrease常被reduce,shorten,go/slow down等词替代。
Eg.Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。
Eg.When the voltage is stepped up by ten times,the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times.电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。
Eg.The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.该设备误差概率降低了4/5。
(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction„ 应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17)这个句型还有其它一些形式,Eg.A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. 发现迅速减少到1/7。
Eg.The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight.这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍
数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by)3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。
第四部分 动词的使动用法
动词是英语中词类中最为活跃的成分,现介绍一些使动用法共勉。1.I slowly walked my horse up the hill.我慢慢地带马上山。2.The ran the ship aground.他们把船开到滩上去了。
3.The swam their horses in the river.他们使马泅水渡河。
4.I laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.我躺下来好让疲惫的腿休息一下。5.They rode out the storm.他们安然渡过风暴
其实,研究动词个人认为,要把握后面有无宾语;宾语是人还是物;是什么样的宾语。欢迎网友探讨,动词的学习研讨方法。
第五部分 同系宾语
1.I dreamed a strange dream.2.He slept the sleep that knows no waking.3.I have fought a good fight.一、在同系宾语上附有修饰形容词时,通常可换成态度副词。live a long life = live long;live a happy life = live happily;die a national death = die nationally;die a violent death = die by violence
二、有的宾语与动词不同语源,但意义相通,也可以视为同类。run a race;run a course;run one's career;fight a battle;blow a gale;strike a blow;ring a peal;wreak one's vengeance
三、以it构成的类型:
I am determined to fight it out。我决心奋斗到底。He is starring it in the provinces.他到各地巡回演出。
We had to walk it in the rain.我们不得不冒雨而行。Can't you swim it?你游不过去吗?
四、在某些熟语中可将同系宾语省略,如look thanks = look a look of thanks He looked the thanks he could not express.他眼中现出言语无法表达的感谢。
She left the room, looking daggers at me.她以短剑相刺的目光望着我,走出了房间。
五、最高级形容词后,可以省略同系宾语。The lady was looking her best(look).She sang her sweest(song)to please him.第六部分 一组词组
1.all+抽象名词/抽象名词+itself = very + adj.He was all gentleness to her.他对她非常温存。
To his superiors, he is humility itself。对于长辈,他极为谦逊。
分析:该结构原来是表示某种性质达到极点的一种说法,有“非常”、“尽管”、“一味”、“尽” 的含义,有时甚至可以译为“。。的化身”、“。。的具体化”。普通复数名词用于“all”之后,也是表达这种概念。
He is all smiles.他一味地笑。She is all eyes.她盯着看。I am all anxiety.我真担心。
He is all attention.他全神贯注地听着。2.Something(much)of / nothing(little)of Mr.Li is something of a philospher.李先生略具哲学家风范。Mr.Wu is nothing of a musician.吴先生全无音乐家的风味。Mr.Lu is very much of a poet.陆先生大有诗人气派。Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.刘先生几无学者风度。
分析:此为表示“程度”的形容词短语,有时可以当作副词翻译。Something of =to some extent(某程度),在问句和条件句中则用anyting of(略有、多少)。nothing of译作“全无、毫无”。相类似的情况:
to be something of = to have something of + 名词+in +代名词
He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫无演说家的才能。
这类名词的用法,可以处理为副词。
He has seen something of life.他略具阅历。他稍阅世。Something of 与something like区别:程度上有差异。something like = something approximateing in character or amount指数量或性质略同的事物,又 作somewhat(似乎、略微)解释。
This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。It shaped something like a cigar.其形状略似雪茄
第五篇:俄语翻译表示特有事物的词的译法
广州汤尼俄语学校学习资料
俄语翻译表示特有事物的词的译法
(一)音译
这类词由于有浓厚的民族色彩或地方特色需要保留,所以通常采用音译。音译时应查表并约定俗成。如:рубль 卢布 пул 普特 водка 伏特加 чай 茶叶
(цигун)(способ укребления силы 《ци 》 气功 太极拳 《тайцзиюань》(род китайских гимнастических упражнений ,служащий для самозащиты,а
главным оброзом для укребления здровья)打麻将 играть в 《 мацзян 》(костяные игральные пластинки)комбайн 康拜因---联合收割机 платье 布拉吉---连衣裙 семинар 先明耐---课堂讨论
(二)意译
a.借用 俄汉里某些表示特有事物的词虽不完全等值,但含义比较近似,用途基本相符。例如:пампушка 馒头 пирожок 包子 борщ 菜汤 火锅
китайский самовар
b.解释 дикарь(没有修养证、个人自费的)疗养或旅游 涮羊肉
баранина ,сваренная в китайском самоварес创造新词 这是意译法中最积极的一种,但采用时要慎重,不能随意创造。
субботник 星期六义务劳动 самовар 茶饮 макси-юбка 超长裙 бумажный тигр 纸老虎
(三)音译兼译
a.一个词的一部分音译,另一部分意译,结合紧密,形成一个新词。例如:
октябрист 十月革命党人 阿q 精神 акюзм 道教 даосизм
b原词音译作定语,根据其内涵再借用一个与它相应的名词作中心词,构成偏正结构共
广州汤尼俄语学校学习资料
同表义。例如:миг-29 米格-29 飞机 волга “伏尔加“汽车 диск 迪斯科注意:
a.某个词可能先后有过几种译法,是错误要改正;都正确的,要选用合适的一种。例如:третьяковская галерея(特列几亚科夫 画廊(误)特列几亚科夫美术馆(正)
b意译时采用借代法,一定含义近似,作用相符。如:炕(中国、朝鲜人住的)只能音译成кан ,不宜借用俄式的火炕 лежанка.房子 不宜借用 хата(乌克兰式)或изба(俄罗斯式,木制的)的,只能译成дом,здание,жилищеc.上下文的重要作用。中国阴历十二月又称腊月 двенадцатый
месяц по лунному китайскому календарю
называется ?лаюе?.