第一篇:高中英语写作一句多译法
一句多译:
前述:在英写作中,合理的结构、鲜明的主题固然是一篇好文章所必需的,恰当的选词和灵活多样的句子也是写好文章必不可缺的。句子的一句多译是语言灵活运用的最佳途径,也为文章的畅通另辟了蹊径。英语文章的写作一向重视一义多词的表达,这是由于英美国家的文化,风俗和习惯所造就的。这样的表达让整个文章色彩鲜明,不落俗套,避免了单调,枯燥和乏味。
1、运用同义词语。如:“他上星期生病了”可译为:
(1)He got ill last week.(2)He was ill last week.(3)He fell ill last week.(4)He became ill last week.(5)He was in bad health last week.2、运用同一词语的不同句式结构.如:“他写那篇文章花了三个星期”可译为:
(1)It took him three weeks to write the article.(2)He took three weeks to write the article.(3)The article took him three weeks.(4)To write the article took him three weeks.(5)It took three weeks for him to write the article.(6)Writing the article took him three weeks.3、运用简单句与复合句的相互转换理论。如:
The man standing there is a policeman.→
The man who is standing there is a policeman.What we should do next is unknown.→
What to do next is unknown.We are thinking of how we can finish the work in time.→
We are thinking of how to finish the work in time.4、综合运用同义词语与不同句式。如:“他做完练习后,便出去了”可译为:
(1)After he had finished the exercises, he went out.(2)After he finished the exercises, he went out.(3)Having finished the exercises, he went out.(4)Finishing the exercises, he went out.(5)After finishing the exercises, he went out.(6)The exercises being finished, he went out.(7)The exercises finished, he went out.(8)The exercises having been done, he went out.另外,还可采用修辞等方法,以增进多种表达的本领。
第二篇:数词倍数译法
第一部分:数词的译法
一、数字增减的译法:
1.句式特征:by+名词+比较级+than The wire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长3英寸。2.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+to+n.译为:增加到。。或减少到。。
Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金属切割机已经减少到50台。
二、百分数增减的表示法与译法
1.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+%
The output value has increased 35%.产值增加了35% 2.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+by+%
Retail salses should rise by 8% 商品零售额应增加3% The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本减少60% 3.句式特征:表示减少意义的动词+to+%表示减少后剩余的数量
By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺,铁的损失量减少到20%
4.句式特征:%+ 比较级 +than表示净增减的数量
Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售额与去年相比,有望增加9%。5.句式特征:% + 比较级 + 名词表示净减数
The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied.新型机械能耗量净减10% 6.句式特征:a + % + increase表示净增数
There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.与去年相比,今年钢产量净增20%
7.句式特征:%+(of)名词(代词)表示净减数,数字n照译
The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年产值仅为去年的60% 8.句式特征:%+up on 或over表示净增数
The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年粮食产量比1978年净增20%。
第二部分 倍数增加的表示法及译法
汉语表示“增加了几倍”时,英语的倍数表示倍数需减一,译成“增加了n-1倍”以表示净增加数。如果译成“增加到n倍”或“为原来的n倍”,则照译不误。
1.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+n times“表示成倍地增长,译成”增加到N倍“或”增加n-1倍“
注:1倍 once;2倍twice(或double);3倍thrice(或three times)2 表示增加意义的动词+by+ n times,该句式与上述相同 表示增加意义的动词+to+ n times表示增加到N倍,译成”增加了n-1倍“ 4.表示增加意义的动词+by a factor of + n times 5.表示增加意义的动词+比较级+by a factor of + n times表示增加以后达到的倍数,译成”比。。。大(长、宽。。)N-1倍“
6.表示增加意义的动词+ n times+比较级+than。。。7.表示增加意义的动词+ n times +adj./adv.+as....8.表示增加意义的动词+a + n times(或n-fold)+increase.......表示增加到N倍,译成”增加了N-1倍“
9.表示增加意义的动词+as + adj./adv.+ again as.....译成”比。。大(长、宽。。倍)“
例子: Line A is as long again as line B.A线比B线长1倍。
This machine turns half as fast again as that one.这台机器转动比那台机器快半倍。
10.表示增加意义的动词+half as + adj./adv.+ again as.....译成”比。。大(长、宽。。半倍)“
11.用double表示倍数,译成”等于.....的2倍“或”增加了1倍“ 12 用treble表示倍数增加,译成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“ 13.用quadruple表示倍数增加,译成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“
第三部分 倍数减少的表示方法
倍数减少在英译时,需把倍数换算成分数。成几倍减少,可以改译成”减少到1/N“或减少了”N-1/N“。而减少了N倍,可改译成”减少到1/N+1“或”减少了N/N+1“。
1.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+N times表示成N倍减少,译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“ The length of laser tube was reduced ten times.激光管的长度缩短了十分之九。2.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+by+N times表示成N倍减少,译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“ The bandwith was reduced by two times.带宽减少了二分之一。
3.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+by a factor of + N times表示成N倍减少,译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“
4.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+a-N times(N-fold)+ reduction译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“
The principal advantage over the old-fashioned machine is a four-fold reduction in weight.与旧式机器比,主要特点是重量减少了四分之三。
5.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+N times+as + adj./adv......译成”减少到1/N“或”减少了N-1/N“
6.句式特点:表示减少意义的动词+N times+ 比较级+ than表示减少了N倍,译成”减少到1/N+1”或“减少了1/N+1“
The plastic container is five times lighter than that glass one.这个塑料容器比那个玻璃容器轻六分之五。
英语倍数句型及其译法
英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12)等,见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在
表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: 倍数增加
(一)A is n times as great(long,much,„)as B.(①)A is n times greater(longer,more,„)than B.(②)A is n times the size(length,amount,„)of B.(③)
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,„„)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,„„)n-1倍].Eg.This book is three times as long as(three times longer than,three times the length of)that one.这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。
(二)increase to n times(④)increase n times/n-fold(⑤)increase by n times(⑥)
increase by a factor of n(⑦)
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。
Eg.The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year.集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。
Eg.The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986.
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。
Eg.That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。
Eg.The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。
(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth„(⑧)
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式:
Eg.A record high increase in value of four times was reported.据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。
(四)double(增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨)Eg.The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. 这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如:
A is as much(large,long,„)again as B.(= A is twice as much(large,long,„)as B.(⑩)
应译为:A比B多(大,长,„„)1倍。
A is half as much(large,1ong,„)again as B.【= A is one and a half times as much(large,1ong,„)as B.】(11)应译为:A比B多(大,长„„)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。
倍数减少
(一)A is n times as small(light,slow,„)as B.(12)A is n times smaller(lighter,slower,„)than B.(13)
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,„„)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,„„)(n-1)/n]。Eg.The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。
Eg.This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。
(二)decrease n times/n--fold(14)decrease by n times(15)
decrease by a factor of n(16)
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。
decrease常被reduce,shorten,go/slow down等词替代。
Eg.Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。
Eg.When the voltage is stepped up by ten times,the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times.电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。
Eg.The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.该设备误差概率降低了4/5。
(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction„ 应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17)这个句型还有其它一些形式,Eg.A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. 发现迅速减少到1/7。
Eg.The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight.这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍
数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by)3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。
第四部分 动词的使动用法
动词是英语中词类中最为活跃的成分,现介绍一些使动用法共勉。1.I slowly walked my horse up the hill.我慢慢地带马上山。2.The ran the ship aground.他们把船开到滩上去了。
3.The swam their horses in the river.他们使马泅水渡河。
4.I laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.我躺下来好让疲惫的腿休息一下。5.They rode out the storm.他们安然渡过风暴
其实,研究动词个人认为,要把握后面有无宾语;宾语是人还是物;是什么样的宾语。欢迎网友探讨,动词的学习研讨方法。
第五部分 同系宾语
1.I dreamed a strange dream.2.He slept the sleep that knows no waking.3.I have fought a good fight.一、在同系宾语上附有修饰形容词时,通常可换成态度副词。live a long life = live long;live a happy life = live happily;die a national death = die nationally;die a violent death = die by violence
二、有的宾语与动词不同语源,但意义相通,也可以视为同类。run a race;run a course;run one's career;fight a battle;blow a gale;strike a blow;ring a peal;wreak one's vengeance
三、以it构成的类型:
I am determined to fight it out。我决心奋斗到底。He is starring it in the provinces.他到各地巡回演出。
We had to walk it in the rain.我们不得不冒雨而行。Can't you swim it?你游不过去吗?
四、在某些熟语中可将同系宾语省略,如look thanks = look a look of thanks He looked the thanks he could not express.他眼中现出言语无法表达的感谢。
She left the room, looking daggers at me.她以短剑相刺的目光望着我,走出了房间。
五、最高级形容词后,可以省略同系宾语。The lady was looking her best(look).She sang her sweest(song)to please him.第六部分 一组词组
1.all+抽象名词/抽象名词+itself = very + adj.He was all gentleness to her.他对她非常温存。
To his superiors, he is humility itself。对于长辈,他极为谦逊。
分析:该结构原来是表示某种性质达到极点的一种说法,有“非常”、“尽管”、“一味”、“尽” 的含义,有时甚至可以译为“。。的化身”、“。。的具体化”。普通复数名词用于“all”之后,也是表达这种概念。
He is all smiles.他一味地笑。She is all eyes.她盯着看。I am all anxiety.我真担心。
He is all attention.他全神贯注地听着。2.Something(much)of / nothing(little)of Mr.Li is something of a philospher.李先生略具哲学家风范。Mr.Wu is nothing of a musician.吴先生全无音乐家的风味。Mr.Lu is very much of a poet.陆先生大有诗人气派。Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.刘先生几无学者风度。
分析:此为表示“程度”的形容词短语,有时可以当作副词翻译。Something of =to some extent(某程度),在问句和条件句中则用anyting of(略有、多少)。nothing of译作“全无、毫无”。相类似的情况:
to be something of = to have something of + 名词+in +代名词
He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫无演说家的才能。
这类名词的用法,可以处理为副词。
He has seen something of life.他略具阅历。他稍阅世。Something of 与something like区别:程度上有差异。something like = something approximateing in character or amount指数量或性质略同的事物,又 作somewhat(似乎、略微)解释。
This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。It shaped something like a cigar.其形状略似雪茄
第三篇:英语长句的译法
英语长句的译法
对于每一个英语句子的口译, 并不只是使用一种口译方法, 而是多种口译方法的综合运用, 这在英语长句的口译中表现得尤为突出。长句在科技性的文体中的出现极为频繁, 因此也就成为研究生入学考试的重点, 通过对近年来试题的分析我们可以看出, 所考查的绝大多数划线的部分都是长句。在口译长句时, 首先,不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理,因为,无论是多么复杂的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构, 找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思, 然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系, 再按照汉语的特点和表达方式, 正确地译出原文的意思, 不必拘泥于原文的形式。
一、英语长句的分析
一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面:(1)修饰语过多;(2)并列成分多;(3)语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:
(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3)分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。
(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。
(5)注意插入语等其他成分。
(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析:
例1.behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析:(1)该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。
(2)该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句;who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child;where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli;在suggest的宾语从句中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual development.在作了如上的分析之后, 我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解, 然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种口译方法, 就可以把该句口译成汉语为:
行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
例2.for a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.分析:(1)该句的骨干结构为it is more … to do sth than to do sth else.是一个比较结构, 而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。
(2)该句中共有三个谓语结构, 它们之间的关系为: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 为主体结构, 但it是形式主语, 真正的主语为第二个谓语结构: to sit comfortably at home, 并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。
(3)句首的for a family of four作状语, 表示条件。另外, 还有两个介词短语作插入语: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语, 修饰to sit comfortably at home.综合上述口译方法,这个句子我们可以口译为:
譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
二、长句的口译
英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。因此, 在进行英译汉时, 要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 口译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的口译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。
(1)顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序口译成汉语。例如:
例1.even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.分析: 该句子由一个主句, 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: a.既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时;b.电仍在为我们工作;c.帮我们开动电冰箱;d.加热水;e.或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致, 因此, 我们可以通过顺序法, 把该句口译成:
即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。
例2.but now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.分析: 该句的骨干结构为“it is realized that…”, it为形式主语, that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to …结构, 其中, 不定式作主语, the time …是“expectation of life”的同位语, 进一步解释其含义, 而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构, 表达了四个层次的意义: a.可是现在人们意识到;b.其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的;c.人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”;d.将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的口译方法, 把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 整个句子就口译为:
可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说, 经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。
下面我们再列举几个实例:
例3.prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人;他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。
例4.this method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”
这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈, 是否必须有一定的湿度才行?”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高?”
例5.it begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event;it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures;it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man`s life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣;其后, 这种爱好变得成熟起来, 我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性, 对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣;对历史的爱好, 最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。对死去的, 无论是伟大与平凡, 所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人,都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。
例6.if parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志, 他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。
(2)逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始口译。例如:
例1.aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: a.铝直到19世纪才被人发现;b.由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝;c.由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起;d.最普遍的是跟氧结合;e.铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后, 这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句口译成:
铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合;因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。
例2.it therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成, “……变得越来越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有三个谓语结构, 包含三层含义: a.……变的越来越重要;b.如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;c.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 口译成:
因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。
下面我们再举几个实例:
例3.it is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning english seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。
例4.they(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。
例5.a great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the united states the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the beat generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人, 正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。
例6.such is a human nature in the west that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。
例7.insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。
(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 口译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。例如:
例1.the number of the young people in the united states who can`t read is incredible about one in four.上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子, 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译, 就可能被口译成:
没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。
这样, 就使得译文极为不通顺, 不符合汉语的表达习惯, 因此, 我们应该把它译为:
大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。
例2.television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.分析: 在此长句中, 有一个插入语“it is often said”, 三个并列的谓语结构, 还有一个定语从句, 这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义, 因此在口译时, 可以采用分句法, 按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句, 结果为:
人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。
下面我们再举一个例子:
例3.all they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧, 以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。
例4.although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的数目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。
(4)综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在口译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种口译方法, 而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下, 一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文口译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:
例1.people were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析: 该句共有三层含义: a: 人们不敢出门;b: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况;c: 警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, b表示让步, c表示原因, 而a则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序, 我们作如下的安排:
尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。
下面我们再举几个例子:
例2.modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。
例3.taking his cue from ibsen`s a doll`s house, in which the heroine, nora, leaves home because she resents her husband`s treating her like a child, the writer lu xun warned that nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。
例4.up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。
第四篇:常用外交词汇英文译法
Ministry of Foreign Affairs 外交部 Protocol Department 礼宾司 Information Department 新闻司 diplomatic mission 外交代表机构 embassy 大使馆 legation 公使馆
consulate-general 总领事馆 consulate 领事馆
office of the chargé d'affaires, 代办处 military attaché's office, 武官处
commercial counsellor's office 商务处 press section, information service 新闻处 liaison office 联络处
diplomat 外交家, 外交官 diplomatic rank 外交官衔
diplomatic representative 外交代表
members of the administrative and technical staff 行政技术人员 ambassador 大使
ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary 特命全权大使 nuncio 教廷大使 internuncio 教廷公使
counsellor withthe rank of minister, minister-counsellor 公使衔参赞 chargé d'affaires, 代办
chargé d'affasiread interim, 临时代办 counsellor 参赞
first secretary 一等秘书 second secretary 二等秘书 third secretary 三等秘书 attaché, 随员
commercial secretary 商务参赞 cultural secretary 文化参赞 commercial attaché, 商务专员 cultural attaché, 文化专员 military attaché, 武官 naval attaché, 海军武官 air attaché, 空军武官 consul-general 总领事 consul 领事
doyen of the diplomatic corps, dean of the diplomatic corps 外交使团团长 roving ambassador 巡回大使 ambassador-at-large 无任所大使 special envoy 特使
accredited to...向„派遣的 foreign affairs 外交
memorandum, aidememoire 备忘录 persona non-grat 不受欢迎的人 de jure recognition 法律承认 commnique 公报
announcement 公告, 通告
letter of credence, credentials 国书 mutual recognition 互相承认
establishment of diplomatic relations 建立外交关系
letter of introduction 介绍书 during one's absence 离任期间 identification card 身份证 statement 声明
de facto recognition 事实上承认 persona grata 受欢迎的人 diplomatic practice 外交惯例 diplomatic immunities 外交豁免 diplomatic privileges 外交特权 diplomatic channels 外交途径 diplomatic courier 外交信使
diplomatic bag, diplomatic pouch 外交邮袋 letter of appointment 委任书
certificate of appointment 委任证书 exequatur 许可证书
declaration, manifesto 宣扬 letter of recall 召回公文 note 照会
verbal note 普通照会 circular note 通知照会 formal note 正式照会 normalization 正常化
be appointed ambassador to...被任命为驻„大使
to express regret 表示遗憾
to sever diplomatic relations 断绝外交关系 to resume charge of the office, to return to one's post 返任
to proceed to take up one's post 赴任 to present one's credentials 递交国书 to exchange ambassadors 互派大使 to resume diplomatic relations 恢复外交关系 private visit 私人访问 to establish diplomatic relations at state visit 国事访问 ambassadorial level 建立大使级外交关系 obituary 讣告
questions of common interest;question of to establish consular relations 建立领事关系
to assume one's post 就任 common concern 共同关心的问题 to take exception to;to object to 提出异议 state banquet 国宴
message of greeting, message of to upgrade diplomatic relations 外交关系升格 congratulation 贺电 to make representations to, to take up a(the)speech of welcome 欢迎词 matter with 向„交涉 welcoming banquet 欢迎宴会 to lodge a protest with 向„提出抗议 cocktail party 鸡尾酒会 to request the consent of...征求„的同意 good health and a long life 健康长寿 to suspend diplomatic relations 中断外交关profound condolence 深切哀悼 系 tea party 茶会 cordial hospitality 盛情接待 an atmosphere of cordiality and friendship 诚the two sides, the two parties 双方 挚友好的气氛 luncheon 午宴 reciprocal banquet 答谢宴会 message of condolence 唁电 delegation 代表团 reception 招待会 head of the delegation, leader of the toast 祝酒词 delegation 团长 memorial meeting 追悼会 deputy head of the delegation, deputy leader to convey one's sympathy 表示慰问 of the delegation 副团长 to meet with 会见 member of the delegation 代表团成员 to review the guard of honour 检阅仪仗队 memorial speech 悼词 to exchange views 交换意见 to develop the relations offriendship and to receive 接见 cooperation 发展友好合作关系 to be shocked to learn of 惊悉
be of the opinion, to hold, to consider, to prosperity and strength 繁荣富强
visit 访问 maintain 认为 friendly visit, goodwill visit 友好访问 to propose a toast to...提议为„干杯 informal visit 非正式访问 on the happy occasion of 欣逢 official visit 正式访问 on learning with great joy 欣悉 to give a banquet in honour of...宴请„ on invitation, upon invitation 应邀 at the invitation of...应„邀请
in the company of..., accompanied by...在„陪同下
to express one's sincere congratulations and best wishes 致以衷心的祝贺和最好的愿望 to wish prosperity to a country and well-being to its people 祝(某国)国家繁荣人民幸福 to take note of...注意到
His(Her, Your)Majesty 陛下
His(Her, Your)Royal Highness 殿下 His(Her, Your)Excellency 阁下
His excellency Mr.President and Mme...„总统先生阁下和夫人 to be shocked to learn of 惊悉
be of the opinion, to hold, to consider, to maintain 认为 to propose a toast to...提议为„干杯r on the happy occasion of 欣逢r on learning with great joy 欣悉
to give a banquet in honour of...宴请„r on invitation, upon invitation 应邀 at the invitation of...应„邀请r in the company of..., accompanied by...在„陪同下
to express one's sincere congratulations and best wishes 致以衷心的祝贺和最好的愿望
to wish prosperity to a country and well-being to its people 祝(某国)国家繁荣人民幸福r to take note of...注意到r His(Her, Your)Majesty 陛下 His(Her, Your)Royal Highness 殿下 His(Her, Your)Excellency 阁下
His excellency Mr.President and Mme...„总统先生阁下和夫人
Least developed country(LDC)最不发达国家 Hegemonism 帝国主义 Multilateralism 多边主义 Unilateralism 单边主义 Extradition 引渡 Denuclearization 无核化 Status quo 现状 Normalization of relations 关系正常化 Multipolarity / multipolarization 多极化 International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)国际原子能机构
International Labor Organization(ILO)国际劳工组织 废统(即“国统会”和“国统纲领”)Abolishment of the National Unification Council and the National Unification Guidelines 两会(全国人民代表大会和人民政治协商会议)
National People’s Congress and People’s Political Consultative Conference(NPC & CPPCC)独立自主的和平外交政策
Independent foreign policy of peace 达成一致 To reach a consensus 诉诸武力 To resort to the use of armed forces 求同存异 Seeking common ground while reserving differences 用和平手段解决争端 To solve disputes by peaceful means 通过外交途径进行谈判 To negotiate through diplomatic channels 中国坚持奉行独立自主的和平外交政策,高举和平、发展、合作的旗帜。
China adheres to its independent foreign policy of peace, holding high the banner of peace, development and cooperation.中国积极参与全球和区域合作,在一系列重大国际问题及地区安全和发展问题上发挥了建设性作用。
China actively participates in global and regional cooperation, plays a constructive role in solving a series of major international issues concerning regional security and development.国家不分大小,应该一律平等。
All countries, big or small, should be equal.台湾是中国领土不可分割的一部分。
Taiwan is an inalienable part of China’s territory.祖国统一是不可阻挡的历史潮流,台湾问题是一定能够解决的。
The reunification of the motherland is an irreversible historical trend.The Taiwan question will surely be resolved.尽管国际社会还面临许多问题,和平和发展的时代潮流不可逆转,各国人民追求美好生活的愿望没有改变。
Despite the numerous problems facing the international community, the historical trend of peace and development cannot be reversed, nor will the people of all countries change their aspiration for a better life.My proposal gives equal weight and attention to the three great purposes of UN: development, security and human rights, all of which must be underpinned by the rule of law.我的建议对联合国的三大目标——发展、安全和人权——予以同样重视和关注,而这三大目标都必须以法治为基础。
I argue in the report, and I am profoundly convinced, that the threats which face us are of equal concern to all.我在报告中主张并深信,人人都同样关切我们面临的种种威胁。
Member states are called upon to establish a Peacebuilding Commission, within the United Nations, to help countries make the transition from war to lasting peace.我们还要求各成员国,在联合国内设立和平委员会,以帮助各国实现从战争到持久和平的过渡。The legitimacy and authority of the Security Council must be regained.我们必须重新恢复联合国安理会的合法性和权威。
第五篇:关于汉译英的译法总结
关于汉译英的译法总结
英译汉与汉译英有两个重要的问题:增词/减词;词性转换。我们知道学习英语翻译首先要搞清英语与汉语的语言差异,这与中西方文化的差异有很大的关系,我们没有太多时间去完全掌握西方的文化背景,在这里总结了一下在汉译英时所 翻译出来的英语应具备的特点:
1、句式结构为:废话+主语+主要的话+废话,所以在汉译英时,当多个分句进行组合时需要找出主要矛盾,次要矛盾;
2、善用长句,不用标点。在进行汉译英是多为合译,中文短句通过一定的介词连词进行句子组合;
3、善用连词,英语为形合式语言,句与句之间善用连词连接,句子多为长句;
4、善用名词、形容词。英文属弱势语言,善用弱势动词,因此汉译英的关键点在于找出最重要的动词,将中文中的强势动词进行弱势动词的过渡,一个地道的英文句子中动词越少越好;
5、善用代词。中文中善用名词或者名词省略,而英文中多用代词指代;
6、常用标点符号:“;:-”
7、评论性语句顺序为先评论再事实;
8、语言结构为先总后分;
9、善用表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句,而中文善用宾语从句。如,我记得:the memory of….(表语从句);what I remembered is that…(主语从句)汉译英翻译步骤:
1、断句。中文句子较短,首先判断哪些句子应该放在一起翻译。
2、找动词(核心谓语动词)。判断句子中哪个动词重要,哪个不重要。
3、找连词(在多个分句同时存在时使用);
4、翻译;
5、重读。
英文句式特点:
1.主谓搭配问题(平衡)
中文由于强调句子中的某个成分主语较长,谓语、宾语较短,而英文的主谓宾分配比较均匀,没有固定的强调结构。我们也称中文为“非平衡性语言”,英文为“平衡性语言”。
如,中国的海洋资源十分丰富。译为:China is rich in marine resource.而不是译为:China’s marine resource are very rich.2.评论与事实(先评论后事实)翻译时,英文是先评论后事实。
如,中国要在短时间内达到粮食高产国家的水平难度较大。其中难度较大是评论,前面是事实。翻译时应为:it will be difficult for China to reach the level of countries with high grain yield in the short period of time.如何找核心谓语动词? 谓语动词的层次性。如,我进去看了。1找核心谓语动词:进 2找非谓语或从句:看 3介词:去
4还有动词则不译 翻译为:I came in to have a look.如,我只记得门警是瑞士的兵士,穿着黄色的制服。1核心谓语动词:记得 2非谓语或从句:是 3介词:穿着
翻译为:I remembered that the guards at the gate were swiss solder in yellow unionforms.如何判断主次?
答:一般来说,先发生的动词更加重要,而后发生的动作不是那么重要,可以把前面的动词翻译为核心谓语,后面的翻译为非谓语动词。我们把句子中最主要的动词作为句子的“核心谓语”,其次重要的是“非谓语动词或从句”,再次重要的是“介词”,最不重要的“不翻译”。一.连词的使用:
1、句与句没关系用and
2、句与句并列用while。
二.动词的使用原则(动词的过渡):
中文中的强势动词在英文中常找一个弱势动词进行过渡。如,谓语动词的过渡。
我支持你:I give you a support.我买了一辆车:I made a purchase of a car.如,中国政府愿借此机会介绍中国海洋事业的发展。“介绍”的直接翻译为“introduce”,而我们在翻译时,翻译为“make an introduction of”,用弱势动词“make”来过渡,把强势动词introduce变成了抽象名词。三.代词/物主代词: 中文善用省略代词,而英文的每个名词前都需要有代词或冠词,所以汉译英时一定不要忘记名词前代词的存在。如,出口产品可由合营企业直接或与其有关的委托机构向国外市场出售,也可通过中国的外资机构出售。译为:An equity joint venture sells its foreign products to foreign markets directly through associated agency or foreign trade agency of China.其its不要忘记。四.定语的处理原则:
中文中几乎所有定语都是前置的,只有一种是后置的是由“之”引起的定语后置。英语句式:
1、词+词的情况下,前置多,后置少。后置的情况有:
1形容词+不定代词:something important;
2过去分词作定语可以后置:a children adopted; 3以“a”开头的形容词作定语时后置:a cat alive。
2、词组或句子修饰词时后置。五.译人名、代词原则
1、译英文姓与名之间要有.2、英文名出现第一次译全称,第二次只译姓。
3、总体来说,一般先使用全称,第二次使用半称,第三次使用代词,第四次不译,第五次用全称。
六.专有名词:
笔译中即使有专有名词,我们也要用全称,而不是缩写。如,联合国,the United Nations.中国政府,the Chinese Government.七.古文的翻译
古文的翻译不可直接使用中文拼音,要用解释的方法来阐述。如,亲仁善邻,国之宝也。意思是热爱自己的人民和对待自己的邻居很好,这些对一个国家来说是非常珍贵的。所以翻译为:loving people and treating neighbors kindly are most valuable to a country.方法: 一.定主语
1、中文主语过长时,同时出现偏正短语,则取偏作主语。如,合营企业的形式为有限责任公司。
An equity joint venture takes the forms of a limited liability company.而如果译为:the form of an equity joint venture is a limited liability company.则主宾过长而谓语过短。
汉译英时,将中文的句子变成“中文的英文句式”,然后字对字翻译。如,合营企业的资本如果转让必须经过各方同意。
转变成:如果合营者转让注册资本,那么这件事情必须经过合营各方同意。
译为:if one side wishes to assign its registered capital, it must obtain the consent of each party to the venture.wishes to 是动词的过渡。
如,合营企业的有关外汇事宜应遵照中华人民共和国外汇管理条例办理。译为:…holds its foregin exchange transactions, according to …
如,合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律法令和条例的规定。
译为:an equity joint venture engages in all activities according to the provisions of laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the People’s Republic of China.2、无主语句用被动语态(或增主语)/隐形被动语态。
如,鼓励合营企业向中国境外销售产品(离动词最近的名词作主语)译为:…is encouraged to sell its products outside China.如,19981年时联合国确定的国际海洋年。是。。确定的,即为被动语态。如。。,但是经过努力是完全可以实现的。是。。可以实现的。属于隐形被动语态。译为:but the goal can be achieved through earnest efforts.3、寻找隐藏主语。
如,合营企业的总经理副总经理(的职务)分别由合营各方分别担任:the positions of …are assumed by …
找主语方法:由谓语来决定主语是谁。
4、句首主语过多。
句首如果出现很多名词而判断不出主语时,可根据谓语来判断主语。
如,合营各方发生纠纷,董事会不能解决时,由中国的仲裁机构进行调解或仲裁,也可由合营各方协议在其他仲裁机构仲裁。由“调解或仲裁”以及“仲裁”可知主语为“纠纷”。
译为:Disputes arising from each party to the venture, which board of directors cannot settle may be settled through arbitration or conciliation by China’s arbitration agency or through arbitration by another arbitration agency agreed upon by each party to the venture.本句将“合营各方发生的”译为现在分词。将时间状语从句“董事会不能解决时”译为非限定性定语从句。“调节和仲裁”进行了动词的过渡,译为“may be settled through arbitration or conciliation”.5、就近原则(把离动词最近的作为主语)
如,鼓励合营企业向中国境外销售产品。译为:An equity joint venture is encouraged to sell its products outside China.将合营企业作为主语。如,鼓励外国合营者将可汇出的外汇存入中国银行。译为:A foreign side is encouraged to deposit its foreign exchange which was entitled to remit abroad in Bank of China.其中将外国合营者作为主语。“可汇出的”译为定语从句。二.增词与减词(一般来说汉译英常减词)1增减对象词或范围词。
如,我国先秦思想家:our Chinese thinkers in Pre-Qin days about 2000 years ago.2增减范畴词。如,中国陆地自然资源人均占有量低于世界平均水平:China’s land resources percapita is lower than world average.将范畴词“水平”减掉。
如,我有五百元钱。译为:I have five hundred yuan.如,在播种面积相对稳定的前提下。译为:given the relatively stable sowing area.范畴词“前提”不译。
附六个经典范畴词:方式、方法、水平、问题、情况、途径。3增减动词。
三.本位词与外位语的译法
1、用…, which…
2、用the fact that…was…。。这一切。。:前面省略部分为外位语,后面省略部分为本位词,中间用非限定性定语从句翻译。
四.条件状语从句
句子长可以放在句末翻译。
如,只要1996年到2010年粮食单产年均递增1%,2011年到2030年年均递增0.7%,就可以达到预期的粮食总产量目标。译为:the predicted total output target of grain can be reached, if the annual average increase rate of per unit area yield of grain is 1% from 1996 to 2010 and 0.7% from 2011 to 2030.五.倍数表达法
倍数+as+原级+as+比较对象 倍数+比较级+than+比较对象