第一篇:英语翻译复习资料(写写帮整理)
English-Chinese Translation for International Business 商务英语翻译
A good command of translation contributes to your success in life.Man learns nothing except by pain or shame.Anything is possible with a willing heart devoted to hard work.Your determination is the gateway to success.Lecture one Introduction to the course 1.Course Syllabus
——Course Title
——Course hourage & credit
——Aims of the Course
——Format of teaching
——Course book
——Course requirements
——Suggested readings
Chapter 1 翻译的基本知识
1.1.翻译的界定
“将用一种语言或者一套语言符号所表达的内容用另一种语言或者一套语言符号进行转换的行为或过程。——————《大英百科全书》
“用一种等值的语言的文本材料去替换另一种语言的文本材料”——————卡特福德
“翻译是两个语言社会(language-community)之间的交际过程和交际工具,它的目的是促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文化进步,它的任务是要把原作中包含的现实世界的逻辑映像,完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中去”——————张今(1987 主就文学翻译)
翻译是思想交流的桥梁和接力。————范仲英(1994:12)i to turn from one language into another ————The Oxford English Dictionary
to turn into one's own or another language ————韦氏新编国际英语词典 “把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来”————《辞海》《汉语大词典》
翻译是一种跨语言、跨文化的信息与情感交流过程。它通过把一种语言表达的信息用另一种语言再现出来的方式帮助译语使用者了解原作者意欲传达的信息内容并获得与原语使用者大致相同的感受,以达到帮助操不同语言的交际者进行信息与情感交流的目的。翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来,以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明、特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。1.2 翻译的类型:
(1)从涉及语言来分,分为:语内翻译、语际翻译;
(如古语译为现代汉语,方言译为民族语言等)(2)从活动方式而言,分为:口译,笔译。
(口译分为连续传译、同声传译)
(3)从翻译材料的文体而言,可分为:应用文体,科技文体、论述文体、新闻文体等。(4)就处理方式而言,翻译可分为:全译、节译、摘译、编译和译述等。1.3翻译的标准: 严复:“信·达·雅 ”
(1898)
信:忠实原文;达:通顺明白; 雅:准确简练。尤金奈达:忠实,流畅。王永泰:“翻译标准不宜苛求全面统一,应视不同文体而定”。
商务英语文体应该采取什么样的标准呢?
商务英语文体涵盖各种招商简介、商务广告、进出口业务文献、电子商务文献、外贸英语应用文、备忘录、会议记录、意向书、商务合同和协议书等。
因此,商务英语文体的翻译标准应该根据文体不同,而在信达雅这三个要素上有所侧重。1.4 翻译的过程 理解、表达 如何正确理解?
译者要做到:能够从各种角度(比如句法分析法、语义分析法、语体分析法、语用分析法、语篇分析法、文化分析法等等)对原作进行深入细致的分析。如何充分表达? 译者必须具有:
①较高的译入语素养;②灵活的翻译技巧;③丰富的文化知识;④勤于苦练、勤于思考的学习精神;⑤善于总结前人和自己的翻译经验;⑥严谨、细致、求实的工作作风。1.5 翻译的方法 美国著名翻译家奈达:“翻译即翻译意义”。
①直译法;
②意译法。
直译:不但还原原文内容,亦保留原文形式、比如原文所使用修辞、原文的民族特色等等。意译:不拘泥于原文形式、风格等,只是传达出原文的意义。
例(1): Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.直译:砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮,也不能使社会问题烟消雾散。意译:砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。
例(2)I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age.直译:我把青春献给海洋,我回家的时候便把老年给了我的妻子。
意译:我把青春献给海洋,等我回到家里见到妻子的时候,已经是白发苍苍了。直译或意译两者没有优劣,相互补充、相得益彰。1.6 中国翻译简史(略)
Chapter 2 商务英语和商务英语翻译
2.1 商务英语的界定
商务英语应包括语言知识、交际机能、专业知识、管理技能和文化背景等核心内容(向嫣红,2000:21)
商务活动包括技术引进、对外贸易、招商引资、对外劳务承包与合同、国际金融、涉外保险、国际旅游、海外投资、国际运输等等,在涉及这些活动中所使用的英语统称为商务英语。2.2 商务英语的语言特点
(1):商务英语承载着商务理论和实践,它的语言形式、词汇以及内容与专业密切相关。(2):商务英语的用词明白易懂、正式规范、简短达意、语言平实。(见书P12)
(3):句子结构通常较为复杂,句式规范,文体正式,尤其是在招标文件或合同中更是如此。(4):陈述事物具体、明确,戒笼统、抽象。(5):在商务用语中,礼貌是重要的语言特点。2.3 商务英语翻译
忠实(faithfulness)
忠实原文,保持与原文等值;
地道(idiomaticness)符合商务文献的语言规范和行文规定;
统一(consistency)采用的译名、概念、术语等在任何时候应保持统一,不能随意译名。动词
动词 1.分类
动词根据其功能可以分为四类:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。
1.1实义动词
即行为动词,表示动作的动词。根据其后是否带有宾语,实义动词分为及物动词(Transitive Verb)和不及物动词(Intransitive Verb)两种,缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.。如: He smiles.The fish swims in the water.He bought a book.1.2 系动词
亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构,说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。如be, seem, appear, feel, smell, sound, get等。
系动词后需接名词或形容词做表语。他看起来很累。He looks tired.1.3 助动词
协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等。
助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,助动词协助主要动词实现一定功能,如:与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,表示时态,表示语态,构成疑问句。如: 我不喜欢冬天。
I don't like winter.你喜欢大学生活吗?
Do you like college life? 他的确知道那件事。
He did know that.我看过那部电影。
I have seen that film.1.4 情态动词
情态动词本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形或其被动语态一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。
情态动词包括will(would), shall(should), can(could), may(might), must, need, dare, ought to, used to, had better等。情态动词后接定词原形。
另外,情态动词不受主词的人称和数的限制。而且,两个情态助动词不能连用。如: 他将能够及时完成此事。
(误)He will can finish it......He can finish it.He will finish it.2.时态
根据动作发生的时间和所处的状态,英语谓语动词可有不同时态,用动词的不同形态表示。英语有16种时态。
按照动作发生在过去、现在还是将来,有一般现在时,一般过去时和一般将来时。2.1 一般现在时
可以表示一般性、经常性或习惯性的动作或状态,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。如:我们八点钟开始上课。
We begin our lesson at eight o’ clock.也可以表示一般事实,客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。如: 太阳从东方升起。
The sun rises in the east.在湘潭,冬天很冷。
In Xiangtan, it is rather cold in winter.一般现在时还可以表示现在时刻的状态,说明主语的能力、性格、特征、爱好等。如: 他会游泳。
He can swim.她喜欢舞蹈。She likes dancing.肯定句、否定句及疑问句:
肯定句:主语+谓语(+宾语+其他成分)
否定句:主语+ 助动词+not+谓语+宾语+其他成分
疑问句:系动词/助动词+主语+其他(谓语等)如:太阳从东方升起。The sun rises in the east.The sun does not rise in the east.Does the sun rise in the east? 练习:用所给词的适当形式填空。Jenny ____ in an office.Her parents ____in a hospital.(work)2 One of the boys_____ a black hat.(have)3 We will go shopping if it____ tomorrow.(not)He said the sun ____in the east and ____in the west.(rise;set)5 Wang Mei ____ music and often ____ to music.(like;listen)6 Jenny____ English every evening.(study)引言
词法翻译一般涉及词义的选择、增益翻译法、凝练翻译法、词义引申翻译法等。本课程重点从英汉语言差异的视角来探讨商务英语翻译中各种词法翻译。商务英语翻译的原则 ABCF A accuracy
B brevity
C clarity
F flexibility 商务英语翻译原则之一:accuracy(准确)
例(1)Finance ministers and business leaders at the world Economic Forum are showing surprisingly little concern over the soaring euro and the tumbling dollar.译文一:在世界经济论坛中,各国财政部长及产业界领袖对于飙涨的欧元及下挫的美元表现出惊讶与关心。
译文二:在(瑞士达沃斯举行的)世界经济论坛上,各国财政部长以及产业界领袖们对于一直在飙升的欧元以及不断下挫的美元表现出令人吃惊的冷漠态度。
汉语中只有通过词汇手段来传达英语中通常以形式手段来传达的意义。比如汉语的词汇手段“一直在”“不断”;而英语则用形式手段“ing” 商务英语翻译原则之二: brevity(简洁)英语有句谚语:Brevity is the soul of wisdom.简洁:不是指在文字表述中所使用的字数越少就意味着越简洁。就翻译而言,简洁是指在充分表达并不损失原文意义的情况下使用尽可能少的字数的表达。
例(2)as part of the plan to bolster its financial standing, the struggling life insurer will seek capital injection of about 100million dollars from financial institutions.译文一:这家经营有困难的寿险公司,将从金融机构寻求现金增资一亿美元,作为计划提升财务状况的一部分。译文二:作为计划提升财务状况的一部分,这家在竞争中求生存的寿险公司将从金融机构寻求约一亿美元的资本注入。
商务英语翻译原则之三:Clarity(明晰)明晰即是译文表达得体到位,在最佳的位置上放置了最佳的词语。例(3)(p12-14)商务英语翻译原则之四:Flexibility(灵活)灵活即掌握善变的技巧,善变则通,善变则达。
例(4)We continue to make essential investments in our drive for more competitive products and services, delivered on ever shorter cycles.译文一:寻求于更短时间内推出更具竞争力产品和服务的驱使之下,我们持续进行重要的投资。
译文二:由于一心想着要提供周期更短、竞争力更强的产品和服务,我们就不断地进行着各种基础的投资。“drive”:“驱使”、“由于一心想着要”
“continue to”: “持续”、“不断进行” 试译一部分标语商务广告
(1)Spoil yourself but not your figure.尽情享受,苗条如故。/好口福不发福。
(2)Every time a good time.(麦当劳广告)
分分秒秒欢乐逍遥。/每一次光临,都是好心情。
(3)Gold lion for men only.金利来,男人的世界。
(4)In touch with tomorrow take Toshiba, take the world.(5)Apple thinks different.苹果电脑,不同凡“想” 注意下列词语在商务英语中的常用意义
①security: “证券”②interest: “利息”③accept: “承兑”④distributor: “经销商” ⑤balance: “余额”⑥operator: “经营者”
⑦royalty: the amount of the minimum royalty paid by the Company to Licensor will be credited against the payment of running royalty accruing under this agreement.(该公司支付给许可方的最低特许权使用费的总金额将从根据本协议而增值的变动专利权税支付款项中扣除)“使用费”
⑧In kind: “以货代款
trade in“以旧物折价换物” draw:“开立(票据)” Consideration:“报酬金”
bill:“汇票”
Acceptance:“承兑” Draft:“汇票”
Document:“凭证、单据”
Negotiate:“议付” collect:“到付”confirmed:“保兑的” honour:“兑付”
principal:“委托人” quotations:“报价” offer:“发盘” “报盘” commission:“佣金”
divulge:泄露(机密等)
Credit information “信用调查资料”
Credit references “信用参考资料”
Financial standing “财务状况”Bolster “支撑、援助” Capital expansion pattern“资本注入” Life insurer “寿险公司”Financial institutions“金融机构”
Make full allowance for“充分考虑到”
Pursuant to “依据”
Serial number“序列号” Stipulate“订定”
Shipment “装船、出货”
a named vessel“记名货船”
Loading on board “装船”
The bill of loading “提单”The date of issurance“签发日期”
第三单元 词义的选择 3.1 Practice It is not surprising, then, that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate system.Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies.Floating policy is of great importance for export trade;it is, in fact, a convenient method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g.where the insured has to supply an overseas importer under an exclusive sales agreement or maintains sales representatives or subsidiary companies abroad.3.2 Translation Methods(1)注意区分词语使用的是常用意义还是专业意义 例(1)
The claim concerning the quality of the commodity shall be lodged within 30 days after arrival of the cargo at the port of destination.claim:在普通英语中,为“声称”、“要求”;
但在国际贸易中,具有“索赔”的专业意义;同“lodge”搭配“lodge a claim”使用。(2)一词多义时,根据句子的前言后语来确定其意义
例(2)Deposits are, so to speak, unsecured credit held by the
people and kept at financial institutions.这么说来,存款是人们手中持有的并放在金融机构里的没有担保的债权。例(3)He bought the furniture on credit.他是靠赊账买下那件家具的。例(4)There is no financial risk in selling to East European countries on credit.向东欧各国赊销是没有财务风险的。(3)选择词义时,注意词义的感情色彩 例(5)
A foreign business representative, neither overly sympathetic toward China nor overly disposed against it, would need to be convinced on a number of scores before he could responsibly commit his firm to taking an equity position in a Chinese enterprise.译文:一名外国企业代表,如果对中国既无过分好感,又无过分恶意的话,要动真格地实施向一家中国企业投资入股,就往往需要有一系列评估数据来帮助他作出最终决定。Sympathetic:的外延意义有“同情的”、“谅解的”、“赞同的”“合意的”,将其中任何一个放在译文中都不妥,因为其感情色彩不是很充分。(4)选择词义时,注意词语的语体色彩 词语的语体色彩就是指词语的正式程度。英语的词语通常分为五种语体:
Hyperformal-formal-normal-informal-hyperinformal 汉语的词语通常分为三种语体:书面体、普通体和口语体。例(6)
The home of your dreams awaits you behind this door.Whether your taste be a country manor estate or a penthouse in the sky, you will find the following pages filled with the world’s most elegant residences.译文:打开这扇门,您就可以领略到您那梦寐以求的家。不管您期冀的是乡间宅第,还是摩天大楼的顶屋,接下来的几页刊印的全是世界上最高雅的住宅供您选择。(5)选择词义时,所选词语要符合逻辑和所描写的客观世界
语言主要是用来描写客观世界的。因此,任何语言表达都必须符合逻辑、符合对客观世界的描述,否则就会语意不通,给交际带来困难。例(7)
Assuming the laboratory tests go well, and you can quote us a competitive price, we’d certainly be able to place more substantial orders on a regular basis.译文:若实验室检测合格,且你们给我们的报价具有竞争力,我们一定会定期大量订货。go well:基本意思是“进展顺利”、“没出差错”,在这里,明显关注的是检测结果而非检测过程。
(6)选择词义时,要注意前言后语搭配得当
每一种语言都有其独特的搭配方式 例(8)
China’s top industrial regulator said on Tuesday that the country is unlikely to see a “double dip” in its economy in the second half of this year.译文:中国最高产业监管机构本周二表示,今年下半年,中国不可能出现经济“二次探底”的情况。
(7)选择词义时,注意增益,使得译文表达更为充分、流畅
增益(amplification)即“使之更加充分”之意
增益翻译,不是改变原文之意而增加额外信息,而是为了使译文更加“忠实于”原文,更加符合目的语的表达而添加一些成分。例(9)
The change in plan resulted from a misjudgment on the part of the firm’s top management on what the company’s employees and business partners wanted.译文:对计划做出变更,这是由于公司的最高管理层对公司的雇员及其商业伙伴到底需要什么作出了错误的判断。
(8)选择词义时,注意凝练,使得译文简洁 凝练翻译法的目的是使译文更加简洁,符合目的语语法习惯和语言习惯。可省掉在原文中必需而译文中可隐含的词语或成分。例(10)
Should the buyers have to lodge a claim against the sellers, it must be done within 30 days after the arrival of the tanker at the port of destination.译文:若买方向卖方提出索赔,需在油轮抵达目的港后30天内提出(9)选择词义时,注意引申,使得译文达意
引申翻译法通常在词汇层面进行,可分为抽象化引申和具体化引申两种。例(11)
In order to protect vested interests and interfere with the entry of new businesses, some public interest corporations began setting their own standards and obliged private companies to undergo inspections and receive certifications.译文: 为了保护既得利益/干预新兴企业的加入,一些公众利益公司着手制定自己的标准,迫使众多私人企业接受各种审查/获取各种认证。分析: undergo通常为“经历”、“经受”、“遭受”之意,很明显这样一来无法与inspections(各种审查)搭配使用,这时需要将前者引申为“接受”才搭配恰当。3.3 不同译文鉴赏
Most notably, China has avoided the large output declines and severe macroeconomic instability that have tended to characterize the transition experiences in central and eastern Europe and Soviet Union.译文一:最值得注意的是,中国避免了发生大滑坡和宏观经济的严重不稳定性,生产的大滑坡和宏观经济的严重不稳定性曾经是中、东欧以及苏联经济过渡时期的特点。译文二:最值得注意的是,中国已经避免了出产量的大面积衰退以及在宏观经济方面的严重不稳定性,而这种情况可谓正是中欧、东欧以及苏联在历经过渡时期的特点。3.4 翻译练习(P36-37)第四单元 增益翻译法 4.1 课前练笔
The integration of computer systems is indispensable in unifying documentation and also for such tasks as the placing of orders with factories, product delivery and information management.4.2 翻译方法讲解
在翻译过程中,由于所涉及的两种语言之间存在着语法结构、思维方式、搭配习惯、修辞手段、文化背景等方面的差异,对于在一种语言中所表达的思想或概念,在使用另一种语言对其进行表达时,有可能需要增添一些必要成分才能使译文所表达的思想更为充分。
如:前面练习中的documentation,常作“文件、证明文件、文件编制、单据”来解,但如果将这些解放置句中,会发现均不符合上下文语境。对此,我们可依据上下文语境,结合增益翻译法,将其由“文件编制”增益译为“文件编制格式”
★增益翻译法增益的成分应是句中必不可少的成分,而非画蛇添足。增益的类别
(1)语法结构性增益
在英语中,动词的时态、形容词的比较级、副词的比较级、被动语态等,通常通过词语本身的屈折变化来体现,但在汉语中却无法依靠词语的屈折变化来体现这些语法因素,因而这时候,就很需要通过增添词语的方式来体现其语法因素的含义。例:
The network operating system is designed to centralize management of administrative procedures, including such transactions as salaries, allowances, and leave applications.译文: 网络作业系统是为集中几种管理行政程序而设计的,这些程序包括薪金的发放、津贴的兑现、假期的申请等业务。(2)行文方式性增益
这类增益多为因思维方式差异或篇章在行文过程中的衔接需要、逻辑关系、句内隐含的逻辑关系等而增添的句子成分。
例: The new trade initiative, announced by Bush in a commencement address at the University of South Carolina, will foster goodwill in the Middle East.译文:布什总统在南卡罗来纳州大学毕业典礼上所提出的新的贸易倡议,会拉近中东地区人们对他的亲近感。(3)语义性增益
简单来说,当不能从目标语言中找出与原语言语义、功能对等的词的时候,需要应用到语义性增益。
例:To extend direct customer support, we launched the largest retraining and redeployment program in our history.译文:为了扩大对顾客直接支持的力度,我们启动了历史上规模最大的重新培训计划和重新部署计划。(4)修辞性增益
在忠实原文的前提下,为使译文更连贯畅通,会增加一些起连贯作用的词、描述词、语气助词、概括词、重叠词等。例: The success or failure of terrestrial digital broadcasting hinges on the prices of television sets and the development of new services.译文:地球上数码电视广播的成败取决于各种电视机的销售价格和各种新型服务的开发。(5)背景信息性增益
为帮助读者充分理解原文的背景文化信息,减轻读者的阅读负担,避免读者产生误会,而做的适当背景信息性增益。如:公司的驻地、产品的生产国或产地等。
例: OPEC has had to accept what it was told from the start but chose not to believe: that non-OPEC co-operation would not be forthcoming.译文:现在,石油输出国组织(欧佩克)不得不接受人们一开始就告诉它的这样一个事实,即非欧佩克产油国是不会合作的。但欧佩克不愿相信这个事实。OPEC:The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.(6)重复作为增益的手段
重复是一种修辞手段。有三个功用:一是强调;二是排比对称;三是促进清晰、明确。实际上,英文往往避免重复,但凡有可能,尽可能使用相同意义或部分相同的其它词语、短语等来避免重复。汉语亦是如此,但汉语中适当运用重复会给人感觉更好,起到反复强调、排比对称、不断深化的作用。
例:This assistance can ensure that the financial and other aid given to Greece shall be used effectively in creating a stable and self –sustaining economy and in improving its public administration.译文:这种援助可以确保给希腊所提供的财政救助及其他救助将有效地用于创建一种既稳定又自立的经济体,有效地用于改善希腊的公共行政管理。4.3 译文鉴赏 4.4 翻译练习
增词译法和减词译法 Amplification and Omission 增词译法:
增词译法主要用于三种情况:
一、为了语法的需要。如增加英语中表达可数名词复数形式的量词、表达时态的助词、表达语气的助词等。如:
1.Note that the terms “CIF” and “CFO” require explanation.译文:请注意,“CIF”和“CFO”这两个术语需要加以解释。(增加表示名词复数的词)
二、为了表达的清晰和明确。如增加抽象名词后的词、增加不及物动词后的宾语、增补原文中省略的部分,增补原文中表示逻辑关系的词等。
1.Both sides are willing to hold face-to-face talks in order to ease tension in Iraq.译文:双方都愿意举行面对面的会谈以缓和伊拉克的紧张局势。(增加抽象名词后的具体名词)
2.Days after days she came to her work---sweeping, scrubbing, and cleaning.译文:她每天来干活---扫地,擦地板,收拾房间。(增加不及物动词后的宾语)第五单元 凝练翻译法 5.1 翻译理论介绍 凝练翻译法:
“凝练”即紧凑简练,“紧凑”即“密切连接,中间没有多余的东西或空隙”。“简练”的意思是“(措辞)简要;精练”。简而言之,就是做到“文约而意丰”。凝练译法又叫减词译法:
★减词是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。
★减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。
★凝练或减词一般用于以下两种情况:一是从语法角度进行减省;二是从修饰角度进行减省。
5.2 翻译方法讲解
一、从语法角度进行减省 英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大,例如:
★英语有冠词,而汉语却没有;★英语重形合、连接词较多,汉语重意合、连接词较少; ★英语中介词丰富,汉语中介词则较少; ★英语中经常使用代词,尤其是经常使用人称代词、关系代词等,而汉语中代词则用得较少;
因此,英译汉时可根据具体情况将冠词、连接词、介词、代词略去,使译文练达晓畅。例如:1.We are a state-operated corporation handling light industrial products.译文:我们是经营轻工业产品的国营公司。(省略冠词)
2.Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.译文:仓库重地,严禁吸烟。(省略介词)3.As this item is handled by our Shanghai Office, please get in touch with them directly.译文:此项商品是上海公司经营,请与他们直接联系。(省略连词)4.If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
译文:冬天来了,春天还会远吗?(省略连词)5.When we made delivery to the buyers, they refused it on seeing the damaged condition.译文:我们向买方交货时,他们见到残损情况拒绝收货。
6.We believe we can persuade users to divert their purchases to Chinese products.译文:我们相信能说服用户转而购买中国产品。
7.He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.译文:他耸耸肩,摇摇头,两眼看天,一句话不说。8.It is time for lunch.译文:该到吃饭的时间了。
9.It was he who telephoned me yesterday.译文:是他昨天给我来的电话。(省略代词)
10.When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.译文:气压低,沸点就低。(省略动词)
11.If you write to him, the response would be absolute silence and void.译文:你写信给他,永远是石沉大海。(省略连词)
13.Use your head, and you’ll find a way.译文:动动脑子,你就有办法了。(省略连词)14.Stainless steel possesses good hardness and high strength.译文:不锈钢硬度大,强度高。
15.He deserves not the sweet that will not taste the sour.译文:不吃苦中苦,难得甜上甜。
16.He sat down and began talking incessantly.译文:他坐下滔滔不绝地讲个没完。17.The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environment protection.译文:中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。
二、从修饰角度进行减省
有些词语在英语里是必不可少的,但在汉语中却并非如此,如直译成汉语则往往显得累赘噜嗦。为了使译文简洁晓畅、“文约而意丰”,这样的词语必须省去或是精简。例如:
1.I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound.译文:我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人,向他宣布我得住在他家、吃他的、喝他的,一直等到下一班船到来,把我带到我要去的港口为止──想到这儿,我真有点不好意思了。2.To learn is not an easy matter and to apply what one has learned is even harder.译文:学习不容易,使用更加不容易。5.4 不同译文鉴赏,见书上P51-52 5.5 书上翻译练习。见书p53-54 第六单元 词类转换翻译法
conversion 6.2 结合实例做具体分析 1)将英语中的名词转译成汉语的动词、形容词或副词 英语中有些名词具有动词意味,或由形容词派生而成抽象名词,或名词后加不定冠词做表语,或由介词+名词短语构成状语,这时常将名词汉译作动词、形容词或副词。
1)The custom-made object, now restricted to the rich, will be within everyone’s reach.目前这种定做的产品只有富人才能享受,而将来人人都能买得起。(n-v)2)A fire in the neighbor’s house can easily bring disaster to everyone.一家失火,四邻遭殃。(n-v 3)As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.他对这座城市非常陌生,所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。(n-adj)4)The blockage was a success.封锁很成功。
5.It is our great pleasure to note that China has made great progress in economy.我们很高兴地看到,中国的经济已经有了很大发展。(n-adv)2)将英语动词转译成汉语名词或副词
英语中的动词,有很多是由名词派生而来,汉语里常找不到相应的动词,或由于语言表达的习惯差异,汉译时往往译成名词或副词。
1)The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American.我在聚会上见到的那个人,外表和谈吐都像美国人。(v-n)
2)I succeeded in persuading him.我成功地说服了他。(v-adv)
3)Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.这些材料的特点是:绝缘性好,耐磨性强。(v-n)
4)The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and high productivity.译文:设计的目的在于自动操作,调节方便,维护简易,生产率高。(v-n)5)Formality has always characterized their relationship.译文:他们之间的关系始终有一个特点,就是 以礼相待。6)随着 中国加入世贸组织和北京成功地 获得了2008年奥运会的主办权,学习英语显得比任何时候都重要。译文:With China’s entry to the WTO and Beijing’s successful bid for the 2008 Olympic Games, learning English is more important than ever before.3)将英语形容词转译成汉语副词、动词或名词
英语很多形容词由名词、动词转化而来,根据不同的结构,汉译时往往转译为副词、动词或名词。表示心理状态的形容词,在系动词后作表语时,往往可以译成动词。
1)He then acted as a reluctant interpreter.他当时并非情愿地当了一次翻译。(a-adv)2)David was eloquent, and elegant—but soft.大卫有口才,有风度,但很软弱。(a-n)3)There is an increasing interest in the large-scale use of solar energy all over the world.世界各地对大规模利用太阳能越来越感兴趣。(a-adv)4)Faulty construction was responsible for the crash of the bridge.低劣的施工引起了这座大桥的倒塌。(a-v)5)The developed countries are rich in skilled work force and capital resources, so they can concentrate on producing many technology-intensive products such as computers, aircrafts, and so on.译文:发达国家拥有大量的熟练劳动力和资本,所以它们能集中生产很多技术密集型的产品,比如计算机、飞机等。(a-v)6)Jack is trying to convince the police that he is ignorant of the event.译文:杰克极力向警察证明自己不知道这件事。(a-v)7)The more carbon the steel contains, the harder and stronger it is.译文:钢的含碳量越高,强度和硬度就越大。(a-n)8)Doctors are not sure they can save his life.译文:医生们不敢肯定他们救得了他的命。9)The Wilde family were religious.译文:王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。4)将英语副词转译成汉语名词、动词或形容词
英语中, 充当状语的副词常是由名词、动词或形容词等派生而来,汉语中往往不易找到相应的副词,因此,汉译时往往转译成名词、动词或形容词。而汉译英时则反之。
1)Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world.It is very active chemically.译文:氧是物质世界的重要元素之一。它的化学性很活泼。
2)There seems to be no other competitive techniques which can measure range as well or as rapidly as can a laser.译文:就测量的精度和速度而言,似乎还没有其他技术能与激光相比。(adv-n)3)The real victory is not over one’s fellow runners but over one’s own body.译文:真正的胜利不是胜过其他赛手,而是胜过自己的体力。(adv-v)4)Sometimes we have had to pay dearly for mistakes.译文:有时我们不得不为错误付出昂贵的代价。(adv-a)5)In this case the temperature in the furnace is up.译文:在这种情况下,炉温就升高。6)Her lecture in Beijing University impressed students deeply.译文:她在北京大学的演讲给学生们留下了很深的印象。(adv-a)7)所有学生都应当德智体全面发展。
译文:All the students should develop morally, intellectually, and physically 6.3 介词的翻译
英语介词数量庞大,另外,英语中不少动词的现在分词,如concerning, regarding等,也可用作介词,再加上大量的介词短语如owing to,in accordance with等,无论在数量上还是使用范围与频度上都远远超过汉语介词。汉译时可采用多种方法。
对于可用直接保留下来的介词,常采用直译。对于只起连接作用的介词,翻译时常省略。同动词搭配成动词词组或自身含有动词意味的介词,则可根据其含义和功能,转译成动词。而用来作状语的介词(短语),则常翻译作形容词或副词。具体翻译应根据具体情况处理。1)He has gained his master’s degree from Harvard’s School of Education and is finally off welfare.他已获得了哈佛大学教育学院的硕士学位,并终于摆脱了救济。
2)Now, complaints are heard in all parts of that country.该国目前怨声载道。
3)The president took the foreign guests around the campus.校长带着外宾参观校园。4)That’s all the documents there is to it.那就是与此有关的所有文件。5)With all his shortcomings he is respected by others.他尽管有许多缺点,但仍受人尊敬。
6)Man’s warm blood makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea without some warmth.人的血液是热的,如果得不到一定的热量,人就难以在海水中生活。
2.There is much discussion today about whether economic growth is desirable.目前,人们经常讨论经济增长是否令人满意这一问题。
3.Both the management and the workers in this company are for cutting down the cost of production.公司管理层和员工都赞成降低生产成本。4.For example, great efforts are made by the American tobacco industry to sell cigarettes in the Middle East and North Africa– where U.S.tobacco exports increased by more than 27% in 1994.例如,美国烟草工业就力图在中东和北非推销香烟,在这些地区,美国烟草出口量在1994年增加了27%以上。
5.We are deeply convinced of the correctness of this plan and firmly determined to accomplish it.我们深信这一计划是正确的,并有坚定的决心完成这一计划。
6.Time Warner will pay TCI 360 million for Southern Satellite company.时代华纳愿付给TCI3.6亿美元购买南方卫星这家公司。
7)There is a popular belief among consumers that goods are no longer in high quality as before.消费者们普遍认为物品的质量大不如前了。
8.The sight of the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games filled me with special longing.看着奥运会的开幕式,我特别神往。
9.Independence is a necessity in her life.她在生活中必须自立。
10.Sorry, I can’t teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.对不起,我不会教你游泳,我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。
11.The selling plan may become available during the next year.销售计划可能明年出台。12.革命不是请客吃饭。
Revolution is not a dinner party.13.绝对不许违反这个原则。
No violation of this principle can be tolerated.14.中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹,在全世界引起了巨大的反响。
China’s successful explosion of its first atom bomb caused tremendous repercussions throughout the world.15.该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛,经久耐用。
The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and endurable application.16.共产党员应该吃苦在前,享受在后。
Communists should be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts.17.An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.读一点世界史,对学习时事是有帮助的。
18.On the walk through the city they saw breadlines.在走过市区的时候,她们看见领救济食物的人排着长队。19.He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.他倒是不抽烟,但他爸爸却一支又一支不停地抽。
20.He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他能吃能睡。
21.地球的形状像一个大球。
The earth is shaped like a big ball.22.他看到她很惊讶。
He looked at her in surprise.23.我读过你的小说但是没料到你这么年轻。
After having read your novel, I expected that you would be older.6.4 不同译文鉴赏 见书P59 6.5 商务词汇摘译简析 6.6 翻译练习见书P60-62 Chapter 7 词义引申翻译法
7.1 翻译理论讲解
根据原文中某个词语的基本意义而在译文中根据译文表达需要和行文需要而衍生出新义的方法,在翻译教学和翻译研究中称之为词义引申翻译法。分类:
1)从词义角度看,引申可分为抽象化引申和具体化引申两种。
抽象化引申:原文中某些字面意义明确具体的词,采用汉语中的含义抽象、概括的词语来表达。
具体化引申:原文本是用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物时,在译文中用具体化的事物来表达
2)从句法层面来看,引申又可分为根据逻辑需要而进行的引申、根据语用需要而进行的引申和根据修辞需要而进行的引申。
英语单词的意义非常依赖语境或上下文。英语中有诸如“要知道一个词的意思就要看他周围是什么词”,“词本无义,义随人生;”
3)从翻译的角度看,如果一个译者非常善于运用引申翻译法,就说明该译者有着较为丰富的翻译实践经验和较为高超的语言能力和翻译能力。
(所以说,这单元的例句句句经典,句句需要牢记在心,以备有时候拿出来撑撑门面)7.2 课前练笔
Not all mergers, however, are the result of global economic trends, political change or technological innovation.BMW’s takeover of the struggling UK car manufacturer whilst extending BMW’s product range.参考译文:
然而,并非所有的合并都是经济全球化趋势、政治变化或者技术革新所带来的结果。德国宝马汽车公司接管了罗福汽车集团,这给这个在挣扎中求生存的英国汽车制造公司注入了急需的资金,同时也拓展了宝马汽车公司本身的产品范围。7.3 翻译方法讲解
引申:逻辑引申、语用引申、修辞性引申和词义概念范围的调整
1、逻辑引申:
不能直译,只能根据上下文逻辑关系,对原文由表及里,选用确切的词句,将内容实质准确地表达出来。
例:——Our unique concept was a response to buyer needs, bringing greater reliability, higher-quality output, exceptional user-friendliness and operational ease.译文:我们唯一的理念就是:对于购买者的需求有求必应,生产可靠性更高、质量更优的产品,让他们使用时特别方便,操作时特别轻松。
例:——International trade occurs when a country does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs.译文:当一个国家对于某一特定商品没有足够的量来满足其需要时,就需要有国际贸易。
2、语用引申(就是把言外之意,弦外之音翻译出来)
--The EEC’s Common Agricultural policy is a dinosaur which is adding 13.50 a week to the food bill of the average British family.欧洲经济共同体的农业共同政策早已不合时宜了,它要使英国家庭平均每周在食品开销上多支出13.50英镑。例:——These days, the U.S.economy isn’t “graduating enough scientists to fill the need of the coming decades,” frets Charles C.Leighton, “That’s a real concern.”
译文:近来,美国经济“未培养出足够的科学家来满足今后几十年发展的需要,” 查尔斯C.莱顿抱怨说,“这才是真正需要关注的问题。”
3、修辞性引申
为使译文增色,除真实再现原文中所包含的内容外,还得讲究修辞。
例:——It is very much like communicating with an accurate robot who has a very small vocabulary and who takes everything literally.译文:那很像同一个一丝不苟的机器人讲话那样,机器人只有很少的词汇,而且事事刻板。例:
----The most successful manufacturers make it their business to understand consumer psychology—how to use design, both in marketing and production, to make their products “speak” to the consumer.最成功的制造商总是把了解消费者心理,即在营销和生产中如何运用设计来让产品向消费者“表达情感”,作为职责。
4、词义概念范围的调整(扩大或缩小)
这种引申有三个层次:近似、深化、升华。
近似引申,即接近本义,但不为本义所限的引申;
深化引申,指赋予新义,但与本义在字面上尚有蛛丝马迹的联系;
升华引申,则出自本义但在字面上远离本义。
例:----In their rush, these companies have neglected the hardest part of doing business in China;the people part.The result is that many have jeopardized their performance in the long run.这些公司在一拥而入中忽略了在中国经营最艰巨的问题,即人的问题,结果许多公司严重损害了他们的远期经营业绩。
例:---The computer makes possible a marvelous leap in human proficiency;it pulls down the fences around the practical and even the theoretical intelligence.译文: 计算机是人类的能力有可能产生巨大的飞跃;它拓展了人类从事实践工作甚至理论工作的智慧。
7.4 不同译文鉴赏
见书P68-69 7.5 翻译练习
8.1 课前练笔
Extremely keen competition between American and Japanese vehicle manufacturers in the American market has compelled us to bring down the price for the time being.Banks’ efforts toward corporate restructuring, such as reducing their employees’ high salaries and consolidating and eliminating branches, are far from adequate.参考译文:
1)美国汽车制造商同日本汽车制造商在美国市场上竞争异常激烈,这迫使我方将价格暂时降下来。
2)各家银行对公司进行了重组,如减少雇员的高工资,整合或撤销不同的分公司等,但这些努力还都远远难以凑效。8.2 翻译理论介绍及讲解
英语和汉语的基本句子结构都是“主+谓+宾”。
主语是句子的主体,在全句中起着主导作用,整个句子都是为说明主语而发展的,翻译时抓住了主语就等于找到了主要矛盾。
但是,由于英汉两种语言在思维方式、文化传统及语法结构等方面都存在差异,因而导致了两种语言在主语上的差异。这种差异主要体现在:
英语是主语突出(Subject-prominent)的语言,英语里通常所说的主语是指语法主语; 从语法意义上讲 ,英语的主语不可或缺 ,且只能由名词/名词短语或主格代词担当,其它词类做主语必须转化成名词性质的短语 ,如不定式、动名词形式;
从语义上讲,主语可以是施事,也可以是受事。充当主语的,可以是有生命名词和无生命的名词。无生命的或不能主动发出动作的名词主语常称为“物称主语”或“无灵主语”。句子通常是“主语+谓语”结构。
而汉语则是主题突出的(Topic-prominent)语言。在以人为本的汉语中则较少使用无生命的名词充当主语,多用人称主语。句子多是“主题+述体”结构。总结而言,英汉语主语差异体现在: 1)英语主语明确,汉语主语隐含。
如:
1、近来忙于其他事务,未能早些复信,深感抱歉。
I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter.
2.英语常用物称主语,汉语常用人称主语。
如:
2、The thought of returning filled him with fear.他一想到要返回去,心里就害怕.3、What has happened to you?
你出了什么事啦? 3.英语主语抽象,汉语主语具体。如:
4、The happiness, the superior advantages of the young women round about her, gave Rebecca inexpressible pangs of envy.(W.Thackeray:Vanity Fair)丽贝卡看见她周围的小姐那么有福气,享受种种优越的权利,却有说不出的眼红。
因此,英汉两种语言对译时,常需要转换主语,主要包括:主语对译、改变原句主语或添加主语、将英语主谓结构译成汉语无主句、译成汉语的“主题-述题”结构。
1)主语对译。多数情况下,英语和汉语的主语是相对应的,翻译时可直接将原文的主语译为译文的主语。
如:
5、找工作时外表的吸引力由于人们交流的短暂而显得比过去更重要。
Appearance attraction is more important in the job-market than ever before owing to the shorter communications.6、He owed his success to luck more than to capacity.他把自己的成功归于运气,而不是能力。
7、His illness left him weak.疾病使他虚弱。
8、Illness deprives him of life.疾病夺走了他的生命。
9、Good manners will open doors that the best education cannot.良好教养能打开最佳学历所打不开的门。
2)改变原句主语或添加主语。
当英汉句子主谓结构不能对应时,为了符合译入语的习惯,需要改变原文主语,或在译文中添加主语。这种情况多为无生命名词作主语的英语句子如:
10、From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side.一踏上中华人民共和国国土,我们就随时随地受到关怀与照顾。
11、That night sleep eluded him.那天夜里他没睡好。
12、His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.他疲惫不堪,天气也越来越热。他于是下了决心,一碰到舒适的阴凉处,就坐下休息。
13、语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的,非下苦功不可。
The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.
14、The bitter weather had driven everyone indoors.由于天气寒冷刺骨,人人都已躲进了室内。
15、Losing his wallet made him feel low.因为丢了钱包他闷闷不乐的。
16、Investigation led us to the above conclusion.经过调查,我们得出了上述结论。
17、发现了错误,一定要改正。
Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.
18、看树看果实,看人看作为。A tree is known by its fruit,and a man is known by his actions.
19、The secrets of air travel had escaped the genius of the world’s greatest scholars for thousands of years.数千年来,世界上最伟大的天才学者也未能发现空中飞行的奥秘。三将英语主谓结构译成汉语无主句
特别是当英语用it, that, what等作抽象主语,译成汉语时省略主语,译成无主句。而翻译汉语的无主句时,要添加恰当的主语。
如:20.That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.众所周知,地球绕着太阳转。
21.What happened?
发生了什么事?
22.Mechanical energy can be changed into electrical energy by means of a generator.利用发电机可以把机械能转变成电能。23.It’s blowing hard.起大风了。
24.No one was in the room:only the ticking of a clock could be heard.
屋内悄无一人,只听见钟在滴答滴答地走。
25.Specialties in colleges and universities should be adjusted and teaching methods improved.必须调整高等院校的专业设置,改进教学方法。26.You are called at this late hour just to discuss the matter.这么晚找你来,就是为了讨论这件事。
四、英语中的主谓结构与汉语的“主题+述题”结构转换
英语句子重主语,多是主语-谓语型结构;汉语重主题,多是主题-述题结构。翻译时要注意结构的合理转换:英语的主语不一定能做汉语的主题;汉语的主题不一定能做英语的主语。27.A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.有一种方言,这间房间里的每一个语言学家都懂。
28.You don’t grow the grain you eat and you don’t make the clothes you wear.你吃的粮食不是你自己种的,你穿的衣服不是你自己做的。
29.I’ve been wondering about something.有件事我一直很纳闷。30.I have already read this book.这本书我已经看过了。
31.You see this dark black cloud hovering over the surface of the earth? 在地球表面有一片深黑色的云层漂浮不定,大家看到了吗?
英语中还有些特殊的结构,如被动句、存在句及无灵主语结构等,与汉语有较大差异。译成汉语时须将主语做些调整。
如:32.There are many students queuing for the meal at the canteen.饭堂里很多学生在排队打饭。
以see, find, witness等作谓语的句子。See P83 出于思维和语言表达习惯,英语里常用时间、地点名词作主语,而在翻译成汉语时则根据汉语思维和表达习惯,将其转译为时间、地点状语。
如:33.The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America.(P.Bromhead:Life in Modern America)从1840至1880这四十年中,近一千万移民移居美国。
34.1949 saw the founding of the People's Republic of China.1949年中华人民共和国成立了。35.Rome witnessed many great historic events.在罗马城发生过许多伟大历史性事件。谈谈你的体会? 练习:
1.History knows only two kinds of war, just and unjust.历史上的战争,只有正义的和非正义的两类。
2.It was a matter of disagreement how the Company should promote the new product.关于公司如何促销这一新产品,尚未形成一致意见。
3.Wrong must be righted when they are discovered.发现了错误一定要更正。4.一九**年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹,使世界大为震惊。
In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world.5.The constant change of the course of the Yangtze River in history helped to form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan.在历史上,由于长江不断改道,在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。
6.要把不断改善人民生活作为处理改革、发展、稳定关系的重要结合点。
Continued improvement of people’s lives must be regarded as an important link in balancing reform, development and stability.7.Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.同中国加强合作,符合美国的利益。
8.突然钻出一只狗,追着她咬,几乎把她吓糊涂了。
A dog rushed out to chase after her,scaring her almost out of her wits.9.My duty forbids me to fly from danger.职责所在,我不能临阵脱逃.10.A dark stain on the carpet caught his eyes.他突然发现地毯上有个深色斑点。
11.In terms of America’s investment in China, I need to stress that over 150 out of the 500 biggest corporations in the United States have investment in China.美国在华投资,需要强调的一点是,美国500家大企业当中有150多家在中国投资。12.The shortest cut would take us five hours to get there.抄近路也要5 小时才能到那里。13.Anger choked his words.他气得话也说不出来。
14.A lot of troubles visited the poor family
这个贫困的家庭遇到不少麻烦。
15.Through reading one can acquire knowledge.读书可以获取知识。16.They never met without quarrelling.他们总是一见面就吵架。
17.Shortage of suitable land in the urban areas has made it necessary to build most new public housing in the suburbs.由于市区缺乏合适的土地,大部分公共房屋必须在郊区兴建。
18.上海将花20年左右的时间建设成为一个现代化的多功能的国际大都市。
We will spend some two decades transforming Shanghai into a modern, multi-functional international cosmopolis.19.宗教不得干预政治。
It is impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion.20.从1994年起,中国大陆吸引外资的数量仅次于美国列居世界第二,成为世界上吸引外商直接投资最多的发展中国家。
Since 1994, the amount of foreign investment China has attracted has ranked second in the world trailing the U.S.A., making China the only country that lures the most direct foreign investment among the developing countries.21.Many troubles visited the poor old man last year.去年这个可怜的老人碰到了不少麻烦。22.The sight of those pictures always reminds me of my hometown.一见到这些照片我就想起了我的家乡。
总之,在句子主语的问题上,英语句子主语同汉语句子主语的主要差别在于: 1)“英语较常用物称表达法,即不用人称来叙述,而让事物以客观的口气呈现出来”,“汉语较常用人称主语表达,往往注意‘什么人怎么样了’”。
如:23.----Concerns have been raised over the ability of internet banking services to verify the identity of new depositors or to guarantee the security of customer transactions.译文:就网上银行服务是否有能力证实新存款人的身份或者是否有能力确保客户交易安全这一问题,已经受到人们的高度关注。
2)英语使用“无灵主语”(即使用表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等的名词充当主语),同“有灵动词”(即表示人或社会团体的动作和行为的动词,如see, find, bring, give, escape等)搭配使用的句式非常之多。
相比之下,汉人的思维,人或社会团体才有这类有意识、有意志的行为,因而,汉语中有灵动词常与表人称的名词搭配。
3)英语中使用非人称代词“it”做主语的情况非常之多 ①它用作先行词,代替真正的主语或宾语。
例:It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest.(我从来也没有想到她这么不诚实。)②它用作虚义词,所代替的主语是难以言明的现象或情形。
例:It is only half an hour’s walk from here to the campus.(只要走半个小时就可以从这里走到校园。)
③可用作强调词,汉译时往往无法译出。
例:It is here that we first met each other.(我们是在这里初次见面的。)8.3 不同译文鉴赏;见书P78
8.4 翻译练习,见书 9.1 课前练笔
Budgets that can be rolled over to successive fiscal years, or whose purposes can be altered from year to year, will be mainly used to promote research and development activities as well as projects to improve infrastructure.参考译文:
可以转入到各个连续财政年度的预算,或者其目的可以年复一年地予以变更的预算,将主要用于促进各种研发项目和研发活动的开展,以便提升基础服务措施。9.2 翻译方法讲解
英汉两种语言中都有主动句和被动句。主动句的主要结构是“主语-谓语-宾语”,这在英汉语言中是一致的。然而,两种语言的被动句结构有较大差异;英语主要通过动词词形变化来表示被动语态,即“be+动词过去分词”。而汉语中表达被动意义的主要方式是由标志词表示被动结构,如“被、受、遭、挨、叫、让”等。由于英语被动语态比主动语态的主观色彩少得多,因此英语的经贸类、科技类和学术类文本中大量使用被动语态句。
汉语被动句的使用范围小得多,这主要在于: 第一,汉语中许多动词既可表主动意义,又可表被动意义,无所谓主动句和被动句。
第二,汉语是意合语言,句子构成不注重形式的整合,即使不用被动标志词也可以表达被动意义;第三,汉语大量使用无主语的句子。
因此,在英汉翻译中会有很多主被动的转换,尤其是英语的被动句译为汉语主动句。归纳来讲,英语的被动语态翻译可分两种情况处理:
一、译成被动结构,二、译成主动结构。1.译成被动结构
英语被动句如果重在表述被动的动作,在翻译时将原文译为汉语的被动结构。汉语被动结构可分典型被动句、变形被动句、当然被动句和把字句。
(一)译为典型被动句
1.Our quotation has been accepted by the Mexican importer, which will led to further business.我方的报价已被墨西哥进口公司接受,这将会带来更多的生意。
2.Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。
3.The recommendation will be regarded as void unless it bears the official seal of the institution that issues it.除非推荐书上盖有签发单位的正式印章,否则该推荐书将被视为无效。
(二)译成变体被动句
汉语被动语态结构非常灵活,除“被”能表示被动意义外,还有很多其他词和词组可以表示被动意义,如:“使、让、挨、称、得、给、叫、受、由、遭、得到、得以、加以、使得、受到、有待、予以、遭到、为„所„、以„而„等”。翻译是如果被字结构已经使用过多,或叙述角度不顺,或不必说出施动者时可使用变体被动句。
1.But little of this vast body of law is implemented in the Member States.然而,这一大套法律在会员国中很少得到执行。
2.Bespoke suits are created by skilled tailors and artisans to fit your every inch.定做的西装是由技艺高超的手艺人按照你的尺寸量身定做的。
3.Chairman Hu was received with great honor and much kindness when he paid a visit to America.胡主席在美国访问期间受到美方隆重和盛情的接待。4.The proposal will be examined by a special committee.这项提议将由一个特别委员会加以审查。
5.As soon as all the facts have been found out, we can begin to formulate a theory.一旦所有的事实为人们所发现,理论即可形成。
(三)译成当然被动句
汉语中有一类被动句,形式上与主动句没有区别;而实际上, 主语却是谓语动词的受动者, 整个句子表达的是被动意义。
这种句子, 称之为寓被动意义于主动形式的“当然被动句”。如:“机器修好了”,“会议取消了”等。这种译法,原文结构变化不大但很合乎汉语表达习惯。
1.In case of non-delivery, letters must be returned to the senders.函件无法投递时务必退还原寄件人。
2.The company has to pay a heavy rent for the land if it is located in the shopping center of the town.如果该公司位于城镇的商业区,就得缴付昂贵的土地租金。
3.Money, which is generally considered to be made up of banknotes, coins and savings, is used to pay for or buy a commodity and/or service.通常认为货币由纸币、辅币和银行存款组成,用于购买商品和服务。
(四)译成“把”字句 “把”字句是汉语中一种比较特殊的表被动意义的句式。英语中有些被动句汉译时可采用以下句型:
施动者+把„
施动者+使„
施动者+给+受动者+主动式谓语+其他。如:1.The famous Yuzhenggong Temple was practically destroyed by a big fire.一场大火把著名的玉真宫几乎完全毁掉了。
2.Radioactive waste must be carefully stored until it can safely be disposed of.在安全处理放射性废料之前,一定要把它仔细储存起来。此外,还有it作形式主语的被动句,这类被动句通常有其固定的表达法。如:
It is universally accepted that„
(人们)普遍认为„ It has been illustrated that
据说明,据图示„
另外,一些含有by词组的英语被动句,可以译成“的字结构主语+是”的判断句或陈述句。如: The idea was suggested by him.提出这个想法的是他。
二、译成主动结构
英语被动结构的句子译成汉语主动句包括以下几种情况
(一)保留主语译为主动句;
(二)更换主语译为主动句;
(三)补充主语译为主动句;
(四)译为无主语句;
(五)译成判断句。
(一)保留主语译为主动句
如果原文中动词的过去分词形式是表示状态或结果,而不是行为本身时,常采用“受事主语+谓语动词”的句式。如:
1.The whole country was armed against foreign invaders in a few days.几天之内,整个国家就武装起来了,准备抵抗外来侵略者。
2.Tariffs are often protective, and are designed to carry out a particular economic policy.关税往往具有保护性质,并用以贯彻具体的经济政策。
3.All of the people affected by a project must be given genuine control over the decisions that govern its planning and operation.一个项目的策划和运营必须加以控制,这种控制权应当真正地掌握在与此项目有关的所有的人 手中。
4.Water can be changed from a liquid into a gas.水能从液体变成气体。
5.Prices of California wine labels have been squeezed by rivals from the likes of Chile and Argentina.由于来自智利和阿根廷红酒的竞争,美国加利福尼亚洲各种品牌的红酒不得不压低价格。
(二)更换主语译为主动句
如在译文中保留原文的主语不利于译文的表达,可将原句中的某个适当的成分转译成主语。如:
1.McDonald’s can be found in more than 100 countries including India and Israel.全球有100多个国家有麦当劳,包括在印度和以色列。
2.The numerical data concerned are provided in the next chapter.下一章提供了有关的数字资料。
3.Those towering peaks are to be scaled by the most daring.那些高耸的山峰只有最勇敢的人才能攀登。
(三)补充主语译为主动句
如果原文并未指出动作的施动者,汉语译文可根据上下文,把意会的行为主体提出作为主语。这常用于一些以it作形式主语的被动句中。如: It is noted/viewed/stated/reported/well known that„
1.Government involvement is generally considered to be detrimental to competition and the optimal allocation of the factors of production.人们普遍认为政府干预只会对竞争不利,只会有损于生产要素的最佳配置。2.The transformative power of the Internet has been felt unevenly.对因特网的变革能力,人们的感受并不一样。
(四)译为无主语句 如果原文中的被动不是强调动作或接受动作的,而是描述什么地方发生、存在或消失了什么事物的,或表示观点、提出要求的,通常译为汉语的无主语句式,很多已经形成了固定短语。如:
It has been discussed/illustrated/told that „
1.If a patent has been applied for but has not yet been granted, the manufacture may print “applied for” or “patent pending”.在已经申请专利但未授予专利之前,制造者可以印上“已申请专利”或“专利待授”等字样。2.If any disagreement arises, the said treaty shall be applied.如有异议,使用该条约的规定。
(五)译成判断句
英语中许多被动句只是以被动语态的形式来描述事物的过程、性质和状态,实际上与英语的系表结构相似,常译为汉语的非被动形式。如:
1.The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。2.It is said that, poets are born, but orators are made.人们说,诗人是天生的,而演说家则是后天造就的。汉英翻译中的语态转译
3.我们过去十年所做的努力就要化为乌有了。
All the work we have done in the last ten years is about to be destroyed.4.雾遮没了正对着后窗的一带山峰。
The mountain peaks opposite to the back window were veiled in fog.5.应当坚定不移地执行改革开放的基本国策。
Efforts should be made to firmly carry out the basic state policy of reform and opening up to the outside world.6.还没有决定采用哪个计划,所以我们只能等待。
It has not been decided which plan to be adopted, therefore, we have no choice but to wait.7.其实,大家心中都很清楚,即使在最繁荣时期,也总有人挨饿。
As a matter of fact, it has long been known that even during the most prosperous period, there have been people without enough to eat.8.有人看见他趁大家午睡的时候悄悄溜出了房间。
He was seen to slip out of the house when the others were having an afternoon nap.9.有些地方教师住房仍然不足,教育工作者的工资经常被拖欠。
Housing for teachers is still inadequate in some areas, and teachers’ pay is often in arrears.10.If a foreign auditor registered in other country is necessary to be employed to undertake annual financial checking and examination, Party A shall give its consent.All the expenses thereof shall be borne by Party B.如果需要聘请其他国家的审计师对年度的财务进行审查,甲方应予以同意。其所需费用乙方负担。
9.3 不同译文鉴赏,见书P84
9.4 翻译练习,见书P85-87 英语从句的翻译
10.1 课前练笔
The bank of Japan has begun studying the possibility of extending the period for repurchasing government bonds, a system(under which it purchases government bonds from financial institutions)(on condition that they would be repurchased by the financial institutions after a certa 主从复合句;定语从句,状语从句 参考译文:
日本央行已经开始研究延长回购政府债券期限的可能性。回购政府债券已经形成一种制度。在此制度下,日本央行从金融机构购买政府债券,但前提是,这些债券在经过一段时间之后将由金融机构进行回购。
英语句子有很多类型的从句:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、状语从句(可以表条件、时间、原因、让步、结果等)和定语从句。
其中主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句属于名词性从句,在句中扮演着相当于名词的角色。
状语从句属于副词性从句,在句中做状语。定语从句属于形容词性从句,因为定语从句是用来修饰充当先行词的成分。除了修饰与被修饰关系外,还可以表条件、时间、原因、让步、结果等各种关系。因此,传统语法将其称之为定语从句不太严谨,现代英语语法称其为“关系分句”。10.2 翻译方法讲解 主语从句的翻译
定义: 顾名思义,在主从复合句中充当主语的从句。
分类:1)连接词引导的主语从句;
2)“it”作形式主语的真正主语置于句末的主从复合句
例(1)What you should pay attention to is that claim must be made within the term of validity stipulated in the contract(generally within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at the destination.)译文:贵方应注意的是,索赔必须在合同所规定的有效期内(即通常所说的在货物到达目的地之后的三十日内)提出。
例(2)It is a matter of regret that we do not have a stock of sufficient quantity to supply you at present.译文:目前,我公司存货不足,无法满足向你方的供货,着实令人遗憾。例(3)If facilities are not adequate or proper, it is possible that your goods will have to sit in the harbor, and this will cause demurrage and other added costs.译文:如果设施准备的不足或配备得不恰当,很有可能贵方的货物就会滞留在港口,这会导致滞留费和其他附加费用的增加。
例(4)It has also been observed that in many countries it is difficult for a foreign company to obtain not only the import license, but also duty relief.译文:人们也已经注意到,在许多国家,一家外国公司不仅获取出口许可证困难,而且获取关税减免也很困难。10.2.2 宾语从句的翻译
通常是指置于动词或介词之后充当宾语的从句。这类宾语从句通常由连接词“that” “what” “how” “who”
“when”等引导,汉译时按照在原文所处位置进行翻译。
例(5)We sincerely hope that you can do something to advance our time of shipment, since time of delivery is very important to us.译文:我方真心希望贵方能将我方货物装运的时间提前,因为交货时间对我们来说非常重要。例(6)Since we haven’t received your email, we take it for granted that you have already collected your goods.译文:既然我方没有收到你方的电子邮件,我方理所当然地认为你方已经提取了货物。
还有一种在“be”“feel”等之类的连系动词之后使用表示知觉、欲望、想法、感情等心理状态的形容词(包括confident, angry, afraid, sure, certain, ignorant, concerned, sorry, ashamed, glad, delighted, careful, cautious, doubtful, aware, thankful, graceful, anxious, able),构成系表结构,其后再接一个由“that”引导的从句。
语法学界有称之为“原因状语从句”,理由是:这类由“that”引导的从句所表示的是前面的表示心理状态的形容词的诱发的原因。
另一些人认为这类由“that”引导的从句是宾语从句,理由是:这类形容词往往可以转译成汉语里的动词,故其后的从句可以看做是宾语从句。例(7)We feel sure that a fair comparison in quality between our products and similar articles from other sources will convince you of the reasonableness of our quotations.译文:我们坚信,只要将我方产品质量同其他来源的类似产品质量好好地比较,你就会发现,我方的报价合情合理。10.2.3 表语从句的翻译
英语有表语从句是因为英语有系表结构。通常系表结构是“be+形容词”,但若连系动词之后所接的不是形容词而是由“that”引导的从句时,该从句即是表语从句。对于这类从句的汉译,通常是按照英语句子的顺序进行翻译。
例(8)The question is whether the goods are to be repacked at Bangkok since the charges for special packing are excluded from our price.译文:现在的问题是,既然特别包装的费用没有包含在我方的价格内,这批货物是否一定要在曼谷进行重新包装。
例(9)The key extended function of an Extranet is, as the name implies, that the geographical dispersed dedicated networks(whether LAN or WAN)can be connected through the Internet.译文:公司外联网,顾名思义,其主要拓展功能即是通过国际互联网将处在不同地理位置的专用网络(不论是局域网还是广域网)连接在一起。10.2.4 同位语从句的翻译 其内容和句子成分非常完备、对某个笼统概念的先行词的内容予以具体化的,仅仅只能由“”引导的从句,叫做同位语从句。
能够带同位语的先行词有fact, idea, news, suggestion, order, conviction, hope, opinion, indication, information, understanding, reason, allegation, option, message, conclusion, prospect等等。
在翻译商贸英语中的同位语从句的三种处理方式: 一是先译同位语从句,再译出先行词。
二是将先行词通过词类转换翻译法译成汉语中的动词,再将该先行词之后由“that”引导的同位语从句翻译成汉语中的主谓结构,充当动词的宾语。三是将同位语从句中的“that”翻译成“即”,“也就是说”,或者使用冒号“:”,表示同前面的先行词表达的内容是同一内容。
例(10)The fact that we are the largest suppliers of wollen underwear in this country is in itself evidence of the good value of our products.译文:我们是该国羊毛衫的最大供应商,这一事实本身就证明了我方产品质量上乘。例(11)Your allegation suggests nothing but your imagination which is groundless that the damage of the goods would have been attributed to improper packaging methods.译文:贵方宣称,货物损坏了,完全是由于包装方法不当引起的。这纯粹是贵方的想象,根本没有任何依据。
例(12)We established formal relations between our two countries on the understanding that we would develop our friendship on the basis of peaceful co-existence, mutual respect and equality and mutual benefit.译文:我们两国建立了正式的关系是基于这样一种认识,即我们将在和平共处、相互尊重和平等互利的基础上发展我们的友谊。
例(13)I will share with the President my conclusion that our two countries are destined to grow together for our mutual benefit and for the benefit of all mankind.译文:我要报告给总统我的结论,即为了我们两国人民的利益,为了全人类的福祉,我们双方一定会同舟共济。10.2.5 状语从句的翻译
英语的状语从句可根据不同的含义分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句九种。
英汉语有四种状语从句的语序基本一致,他们是:结果、方式、比较和目的。这些状语从句必须出现或多半出现在主句之后。
例(14)The development of a market economy is possible only when there is a free movement of people, goods and capital.译文:只有在人员、货物和资本自由流动的情况之下,才有可能发展市场经济。例(15)
对状语从句的翻译可以归纳为以下三种: 1)不改变原句逻辑语义的顺译法;
2)根据其逻辑语义转译成其他状语从句的转译法; 3)两种译法的综合使用。1)顺译法
当英语中的状语从句的位置刚好符合汉语的叙事顺序,可以直接按原文顺序翻译。如: 1.If the beast of inflation escapes, the increase in interest rates needed to recapture it will then have to be bigger.如果通货膨胀爆发,为了控制它将不得不进一步提高利率。
2.It is important to sound interested, helpful and alert when you answer the phone.接电话时要使声音听起来关注、热情、敏捷,这是非常重要的。
3.An efficient translator should capture the overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word translation of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstanding.称职的译员在翻译广告时应抓住其全面信息,因为逐字逐句地翻译原文几乎无法表达愿意,而且还常会造成误解。
4.As long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.只要我们不灰心,我们就能找到客服困难的办法。2)转译法
根据从句的逻辑语义,改变原句的语序,结构,或转译成其他状语从句,如: 1.Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者,事竟成.(地点状语-条件)
2.Put on your fur coat when you feel cold.如果感觉冷,就把皮衣穿上.(条件状语)3.The materials are excellent for use where the value of the work pieces is not high.如果零件价值不高,使用这些材料是最好不过的了。
4.There is never peace where men are greedy.只要人是贪婪的,就永远不会有和平。5.He walks when he might take a taxi.尽管他可以乘出租车,但他还是步行。6.Walk into the office quietly when you are late for work.如果你上班迟到了,就悄悄地走进办公室。
7.许多年后,有人请爱因斯坦给一些青年学生解释他的相对论原理。他说:“你要是跟一个漂亮的姑娘在一起待上两个小时,你会觉得只待了一分钟。但你如果在灼热的火炉上待一分钟,你就觉得待了两个小时。这就是相对论。”
译文:
Later in life, when Einstein was asked to explain his law of relativity to a group of young students, he said, “When you sit with a nice girl for two hours, you think it’s only a minute.But when you sit on a hot stove for a minute, you think it’s two hours.That is relativity.” 3)综合译法
有些状语从句在译成汉语时并不单采用一种译法,而是几种方法并用。如: 1.We should state the facts as they are.我们应该如实地陈述事实。(换序、转译)
2.When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually callous(冷漠的).孩子们长大之后就希望独立生活,如果你还像他们年幼时那样关心他们,你就会成为他们的累赘,除非他们特别麻木不仁。(顺译、换序)练习
1.The days were short, for it was now December.现在是十二月,白日短了。2.When it is wet, the buses are crowded.下雨天公车总是很拥挤。
3.If the technical documents are found lost, damaged or mutilated(毁伤)during air transportation, Party B shall supply Party A free of charge with a second set of the documents within the shortest possible time but not later than thirty days after it has received from Party A the written notice.若技术资料在空运中丢失、损坏、缺损或短缺,乙方须于收到甲方的书面通知后30天内尽快免费向甲方重新邮寄该技术资料一套。
4.How can you expect your children to be truthful when you yourself tell lies? 如果你自己讲假话,又怎能期待你的孩子说真话呢?
5.There was so much dust that we couldn’t see what was happening.尘土很大,我们看不清发生了什么事。
6.If a balloon could be made large enough, he speculated, then maybe a nonstop flight could be made to Europe.他推测,如果能制造一个很大的气球,也许能够中途不停地飞到欧洲。7.All living things, whether they are animals or plants, are made up of cells.一切生物,不管是动物还是植物,都是由细胞组成的 10.2.6 定语从句的翻译 10.2.7 名词性从句的翻译
1.It is unsurprising that this kind of innovation, which spread in scale and scope as the cost of computing came down, should have lowered the wages of the unskilled.随着计算机设备成本的下降,这种大范围和大幅度的革新会削减非熟练工人的工资,这不足为奇。
2.We used to believe that some groups of people---because of circumstances---couldn’t help doing what they did.Now I think everyone must take responsibility for what they do.我们过去一向认为,有些人为生活所迫,不得已而做出那样的事。现在我觉得每个人都必须对自己的所作所为负责,不能有任何借口。
10.3 不同译文鉴赏,见书P97
10.4 翻译练习,见书98-100 Chapter 11 依据句意的变通翻译法
Lectured by Aurora Shen 11.1 课前练笔
After witnessing the uninterrupted ascent of the U.S.economy over the past decade without any sharp rises in wage costs or inflation, many Americans thought their economy had developed into a so-called “new economy”.参考译文:
在见证了过去十年中美国经济持续上升而工资成本或通货膨胀未见急剧增加之后,很多美国人就认为,美国经济已经演进成一种所谓的“新经济”了。11.2 翻译方法讲解 例示中的表否定意义的“uninterrupted”被译成了具有肯定意义的“持续”,这样与其后的“上升”搭配。这种翻译法在翻译教学与研究中叫做反说正译翻译法。
何为“变通”——“在保证原文整体意义不变的前提下对局部的灵活处理,或者说是在不能采用常规手段实现对应转换的情况下,而摆脱常规、采取不同程度和形式的代偿手段”(刘宓庆,2008:185)。
必须要说明的是,变通不是不忠实于原文,正是在翻译过程中采取了变通手段,使得译文在精神实质上更加忠实于原文,从而避免了因追求形式上的所谓“忠实”而导致的语义不清、凝滞晦涩的文字的出现。“当然,变通并非随意发挥,变通方法的使用必须以传达原文的精神实质为目的。”(刘宓庆,2008:185)(一:词汇层面的变通手段或变通翻译法)简要回顾:
增益翻译法、凝练翻译法、词类转换翻译法、同义引申翻译法
例(1)The dollar buying increased Japan’s foreign exchange reserves by 50 percent on a year-on-year basis.译文:与去年同期的数字相比,美元的购入给日本增加了50% 的外汇储备。例(2)As a good corporate citizen, the Company actively contributes to each community in which it conducts business.译文:作为一个好的市民企业,该公司在其所经营业务的每一个社区都在做着积极的贡献。
二:句法层面的变通手段
正说反译翻译法、反说正译翻译法、视角转换翻译法、级转移翻译法、语序转换翻译法(倒装语序向自然语序)
(一)正说反译、反说正译翻译法
1、正说与反说之间的转换:是陈述方式的转换。
2、作用机制:是在概念命名、话题表达、情态表达、强调分布时的角度、侧重面、着眼点及特征选择或描摹方式等方面存在差异,故在翻译时,以符合目的语的表达习惯或目的语民族的思维方式,或者顺应目的语的文化习俗。
3、例示: 英:“self-service banking”
汉:“自助银行服务”
(正说)英: “self-service bookstand”
汉:“无人售书摊/处”(反说)前者着眼于主观行为过程;后者重在对客观现状的描述。
正说或者反说,在不同语言中,可以微妙而精确地传递出说话人的思想倾向或者立场,以控制语气的强弱轻重和分量。
翻译时,要恰当采取正说反译或反说正译的翻译方法,运用最适合于译语习惯的表达方式来传达原文信息。
英语否定表达有: “never”, “no”, “not”, “non-”, “un-”, “im-”, “in-”, “ir-”, “-less”, “de-”, “dis-”, “mal-”等。汉语否定表达有:“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“毋”、“勿”、“否”、“绝不”、“毫无”、“否则”、“并非”、“没有”、“未尝”等。例如:
——Huge investment costs, such as those for developing environment-friendly technology, have made it difficult for an automaker to survive competition(正说)on its own.译文:高额投资成本,如开发环境保护技术等,使得汽车制造商难以靠自身在竞争中立于不败之地(词义引申+反译翻译法融合)。
——Authors of books and magazines have been denied(正说)lending rights in light of the fact that small book rental stores have contributed to the development of the nation’s publishing industry.译文:鉴于各家小型出租书店对国内出版业做出了贡献这一事实,法律不允许(反译)书籍和杂志的作者们享有借阅权。
——One of the intentions of the government to introduce various regulation measures is to discourage excessive competition.译文:政府出台不同管制措施的意图之一就是防止过度竞争。
分析:discourage本意为:“不鼓励”,汉语习惯于表达成“防止”。(反说正译)
——The government should not hesitate to intervene in the currency market through bold yen-selling and dollar-buying operations.译文:政府应该通过大胆的日元卖出和美元买进的运作方式及时干预汇兑市场。
分析: should not hesitate to本意为:“不犹豫”,此处汉语表达成“及时”更顺乎习惯。(反说正译)
(二)、视角转换翻译法(时空站位)古有诗云:“横看成岭侧成峰,远近高低各不同,不识庐山真面目,只缘身在此山中。”
人们在描述事物时,往往需要选择何处着眼。
{不同民族,因地域、文化、习俗、思维方式等方面的差异,其各自在观察事物和认识事物的视角和方式上就会出现差异。}
叙述视角包括:肯定与否定、因果关系、时空站位等等。例如:
——In spite of the mass migration of workers from China’s vast interior to the coast, pay for factory workers has been rising at double-digit rates for several years.For managers, the situation is worse still.译文:尽管农民工大规模地从中国辽阔的内地涌向东南沿海地区,但多少年来,工人的工资一直是以两位数字的速度在增长。而对于管理人员而言,工资增长的速度就更厉害了。——Problems arising from the declining birthrate and graying of the population were recognized nearly half a century ago.译文:半个世纪以前,人们就已注意到出生率下降和人口老龄化所带来的各种问题。——Acceleration of the disposal of bad loans has been criticized as causing the current economic plight, with falling stock prices and financial uncertainty.译文:一直以来,人们批评对不良贷款的加速处理是造成当前股票持续下跌、金融没有稳定性、经济出现困难的根本原因。
——The conviction was going in economic and financial circles that the Union would have withstood the recession more successfully if the single currency had existed.To this end, Eurozone members must also make significant progress towards convergence of their economies.译文:经济圈和金融界越来越相信,如果已经有了单一货币的话,欧盟就能更成功地抵御因衰退而带来的影响。为了这个目标,欧元区的成员也必须致力于更高程度的经济共通性。——Unemployment in America(as of mid-1990)was running near 5.25 percent.That is somewhat higher than used to be considered full employment, but it is not a serious figure in the aggregate.译文:1990年年中美国的失业率近5.25%。按以往的标准,这个比例偏高,没有达到充分就业。但就整体来说问题并不严重。
分析:这里将原文中的动词部分抽到句子的外面进行翻译,使之成为汉语中的外位成分。此翻译方法使译文如行云流水,通顺、地道,毫无翻译痕迹。
(三)、级转移翻译法 级:如“词素”、“词汇”、“短语”、“小句”、“句子”等均属于不同的“级”。英语原文的“词素”、“词汇”、“短语”、“小句”、“句子”不一定能分别找到汉语的“词素”、“词汇”、“短语”、“小句”、“句子”一一相对应。
多数情况是:英语中的词素要用汉语的词汇来与之对应;
英语中的句子要用汉语的小句来与之对应;英语中的短语要用汉语的词汇来与之对应。这种不同的“级”转换叫做“级转移”(rank shift)。例如:
——Yet it is painfully apparent that millions of Americans who would never think of themselves as law-breakers, let alone criminals, are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes that are designed to protect and nourish their society.译文:然而,显而易见的是,成百上千万从不认为自己是违法人员,更不用说是犯罪的美国人,对于旨在保护和养育他们社会的法律条款,却越来越肆意妄为地进行曲解,这真令人心痛。
分析:首先,这是把词汇对应翻译成句子;
本词汇义为“痛心地明显的” 先翻译为句子:“显而易见的是,”译文充分表明了作者对这一现象所感到的痛心疾首,又使译文语言自然流畅。
——The clocks do not strike thirteen, but Orwell’s quasi-scientific ideas about Thought Police, Newspeak, and memory holes are already chillingly familiar.译文:时钟尚未敲打十三点,但奥威尔那满脑子的有关“思想警察”、“官样文章”以及记忆之洞等种种准科学的概念,已为大众所熟知,但却令人不寒而栗。
分析:这里如果按原文顺序译相当棘手;
现在把chillingly familiar拆开,先翻译familiar,再翻译chillingly,结果译文就顺当了。再如:
——We recognize that China’s long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth.译文:我们认识到,中国的长期现代化计划以发展经济为重点,这是可以理解的,也是必要的。
(四)、语序转换翻译法 自然语序
倒装语序
倒装语序
自然语序 由于英语中大量使用倒装句,而汉语较少使用;
因此英译汉时,常将英语的倒装语序转换为自然语序。
如: ——Should the sellers fail to effect delivery on time as stipulated in this Contract owing to causes other than Force Majeure as provided for in Clause V of the Contract, the Buyers shall have the right to cancel the relative quantity of the Contract.译文:若因本合同第五款所规定的不可抗力因素之外的其它原因,卖方未能及时按照本合同要求交货,则买方有权取消本合同中的相应数额。
从例子来看,商务英语中采用倒装语序的情况多出现在合同的条件句中,此时的条件句省略了连词“if”。例:Enclosed here please find a full range of catalogues covering the textile accessories inquired in your letter dated August 16.译文:随函附上贵方八月十六日来函中有关纺织品询价的全套价目单。译文鉴赏
翻译练习
Chapter 12 语序调整翻译法
Lectured by Aurora Shen 12.1 课前练笔
A small enterprise may have a very simple, centralized organization with a single manager, but if the enterprise grows beyond a certain limit, the manager will be unable to effectively supervise everyone and will have to appoint subordinate managers.参考译文:小型企业可设立一个仅有一名管理人员的非常简单而集权的机构,但若该企业的发展速度超过了一定限度,该管理人员就难以有效监管每一位员工,因而就不得不任命多名下属管理人员。
Title with respect to each shipment of the products shall pass from the seller to the purchaser when the seller negotiates relative documents and receives proceeds from the negotiating bank for such shipment, with effect retrospect to the time of such shipment.参考译文:当卖方就每次的货物装船向票据承兑银行提交相关资料并从承兑银行提取货款时,每一批货物装船的所有权就由卖方转移到了买方,其效力可追溯到该次货物装船之时。12.2 英汉两种语言在顺序上的差异
(一)在词序上的差异
(二)在句序上的差异
(一)英汉两种语言在词序上的差异 1)主语和谓语之词序差异
英语多用倒装句,疑问句也是倒装;即谓语在前、主语在后。汉语则是大多主语在前、谓语在后。
2)宾语之词序差异
英语的宾语位置灵活,可位于句首、句中或句末。
汉语的宾语一般只出现在及物动词之后,只在强调宾语时,才提到及物动词之前。
英语的疑问句中,往往把宾语放在句首,后面依次接助动词、主语、谓语。
但是汉语的疑问句语序依然是:主语+谓语+宾语 3)定语之词序差异 英语的定语位置可前、可后、和中间。汉语的定语则通常位于被定语所修饰的中心名词之前。
英语中,多个定语时之排列顺序为:
限定词—描绘形容词—表示大小、新旧的形容词—表示颜色的形容词—表示类别的形容词—表示类别的名词(作修饰语)+名词中心词 汉语中,多个定语时排列顺序为:
表示领属关系的词语—表示时间、处所的词语—指示代词或量词短语—动词性词语和主谓短语—形容词性词语+表示性质、类别或范围的名词、动词 4)状语之词序差异
英语句子往往先说结果,再说明原因和条件;
汉语句子则先说明条件和原因,之后再讨论结果。
英语中除表示频率的词,如:often, always, usually, sometimes等和表示程度的副词,如:quite, almost, fully等需置于动词之前外,其余充当状语的副词,都置于动词之后。
英译汉时,需将这些大部分置于后的副词置于动词之前。
英语的状语排列顺序为:方式、地点、时间;汉语的状语排列正相反:时间、地点、方式。
(二)英汉两种语言在句序上的差异 1)并列句句序之异同
英语: 常见结构“简单句+等立连词或并列连词(如 “and”、“or”、“but”等)+简单句” 汉语:基本同上。
2)复合句句序之异同(复合句是一个主句加一个或一个以上的从句而构成的句子。)英语:有六大不同类型的从句。
英语的主语从句
一个单独的汉语分句 英语的表语从句
一般与汉语语序完全一致 英语的宾语从句
将其置于及物动词之后充当宾语
英语的定语从句
可用陈述词组成分或分句表示,英语关系代词可在汉语译文中省略 英语的状语从句
把时间、地点、让步、条件、原因等状语成分
置于句首或谓语之前,结果等状语置于主句之后
英语的同位语从句
简短的同位语如身份、职业、称号等往往提前
较长的独立成句,译“即、也就是说和:”等 12.3 最难点:长句的翻译 ★长句翻译两个基本点:
1、对原文的准确理解
2、在译文当中要予以恰如其分的表达 ★四个步骤把握:
1、扼要拟出全句的轮廓;
2、根据上下文和全句的内容领会其要旨;
3、辨清全句的主从结构;
4、找出各句之间的从属关系。★分析的几个过程:
1、找出整个句子的主句;
2、找出主句中的主语、谓语;
3、理清主句与从句、从句与从句等修饰语与被修饰语之间的关系;
4、掌握各层次内容,按照逻辑顺序把句子的各个部分内容连接成一个完整的话语串。★表达的三部曲:
1、试将每个划开的单句逐一翻译;
2、将翻译出的句子进行调整和组合;
3、对译文进行加工润色。
★对英语长句处理的几种翻译方法:
1、顺序翻译法(按原文句子结构的顺序翻译)(相对而言)
2、按照汉语的逻辑顺序进行翻译
3、拆分翻译法
4、融合翻译法 例如:
——The economy could sink into a double-dip recession due to the clouds hanging over the U.S.economy and rising deflationary pressures that will accompany the accelerated of non-performing loans.译文:由于美国经济一直低迷不振,再加上伴随着加速处理不良贷款而带来的通缩压力不断增加,经济可能会陷入双谷衰退期。
——The new prosperity may represent a long, sustained plateau of brisk demand, plentiful jobs, and increased living standards.译文:新的繁荣可能是一段较长时间的、持续的平稳状态,其中有大量的需求、重组的就业机会,生活水平也得到了提高。12.4 语序调整翻译法 1)顺序翻译法
例:There is a tendency for an organization of this type to be rather romantic;this place isn’t romantic ——it actually makes money.He is impressed equally by the open information policy, which circulates details of all meetings to employees, and the rapid growth.译文:这种类型大的机构往往有着相当浪漫的气息。但这个地方却并不浪漫——它实际上是个赚钱的地方。他印象同样深刻的是,公司采取了信息公开制度,很据该制度,所有会议的细节以及公司快速发展的细节都要一一传达给员工。
分析:汉语表述上的细节处理,使译文充分突出了所描述公司的所作所为及其理念。2)变序翻译法
变序翻译——对译文句式进行重组。变序翻译——在翻译过程中,由于原文的语序无法在译文中得到完全保留和再现,为符合目的语表达习惯和目的语民族思维模式而在译文中对原文语序进行重新排列、依据目的语的逻辑顺序、表达顺序和行文方式进行组句。变序翻译法的好处:
“由于彻底摆脱了原文的语序和句子形式的约束,因此,比较易于做到汉语行文流畅、自然、一气呵成,有经验的译者还可以因此而使译文平添文采”(刘宓庆,1995:188)
例(1)——International countertrade is a practice whereby a supplier commits contractually ——as a condition of sale ——to reciprocate and undertake certain specified commercial initiatives that compensate and benefit the buyer.译文:国际对等贸易,作为一种销售条件,是指供应方以合同方式,承诺对某些特别的、给购买方以补偿和利益的商务提案予以回报和承办的一种做法。例(2)P119 3)拆分翻译法
如果一个句子无法照着原文句子结构的顺序进行翻译,译者就可以考虑将原句的结构拆开,在不损害愿意的情况下按照汉语的表达习惯重新组合,以时间的先后顺序、因果关系、假设与结果等逻辑关系相继翻译成一句或两到三句意思连贯、内容完整的句子。
例——The security of buying the products of the world famous business companies was wonderful.译文:购买世界知名企业公司的产品非常安全,这种安全的感觉奇妙无比。
例——And confidence is growing in the debt-restructuring progress, the infuriatingly slow and untidy effort that puts debtor nations on the international Monetary Fund’s stringent diet of hardnosed monetary policy, curtailed government spending, and fewer imports.译文:人们在债务调整进程中的信心正不断增强;人们在将各债务国置于国际货币基金组织的严厉货币政策之下所做出的令人气愤地拖沓而散漫的努力的信心正不断增强;人们在削减政府支出方面的信心正不断增强;人们在更少量地进口外国产品方面的信心正不断增强。例——The Tokyo metropolitan government has proposed negotiations on reaching a settlement in lawsuit filed by 17 banks seeking to abolish a local corporate tax formula based on business size.译文:东京都政府已提议就一项诉讼案达成协议进行谈判,该诉讼案由17家银行提起,它们请求废除以企业规模来确定当地公司税费的计算方式。4)融合翻译法
1、将英语原文中主句的先行词同该先行词后面的定语从句融合成一个主谓结构的句子;
2、将英语原文中的从句同主句融合成一个紧缩句
3、整合原文句子的信息按照汉语句子的行文方式先说明具体情况,在进行总说。优点:使汉语句子结构简练、紧凑,表达通顺、地道。
例:——The U.S.stock markets were attacked from the worst one-day crash in modern history on October 19th,1987, the day which has come to be known as Black Monday.译文:美国的各股票市场于1987年10月19日遭遇到现代历史上最严重的“一日暴跌”,这一天现已成为尽人皆知的“黑色星期一”。例:p121 12.5 不同译文鉴赏,见书p122-123 12.6 翻译练习,见书p125-126 商务英语语篇的特点及其翻译要点 1)分类
商务英语语篇指在商务活动中使用的各种正式与非正式文件,包括商务信函(Business Correspondence)、备忘录(Memorandum)、会议纪要(Synopsis of Minutes)、说明书(Specification)、广告(Commercials)、报告(Report)、通知(Notice)、演讲(Speech)、协议或合同(Agreement or Contract)以及各种单据与表格(Bills and Forms)等。
按照其语言表现形式,上述语篇可归纳为公文体、广告体和论说体三种。
其中商务信函、备忘录、会议纪要、说明书等主要表现为公文体形式;商业广告主要表现为广告体形式;报告、演讲等主要表现为论说体形式。
(一)公文体
包括:商务信函、备忘录、会议纪要、说明书等语篇。
商务公文的特点是行文以书面语为主,用词正式、严谨、规范,句式结构复杂。汉译时,要注意选用相应层面的语言,并注意理顺句中复杂的逻辑关系。
(二)广告体
英语广告用词多趋向于通俗化、口语化,简洁、生动、富于鼓动性。
(三)论说体
商务英语论说体多出现在为推广产品所做的报告或演讲中。这类文体用词正式、严谨,开头结尾常用一些套语。2)特点
主要从词汇、句法、语篇三个层面来简要介绍商务语篇的文体特点。
(一)词汇特征
1.专业词汇数量可观
专业词汇包括专业术语、专有名词和套语,如: bid 递盘
counter-offer 还盘
Please be informed that
兹告知贵方„
D/D 汇票,即期汇票
More or less 溢短装Investment in non-productive projects 非生产性投资 商务英语词汇除了具有一般含义外,还具有特定的专业意义,需要根据文章内容确定准确译文。如:
(1)Industrial averages were down.工业股票的平均价格在下跌。(2)Average is of two kinds: General Average and Particular Average.海损有两种:一种是共同海损,另一种是单独海损。
其次,商务英语中有些词由于搭配的变化,意思也会不同。如: Straight B/L
记名提单
Direct B/L
直达提单
clean credit 光票信用证
documentary clean credit 无跟单信用证
如已有约定俗成译法的,沿用旧译;如无约定译法,则要在准确理解原文词义后灵活译出 2 用词简洁
(商务英语用词简洁,言简意赅)如:
Documents against payment
付款 交单
In your favor
以你方为受益人 All sales are final.货物售出,概不退换。3.用词较正式
商务英语语言由日常用语和专业用语两部分组成。但是通常用词较为正式,尤其是合同和法律文本英语,选词更为严谨。如:
(1)At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.应乙方请求,甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。4.广泛使用缩略语 为了交流的快捷高效,商务英语中还大量使用缩略语。这些缩略语主要是一些国际机构的名称以及某些商务活动和商务术语的首字母缩略翻译时要能准确译出。如:
EMU(European Monetary Union)欧洲货币联盟
MFN(Most Favored Nation)最惠国
ASEAN(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)东盟
(二)商务英语的句法特征
与普通英语相比,商务英语词汇上丰富多彩,但句法上却比较简洁,明了。首先,句子长难句较多,同时追求句子的简单。这是由于其严格性、精确性和逻辑性决定的。如:The goods are being reserved for you, and we are looking forward to your email confirming acceptance of our offer.我们将为你方预留货物,希望收到你们的电子邮件确认我们的报盘。
To be fair, we are prepared to pay for the air freight, while you should be responsible for the other expenses, such as shifting the goods from the dock to the airport.为公平起见,我们愿意支付空运费,而其他的费用,如货物从码头运往机场的费用,由你方支付。
第二,大量使用被动语态,以使行文明了。在汉语中,被动句的使用则非常有限。由于商务英语以叙述某一过程为主,叙事推理,强调客观准确,如第一、二人称使用过多,会给人造成主观臆断的印象。因此常用第三人称叙述,采用被动语态。如:
If on the expiry of a contract, the term for a patent relating to the imported technology has yet to expire, the case shall be handled in accordance with the relevant provisions.合同期满时,如引进技术所涉及的专利尚未期满,应当按照有关规定办理。合同等法律性语篇中,多使用长句、复合句、复杂句等句式,及被动句、倒装句等特殊句型。另外,套语、套话使用频繁。
(三)语篇风格的特征
总体上讲,商务英语语篇具有完整、简洁、具体、正确、清晰、礼貌和体谅等七大特征。其中,以行文严谨和措辞委婉最为突出。如:(1)This agreement is made and entered into in Shanghai on 18th may, 2008 by and between AAA(hereinafter referred to as the “Seller”)and BBB(hereinafter referred to as the “Buyer”).本协议由AAA(以下称“卖方”)和BBB(以下称“买方”)于2008年5月18日在上海签订。(2)In the event the Buyer does not furnish the Seller with shipping information on or before May 19, 2008, the Seller may at his option cancel this contract.若买方未在2008年5月19日或在此之前向卖方提供装船通知,卖方可撤销本合同。(3)Enclosed please find a copy of our price list.随函附上我方的价目表一份,请查收。
(4)However, up to the present writing, we have not had the pleasure of hearing from you.然而,迄今为止未见贵方赐复。
三、商务英语语篇的翻译要点 根据翻译理论中功能对等的原则,商务英语语篇的翻译不仅要做到准确传递原文的内容,还要再现原文的语气、文体特征和专业特点,以达到相似的功能和交际目的。总体而言,要做到意义精确、简练;语气恰当、得体;表达地道、贴切;语篇严谨、规范。
根据前面所分析的商务英语语篇的三个层面上的特点,我们从这三个层面来分析商务英语语篇翻译的特点。
(一)词汇层面的准确无误
准确是商务英语语篇翻译的灵魂。准确不仅包括商务术语,还包括一词多义现象和数字概念的准确。如:1.After we have checked the L/C carefully, we request you to make the following amendment: “ Partial Shipment and Transshipment Allowed.”
经仔细核对信用证后,兹要求贵方做如下修改:“允许分批和转船.”
2.The shipping documents for the consignment are now with our bank and we shall be glad if you will arrange to collect them.货运单据现存我行,请安排前来赎单。
3.Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).甲方(聘方)须每月付给乙方(受聘方)美元500元整。
4.In the event of force majeure or any other contingencies beyond our control, we shall not be held responsible for the late delivery or non-delivery of the goods.如发生不可抗力事件,或我方无法控制的任何其他意外事故,我方对迟交货或不交货概不负责。
(二)句法层面的简洁、凝练、严密和庄重
商务英语语句具有简洁、严密的特点,注重表达的准确性、时效性和逻辑性。因此,译文也要明白晓畅,简洁凝炼。
为了达到此目的,常在翻译时采取以下手段: 1)运用汉语四字结构或文言句式。
汉语文化积淀下来的四言词式和文言句式,言语简练,寓意深刻,音律优美,富有文采。译文中运用这些词句结构可充分体现商务英语简洁凝练的风格特征。如:(1)Work on small profit margins cannot grant open-account facilities.薄利经营,恕不赊账。2)I venture to invite you to have a look at our stand, and you may rest assured that you will not be pressed to buy.本人冒昧地邀请贵方光顾我方展台,购买与否,敬随尊意(敬请随意)。2)运用商务套语。
商务应用文书常以程式化的行文用语来传递所需表达的内容。在翻译商务文体时套用这些表达可使译文在体例、风格等方面与原文保持一致。
如:Notice is hereby given that FRIENDSHIP Ltd.will take all necessary measures against any party manufacturing and/or selling any garments bearing the trade mark of “FRIENDSHIP” without being authorized.兹通告,友谊公司将采取一切必要的措施,追究任何未经许可制造和/或销售注有友谊商标的当事人。
(三)语篇层面的规范性、整体性及礼貌原则 翻译时,译者要熟悉商务活动中术语及语篇的表达模式与结构。确保译文的专业性、整体性、礼貌性,并实现对等的交流功能。如:(1)I was wondering---Could you wait a little longer for our payment?
我不知道对于付款一事您能否延缓一段时间?
(2)Please give us a definite reply at your earliest convenience.请尽早给予我们明确的答复。(3)Please look into the matter immediately.恳请速查明此事。
(4)You are kindly requested to act accordingly as soon as possible.敬希速遵照执行。
(四)调整句子结构
有些商务应用文书不仅语言表达程式化,行文结构也呈格式化。英汉两种版本的商务应用文书虽然表述的方法各异,但各有一定的格式可循。在翻译时,可改变句子的结构或行文布局以使译文符合商务应用文的体例和格式。
如:We inform you that your order has been dispatched
贵方所定货物业已付运,特此奉告。
we acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 5th inst.(本月的)and regret to learn that you are unable to extend the subject L/C.本月五日来函收悉。获悉贵方未能将标题所列之信用证予以延期,深感遗憾。练习:
1.We advise you that we shall establish ourselves as general agents under the title of Lockers’ Co..本公司将以洛克公司名义开设总代理店,特此奉达。
2.We hope this will go smoothly and you are able to conclude the contract soon.希望一切顺利,并速签合同。
3.Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e.not later than December 15.本合同签字之日一个月内,即不迟于12月15日,你方须将货物装船。
4.The contract stipulates that four-month’s notice be given by letter of the intention to terminate it.合同规定,如欲终止合同须提前4个月给予书面通知。
5.Both heavy-duty trucks(载重汽车)and platform trucks(平板车)enquired for in your fax under reply are not available for supply.贵方传真所询载重汽车和平板车只有一种有货可供。6.Direct investment takes place when control follows the investment.This can amount to a small percentage of the equity of the company being acquired, perhaps even as little as 10 percent.投资以后,随即参与管理,这就是直接投资。这种投资可以是企业可获得股本的一小部分,甚至可少到10%。7.The corporate charter also authorizes the corporation to issue and sell shares of stock, or ownership in the corporation, to enable the corporation to raise money.公司章程还授权公司发行和销售股票,转让公司所有权,以便为公司筹措资金。
8.This contract is made by and between the buyers and the sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.本合同由买卖双方订立,因此买卖双方同意按照下面规定的条款购买以下商品。
英汉语篇的衔接与翻译
一、衔接手段(cohesion)练习:
涉外商务信函的翻译、涉外商务信函的分类
涉外商务信函是进出口业务进展情况的专业性书面记录,是对涉外商务运作过程中使用的各种函件的总称。
涉外商务信函具有公函的性质,涉及商务、外贸操作过程的各个方面。从文体正式程度和内容重要性的角度来看,涉外商务信函可以分为正式函件和便函两种。
正式函件通常表明主题(Subject)并加盖单位印章,篇幅较长,内容完整,主要用于交涉处理有实质内容的商务事项。便函用于处理一般性或礼节性事务,无需表明主题和加盖单位印章。从内容和商务操作过程的角度来看,涉外商务信函可以分为以下几类: ①建立业务关系函
用以扩大贸易业务,建立贸易关系。文字简洁达意、真诚热情、得体、礼貌、专业。②资信查询函
用以查询信用状况和业务能力。③产品推销函
推销产品,刺激购买。文字简练,语言通俗,具有较强感召力。
④询盘函:
亦称询价或索盘,是双方交易磋商的开始。分一般询盘和具体询盘。⑤报盘还盘函:
报盘函是买方对询问价格等情况的复信。对报盘提出条件或修改的回函称为还盘函。对还盘的还盘,称为反还盘 ⑥订购函:
对所购商品加以确认的书面函件。要求正确、清楚、无误。⑦装运函:就装运事宜的书面函件。
⑧付款结算函、索赔函、保险函等。
根据信函功能,可分为请求、拒绝、投诉、道歉、建议、感谢、慰问、邀请、祝贺信等。翻译时要明确函件的目的与功能,才能准确翻译。商务信函的篇章结构
英文信函格式和篇章结构是比较固定的,只是商务信函更正式、严谨。一封正式完整的涉外商务信函可以包括12个部分:
1.信头(Letterhead):包括发函人地址和发函日期.2.案号和日期(The reference and Date):为方便管理,贸易单位对函件制定的自定义分类编号,以便参询。
3.封内地址(Inside Address):收函人地址 4.收函人姓名(Attention Line)5.称呼(Salutation)6.事由(Subject Line)7.正文(Body)8.结束语(Complimentary Close)9.签名(Signature):手写体在上,打印体在下
10.姓名首字母(Initials):包括发函人和打字员姓名首字母 11.附件(Enclosure)12.附言(Postscript)其中,信头、封内地址、称呼、标题、正文、结束语和签名为必备项,其他部分为可选项。也有信函省略标题。英语商务信函翻译的标准
鉴于商务信函在贸易往来中的重要作用,商务信函的翻译不仅要强调译文在内容形式和文化上的准确,还要根据商务信函的风格和交际功能,注重风格与功能的对等。简单而言,就是要做到形式规范,内容准确,措辞得体。由于中英文商务信函在格式上的差异,翻译时要特别注意形式的规范处理。尤其要注意案头(Reference)、收信人(Attention)、称呼(Salutation)、结束礼词(Complimentary Close)这四个细节的处理。案头的翻译
案头其实就是一种自定义的分类编号。常翻译为:编号、引证号、文档号等。收信人的翻译 常译作“经办人”或“烦交„办理”。称呼的翻译
英语商务信函中常用“Dear”一词,是表达友好或礼貌的套语,与私人信函中称谓“my dear”不同。常将之译为“尊敬的”,或不译出,而在称呼下一行加上“您好!”或“你们好!”,或直接译作“敬启者”。结束礼词的翻译
英语商务信函的结束语包括Best wishes和Yours sincerely之类的套语。前者是用来祝福的话语,可译成“祝好”、“此致敬礼”等。后者也是商务信函中的客套结束语。常译成汉语信中的套话“敬上”“谨上”等。商务信函的文体特点
商务信函在用词上多使用正式词汇,力求用词简洁朴素、准确具体。用句上力求严谨完整、委婉、体谅、礼貌、多用套语。1)词汇使用特点
随着社会发展不断,商务信函英语日趋口语化,但仍多使用正式词汇和中性词汇,基本不用口语化词汇,以体现其正式、规范的特点。如:
1.Because of their low price and the small profit margin we are working on, we will not be offering any trade discount on this consignment.鉴于本批商品价格低廉,利润微薄,本公司抱歉无法给予任何折扣。
2.We will meet you half way by offering a discount of 5% in view of our long pleasant relations.鉴于我们之间长期愉快的业务关系,本公司将酌情考虑给予5%的折扣。
3.We are pleased to advice you that your order No.103 has been dispatched in accordance with your instruction.兹告知贵方:第103号订单货物已遵照贵方指示运出。
4.All offers and sales are subject to the terms and conditions printed on the reverse side hereof.所有报盘和销售均以本报价单背面所印的条件为准。第二,商务信函用词的另一特点就是表意准确,专业性强。主要表现在大量使用专业术语、行话、外来词、缩略语及在商务语境中有特殊意义的词。另外,为了概念和数量的准确表达,大量使用数量词。
如:Trimming charges平仓费
insurance policy 保险单
1.The insurance policy covers us against breakage.这份保单给我们保了破碎险。
2.The duplicate shipping documents including bill of lading, invoice, packing list and inspection certification were airmailed to you today.包括提单、发票、装箱单和检验证书在内的装运单证副本今日航邮贵处。
3.Please draw a draft on us at thirty days’ sight.请向我方开具承兑30天后付款的汇票。4.The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.卖方须于6月15日前(包含6月15日)将货物交给买方。
5.The market here for this product is active, and the best price we can offer is US $ 150 or over per long ton.该产品在本地的销售看好,我方出价可达每长吨150美元或以上。第三,商务信函的主要功能是传递信息,因此除了必须使用专业术语等手段准确传达自己的信息意图外,还要求信函语言明白易懂、朴实平易、直达意图,注重准确性、纪实性、简洁性和实效性。
二、句式结构特点
(一)句式正规完整
商务信函英语是一种正式体书面英语,常使用长句、复合句、分词短语、插入语、同位结构等,以表达多层次的复杂逻辑关系。如:
1.According to the Joint Venture Law of China, a joint venture shall take the form of a limited liability company and the profits and losses shall be shared by the parties to the venture in proportion to their contribution to the registered capital.依据中国《合资企业法》之规定,合资企业应该以有限责任公司的形式出现,由合资各方按照注册资本的比例,利润共享,风险共担。
(二)用陈述句表示委婉的祈使意义
商务信函中常使用陈述句来表示自己的愿望,给对方的决定留有余地,语气委婉、礼貌。如:It would be appreciated if you would let us know by returning your lowest possible price for the following goods on FOB London basis.请报下列商品伦敦船上交货价之最低价。
(三)大量使用套语
商务信函的写作具有固定的模式,常使用比较固定的语句。如:
We are in receipt of your letter, we acknowledge receipt of your letter, Regarding your letter of „, in reply of your letter of„, to receive your positive/favorable reply, we are enclosing„, enclosed please find„.(四)使用倒装句
Should there be any breakage, please do not hesitate to let us know.如有损坏,请速与我方联系。礼貌、委婉语气的准确把握
商务信函一般都注重信函的礼貌和各种各样语气的准确传达,在翻译时也应将原文礼貌委婉的语气表现出来。比较下面不同表达方式语气的差异: a.We cannot effect shipment because you did not send us your L/C.b.We shall be glad to effect shipment as soon as we receive your L/C.一旦收到贵方L/C我方将即刻办理发货。
a.A thorough examination showed that you must be responsible for this damage, because you packed them improperly.经全面检查后表明损失确因贵公司包装不善造成,对此包装商应负其责。
b.A thorough examination showed that the damage was due to improper packing, for which the suppliers should be responsible.从礼貌角度看,商务信函中不用类似“We are surprised that you are not satisfied with the goods.”,而用“We are sorry to learn the goods did not satisfy you.”则有理想效果。无论撰写还是翻译中都应注意。
练习:
1.With reference to your letter of May 6, we are pleased to give an order for the following.根据贵方5月6日来函,我方了一订购下列货物。
2.Thank you for your letter of June 6 and we enclose our Order No.2245 for ladies’ shoes.感谢贵方6月6日来信,现寄上第2245号女鞋订单。
3.This is a trial order.Please send us 35 sets only so that we may tap the market.If successful, we will give you large orders in the future.试订35台以开发市场。如若成功,随后必有大量订货。商务信函的翻译要点
一、翻译时,应遵循准确规范、功能对等的原则。不仅包括词语及语言结构上的准确,还有对信函内容的准确把握,语气的完美再现,术语的规范表达等等。如:
1.Please be informed that, on account of the fluctuations of foreign exchanges the quotation is subject to change without previous notice.兹告知贵方,由于外汇的波动,报价随时可能改变,不另行通知。
2.The product will find a good market in USA.此产品在美国会有很好的销路。
3.Chinese tablecloths are very popular in Europe.We would like to work with you to market them in Canada.中国的桌布在欧洲很受欢迎。我们愿与贵方合作在加拿大销售。
4.We have heard from China Council for the Promotion of International Trade that you are in the market for Electric Appliances.从中国国际贸易促进会获悉,你们有意购买电器用品。5.We are looking forward to a favorable reply.等候贵方佳音。
6.The goods are to be shipped by the first available vessel to Hong Kong for transshipment to Paris and we shall be glad if you will make the necessary arrangements for this on a “Through Bill of Lading”.该货需由第一艘可供装货的船装运往香港,一边转运巴黎。请予以安排,并开具联运提单。翻译中应注意的事项
1.商务信函注重纪实,少用修辞,多数情况下可按原句结构直译。
2.注意套语的翻译。做到译文庄重,礼貌。如称呼和结束语的翻译:英语商务信函中常用称呼语“Dear”,是表达友好和礼貌之意,与私函中的用语不同,不宜翻作“亲爱的„”。常译为“尊敬的„”、“敬启者”等。结束语Bestwishes”、”Yours sincerely”等可译作“祝好”、“此致敬礼”、“敬上”、“谨上”等。此外,“收悉、承蒙、乞谅、见告”等词也常使用。练习:
1.Thank you for your letter of July 5.we are obliged to Jones &.Co.for having recommended us to you.感谢贵方7月5日来函。非常感谢琼斯公司向贵方推荐我们。
2.We take the liberty of writing to you with a view of building up business relations with your firm.我们冒昧来信,期望能与贵公司建立业务关系。
3.This is a trial order.Please send us 35 sets only so that we may tap the market.If successful, we will give you large orders in the future.试订35台以开发市场。如若成功,随后必有大量订货。
4.We believe that you will accept our offer, which will be kept open against reply by wire.详细你们会接受我方报价,此报价以电复为准。
5.We enclose our Shipping Instructions Form and shall be glad if you will fill this in and return it to us, together with a copy of the invoice for Customs Clearance abroad;we will then undertake all formalities on your behalf in accordance with our usual conditions.随函附寄装船指示单,请填妥后寄回。并附发票一份,供 国外结算用。其后一切手续均按通常条件为贵方代办。
6.We have been put to considerable inconvenience by the long delay in delivery.We must insist on immediate delivery.Otherwise we shall be compelled to cancel the orders in accordance with the stipulations of the contract.因交货长期延误,我方遇到许多麻烦。我们坚持要求立即交货,否则我们将不得不按合同规定取消订单。
7.If you think our offer meets your requirements, please let us have your order at an early date, as supplies are limited.若我方报价能满足贵公司需要,则请早日订购,因为供货数量有限。商务合同类语篇的翻译 Outlines 1)商务合同句法层面的特点
2)商务合同篇章结构的特点 3)商务合同内容层面的特点
4)商务合同的翻译要点 5)商务合同的翻译步骤 6)练习
1)商务合同句法层面的特点
商务合同的作用在于明确陈述和规定不同当事人在有关活动中的权利和义务,因此句式常采用陈述句、完整长句,以准确界定这种权利和义务的关系,排除被曲解、误解的可能。长句多附加成分,定语用来界定名词性术语的内涵和外延,状语界定履行权利和义务的条件、方式、地点、时间等。
(一)条件状语从句的使用
常用的连接词有:if, in case(that), in the event that, unless, provided that及should倒装等。如:In the event the Buyer does not furnish the seller with shipping instructions on or before August 17, 2008, the Seller may at his option cancel this contract and demand the Buyer to pay any damages he has sustained on account of such failure of the Buyer to give such instructions.如买方在2008年8月17日或此前未向卖方发出装运通知,则卖方可自行决定取消本合同,并要求买方赔偿因未发出装运通知而使其蒙受的一切损失。
常用的其他表条件状语从句的方式有:
unless otherwise agreed in writing between the parties hereto 除双方另有书面协议外
In case of any dispute arising regarding the quality of the merchandise received 如双方就收到商品的质量发生争议
(2)表示例外,常用except, with the exception that, in the absence of, unless, otherwise, etc.常翻译作:在某种例外情况下,一方„(3)表示目的,常用in order to, so as to, so that/such that, etc.常译作为了„,以便„
(二)定语从句的使用
多用which和as等关系代词引导,较少用that引导。
如:In lieu of payments as provided for in Clause 4 above, the Joint Venture shall have the option of satisfying such obligation to pay by either.合营公司有权选择使用下述任何一种支付办法,取代上述第四条规定的支付办法,以履行这一义务。
(三)多用名词,少用动词。这是涉外商务合同英语的名词性风格。如:
The party in breach shall have thirty(30)days from receipt of a notice from the other Party specifying the breach to correct such breach if it is remediable.违约方应在收到另一方指明其违约行为的通知后三十(30)日内,纠正其违约行为(若该违约行为是可以纠正的)。
(四)被动语态的使用
与汉语相比,在英语里,尤其在合同等法律性文件里,被动语态使用得相当多。
如:Both Party A and Party B agree that a technology transfer agreement shall be signed between the Joint Venture Company and Party X(or a third party).甲、乙双方同意,由合营公司与X方(或第三方)签订技术转让协议„„
二、商务合同篇章结构的特点
乙、在篇章结构上,商务合同都遵循从总则到条款,先宏观后微观,从一般到特殊的顺序特点。
每一份合同都像一部法律一样构成一个严整的体系,而不是各个条款的简单罗列。每份合同都可以分成约首、本文和约尾三个部分,各部分所包含的要件通常都比较固定,不可或缺。
一般来说,合同在篇章结构上具有程式化、规范化和条目化的特点,使得各部分的内容周密严谨地结合起来,达到期望的契约效力。
三、商务合同内容层面的特点(完整性和针对性
合同的三大部分构成内容完整的合同篇章,具有很强的针对性。
前言针对当事人的名称及缔约的目的和原则等内容;正文规定当事人的具体权利、义务、违约赔偿、争议解决、适用法律等条款;而约尾则专门针对合同的效力范围、有效条件、语言效力等内容。合同的内容只与合同各方和相关人员有关,是针对特定事物、内容、项目等拟定的。如价格及支付条款只针对价格、支付及相关附带费用方面的问题加以规定。如: 练习:
1.If either of the Parties fails to fulfill its obligations under this Contract, it shall compensate the other party for all its economic losses resulting thereof.合同一方如未履行本合同的义务,则违约一方须赔偿另一方因此而遭受的经济损失。2.“Site” means the land and other places on, under, in or through which the Permanent Works or Temporary Works designed by the Engineer are to be executed.“现场”指建筑工程师设计的永久工程或临建工程所需的土地和其他场所,包括地面、地下、工程范围之内或途径部分。3.All disputes in connection with this Contract or arising in the execution thereof shall first be settled amicably by negotiation.凡有关合同或因执行本合同所发生的一切争执,双方应以友好方式协商解决。
四、商务合同的翻译要点
商务合同的翻译应当遵循五个原则:使用庄严词语的原则、准确性原则、精炼性原则、术语一致性原则和使用专业术语原则。
在翻译时要首先透彻理解原文含义,准确把握原文内容与功能,然后忠实完整地再现原文内容及其功能。
★萨瓦里曾说过:文学翻译如同绘画,而科技翻译则如摄影。前者需要创造,有发挥的空间;而后者则需如实反映原貌,讲求真实。因此,在合同翻译中要做到准确、规范、通顺。其中准确严谨是最首要的原则。
(一)准确
准确包括对具有专业意义的术语、具有一般意义的通用词汇以及对原文内容的准确理解与翻译。如:
1.Where the sum payable is expressed in words and also in figures, and there is a discrepancy between the two, the sum denoted by the words is the amount payable.如应付金额同时用大小写表示而两者有差异时,应以大写所表示的金额为准。
2.Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account after September 20.自9月20日后,甲方已无权接受任何订单或收据。
3.Without prejudice to any rights which exist under the applicable laws or under the Subcontract, the Contractor shall be entitled to withhold or defer payment of all or part of any sums otherwise due by the Contractor to the Subcontractor.在不影响按适用法律或分包合同享有的任何权利的情况下,承包商有权扣留或暂缓支付承包商应付给分包商的全部或部分到期金额。
4.Payment: By irrevocable L/C at sight to reach the sellers 30 days before the time of shipment.The L/C shall be valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after the date of shipment.支付:买方应当在装船前30天将不可撤消的即期信用证开到卖方。信用证在中国议付的有效期至装船后的第15天。
The remainder of the testator’s property should be divided equally between all of our nephews and nieces on my wife’s side and my niece.丙、How should we interpret the will correctly?
(二)规范
规范不仅指合同翻译的语言要符合合同法律性文件的特点,也要符合合同本身文体的特点。
如:1.Total value: US $ 5,400,000.00(Say: US Dollars FIVE MILLION FOUR HUNDRED THOUSAND only)
总价:5,400,000.00美元(大写:伍佰肆拾万美元)
2.The Licensor shall not be obliged to bring or defend any proceedings in relation to the Licensed Trademarks if the Licensee decides in its sole discretion to do so.如果被许可方自行决定就受许可商标提起诉讼或进行抗辩,许可方无义务就此提起诉讼或进行抗辩。
(三)通顺
通顺是指译文应当符合中文的语法要求,使读者看起来易懂,读起来顺口。这也是译文清楚明白地传达原文信息的条件。
五、商务合同的翻译步骤
翻译商务合同除了对双语的要求及有一定的翻译能力之外,还需要了解有关合同本身的专业知识和相关方面的知识。在翻译过程中,通常遵循下列步骤:
1.通读全文并研究结构,做到全面理解,掌握内涵并从宏观上了解其总体精神和篇章结构。
2.在通读全文的基础上仔细研读该合同的各个条款。
3.着手翻译。
4.组织译文并准确表达。在表达时要注意根据译入语的表述习惯安排各条款译文的排列顺序。
5.在准确表达的前提下,力求使译文的格式和文体符合合同的规范和要求。
总之,在翻译过程中要遵循合同翻译的五原则,使译文准确严谨、通顺规范,以充分体现商务合同的精确性和严肃性,避免纠纷。
六、练习
1.This CONTRACT is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers;whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned goods on the terms and conditions stated below.兹经买卖双方同意,由买方购进、卖方售出下列货物,并按下列条款签订本合同。本合同由买卖双方订立,因此买卖双方同意按照下面规定的条款购买以下商品。2.The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.卖方须于6月15日前(含6月15日)向买方交货。
3.The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee before June 15.卖方须于6月15日前(不含6月15日)向买方交货。
4.This agreement and any rights or obligations hereunder are not transferable or assignable by one party to this Agreement without the consent of the other party hereto.本协议以及本协议所规定的权利或义务,不经另一方同意不得擅自转让。
5.In witness whereof, the parties have executed this contract in duplicate by their duty authorized representatives on the date first above written.作为所协议事项的证据,双方授权代表于约首所属日期正式签署本协议一式两份。
6.Now these presents witness that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows:„
兹特立约为据,并由约定双方协议如下:„
Combination & Division 合译与分译
练习:
1.He was very clean.His mind was open.他为人单纯而坦率。
2.The president now is on a poverty tour.总统目前正在访问贫困地区.3.The Inauguration took place on a bright, cold, and windy day.就职典礼那天天气晴朗,寒风凛冽.4.Thank you for your advice and counsel.谢谢您的忠告.5.I knew every spot where a murder or robbery had been committed or a ghost seen.什么地方发生过抢劫案或者凶杀案,什么地方有鬼魂出没,我都知道得一清二楚.英汉语言对比与翻译
我们从词语、句法和语篇三个层次来了解英汉语言的差异及其翻译要点。
一、英汉词语对比与翻译
(一)英汉词义的关系
相比之下,汉语词义严谨固定,词的汉译范围比较窄,词义对上下文的依赖性比较小。英语词义灵活多变,词的汉译范围比较宽,词义对上下文的依赖性比较大,英语一次多以的现象较汉语更为普遍。
英语吸收的大量的外来词,词汇尤其是同义词极其丰富。从词义上来讲,英汉词义之间存在三种关系
“合”即指关系。小句之间的关系可显可隐,如果关系是显性的,便会在形式上清晰地严格地表现出来,称为“形合” ;
如果关系是显性的,便会在形式上清晰地严格地表现出来,称为“形合” ;
如果关系是隐性的,好似无缝的天衣,称为“意合”。
英语语句各成分的相互关系主要靠连接来实现,即句子的语法意义和逻辑关系通过各种外显性的连接标记来实现。
这些连接手段和形式主要有:关系词、连接词、介词、词的各种形态变化等。各意群的结合都用适当的连接词和介词来表现相互关系,形式严谨但缺乏弹性。汉语句中各成分之间或句子之间的关系主要依靠语义的贯通,少用连接语,句中语义的合成通过无现行标记的动词来实现,不受形态成分的约束,形式上弹性很大,并不一定用关系词来明确交代期间关系,而是强调句子中各成分的逻辑事理顺序,所以句法结构形式短小精悍。如:
The boy had his breakfast and went off to school.英文中“his”跟“The boy”前后照应,“and”将两个承接的动作衔接起来,是英文形合的手段。
如紧扣原文逐字翻译,则是: 男孩吃过他的早餐,然后上学去了 男孩吃过早饭上学去了。
在翻译时我们要注意英语重形合,汉语重意合的特点。如:
A market analyst is a person with specialist knowledge of a specific market who often predicts what will happen and tries to explain what has happened.市场分析员是拥有某个特定市场专业知识,往往能预测市场并试图对市场现象做出解释的人。
但这两种语言的特点也并非绝对。有时在翻译时要相互借鉴,作出调整。如:The pursuit of science withdraws interest from external things.由于潜心科学研究,所以就对外界事物不再感兴趣
第二篇:《商务英语翻译》期末考试复习资料
《商务英语翻译》期末考试复习资料
I.Answer the following four questions in English.(5’×4=20’)1.What is Business English? Business English must be seen in the overall context of English for Specific Purpose(ESP), as it shares the important elements of needs analysis, syllabus design, and materials selection and development which are common to all fields of work in ESP.As with other varieties of ESP, business English implies the definition of a specific language corpus and emphasis on particular kinds of communication in a specific context.2.What is register(语域)? Register consists of three elements: field(语场), tenor(语旨)and mode(语式).3.What is the main content of Business English Correspondence(商务英语函电)? Business English Correspondence includes establishing business relations(建立贸易关系);enquiries and replies(询价及回复);quotations, sales letters, offers and counter offers(报价、推销信、报盘及还盘);orders, acceptance and rejections(订单、接受和回绝);sales confirmation and purchase contract(销售确认书及购货合同);payment(支付);packing(包装);transport and insurance(装运与保险);complaint, claim and settlement(申诉索赔和理赔)and so on.4.What do “7Cs” include?
7Cs: courtesy(礼貌), consideration(体谅), completeness(完整), clarity(清楚), conciseness(简洁), concreteness(具体), correctness(正确).5.What are the Grice principles? Maxim of Quality(质的准则), Maxim of Quantity(量的准则), Maxim of Relation(关系准则), Maxim of manner(方式准则).6.What are the seven categories of advertisement translation strategies? ①Literal Translation(直译)/ Semantic Translation(语义翻译)/ Foreignization Translation(异化翻译);② Free Translation(意译)/ Flexible, Dynamic, or Functional Equivalence(灵活对等、动态对等、功能对等翻译)/ Communicative Translation(传意翻译)/ Domestication Translation(归化翻译);③ Creative Translation(再创型翻译/ 创译);④ Supplementary Translation/ Over Translation(增补型翻译);⑤ Condensed Translation(浓缩型翻译);⑥ Zero Translation(不译);⑦ Adaptation(编译).7.What are the three types or forms of discourses according to Newmark? Expressive(表达型), informative(信息型)and vocative(呼唤型).II.Translate the following terms into English.(2’×10=20’)
D.D.;D/ D CN
demand draft consignment note
即期汇票 铁路运单 C.H.EF DLD EOD f.F.A.P/ A P.O.R C.O.D F.A.fad.CR sae D/A TNC D/A D/D SC TC T.C.SC U/A B.C.C/I BOT TAT DP TOD CP.SKD
clearing house Exchange Fund deadline date every other day
fairs face amount payment of arrival payment on receipt cash on delivery fixed assets free delivery cash receipts
stamped addressed envelope
deposit account transnational company document against acceptance
documentary draft supplier credit tariff circular traveler’s check sales contract underwritting account
bank clearing certificate of insurance balance of trade truck-air-truck document against payment
time of delivery commercial paper separate knock-known
票据交换所 外汇基金 最后时限 每隔一日 定期集市 票面金额 货到付款 货到付款 货到付款 顾定资产 免费送货 现金收入 已贴邮票 存款帐户 跨国公司 承兑交单 跟单汇票 卖方信贷 关税通报 旅行支票 销售合同 保险账户 银行清算 保险凭证 贸易余额 陆空联运 交单付款 发货时间 商业票据 部分散件
第三篇:商务英语翻译复习资料
商务英语翻译复习资料
1.词汇
1.CEO(Chief Executive Officer)首席执行官
2.Customer Service Section客户服务部
3.APEC(Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)亚太经合组织
4.L/C(letter of credit)信用证
5.FOB(free on board)离岸价
6.packing list 装箱单
7.export license出口许可证
8.commercial contract商业合同
9.non-firm offer虚盘
10.port of shipment装运港
11.insurance policy 保单
12.confirmed letter of credit 保兑信用证
13.shipping documents 装运单据
14.draft/bill of exchange 汇票
15.marks and nos.唛头及编号
1.COO(Chief Operating Officer)首席运营官
2.After-sales Dept.售后服务部
3.OPEC(organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)石油输出国组织
4.import license 进口许可证
5.loan agreement 贷款协议
6.documentary L/C 跟单信用证
7.port of loading 装货港
8.insurance premium保费
9.to enter into a contract 签订合同
10.bill of lading 提单
11.L/C(letter of credit)信用证
12.draft/bill of exchange 汇票
13.marks and nos.唛头及编号
14.sight draft 即期汇票
15.international conventions and practice 国际惯例
2.句子翻译
We shall give prompt and best attention to any inquiries and provide adequate information as well.译文:任何询盘我们都会迅速而完善地处理,并提供足够的信息。
2.In compliance with your request, we are now making you the following offer, subject to your reply reaching us within ten days.译文: 按照(应)你方要求,我方现作如下发盘,以你方的回复十日内到有效。
3.In the usual practice we would like to be paid by irrevocable L/C drawn at sight.译文:我们通常要求的付款方式为即其不可撤销信用证。
4.In witness whereof the number of original Bills of Lading stated above have been signed, one of which being accomplished, the others are to be void.译文:兹证明以上所列份数的提单原件已签发,只要其中一份得以完成,其余即行失效。
5.We herewith certify this message to be true and correct.译文:兹证明本信息正确无误。
1.We add our confirmation to this credit and undertake that drafts and documents drawn under and in strict conformity with the terms thereof will be honored on presentation.译文:我方现对此信用证予以保兑,保证该信用证项下开具且与该信用证中所列条款完全一致的汇票和单证将在呈交时予以承兑。
2.The buyer has the right to cancel the contract unilaterally if the seller fails to ship the goods within the L/C validity.译文:卖方如果未在信用证的有效期内完成交货,买方有权单方面取消
合同。
3.Partial shipments shall be permitted upon presentation of a clean set ofshipping document.译文:可以允许,但必须提交一套清洁装运单据。
4.Payment by irrevocable letter of credit in US dollars on a United States bank, allowing partshipment, transshipment and house bills and valid for 90 days from order date.译文:货款由一家美国银行开具的 以美元支付,允许分批装运、转运及公司汇票,自订货起90天有效。
5.We claim for shortage in weight and low quality on the consignment of wheat shipped per s.s
“Princess Victoria”
译文:“维多利亚公主”号轮装运的小麦短重和质量低劣,我方对此提出索赔。
6.We claim for shortage in weight and low quality on the consignment of wheat shipped per s.s
“Princess Victoria”
译文:“维多利亚公主”号轮装运的小麦短重和质量低劣,我方对此提出
7.Where no settlement can be reached, the disputes shall be submitted for arbitration.译文:得不到解决,应将争议提交。
1.Watermelons are in.2.What impressed us most was the novel design of your products.3.The fittest survive.4.An increase in business requires an increase in the amount of money coming into general circulation.5.Please let us know if our terms are acceptable.6.The new contract would be good for 5 years.7.Liberalization of international economic system was widely perceived as a way to avoid recurrence of a similar calamity.8.In reimbursement of these extra expenses, please draw on us.9.Before the payment of these tariffs, the imported goods will be in the custody of the customs and storage charges are for the importer’s account.10.An acquaintance of the local market is helpful to our promotion of products.3.段落翻译:
1.Neither of the two parties can divulge the contents of the contract to a third party after the conclusion of the contract.签约后,签约双方中任何一方不得将合同内容泄露给第三方。
2.This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under mentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。
3.The contract is made out in English and Chinese languages in quadruplicate, both texts being equally authentic, and each Party shall hold two copies of each text.本合同用英文和中文两种文字写成,一式四份。双方执英文本和中文本各一式两份,两种文字具有同等效力。
4.The contract shall be valid for 10 years from the effective date of the contract, on the expiry of the validity term of contract, the contract shall automatically become null and void.译文:本合同有效期从合同生效之日起共10年,有效期满后,本合同自动失效。
5.Any failure or delay in the performance by either party hereto of its obligations under this Agreement shall not constitute a breach hereof or give rise to any claims for damages if and to the extent that it is caused by occurrences beyond the control of the party affected, including, but without limiting the generality of the forgoing, acts of governmental authority, acts of god, strikes or concerted acts of workmen, fires, floods, explosions, wars, riots, storms, earthquakes, accidents, acts of a public enemy, rebellion, insurrection, sabotage, epidemic, quarantine restrictions, shortages of labor, materials or supplies, failures by contractors or subcontractors, transportation embargoes, failures or delays in transportation, rules, regulations, orders or directives of any government or any state, subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof or the order of any court of competent jurisdiction.华为是全球领先的电信解决方案供应商,专注于提供客户化的产品、服务和解决方案,旨在创造长远价值和增长潜能。其产品和解决方案涵盖移动、核心网、网络和终端等领域。
华为在美国、德国、瑞典、俄罗斯、印度以及中国的北京、上海、南京和深圳等地设立了多个研发中心。截至2008年6月底,华为拥有员工87,502名,其中43%从事研发工作。(参考译文)
Huawei is a global leader in providing solutions to telecommunications networks.The company is committed to providing customized products, services and solutions to create long|term value and growth potential for its customers.Huawei’s products and solutions encompass wireless products, core network products, network products, and terminals.Huawei’s global R&D centers are located in USA, Germany, Sweden, Russia and India in addition to those in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Shenzhen in China.At the end of June 2008, Huawei has over 87,502 employees, of whom 43% are dedicated to R&D.Any failure or delay in the performance by either party hereto of its obligations under this Agreement shall not constitute a breach hereof or give rise to any claims for damages if and to the extent that it is caused by occurrences beyond the control of the party affected, including, but without limiting the generality of the forgoing, acts of governmental authority, acts of god, strikes or concerted acts of workmen, fires, floods, explosions, wars, riots, storms, earthquakes, accidents, acts of a public enemy, rebellion, insurrection, sabotage, epidemic, quarantine restrictions, shortages of labor, materials or supplies, failures by contractors or subcontractors, transportation embargoes, failures or delays in transportation, rules, regulations, orders or directives of any government or any state, subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof or the order of any court of competent jurisdiction.本协议任何一方未能履行基本协议规定的义务或有所延误,如果是由于发生该方无法控制的事件所造成的,则在此范围内不构成对本协议的违反,也不得引起任何赔偿损失的要求。这类事件在不局限于上述一般概念的前提下包括:政府的行为,自然界的行为,工人罢工或联合行动、火灾、水灾、爆炸、战争、**、风暴、地震、事故,社会公敌的行为,叛乱,起义,破坏,传染病,隔离控制,劳动力、原材料或物资短缺,承包者或分包者未履约,禁运、运输方面未能履约或延误,任何政府或国家、下属各部门、机构或组织的条例、规定、命令或指示,任何有管辖权的法院的命令
第四篇:英语翻译
英语1-4单元翻译
第一单元.这个婴儿还不会爬,更不用说走了。The baby can not crawl,let alone walk.2 威尔声称谋杀案发生时他正在与一群朋友吃饭,但是我认为他在说谎。Will claimed that he was having a dinner with his friend when the murder happended,but in my opinion he is lying.he told lie.3 一定程度上阅读速度与阅读技巧密切相关;有了阅读技巧,你就可以更好的应对课外阅读了。
To a certain extent ,the speed of reading is closely related to reading skills;and reading skills, you can better cope with outside class readingafter class reading.4 根据规则他们俩都可以参加比赛。
According to the ruleregulation, they both can take part inparticipate the game.5 有些人想当然的认为日语中的每一个词在汉语中都有对应的词语。Some people assume that each word in Japanese has an equivalent in Chinese /Some people assume that there is a Chinese equivalent for very Japanese word 6 我已将所有的相关信息告知了警方。
We have already reported all relevant information to the police We have already passed all relevant information on the police 7 关于那件事你问我再多的问题也没用,因为我是不会回答你的。It is no use asking me any more questions because I won’t answer 8 事先没有仔细阅读合同就签了名是吉姆的错误。
Singing the contract without reading it carefully was a mistake on Jim’s part It was a mistake on Jim’s part to sign the contract without reading carefully 9 他们拒绝向我们提供所需要的全部信息。
They refused to provide us with all information that we needed 10 这起事故与三年前发生的一起事故极为相似。
This accident is very similar to the one that happened three years ago 11 这部影片是根据莎士比亚的戏剧改编的。
The film /movies is based on a play of William Shakespeare 如果你过你的英语和电脑技能都掌握得好,那么你在谋职时一定比别人更有优势.You’ll surely /certainly have advantage over others in finding a job ,if you are good at /if you have a good command of both English and computer skills
第二单元 很多老师不赞同这种做法
Many /A lot of /A large number of teachers frowned on this practice 2 当我想从草地上穿过去的时候,有位老人在旁边怒视着我。
When I was about to /was trying to cross /cut across the lawn , an old man glared at me.3 当我提到我的父亲,她脸上总是露出来认识我的笑容。
When I mentioned my father, she showed a smile of recognition on her face 4 我的大孩子比较听话,而小的那个非常倔。我现在还回想起小的孩子在中学毕业后是如何执意要出国读书的。
My older child/My firstborn was quit obedient, whereas my younger child was very stubborn.I can still recall how the younger child insisted on going abroad to study after his graduation from middle school.5 当海啸袭来时,许多东南亚国家遭受了巨大的损失。
Countries in South East Asia sustained great losses when the tsunami struck the area.6 每当做母亲的那弟弟跟哥哥作比较,弟弟就要抗议。
Every time the mother tries to compare the younger brother with his elder brother, the younger one will protest 7 当他初到这个新学校的时候,发现自己与其他同学格格不入。
He found himself unable to fit in with his classmates when he first came to this school 8 她脸上气急败坏的表情实在把我吓坏了。我再也不敢说个不字。The fury on her face terrified me.I dared not say no to her again.9 怪不得你最后闯出祸来,原来你从来不听你父母的管教。No wonder you ended up in trouble.You never followed your parents’ advice.10 他发了整整两年的时间才慢慢适应了这个新环境。It took him two years to adapt to the new environment
第三单元 威廉非常喜欢那个女孩,所以他尽力讨好她,并且很有信心可以赢得她的心。William likes the girl very much /a lot so he tires his best to impress her and is optimistic to min her heart.2 他有创造性,对未来也有很好的判断力,可就是喜欢秘而不宣。He is creative and has a good vision of the future, but he likes keep things to himself.3 他们来自一个贫穷的小山村,那里的人们远离现代文明。
They come from a poor little village where people were shut off from modern civilization.4 我们要努力工作,争取达到我们是定下的目标.We must work hard and make an effort to achieve the goals that we have set.5 我们应满足于我们所拥有的一切,不该对周围的事情过分吹毛求疵。We should learn to be content with all that we have and should not be too critical about things around us.6 他们经常代表学校参加辩论比赛;今晚我们将聚会庆祝他们的成功。They often represent our school in debating competitions;tonight we will throw a party to celebrate their success.7 通过读书,他不仅开阔了视野,而且学会了不断完善自己的人格。Through reading ,not only has he expanded his horizons,but he also has learned to keep improving his character.8 为了把那个女孩从火中救出,两名警察牺牲了他们的生命。
Two policemen sacrificed their lives in order to save that girl from the fire.9 稳定的;无冲突的夫妻关系对家庭中的孩子有好处。
A stable relationship without conflict between husband and wife benefits the children in family.3
第四单元 我们一知道成绩就互相联系吧!
Let’s get in touch as soon as we know the result of the testexam 2 那音乐激起他强烈的思乡之情。
The music aroused an intense feeling of homesickness in him.3 你已经工作一个上午了,该休息一下了
You’ve been working all morning---you;deserve a rest now.4 我刚躺下,电话铃就响了。
I had no sooner lain down than the telephone rangNo sooner had I lain down than the telephone rang.5 医生说我疲劳过度,劝我不要在接受更多的工作
My doctor says I’m too tired and has advised me not to take on any more work 6 珍妮自愿负责聚会后的清洁工作。
Jenny volunteered to clear up after the gathering.7 演讲的题目提前一个星期宣布,但是演讲者的名字不会提前告知。The subject of the talk is announced a week in advance, but the name of the speaker is not.8 你的考试成绩没有达到所要求的标准,换句话说,你考试不及格。Your performance in the exam did not reach the required standard----in other words, you failed.9 她病得很厉害,必须停止工作。She was so ill that she had to leave off work.10 现在没办法知道结果会怎样,案子的决定权在法官手里,我们所能做的就是等待
There is no way to tell what is going to happen.The case is in the hands of the judge, and all we could do is to wait.4
第五篇:英语翻译
翻译:
在2011年7月,我加入了海航集团这个大家庭并成为海南新生信息有限公司北京分公司的一员,领导给我的职位是客户服务主管,在这个短短的半年中,我严格要求自己并较好的执行自己本职的工作,有收获,也有不足的地方,在公司领导的帮助下,我从一个对自己的工作一知半解,到现在我可以自己独当一面,现将自己的工作状况以及个人体会总结如下:工作介绍:
在这半年中,我们公司主要的工作重点都放在北京锦绣大地物流港,我们的工作主要是在锦绣大地开展第三方支付业务,海航在2011年5月16日全国首批取得 《中华人民共和国支付业务许可证》,在2011年1月24日获得《支付系统安全认证证书》并以此为基础开发科一个支付系统简称“新生支付”系统。通过这个系统为锦绣大地的商户们提供代收代付服务等相关金融服务。
而我的工作主要为:对商户以及公司客户进行新生支付系统的了解推广以及介绍,为商户及公司申请新生支付账号,对新生支付进行使用以及对锦绣大地的一些正在使用新生支付系统的公司进行操作上的培训以及解答,给锦绣大地管理员进行锦绣大地结算卡的培训与使用介绍。
① 新生支付业务了解及推广
在我刚开始接触新生支付系统的时候我只是通过从大新华易物流总部那个得到的相关资料对新生支付系统仅有初步的了解,之后我通过联系易物流总部运营部的苏珊周嘉华等人,对新生支付系统有了更深刻的了解,同时,锦绣大地的一些公司对新生支付也比较有兴趣,这正好可以让我在实际操作中了解新生支付以及对其进行推广,在推广过程中,我了解到了客户的信息,并准备通过他们提交的信息为他们申请支付平台的账号。
② 新生账号的申请
从向总部的相关人员咨询中我了解到,只有申请到了新生平台账号才能在新生平台进行业务的使用。申请账号时需要备其以下资料:商户信息调查表完整填写,营业执照副本,税务登记证,组织机构代码证,法人身份证(都需要复印件),同时要签订协议并上报公文,在协议中,要明确的是结算时间,这个主要跟客户在使用平台时付款的到账时间有关,一般为T+1。了更好更快的推广新生支付平台,我通过以上的要求在1个半月的时间里为锦绣大地的5家公司开了新生平台账号。
③ 新生支付平台的使用培训
在申请完新生支付平台账号后,我将帮助客户进行账号的注册,登陆密码和支付密码啊的设定,之后就可以在使用了。一般的客户主要在平台上进行大额款项的往来、单比付款、批量付款。单笔付款主要是面向个人或者是一家公司,批量付款则是这个系统的一大优点,在一张excel表里可以把所有付款信息填入里面,无论多少人,多少公司都可以,这时,需要在设置另一个操作员的账号,由于批量付款涉及金融较大,数量较多,所有对系统会在批量付款时需要业务复核。在这半年里,这5家公司通过批量付款进行过工资发放,退付款的发放等等,而且他们每天都在新生平台进行金额的代收代付业务。
④ 锦绣大地结算卡
我们在锦绣大地推广新生系统的同时,为了给商户们带来更便利的金融服务,我们推出了锦绣大地结算卡,这是一张预付费卡,可记名可挂失。商户们可以通过这张卡在锦绣大地的结算中心进行现金存取,存支票,转账等业务。在领导把这张结算卡的主要功能给我们讲解完后,在半个月的时间里,我们基本上把这张卡的功能全部了解了。在领导的要求下,我们分层给锦绣大地的管理员们进行培训,之后找到每层的大商户,分层分批次的跟他们进行结算卡的推广。我们以锦绣大地联合农副产品批发市场有限公司名,为其申请了新生平台账号,结算中心通过锦绣大地的新生平台进行代收代付的业务。
感受与不足
在进入海航集团的这半年里我感受到了海航大家庭的温暖,体会到了海航精神,体会到了“共同理想、共同信仰、共同追求、共同理念”,体会到海航将追求品质贯穿到每位海航人的每件工作中,以“诚信、业绩、创新”为理念,赋予了“海航”这个符号高品质的形象,奠定了海航事业长青不凋的基石。在领导和同事的帮助下,自己成长了许多也成熟了许多,领导交给自己的任务,自己可以独立完成,做到独当一面。体会到了海航精神里面的为自己做点事,为他们做点事。
自己在很多方面都有不足的地方,首先我认为我对第三方支付的这个概念了解的不是很全面,而且对金融这方面的知识了解的不是很多,自己应该在周末和休息时间多学一些金融方面的知识,多看一些金融方面的书籍。海航是一个竞争力很强的企业,如果不学习不总结经验早晚会被海航淘汰,在海航一定要多学习,多总结经验和教训,使自己不断成长,这样才能让自己站得住脚。自己在工作中可能还是有些马虎大意,这在以后工作中是一定不行的,自己所涉及的都是金额较大的工作,所以一定要认真。
今年马上就要过去了,明天可能会有更多更有挑战性的工作等着我来完成,我自己也很期待去锻炼自己,让自己变的更成熟稳重,可以帮助领导和同事排忧解难,自已一定要积极贯彻“海航十则”精神,团结同事,听取别人的意见和建议,多学习,多总结经验和教训,为海航的发展多出一份力!
In July 2011, I joined the Haihang group,and become a new member of Hainan new information co., LTD., Beijing branch, my position is customer service director.During this short half a year, I am strict with myself and do my job, I have learnt a lot as well as shortcomings.Under the leadership of firm, I change from a girl knows nothing about business to a girl who can make it, now I will share my working conditions and personal experience with all of you, as follows:
Work Introduction:
During this half year, our company mainly focuses on the Beijing big country logistics port, our main task is to develop the third party payment business in the big country.Haihang first obtains the People's Republic of China payment business license in the May 16, 2011 ,and in 2011 January 24th it wins payment system security authentication certificate and, on this basis, developing a payment system called” the new payment system”.By which big businessmen in the country are able to conduct collect and pay service and other related financial services
My work is mainly as follows: introduce the new payment system to merchants and customers, help them to apply for new payment account, operate the training for the new-pay-users as well as to the big country of new payment system, and introduce the using methods for the to big country managers.(1)understanding and promotion for the new payment business
I just started to contact new payment system via the Xinhuayi logistics headquarters and the relevant information, with the help of ZhouJiaHua, Susan and other acquaintances, I have a deeper understanding of the new payment systems.Meanwhile, some companies are interested in new payment, in which I am able to promote it and have a picture of clients in the real operation, and prepare to submit for their payment platform account through their information
(2)Application for the new account
By the relevant consulting from the heads, I learned that only apply for the new platform account can use it for business.Apply for the account calls for the following material: complete merchant information questionnaire, duplicate of business license, tax registration
certificate, organization code certificate, legal person's ID card(all need copy), and at the same time they need to sign the agreement, and hand in it.What shall be clearly is the main settlement time, which customers in the use of platform payment should account the time, generally for T + 1.In order to promote new payment platform, I opened new platform account for 5 big companies through the above requirements in one and a half months.(3)training for the use of new payment platform
In the application for the new account payment platform, I will help customers account registration, password, then can be in use.The general
customers are mainly in the platform of the large amount of money than current, single payment, batch payment.Single payment mainly is for an individual or company, batch payment system is the one of the great strengths and, a piece of excel list can put all the payment information inside, no matter how many people and company, at this time, we need to set up another operator account, due to the batch payment involves more quantity, all of the system in batch payment need business review.During this half year, the five companies made salary, pay back the issue, and so on through the batch payment, and they everyday in the new platform for amount of collection and payment business.(4)the big country debit card
We promote new system, at the same time, in order to bring more financial services to traders, we have launched the big country debit card, this is a prepaid card, which can be registered and can report the lost.Traders of the settlement center can have cash access, deposit check, transfer, etc through the card in the big country.After the leader introduces the functions of this debit card, we have a good grasp of it in the coming half month.Under the leadership, we give the detailed training to managers and big fishes about the debit card.Our big country,agricultural and sideline products wholesale market co., LTD., applies for the new platform account, settlement center collects and pays business through the new platform.Feeling and shortage
During the half year in Haihang group, I felt the warm of this family, and realize the process of spirit, “same ideal, same beliefs, same pursuit, and same idea”, realize to the Haihang will pursue the quality through the process of each piece of work, take “the faith, performance,innovation” for the concept, shape “Haihang” the image of high quality, laid the solid foundation of the development.With the help of leadership and colleagues, I grow up and become mature.I am able to finish the task on myself which realize the spirit “one for all, all for one”.I have some shortcomings, to begin with, I don’t have a clear picture of third party payment and also lack for financial knowledge, I should spare the weekend time to do more reading and learn more about them.Haihang is a very competitive enterprise, without learning and summing up experiences one is easily be eliminated.In this company, I must learn the lessons to make myself grow up, only in this way I will earn a position here.I am careless sometimes in the work, which is not allowed because it is involved in the large amount of money, so I must serious.This year will be the past, more challenges are waiting for me, I, myself, also looking forward to exercise myself, and learn to be more mature.I can help leaders and colleagues to solve problems, and I do stick for the spirit, I will unify colleagues, take their suggestions and advise, learn to sum up experience and lessons to make a contribution to Haihang!