词汇学第一章教案（定稿）

第一篇：词汇学第一章教案（定稿）

Teaching Program for Lexicology Part One Introduction 1.Definition: a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.2.Functions: to investigate and study the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.Part Two Words and vocabulary

1.Definition of word: a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.Relation between sound and meaning: certain sound will represent certain persons, things, places, properties, processes and activities outside the language system.This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is no logic relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.The relationship between them is conventional.3.Relation between sound and form: Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, that is, the sound should be similar to the form.Reasons for the differences between them:

1)English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2)The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3)Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4)The borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.4.Vocabulary: it refers to both the total number of the words in a language, and all the words used in a particular historical period, as well as all the words of a given dialect.The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over one million words.5.Classification of words 1)Basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary;(By use of frequency)a.Characteristics of basic word stock:

① All national character;② Stability;③ Productivity;④ Polysemy;⑤ Collocability.b.Characteristics of non-basic stock:

① Terminology;② Jargon;③ Slang;④ Argot;⑤ Dialectal words;⑥ Archaisms;

⑦ Neologisms.2)Content words and functional words;(By notion)a.Content words: denote clear notions, also called notional words, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.b.Functional words: do not have notions of their own, also called form words, including prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles.3)Native words and borrowed words.(By origin)a.Native words: words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the German tribes, the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, also known as Anglo-Saxon words, whose amount is roughly 50,000 to 60,000.Features: ① Neutral in style;② Frequent in use.b.Borrowed words: also known as loan words or borrowings, words taken over from foreign languages, constituting 80% of the modern English vocabulary.Four classes: ① Denizens;② Aliens;③ Translation-loans;④ Semantic-loans.Part Three The development of English vocabulary 1.History of the English vocabulary: 1)Old English(450-1150):

Resources: Latin(Christianity), Scandinavian Features: a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words, a highly inflected language.2)Middle English(1150-1500): Resources: French, Dutch Features: retained much fewer inflections 3)Modern English(1500-up to now): Resources: Latin, Greek, other countries Features: word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions.English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.2.Growth of present-day English vocabulary: Main resources of new words: a.Rapid development of science and technology;b.Social, economic and political changes;c.The influence of other cultures and languages.3.Modes of vocabulary development: 1)Creation: the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements.2)Semantic change: an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.3)Borrowing: French, Latin, Greek and Scandinavian 4)Reviving archaic or obsolete words: 5)Old words falling out of use: Part Four Word formation(I)1.Morphemes: the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2.Types of morphemes:

1)Free morphemes: Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.They have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.They are identical with root words.2)Bound morphemes: Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound.Two types: a.Bound root: part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just

like a free root.b.Affixes: forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.① Inflectional affixes: attached to the end of words to indicate

grammatical relationships.② Derivational affixes: added to other morphemes to create new words，including prefixes and suffixes.3.Root: the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity Part Five Word Formation(II)1.Affixation: the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems, also known as derivation.1)Prefixation: non-class-changing nature, only to change meanings of the stems

a.Negative prefixes: a-, dis-, in-(il-, ir-, im-), non-, un-e.g.amoral(nonmoral), apolitical;disloyal, disobey;injustice, illegal, irresistible, immature;non-smoker, non-classical;unfair, unwilling b.Reversative prefixes: de-, dis-, un-e.g.decentralize, de-compose;disunite, disallow;unhorse, unwrap c.Pejorative prefixes: mal-, mis-, pseudo-e.g.maltreat, malpractice;misconduct, mistrust;pseudo-friend, pseudo-science d.Prefixes of degree or size: aarch-, extra-, hyper-, macro-, micro-, mini-, out-, over-, sub-, super-, sur-, untra-, under e.g.archbishop;extra-strong;hyperactive;macrocosm;microcomputer;mini-election;outlive;overweight;subheading;superfreeze;surtax;ultra-conservative;underdeveloped e.Prefixes of orientation and attitude: anti-, contra-, counter-, pro-e.g.anti-nuclear, anti-government;contraflow;countersign;pro-democracy f.Locative prefixes: extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, tele-, trans-e.g.extramarital;forehead;inter-city, interpersonal;intra-party;telecommunications;trans-world, transcontinental g.Prefixes of time and order: ex-, fore-, post-, pre-, re-e.g.ex-professor;foretell;post-election;pre-prepared;reconsider h.Number prefixes: bi-, multi-, poly-, semi-, hemi-, tri-, uni-, mono-e.g.bilingual;multi-purpose;polysyllable;semi-naked;hemisphere;tricycle;uniform;monorail i.Miscellaneous prefixes: auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-e.g.autobiography;neo-Nazi;pan-European;vice-president 2)Suffixation: to change the grammatical function of stems, that is, to change the word class a.Noun Suffixes: a)Denominal nouns  Concrete:-eer,-er,-ess,-ette,-let e.g.profiteer;teenager;hostess;kitchenette;booklet;gangster  Abstract:-age,-dom,-ery,-ry,-hood,-ing,-ism,-ship e.g.wastage;kingdom;slavery;adulthood;farming;terrorism;friendship b)Deverbal nouns  Nouns denoting people:-ant,-ee,-ent,-er(-or)e.g.assistant;employee;respondent;writer  Abstract nouns:-age,-al,-ance,-ation(-ition,-tion,-sion,-ion),-ence,-ing,-ment e.g.carriage;dismissal;attendenc;protection;decision;existence;building;statement

c)De-adjective nouns:-ity,-ness

e.g.popularity;happiness d)Noun and adjective suffixes:-ese,-an,-ist

e.g Chinese;Australian;socialist b.Adjective suffixes:

a)Denominal suffixes:-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y

e.g.wooded;successful;childish;priceless;lady-like;cowardly;smoky

b)Deverbal suffixes:-able,-ible,-ive,-ative,-sive

e.g.washable;permissible;decisive;productive c.Adverb suffixes:-ly,-ward(s),-wise e.g.naturally;homewards;downward;clockwise d.Verb suffixes:-ate,-en,-(i)fy,-ize e.g.originate;darken;beautify;modernize Note:-nik, folknik, peacenik, jazznik 2.Compounding: the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.1)Characteristics: a.Phonetic features: the word stress usually occurs on the first element if there is only one stress, in case of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the second stress on the second.b.Semantic features: every compound should express a single idea just as one word, the meaning of which cannot be easily inferred from the two components of the compounds.c.Grammatical features: a compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, and show its plural forms by taking inflectional –s at the end.In adjective-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes.2)Formation: a.Noun compounds:  n.+ n.: moon walk, end product

★  n.+ v.: toothache, frostbite

★  v.+ n.: crybaby, tell-tale

★  a.+ n.: deadline, blueprint

★

 n.+ v-ing.: air-conditioning, brainwashing

★  v-ing.+ n.: cleaning lady, wading bird

★  n.+ v-er : stockholder, crime reporter

★  adv.+ v.: outbreak, downfall

★  v.+ adv.: sit-in, have-not

★  v-ing + adv.: going-over, carryings-on  adv.+ v-ing : up-bringing b.Adjective compounds:

 n.+ v-ing : law-abiding, record-breaking

★

 + v-ing : easy-going, high-sound

 n.+ a.: warweary, thread-bare

★  + a.: deaf-mute, bitter-sweet  n.+ v-ed: custom-built, town-bred

★  + v-ed : far-reached, hard-won  num.+ n-ed : ten-storey, four-leg  num.+ n-ed : one-eyed, two-legged  adv.+ v-ing : forth-coming, out-going  v-ed + adv.: worn-out, washed-up b.Verb compounds  Through conversion: honeymoon, moonlight  Through backformation: chain-smoker, mass production 3.Conversion: the formation of new words by converting words of one part of speech to another part of speech.1)To noun:

a.Verb to noun:

 State(of mind or sensation): doubt, want, love, hate, smell, taste  Event or activity: search, laugh, swim, release, attempt  Result of the action: catch, find, reject, answer, bet  Doer of the action: help, cheat, coach, scold, flirt  Tool or instrument to do the action with: cover, wrap, cure, paper  Place of the action: pass, walk, drive, retreat, turn b.Adjective to noun:

 Words fully converted: a white, a native, finals, a Republican, a drunk, newly-weds  Words partially converted: the poor, the rich, the wounded, the more affluent, the most corrupt c.Miscellaneous conversion: including nouns converted from conjunctions, modals, finite verbs, prepositions 2)To verb: a.Noun to verb:  To put in or on N

e.g.to pocket the money;to can the fruit;bottle;shelve  To give N or to provide with N

e.g.to oil the machine;to give shelter to the refugees;fuel;arm;finance  To remove N from

e.g.to skin the lamb;to juice the oranges;core;feather  To do with N

e.g.to pump water;to knife the steak;brake;hammer;shoulder  To be or act as N

e.g.to nurse the baby;to captain the team;tutor;pilot  To make or change into N

e.g.to cash the cheque;to orphan the boy;fool;knight;widow  To send or go by N

e.g.to mail the letter;to bicycle;ship;boat b.Adjective to verb: empty, dirty, warm cool, slow, clear, dry, narrow, free, blind c.Miscellaneous conversion: much, but, off 4.Blending

1)head + tail: automobile + suicide = autocide;motor + hotel = motel;channel + tunnel = chunnel 2)head + head: communications + satellite = comsat;teleprinter + exchange = telex;situation + comedy = sitcom 3)Head + word: medical + care = medicare;Europe + Asia = Eurasia;automobile + camp = autocamp 4)Word + tail: lunar + astronaut = lunarnaut;work + welfare = workfare 5.Clipping

1)Front clipping: earthquake – quake, telephone – phone, telescopefridge 4)Phrase clipping: public house – pub, zoological garden – zoo, popular musicdonation, emoteloafer, sculptburglar, begmerry-making, babysitlazy 8.Words from proper names 1)Names of people: ampere, farad, ohm, volt, watt, diesel, Mackintosh, bloomers, Cherub, Proteus, bobby, quisling, quixotic, sadism, robot, czar 2)Names of places: china, afghan, jersey, champagne, rugby 3)Names of books: utopia, odyssey, Babbit, Pickwick 4)Trade-names: nylon, orlan, Dacron, rayon, Xerox, boycott, cabal Part Six Word Meaning 1.Reference: is the relationship between language and the world.Only when a connection has been establish between the linguistic sign and a referent does the sign become meaningful.The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional.2.Types of meaning:

1)Grammatical meaning and lexical meaning: a.Grammatical meaning: refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.This meaning becomes important only when it is used in actual context b.Lexical meaning: a)Conceptual meaning: is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.b)Associative meaning: is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning, it differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate. Connotative meaning: refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotation. Stylistic meaning: many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate from different context. Affective meaning: indicates the speaker’s attitude toward the person or thing in question.(appreciative and pejorative emotion) Collocative meaning: consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation, that is, it is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.Part Seven Sense Relations 1.Polysemy: is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages, which means a word has two or more sense.Two processes of word sense development are radiation and concatenation.2.Homonymy:

a.Perfect homonyms: b.Homographs: c.Homophones: 3.Synonymy: words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.Types : ① absolute synonyms;② relative synonyms.4.Antonymy: words which are opposite in meaning.Types: ① contradictory terms;② contrary terms;③ relative terms.5.Hyponymy: deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion, that is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.These specific words are known as hyponyms, the general words are called superordinates.Part Eight Changes in word meaning 1.Extension: also known as generalization, refers to the widening of meaning which some words undergo.e.g.manuscript, fabulous, barn, picture, mill, journal, companion, thing, business, condition, matter, article, sandwich, vandal 2.Narrowing: also called specialization, is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.e.g.deer, corn, garage, liquor, meat, disease, poison, wife, accident, girl 3.Elevation: refers to the process by with words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.e.g.nice, angel, marshal, constable, fond, governor, minister, shrewd 4.Degradation: is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.e.g.wench, villain, silly, lust, paper, dish Subjective and objective meanings: pitiful, hateful, fearful, doubtful, suspicious Part Nine English Idioms 1.Characteristics: ① semantic unity;② structural stability 2.Classification:

a.Nominal idioms: white elephant, flesh and blood, Jack of all trades

b.Adjective idioms: cut and dried, as poor as a church mouse, beyond the pale, up in the air

c.Verbal idioms: make it, follow one’s nose, fall flat, give sb the sack(bag), sing a different tune, chop and change, swim against the stream, come back to earth, make ends meet, keep the pot boiling, let the dog see the rabbit, bite the hand that feeds one

d.Adverbial idioms: tooth and nail, in nothing flat, through thick and thin, in clover

e.Sentence idioms:

e.g.● A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.● Never do things by halves.● Upon my word!

● Kill the goose that laid the golden egg.本校即将开设英语词汇学课程，以上是本人深入学习英语词汇学及其教学法后整理的第一章教案，比较系统的展现词汇学理论知识，使学生了解英语词汇的历史演变过程、现状及其发展趋势，对英语词汇的构成、构词法有一个系统直观的把握，了解英语词汇学习与使用的规则和特点，记忆词汇学习的方法和技巧，增进词汇量，进而帮助提高学习者运用英语的能力。90后有着不同于70后或80后独特的性格特征, 他们的学习态度在外语学习中起着重要的作用，开课之前我院将以调查问卷形式了解专业学生对英语词汇学学习的态度及需求,就所发现的问题提出教学建议。课程设计将充分考虑教材问题、教学法问题、教学工具问题、作业问题、评价问题、自主学习工具问题等等。教学内容以学习任务的方式呈现，通过引导式的学习活动，培养学生自主探索和建构知识的能力。

第二篇：词汇学心得体会

词汇学感想

转眼间，词汇学这门课程，我已学了一学期。回想刚开学时，对这门课充满了抱怨与怀疑。“不就是单词么，有必要开设一门课程吗，我从小学就开始背单词，难道还不会吗？还有什么好学的”我相信很多人开始都抱有这样的想法。但上了两节课之后，我才发现里面别有洞天。首先是老师很幽默，知识渊博，各种搞笑的段子，会让你不知不觉爱上这么课。老师经常会用些重庆方言把单词谐音，这样便于记忆，虽然老师经常说些我们听不懂的东西，但毫无疑问，你会发现，原来英语可以这样学。

从这门课中，我学习到，一个很简单的单词，经过派生，复合，转化，可以演变成成千上万的单词，多么富有魔力的事情。同时也让我看到，自己要学的还很多，要走的路还很长。就拿最近学的单词的缩略来说，以往在平时生活中，其实是经常看到譬如

VIP.OPEC 这样的缩写单词，只是我从来不会想他具体有哪些单词组成，为什么要这样写。而这么课却教我以后在生活中留心观察。又比如 ：Like 这个单词，放在以前，他就是一个动词呀，还有什么疑问，现在我才知道，他还可以做名词，形容词等我想，我最大的收获，不是新认识了多少个单词，新知道了多少个词性，最重要的是，我学会了把一个很小很简单的东西深入思考，留心生活，你会发现，英语早已充次于我们的生活当中，把他作为你的生命组成部分，而不仅仅是专业。

第三篇：词汇学学习心得

现代汉语词汇学学习心得

本篇文章分为二个部分，第一部分主要来谈谈学习现代汉语词汇学课程的感想和收获，第二部分阐述我在学习了这门课程后对于如何进行对外汉语词汇教学的一些思考。

一．学习现代汉语词汇学课程的感想和收获

对于现代汉语词汇我们不是第一次接触了，早在大一的现代汉语课上就已经有所涉及。但那都是很笼统的讲到，并没有做具体的分析研究,到了大三下学期才单独开设了现代汉语词汇学这门课程。在上这门课程前，就听学姐学长讲过词汇学很难，在学了这门课之后深有体会。记得在一开始的练习中就碰到了困难，如分析哪些是词自己就有点糊涂了，原因是自己还没有弄清楚词的具体该概念，即确定词的的一般方法，尤其是在扩展法上会出现问题。但后来经过讨论，老师讲解，自己终于有所领悟。虽然在学习的当中会碰到很多难题，但通过一学期的学习，自己也有很多收获。

首先来谈谈教材，我们词汇学选符准青的《现代汉语词汇》增订本就是一本很好的教材。它的编订很合理，内容很详细，每章后都附有练习，有助于我们巩固我们所学的知识。除了解决词汇学中的一般问题，另外还提出了很多疑难问题让我们注意，这是其他教材很难做到的。例如第一章节疑难问题就提出具有争议的问题，如何确定述补结构（吃饱 打倒）等是不是词的问题，这些疑难问题对于我们真正把握词的概念，拓展我们的思维有很大帮助。

其次，我也非常庆幸遇到一位优秀的老师来教授我们这么课程。老师 有着扎实的专业基础知识和丰富的对外汉语教学经验，所以知道怎样使我们很好的接受那些词汇学知识，更重要的是我们能够将学到的知识理论应用于实际。在学习的过程，老师并没有像填鸭子似地把知识抛给我们，而是时不时的给我们提一个问题，让我们去思考，虽然最后我们的答案并不尽人意，但至少给了我们一个锻炼思考能力及分析问题的机会。在学习过程中老师一直强调我们不要读死书，要学会思考，这本书固然有它的优点，也存在一定的缺点，我们要取其精华，剔其糟粕。例如在学习第七章词汇划分问题上，老师就告诉我们书上的词汇划分不科学，对于基本词汇和一般词汇的定义模糊，但在基本词汇的特点上有可取之处，基本词汇具有普遍性，稳固性和构成新词的基础，这一点很可取。

再者，学习这门课程后我认识到词汇学的重要性，词汇学最为一门单独的专业课程开设是很有必要的。现代汉语词汇是不断丰富发展变化着的。社会生活的发展，包括新事物的出现，旧事物消灭，阶级斗争的发展；人的思想意识的发展；语言内部各个因素的相互作用等等。现代汉语词汇是历代积累传承下来的大量词语和和不断产生的大量词语组合起来的整体。学习现代汉语词汇有着十分重要的意义，它让我们意识到词汇的重要性，提高我们的表达能力、语言能力，而且有助于语文教学，词汇教学在语文教学中占有重要位置。要引导学习者掌握丰富的词语，正确理解词语的意义，正确运用词语，就要利用现代汉语词汇学所学的各种知识。因此，一定要通过自身的努力学好掌握好这门学问。

最后，通过这门课程的学习，我对怎样才能学好现代汉语词汇学有了一些体会。虽然这门课程即将结束，但学问是无穷无尽的，这门课程只是为我们打开了学习词汇学的一个窗口，在平时我们还应当坚持课后自主学习，因此掌握一些学习词汇学的方法尤为重要。第一，我们要重视古汉语知识，将现代汉语词汇学习和古汉学习结合起来，不能将现代汉语词汇学习和古汉语知识割裂开来。例如同义词的学习，我们知道本义.词源义对同义词辨析有很大帮助。例如房和屋是典型的同义词，可它们与同一语素构成的复合词“同房”和“同屋”却表示不同的意思，“屋顶花园”的“屋”也不宜用房来替换。房与屋这类特点的搭配关系是不是有其意义差异决定的？若是，它们的意义差别在哪里。屋的本义是屋的顶部覆盖，引申指房舍，还引申出覆盖，车盖，帽子顶部高起的部分等义位。而房本指正室两旁主要用于睡觉的房屋，其词源义为两旁。由于表房屋义的屋和房各有来源，因此在构词造句上表现出不同的倾向。具体而言，涉及房顶时多用屋，如屋顶花园，屋檐；与住宿睡觉有关的多用房，如同房指在同一间房间住宿或夫妻生活，而同室者，室友多称同屋。另外与住宿睡觉无关的书房，灶房可以成为书屋，灶屋，而与住宿睡觉有关的卧房，客房中的房却不能用屋来代替。在这个例子中，我们如果对本义，词源义茫然不知，就可能捕捉不到它们在不同词各自的语义特征，从而把它们解释为某些固定搭配说的约定俗称。在词义辨析中，有时仅仅从语意轻重，词义范围大小，感情色彩上是无法察觉的，而要从本义，词源义考释着手。

因此，现代汉语词汇学习是离不开古汉语知识的，在平时我们也要不段充实丰富我们古汉语知识，为学习现代汉语词汇打下基础。

第二，学习理论知识是为了实践的需要，我们不仅要学习现代汉语词汇学知识，还要用合理的方式去运用所学知识。在现代社会我们天天都需要交流，当我们每天说着一大堆的时候就应该反过来想想这个词我为什么就要这么用，他为什么会这么用，怎样说话更符合语境，写作时遣词如何更雅，达，信，显得更有文采。例如在现实生活中，问年龄是很有讲究的，问七八十的老人我们可以用高寿，贵庚，问年轻女孩用芳龄等等，如果我们不懂这些知识，就可能会显得不礼貌，甚至闹笑话。因此我们要学以致用，这样不仅能够帮助巩固我们所学的知识，还能够提高我们的文化修养，更利于人际交往。二．关于对外汉语词汇教学的一些思考

学习语言，词汇是基础，它应当贯穿学习的始终。汉语的词汇体现了语音的结构和变化，组成语句又体现了种种语法关系，学习词汇也连带学了语音和语法。汇教学是对外汉语教学的重要环节，一个留学生的汉语的水平，在很大程度上取决于他掌握词汇量的多少，词汇掌握量的多少还对留学生的汉语表达是否合适、得体有很大的影响。因此，对外汉语教学工作者必须运用各种方法让留学生比较容易地掌握、理解汉语中的词汇，从而更好地习得汉语，顺畅地用汉语进行交流。

在学习了现代汉语词汇学这门课程后，对汉语词汇有了更深刻的认识，我对如何从事对外汉语词汇教学有了几点感想，如下： 1.现代汉语词汇的语音联想教学。

现代汉语同音词有一定的数量，文字改革出版社编《汉语拼音词汇》（增订稿，1963）收词五万九千一百多个，其中同音词五千五百多个，占9.5%, 如以至、以致；启示、启事 ；绘画、会话；娇气、骄气等。在对外汉语的教学过程中, 教师要善于利用同音词的语音联想, 将涉及到的同音词列举出来, 由此及彼, 不断强化, 可以增强学生对同音词的记忆能力和辨别能力, 使学生相互联想。这样既加强了不同词汇的音、义分辨力, 又巩固了所学的单词, 由读音联想到词形、词义, 收到事半功倍的效果。长此以往, 教师可以培养学生对汉语中存在一定数量的同音词的辨析和掌 握，养成随遇随学的学习习惯。

2.汉语词汇的语义联想教学

在汉语教学过程中, 教师不能把某个词当作独立的单位进行教学, 而要适当利用词汇的本质特征, 联系这个词在汉语词汇体系中所处的位置, 进行联想教学。教师在对学生进行词汇语义教学时, 可以利用联想法按照语义的特性进行教学。如教到“美丽”时, 可让学生说出和“美丽”这个词义相近或相同的词, 帮助学生扩大词汇量, 并加强学生对词汇间的微妙词义差别的理解, 起到辨析词义的作用。

3.汉语词汇的用法联想教学

根据汉语词汇不同的语法功能, 将其划分为不同的词类, 不同的词类具有不同的用法。在对外汉语教学过程中, 教师在遇到一些常用动词、名词、形容词时,都应适当介绍其搭配用法, 在学词的同时, 介绍该词的语法使用规则, 不仅使学生理解词的词义, 也可帮学生加深理解词的使用方法。如名词前的修饰语一般用“的”, 动词前的修饰语一般用“地”, 动词后、补语前一般用“得”。又如,“得”作为动词使用时, 可以和“高分”、“第一名”、“病”等结合使用。

总结：从这个学期的词汇学课程中，我收获了很多，老师的丰富阅历也让我们了解了很多关于词汇学的知识，我也会将所学的词汇学知识更好地运用到将来的对外汉语词汇教学中。如果有机会的话，我想我会更加深入的去研究词汇学这门学科。

第四篇：词汇学

The first documented appearance of the word “nerd” is as the name of a creature inbook(1950), in which the narrator Gerald McGrew claims that he would collect “a Nerkle, a Nerd, and atoo” for his imaginary zoo.(The nerd itself is a small humanoid creature looking comically angry, like a thin, cross Chester A.Arthur)Themeaning of the term dates back to 1951, whenmagazine reported on its popular use as a synonym for “" or ”“ in ,.The third appearance of nerd in print is back in the United States in 1970 in Current Slang :”nurd, someone with objectionable habits or traits...An uninteresting person, a “dud”.By the early 1960s, usage of the term had spread throughout the United States, and even as far as Scotland.At some point, the word took on connotations of bookishness and social ineptitude。-------美国传统词典

Now:1.a person who is boring , stupid and not fashionable.2.A person who is very interested in computers.但是，随着互联网革命，比尔.盖茨等计算机精英在社会上取得的成就，使nerd 的轻蔑色彩越来越少。随着计算机的普及，被形容为Nerd 越来越让人感到高兴。

Retard

Formal:to make the development or progress of sth slower

Offensive Slang: used as a disparaging term for a mentally retarded person.A person considered to be foolish or socially inept.The word “retard” began to be used to describe the “mentally challenged” in the late 19th century to replace words like “idiot”, “imbecile” and “moron” all of which had started being used as insults and had originally been used as medical labels for different low IQ ranges.Considering that “retard” was invented for the purpose of not being offensive and all it meant(before being used as a euphemism)is “to slow or impede” suggesting the individual is just “slow” how is it considered offensive now? Also, does the history of the word mean that people who claim it is offensive(and that people who use it are being ignorant)are actually the ones who are ignorant as they are clearly ignorant of the word's history(or they would not consider it offensive?)

第五篇：词汇学知识点总结

词汇学期末复习

1.In brief, a word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and minimum free form;with a unity of sound and meaning(both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.2.The morpheme(词素)is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.Example: One morpheme: nation Two morphemes: nation-al Three morphemes: nation-al-ize Four morphemes: de-nation-al-ize 3.An allomorph(词素变体)is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.For example: go: went, gone-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same suffix.4.Inflectional affixes(曲折词缀)

Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes.For example: cats, walked, walking, John’s book„ 5.Derivational affixes(派生词缀)

Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.For example: re＋write, mini＋car, work＋er 6.Connotative meaning(内涵意义)

In contrast to denotative meaning, connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations which a word suggests or implies.Mother(a female parent)is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, ‘tenderness’, ‘forgiving’, etc.Home(a dwelling place)may suggest ‘family, warmth, safety, love, convenience’, etc 7.Stylistic meaning(文体意义)

Words may have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.Examples: male parent, father, daddy ；

residence, home, pad 8.Affective meaning(情感意义)

Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories:

Appreciative or commendatory(褒义): words of positive overtones used to show appreciation or approval.eg: love, cherish, prize, admire, worship, charm.Pejorative or derogatory(贬义): words of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism.eg : hate, vicious.9.Collocative meaning(搭配意义)

Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.In other words, it is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.eg:pretty: girl, woman, flower, etc.handsome: boy, man, car, etc.10.a)Radiation辐射型：

It is the semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meaning radiates out of it.Though all the secondary meanings are independent of one another, they can all be traced back to the primary meaning.face

head

11.b)Concatenation 连锁型:

It is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its primary meaning in succession so that the present meaning seems to have no connection to the primary meaning.E.g.candidate：

1)white-roped 2)office seeker in white gowns 3)a person who seeks an office 4)a person proposed for a place, award, etc.12.Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context.a)lexical context: refers to the lexemes that co-occur with the word in question.The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring lexemes.E.g“paper” : a term paper，today’s paper ；“do ” : do one’s teeth: brush，do fish: cook.13.b)grammatical context: In some cases, the meanings of a polysemant may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.E.g.“become”

become + adj./n., means‘begin to be’

become + pron./n., means ‘suit, befit’

become + of, means ‘happen to, often in a bad way’ 1.Causes of changes in word meaning 1)historical cause :It often happens that though a word retain its original form, its meaning has changed because the object it denotes has changed, this is the historical cause of semantic change.eg.pencil(from Latin word meaning)—a little tail or a fine brush, like our Chinese pen

when it was made of wood and graphite石墨，it was still called a “pencil”

2)Social cause : Change in word meaning results from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words.eg.hot and cold have changed their meaning in the field of politics, as in “cold war”,” hot war” and “hot line”

3)Foreign influences : The influence of foreign words is a particularly important cause.eg.stool: any kind of seat for one person including a king’s seat

The French word chair was adopted to denote a more comfortable piece of furniture.4)Linguistic cause

Towards ellipsis 省略

a general---a general officer;uniform—uniform dress

Towards analogy 类推

Energetic(精力旺盛)—formerly meant “to operate, effect” as in “the most energetic chemicals”, now energetic means “of , having or showing energy, vigorous, forceful” as if it had been derived from energy 5)Psychological cause 1）Euphemism（委婉词）：

It refers that the word changed after people use mild, agreeable language when speaking of an unpleasant or embarrassing fact and of taboo subjects as sex and the excretive processes of the body such as death can be used as '' go west''.2）Grandiloquence（夸张）：

It refers to the use of long, important-sounding words for effect.The desire to upgrade or raise the social status of a position, occupation, or institution by changing its common name to one felt to confer greater dignity or importance is another psychological factor in the change of word meaning.In a sense, it is a form of euphemism.e.g.''hair stylist'' was upgraded as ''hairologist'' for barbers.3）Cynicism（挖苦语）：

It refers that the desire to sneer(冷笑)and to be sarcastic(讽刺)cause the semantic change.e.g.sanctimonious(假装神圣)means ''devoted, holy or scared'' and now means ''pretending to be very holy or pious''.2.The difference between suffixation and conversion The difference between suffixation and conversion is whether the addition of an affix is needed.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems , and mainly change the word class.They may also add attached meaning to the stem.eg: hard harden,attract attractive.Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix.It is also called zero derivation(零位派生).eg:Verb-noun conversion : a three-year wait.It is a good buy.3.The fundamental features / the character of the basic word stock基本词汇

All national character 全民性:The basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us , which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language.eg: rain, head,brother.Stability稳定性: They are likely to remain relatively unchanged.Productivity 能产性:They are mostly root words, means they can form new words with other roots and affixes.eg.postman, chairman, workman.Polysemy : They often possess more than one meaning.Collocability 搭配性: many of them have many set expressions, proverbial sayings and so on.eg,heart: a heart of gold, learn by heart.4..The characteristics /features of compounds 1)Phonological features e.g.Compound

Free phrase

a ’fat cat

a fat ’cat

’greenhouse

green ’house

a ’dark horse

a dark ’horse

2)Semantic features : ‘one-wordness’: every compound should express a single idea just as one word;the elements are inseparable and the change of the element would result in the loss of the original identity.3)Grammatical features :Tend to fill a single grammatical slot in a sentence.e.g.He bad-mouthed me.In adjective-plus-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes.e.g.hot line, red tape 5.homonymy