第一篇：两套西服现代散文
我长这么大只穿过两套纯毛料西服，都是单位做的。
我在岗的时候，局里年年都要举行“十一”国庆大合唱比赛。
那年领导为了统一服装，给全体职工做了一套灰色西服。这是第一次为职工做的西服，布料十分结实，穿了好多年都不坏。当时裁衣师傅量的尺寸很精确，我们穿着长短肥瘦正合适，往台上一站十分精神，街上一走十分风光。可是好景不长，洗了一水儿之后就缩水了，普遍小了一号。据说这是纯毛料子不能用水洗，得送市里干洗店。而且由于上衣里子上绣着衣服的名字，所以我们都对付着穿了好多年。
几年后第二次做的西服是蓝色的，我让师傅把尺寸放松一点点儿留出缩水的尺寸。谁知矫往过正，因全体职工一哄声的让师傅把尺寸放松一点点，于是每位师傅们都把尺寸放松了一点点，结果衣不担寸，拿回来一看，全体职工又一哄声的说肥说大，特别是我的，同事们都说像打锣的。
大合唱彩排时领导让穿新西服，大家都穿着打锣的西服上了台。彩排回来，听台下人说，看不出来，我们这才放心。正在大家庆幸的时候，领导又让全体职工打扫卫生。谁都没有准备，大家只好穿着新西服干了起来，里里外外清一色的新西服，还真是一道靓丽的风景线。
大概那时候我的血压就有问题，我站在窗台上擦完玻璃一回身，头一晕，一头向下栽去，我真奇怪我怎么那么灵巧，当时我是背朝窗外，就在头向下栽的一瞬间，我双脚一点窗台，来了个急转身，使双膝和双手着陆而不是头，大家一阵惊呼。我自我解嘲地说：“我向南天门磕了个不响的头。”
裤子！我的新西服裤子！右膝处被土地爷咬了个洞。
第二天演出没来得及缝就上台了，虽然我是站在后排，但心里还是别扭。回家我费了九牛二虎之力，用织补法把那洞补好了，留着以后集体活动时再穿，后来因为肥大，我就只是在大合唱时穿一下，或是冬天穿大厚棉裤时套几天西服裤子。
来长春时，我特意把这条肥大的裤子带来，准备穿厚棉裤时套外头。来长春那年冬天最冷，幸亏我未雨绸缪，准备了特厚棉裤，翻箱倒柜找到了这条肥大裤子。套上一看，套着大厚棉裤穿还显肥大，你看它该有多肥多大。
今年五月份，老伴儿回家卖房子时，把那些穿着不合适的衣服都给了人，但看到这件瘦小的西服绣着我的名字，就带回了长春。
我见衣生情，心潮澎湃了好几天，也纠结了好几天：穿吧，样式陈旧，而且又瘦又小。扔吧，它千里迢迢跟我们来到长春又于心不忍，纠结呀！老伴儿拎起那件西服左看右看，说不小，让我穿上试试。
为了证明它又瘦又小，我赌气嚢腮地把它穿在身上。咦！不但不是又瘦又小，怎么反倒又肥又大？一阵奇怪之后，得出结论：我，变苗条了，看！我来长春瘦了多少！老伴后悔没把裤子带来。我告诉他我把那条又肥又大蓝裤子的拿来了，“你没看见每年穿厚棉裤时我都用它套吗？”。
单位发的两套西服，一件上衣，一条裤子，正好合为一套。这回可好，原本又瘦又小的上衣变得又肥又大，原本又肥又大的裤子更肥更大。而且，样式陈旧哪里穿得出。
收藏吧，我的西服！
第二篇：现代散文
(一）文道统一，以情育人
“文”即文章的语言文字形式，“道”除了思想内容外还包括情感态度价值观。语文教学不只是一般的学习语言，而是以学校教学科目形式出现的关于祖国语言的教育。在有关母语、民族通用语的教学中，语文形式和思想内容不仅是互相依存，辩证统一的，而且是在教学中同样都应该受到高度重视。散文教学教会学生正确理解和运用祖国的语言文字，不仅是学习语言文字本身，更重要的是让学生能够运用语言工具去认识和反映现实，正确把握文章的思想感情和情感态度价值观。
在中学语文教学中有四个原则即文道统一原则、听说读写互相促进的原则、语文训练和思维训练相结合的原则，课内外语文学习相结合的原则。初中现代散文教学首先要贯彻文道统一的原则，把握语文教学中进行思想教育和审美教育的特点：一是潜移默化循序渐进，在听说读写过程中熏陶感染，逐步深入学生的心灵；二是具体形象，要抓住课文中的人物形象和自然形象，多采用形象化的语言；三是以情育人，运用课文佳作所包含的真挚感情去叩击学生的心弦，激发他们爱憎分明的感情，既收到以情动人的效果又培育了学生健全的人格；四是激思励志，要抓住文章或所教内容的精要之处，从学生的实际出发，引导他们进行思维，激发他们生疑、质疑，探索生活和人生的真谛。
教师应该充分利用教材的一切积极因素，深入教材把握文章的情感态度价值观。激励学生树立远大志向，启迪他们培养坚韧不拔的意志和奋斗不息的精神，培育学生健全的人格。
《语文课程标准》指出：语文课程丰富的人文内涵对人们精神领域的影响是深广的，学生对语文材料的反应又往往是多元的，因此，应该重视语文的熏陶感染作用，注意教学内容的价值取向，同时也应尊重学生在学校过程中的独特体验。[1]特别是在散文教学中，语文训练和思想内容是密切相关的。语言文字是文章表情、达意、载道的工具。所以我们学习了基本的语言知识后应该深入教材，发掘教材中语文训练和思想教育、审美教育的内容。让学生更好地把握课文中的情感态度价值观，发展其健全人格。
（二）优化导入，体验情感
薛晓嫘在《现行组织者与语文新课导入设计》这一篇文章中提到：先行组织者即“新课导入语”它的作用只有一个,即在课堂教学中发挥教师的主导作用,激发学生的求知欲,调动学生的学习主动性、积极性。它的目的也只有一个,即促使学生最大限度地去动用自己的各种感官获得知识,发展智力,提高技能。”先行组织者的运用,就在于当学生的认知结构中尚未具备能够同化新课学习的认知框架时,从外部影响学生,帮助其重新建立与新课学习内容相关的认知框架,从而有效实现语文课堂教学目标。[2]
散文教学的起始阶段尤为重要，情境的创设主要在于导入的设计，教师应该创设一个与教学内容感情基调一致的情境。营造良好的课堂气氛，把学生置身于相应的情景之中，唤起学生的审美情感需求，让学生渐入佳境，与作者的情感融合在一起，激发学生的兴趣和求知欲望。帮助学生在原有的认知结构与新知识之间建立起一座学习的桥梁,顺利完成学习任务。教师在设计导入时可以采用以下几种方法：
1.营造意境
散文，尤其是借景抒情的散文，往往都会营造一种意境，散文内涵的赏析，要借助于意境的体会。营造意境导入就是用富有诗情画意的语言把作者笔下之景呈现在学生面前。散文以意境取胜，生动传神、浓郁深邃的意境，是一篇优秀散文的生命要素，所以教师的导入要引导学生从文章的“境”，感知情与景的水乳交融，神与形的和谐统一，在欣赏过程中渐渐走进审美艺术的殿堂，不断提高学生的审美能力。
2.感情铺垫
散文教学渗透着审美情感和体验，“登山则情满于山，观海则意溢于海”散文倾注了作者的感情，学习散文不走近作者的情感深处，就不能真正的理解作者，也不会理解作者的情感。在导入的时候教师应该作一定的感情铺垫，用与作品一致的感情色彩的语言去感染学生，使学生处于一种良好的情感准备状态，用心去感受作者的感情，把阅读学习的过程当作是自己生命体验的过程，真正融入作者的情感世界，与作者进行心灵的沟通，进行情感的碰撞，进行生命的对话。初中现代散文情感强烈，字字句句都饱含深情厚意，只要用心去领会，是不难体会作者的深沉情思的。
3.介绍写作背景
在导入的时候介绍写作背景也是教师常用的一种方法。散文是带有作者强烈的主观色彩，作者的情感受到时代环境等多方面因素的影响。对于同一事，同一物，同一景由于每个人的处境不同、个性不同等，往往会产生不同的情怀和感触。散文中的情体现着作者独特的个性，同时也带有时代社会的印记。所以在教一些时间跨度大、写作背景较复杂的散文时，可以让学生尽可能多的了解作者和文章的创作背景，从而更好地把握文章所蕴含的情感。在学习《艰难的国运与雄健的国民》这篇散文时，不了解相关的背景材料是不行的。课文虽然很短但是涉及了历史事实和社会知识，除参照注解外，读懂这篇文章还需要参考一些相关的资料。教师在导入时就可以介绍本文的写作背景及相关资料。
（三）创设情境，欣赏课文
语文课程改革要有现代意识，也要引进现代教育技术。在信息技术化的今天，多媒体的运用越来越普及，不少学校都采用多媒体教学。在散文教学的时候，可以运用多媒体演示与教学内容相关的图片、音频、视频等，这样可以使内容更直观、更生动，给学生的学习创设相应的意境。比如在教学《安塞腰鼓》这篇散文的的时候，很多地方的同学可能没见过，教师在教学这篇文章的时候就可以借助多媒体放一段安塞腰鼓的视频，让学生从感观上对安塞的腰鼓形成一个初步认识。
当学生对课文内容有了一定的了解之后，教师就要引导学生理清作者的思路，弄清散文的线索。散文最显著的特点就是“形散而神不散”，在教学的时候不可能面面俱到，应该有所侧重，所以需要学生先理清文章思路，抓住文中的“题眼”，再以“题眼”为支撑点架起整体结构的轮廓。在学生了解文章的布局后，教师可以选取最能表达文章思想感情的地方讲解，让学生在学习中体验作者的情感态度价值观，把握文章所要表达的思想感情。
（四）品味语言，积累语感
散文对语言的要求很高，优秀的散文有诗一般的语言。在学习鉴赏散文的过程中只有细细品味文中那些经过作者精心锤炼的语言，才能体会文字背后所蕴藏的感情，感受其中的魅力。一般来说，不同类型的散文有不同特色，偏重议论的散文，语言比较严谨、平实、准确；偏重记叙的散文，语言形象、优美、生动；偏重抒情的散文，语言细腻、富有感染力；偏重写景状物的散文，语言传神、具有绘画美和音乐美。除此之外，同一个作家用的语言在不同作品中也不用。比如朱自清的散文，《背影》的语言朴实无华，情真意切又洗练自然《绿》的语言则是精雕细刻，浓墨重彩、栩栩传神，把景色之美写得淋漓尽致。学生通过对散文语言运用的学习，可以丰富积累，增强语感，提高审美鉴赏能力。
学生在阅读这些散文的时候，可以根据不同的内容采取不同的阅读方法，在《语文课程标准阅读概念辨析》一文中介绍了几种阅读方法：浏览；略读；精读；阅读欣赏。对于不作要求的课文，学生可以采取浏览和略读两种方式，简单了解即可；对于教材的重点文章，就要去精读和阅读欣赏，尽可能达到背诵的目的，只有这样才能在全面提高语言的过程中加强积累。
为了丰富学生的语感积累，教学中也要注意运用听说读写相互促进这一原则，“听、说、读、写是四种不同的语文能力，听是口头语言的理解，说是口头语言的表达，读是书面语言的理解，写是书面语言的表达。”[3]语文教学要培养学生正确理解和运用祖国语言文字的能力中的语言文字就是听读能力，运用语言文字的能力就是说写的能力。这四种能力是语文能力最简明、最科学的概括。坚持听说读写相互促进原则是因为这四种能力存在本质的联系。虽然一个人的成长往往是先学会听说，然后才会读写，但在中学语文教学中，二者的关系是相互促进的，而且一种能力常常可以迁移为另一种能力。在听说训练的时候要有意识的为说写训练提供营养，在说写训练的时候要尽量利用、借鉴听读训练所提供的范例。在训练过程中做到从听中学说，从读中学写，通过听读训练提供的范例，进行各种说写练习，给学生的语感积累创造条件，全面提高学生的语文能力。
教师平时还可以让学生多摘录名言名句，或者好的文章;也可以诵读一些经典的作品如朱自清的散文《春》《匆匆》等，隔段时间就办一个经典美文朗诵会，让同学们把自己的成果展示给大家，也可以促进同学间的交流。可以鼓励学生多参加朗诵、演讲、辩论比赛，通过这些比赛达到锻炼能力达到积累语感目的。
第三篇：现代语言学测试题两套(含答案)
试卷A
Ⅰ.Multiple Choice
Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)
1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates _______.（）
A.the conventional nature of languageB.the creative nature of language
C.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal communication
2.Of the following sound combinations，only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.（）
A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk
3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。（）
A.hierarchical B.linear C.tree diagram D.vertical
4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.（）
A.Case Condition B.parameter C.Adjacent Condition D.Adjacent Parameter
5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A.phoneme B.word C.phrase D.sentence
6.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.（）
A.commisives B.directives C.expressives D.declaratives
7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historical comparative
8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group and personal relationship.The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______, and kin term.A.title+first nameB.title+title C.title aloneD.first name+last name+title
9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts.When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other，we may regard thought as “subvocal speech，” and speech as “_______”。（）
A.vocal thoughtB.subvocal thoughtC.covert thoughtD.overt thought
10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition _______.（）
A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation
B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings
C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language
D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use
Ⅱ.Blank Filling
Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)
11.In the course of time，the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies，such as sociology and psychology.12.Clear ［1］ and dark［ƚ］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations，thus they are said to be in c________ distribution.13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word，but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear，definite meaning.14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses，one of which is incorporated in the other.15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms.16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized，that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent.17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another.For example，Modern English verb ask was Old English askian，with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________.18.In many societies of the world，we find a large number of people who speak more than one language.As a characteristic of societies，b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.19.The brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________，which is specific to human beings.20.In order to acquire a second language，learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language.This is know as language t________.Ⅲ.True of False question
Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.I(2%×10=20%)
21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.（）22.In English，long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension.（）23.A compound is the combination of only two words.（）24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”，and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category.（）25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.（）26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition，unlike entailment，is not vulnerable to negation.That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.（）27.The division of English into Old English，Middle English，and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.（）28.Language reflects sexism in society.Language itself is not sexist，just as it is not obscene； but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.（）29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment，he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.（）30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language，they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.Ⅳ.Definition
Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples if necessary.(3%×10=30%)
31.cultural transmission（as a design feature of human language）32.phonic medium of language33.voicing 34.inflectional morphemesn35.reference36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage 38.ethnic dialect 39.registers 40.acculturation
Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)
41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elementsSupport your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception，comprehension and production.试卷A参考答案
一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）
1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A
二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）
11.social12.complementary13.root14.complex15.complementary16.utterance17.metathesis18.bilingualism
19.lateralization 20.transfer
三、判断题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）
21.F 22.T 23.F 24.T 25.F 26.T 27.F 28.T 29.T 30 F
四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）
31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language，but
different from animals，the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted，rather it is culturally transmitted，i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication，i.e.the speech sounds.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories，such as-ed，-（e）s，-est in English.35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world； it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example，if we say，“The dog is barking，” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”。360(36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words，phrases，and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax，lexicon and phonology.For example，by saying “You have left the door wide open”，the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.m38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language，often cutting across regional differences.It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation，such as racial discrimination or segregation.39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations，in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users.For this reason，registers are also known as situational dialects.40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）
41.In addition to revealing a linear order，a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent，and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.For example，the phrase “ the old men and women” may have two interpretations，i.e.the adjective “old”may modify the noun “men”，or the following two nouns “men and women”。Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference，so it is ambiguous.Whereas，the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So，we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis.(NP NP NP NP NP NP The old men and the women the old men and the old women
42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis，language use in terms of perception，comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers.When we speak，words are drawn from Wernicke’s area and transferred to Broca’s area，which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words.When we hear something and try to comprehend it，t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke‘s area，where it is then interpreted.When we perceive a visual image，a message is sent to the angular gyrus，where it is converted into a visual pattern.试卷B
Ⅰ.Multiple Choice
Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)
1.The pair of words “lend”and “borrow”are ___.()
A.gradable oppositesB.relational oppositesC.co-hyponymsD.synonyms
2.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar.()
A.Jacob GrimmB.Rasmus RaskC.Franz BoppD.Sir William Jones
3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.()
A.unusualB.something to be fearedC.abnormalD.natural
4.__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.()
A.Broca's aphasicB.The linguistic deprivationC.The damage on the angular gyrusD.Wernicke's aphasic
5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”.This shows:.()
A.They cannot pronounce/n/
B.Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue
C.The teachers do not have a good teaching method
D.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds
6.A word with several meanings is called __word.()
A.a polysemousB.a synonymousC.an abnormalD.a multiple
7.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?”is __.()
A.informativeB.phaticC.directiveD.performative
8.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary.()
A.usageB.grammarC.pronunciationD.structure
9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.()
A.Linguistic geographyB.LexicologyC.LexicographyD.Sociolinguistics
10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.()
A.+animate,+male,+human,-adult
B.+animate,+male,+human,+adult
C.+animate,-male,+human,-adult
D.+animate,-male,+human,+adult
Ⅱ.Blank Filling
Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)
11.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement,q________or command.12.In sociolinguistic studies,speakers are treated as members of s__g________.13.Utterance is based on ________________;it isthe realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.14.To many people,a linguist is the same as a ________,one who can speak several languages fluently.15.Consonant sounds can be eitherv ________or v__,while all vowel sounds are v________.Ⅲ.True of False question
Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.I(2%×10=20%)
16.All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.()
17.Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.()
18.Linguistics is the course of language.()
19.The part of a sentence which compriese comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called predicate.()
20.Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.()
21.The term dialect,as a technical term in linguistics,carries value judgement and not simply refers to a distinct form of language.()
22.Morphology is translated as 形态学。()
23.The word “photographically” is made up of 4 morphemes.()
24.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.()
25.Semantics is the main part of linguistics.()
Ⅳ.Definition
Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples if necessary.(3%×10=30%)
26.general linguistics27.suprasegmental features28.root and stem29.hierarchical structure30.naming theory and conceptualist view31.maxims of quality and manner32.blending33.sociolect34.subvocal speech
35.contrastive analysis
Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)
36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age
试卷B参考答案
一、单项选择题(每小题2分，共20分)
1.B2.D3.D4.D5.B6.A7.B8.C9.A10.B
二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)
11.words question12.social groups13.sentence meaning14.polyglot15.voicelessvoicedvoiced
三、判断题(每小题2分，共20分)
16.T17.F(Sense and reference…)18.F(scientific study of language)19.F(finite verb…)20.F(diachronic)21.F(no value judgement)22.T23.T24.F(morpheme)25.F(one of the parts)
四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)
26.The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.27.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.28.The base form of a word;the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.29.The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent,such as NP and VP.30.The words of a language are labels of the objects they stand for;a linguistic form is linked through concepts to what it refers to.31.Do not say what you believe to be false or without adequate evident;Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity,be brief and orderly.32.A process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.33.A variety of languages used by a social class.34.Thought when it is close to language.35.A comparative procedure to establish linguistic differences between languages for teaching purposes.五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)
36.(1)the hunters are shooting;the hunters are shot;
(2)young men and young women;young men and(not young)women
(3)the president appoints others;the president is appointed.37.re-:again,e.g.retype,reorganize
un-:not,reverse,e.g.unhappy,unlock
anti-:against,anti-drug,anti-imperialism
super-greater than usual,e.g.superpower,superman
-wise:in the manner of,e.g.clockwise,moneywise-itis:infection.e.g.bronchitis,arthritis
-ize:make into,e.g.realize,modernize-age:process.e.g.mileage,linkage
第四篇：现代散文现状
现代散文文体类型复杂,纯与杂的矛盾一直存在于现代散文的研究中,因为缺乏系统的理论和批评话语,也造成了批评标准的淆乱,散文史的编撰在史料整理、框架结构方面也举步唯艰,缺少突破与创新,这既是散文研究的现状,也给今后的研究带来困难。
我们步人了全新的21世纪—一个机遇与挑战并存、希望与创新共生的时代。站在新世纪的起跑线上,深情回望2O世纪中国散文的发展道路,自“五四”以来,现代散文对古代散文进行了激烈的反叛,并自觉借鉴了西方的文学观念,把散文提升到同诗歌、小说、戏剧并列的、独立的地位,一直到今天已经8O多年的历史了。这期间历经了转型的喜悦、坚守的执着、痛苦的灾难,终至八九十年代的巨大进步:对历史的整合与超越。面对散文发展的潮起潮落、兴衰沉浮,我把目光锁定在9o年代这一临近世纪末的时间段,着重谈谈个人对散文发展现状的浅见及由此引发的思考。90年代社会进人了重要的“转型期”。市场经济替代了传统的计划经济并主导了社会生活。随着苏联、东欧的解体,世界格局朝着多极化的方向发展,由此导致了经济全球化,以及强势文化对弱势文化的浸淫与渗透。文学从过去的意识形态的中心,迅速地走向“边缘化”。在这种客观情势下,各种思想、观念、思潮的活跃是十分自然的。继8o年代末期散文创作“门庭冷落”之后,9o年代中国大地上又掀起了“散文热”。一时间杂文、随笔、言论以及“学者散文”、“文化散文”、“智慧散文”、“通俗散文等大量出现。
中国的散文研究曾经饱受责难，甚至被一些人看作混乱、保守、无所作为、缺乏现代意识的同义词。但自上世纪90年代以后，中国的散文研究已有了很大的改观，其标志是继“大散文”的讨论后，散文的一些重要范畴如散文的定义、类型以及“真情实感”、“真实与虚构”等概念得到了清理和较为明确的界说； 散文的文体问题也开始引起了注意，并在古典文体研究的基础上有了实质性的推进； 特别值得注意的是：过去散文理论一直比较懒惰，既安于现状又疏于建构自己的理论体系，而现在已经有一些散文研究者尝试着为散文建构理论体系，而且提出了一套新的散文理论话语。上述种种迹象表明：散文理论已经改变了过去的“边缘化”状态，正在一步步向“中心”位移。尽管这种位移是如此地缓慢艰难，但我们却从中看到了中国散文理论的希望和明天。正是怀着这样的文学梦想和想象，本文拟在过去散文文体研究、散文理论话语建构的基础上，进一步确立“诗性散文”这一散文核心范畴，并探讨与之相关的理论问题。在我看来，对这一命题的讨论不但有益于当前散文创作，而且是散文理论体系建构的深化与拓展。
第五篇：现代散文教学研究
现代散文教学研究
一、散文在现行高中语文教材中的篇目和比重
二、散文的基本知识
（一）什么是散文？
现代散文定义，是指与小说、诗歌、戏剧并列的一种文学体裁，对它又有广义和狭义两种理解。广义的散文，是指诗歌、小说、戏剧以外的所有具有文学性的散行文章。除以议论抒情为主的散文外，还包括通讯、报告文学、随笔杂文、回忆录、传记等文体。随着写作学科的发展，许多文体自立门户，散文的范围日益缩小。
狭义的散文是指文艺性散文，它是一种以记叙或抒情为主，取材广泛、笔法灵活、篇幅短小、情文并茂的文学样式。
（二）散文的分类
根据散文的内容和性质可分为以下几类：
(1)叙事散文：以写人记事为主的散文例如：鲁迅的《藤野先生》、朱德的《母亲的回忆》。根据该类散文内容的侧重点不同，又可将它区分为记事散文和写人散文。(2)抒情散文：注重表现作者的思想感受，抒发作者的思想感情的散文。例如：魏巍的《依依惜别的真情》、朱自清的《荷塘月色》。
(3)写景散文：以描绘景物为主的散文。例如：刘白羽的《长江三峡》。(4)哲理散文：这类散文以种种形象来参与生命的真理，从而揭露万物之间的永恒相似，给我们一种透过现象深入本质、揭示事物的底蕴、观念具有震撼性的审美效果。学习这类美文，自然能在潜移默化中受到启迪和熏陶，洗礼和升华。
（三）散文的主要特点
1.形散而神聚。“形散”指作者运笔自由，内容上面宽意广，结构上不拘一格，笔法上自由灵活，“神聚”指材料围绕主题而展开，“散”得有度。2.意境深邃，注重表现作者的生活感受，抒情性强，情感真挚。3.语言优美凝练，富于文采。
三、散文的教学重点
四、我总结的散文的鉴赏技法
我认为散文鉴赏应注意以下几点：
1·整体入手，理清文章脉络。材料丰富，思路灵活是散文的主要特点之一，阅读时一定要着眼于文章的整体，注意理清内部的相互关系，从宏观上驾驭文章，体察作者寄寓其中的意，倾注其中的情。如《长城》一文，从深秋晚景写起，引入对历史的回顾与反思，再从历史回到现实，在历史与现实的对比中深化主旨，卒章显志，含蓄而又深沉。在这种整体阅读的基础上，再来回答题目，就会洞若观火，游刃有余。
2、了解背景，透视创作历程。作品是社会的折射，内容是背景的产物。有不少散文的创作，往往受环境的影响。因此，了解文章的相关背景，是阅读鉴赏散文的一把钥匙。阅读《兽·人·鬼》，就必须认真阅读注释，分析背景材料。抗战胜利后，国统区人民掀起了反内战运动，国民党当局却大行不义，倒行逆施，制造了臭名昭著的“一二·一”惨案。闻一多先生十分悲愤，坚决主张声援学生的爱国运动，对 个别教授畏首畏尾，保全小我的做法极为不满，于是写了这篇文章。透视创作历程，了解作者的创作意图和思想感情，再对照原文，试卷中的问题就不难找到答案。
3、散文鉴赏，重点是把握其“形”与“神”的关系。散文常常托物寄意，为了使读者具体感受到所寄寓的丰富内涵，作者常常对所写的事物作细致的描绘和精心的刻画，就是所谓的“形得而神自来焉”。我们读文章就要抓住“形”的特点，由“形”见“神”，深入体会文章内容。
4、读散文要识得“文眼”。
凡是构思精巧、富有意境或写得含蓄的诗文，往往都有“眼”的安置。鉴赏散文时，要全力找出能揭示全篇旨趣和有画龙点睛妙用的“文眼”，以便领会作者为文的缘由与目的。“文眼”的设置因文而异，可以是一个字、一句话、一个细节、一缕情丝，乃至一景一物。并非每篇散文都有必要的“文眼”。
5、读散文要抓住线索，理清作者思路，准确把握文章的立意。
结构是文章的骨架，线索是文章的脉络，二者是紧密联系的。抓住散文中的线索，便可对作品的思路了然于胸，不仅有助于理解作者的写作意图，而且也是对作者谋篇布局本领的鉴赏，从而透过散文的“形散”的表象抓住其传神的精髓，遵循作者的思路，分析文章的立意。线索通常有以下几种：⑴以事物的形象为线索，如巴金的《灯》；⑵以感情的发展为线索，如杨朔的《荔枝蜜》；⑶以时间顺序为线索，如刘白羽的《长江三日》；⑷以空间顺序为线索，如朱自清的《绿》；⑸以人物活动为线索，如鲁迅的《从百草园到三味书屋》；（6）以事理为线索，如唐韬的《琐忆》。
6、注意讲解文章的写作技巧和表现手法，深入体会文章的内容。散文经常运用一些常见的修辞手法和表达技巧，如渲染、铺垫、象征、伏笔、照应、悬念、衬托、过渡等，因此教师在讲授散文的时候一定要注意点出文章的写作技巧，以便于学生鉴赏学习。
7、借助想象，领会文章的神韵，体察作者情感。散文属于文学范畴，阅读散文必须发挥联想和想象，结合个人生活体验，和作者情感发生强烈共鸣。读《长城》，如果能联想到余秋雨在《都江堰》一文中对“长城”的议论，能想象到长城上狼烟四起，民族斗争的惨烈，想象到中华民族的屈辱历程，就不难触摸到作者那颗希望中华民族走出封闭与落后，走向繁荣与强大的赤注意丰富的联想，由此及彼，由浅入深，由实到虚，这样才能体会到文章的神韵，领会到更深刻的道理。
8、品味散文的语言。
散文的一大特色是语言美。好散文语言凝练、优美，又自由灵活，接近口语。优美的散文，更是集哲理、诗情、画意于一身。杰出的散文家的语言又各具不同的语言风格：鲁迅的散文语言精练深邃，茅盾的散文语言细腻深刻，郭沫若的散文语言气势磅礴，巴金的散文语言朴素优美，朱自清的散文语言清新隽永，冰心的散文语言委婉明丽，孙犁的散文语言质朴，刘白羽的散文语言奔放，杨朔的散文语言精巧。何为的散文语言雅致。一些散文大家的语言，又常常因内容而异。体味散文的语言风格，就可以对散文的内容体味地更加深刻。
9、讲解散文还需注意文体特点。叙事散文讲求以小见大，形与神的关系是重点；写景散文注意情景交融，情与景的契合是关键；咏物散文托物言志，尽可能体味象征手法。
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