第一篇:初中英语复习提要(三)介词、连词、构词法
2004年初中英语复习提要
(三)介词、连词、构词法
福清市蒜岭侨兴中学 郭礼文 2004-03
在调研中,有学生问到如何才能学好介词和连词,如何做好词形转换题?我的经验是,对于介词和连词要记住它们的本义和固定搭配,再灵活运用。对于构词法关键还是记住词根和配生词。
一、介词
1.与形容词搭配的词组有:
be afraid of(怕)be angry with(生某人的气)
be away from(不在某地)be different from(与„不同)
be good at(善于)be good/ bad for(对„有益/有害)
be interested in(对„感兴趣)be late for(迟到)
be/get ready for(为作好准备)be sure of(对„有把握)
be worried about(为„感到担忧)
2.介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式
1)You must take good care of her.2)Thank you for teaching us so well.3.几组易混淆的介词
A.“在...之后”in + 一段时间(用于一般将来时)
after + 一段时间(用于一般过去时)after + 一点时间(常用于一般将来时)
如:The baby stopped crying after half an hour.The baby will stop crying in half an hour.They will visit their teacher after Friday.B. for +一段时间
since +过去的一点时间
这两者均用于现在完成时,具体在时态部分,我会继续向同学们讲解。C. be made of “用„„制成”;
be made in “由某地制造”;
be made by somebody “由某人制成” D. in, on, at表时间
in “在某月(季节、年)等” eg:in 1996, in January, in summer 固定词组:in the morning, in a week,in a minute,in time, in the end on “用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等” eg:on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16 at “用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中”
固定词组:at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time 注意:在表时间里,下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有:next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow 前不用介词。如:不能说 in tomorrow ,只能说 tomorrow 在明天 E.except +宾格/doing something "除„之外”(不包括本身)Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao.(同义句转换)=Only Lin Tao isn't at school today.F.“用” 通过交通工具 by plane;用语言 in English;通过媒介 on /over the telephone, on /over the radio, on TV;用工具手段 with a pen, with one's hands G. between “在~和~(两者)之间” between...and..., between the two...among 在...之间(三者或三者以上)eg.Sue spent over two hours ____ her homework yesterday evening.A.on B.with C.at D.over
二、连词 1.并列连词
*both„and 既~又~谓语用复数动词 *neither„nor 既不~也不~含否定意义,(就近原则)谓语动词由靠近它的那个主语来决定单复数。
*either„or„ “或者 „或者„”“不是„就是„”
*and“和” 连接两个并列成分,连接谓语时,两个动词时态应一致。*but “但是” 表转折,不能与 though 同时出现在句中。
*or “或者”在否定句中,并列句中的列举常用 or,而不用 and。
Eg: I have brothers and sisters.(否)
I don't have brothers or sisters.= I have no brothers and no sisters.2. 引导宾语从句的连词
*陈述句:that 可省略
*一般疑问句:if /whether “是否” *特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词
3. 引导原因状从的有:because(不能与so同时出现在句中)4.引导时间状语从句的连词: A.when(当„时候),as soon as„(一„就),not„until(直到„才),after(在„之后),引导的主从复合句,主句为一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。
Eg: I won't leave until he comes back.B.since(自从„以来)引导的主从复合句,主句为现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。
Eg:We haven't met each other since she left here last year.C.while(当„时候,一边„一边„)它引导的时间状语从句常用进行时态。
Eg: My father came in while I was doing my homework.5.引导条件状语从句的连词:
if “如果”,引导条件状从,主句用一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时。请区别于if“是否”相当于 whether,引导宾语从句,时态根据语境确定 eg:1)I don't know if it ____(rain)tomorrow.2)If it ______(rain)tomorrow, I _____________(not climb)the hills.3)Joan and Mary haven't seen each other_____they left school five years ago.A.as B.before C.after D.since
三、构词法
前缀 例词 派生词 un-“不” happy unhappy like unlike usual unusual friendly unfriendly im-“不” possible impossible
后缀 例词 派生词
-er“人” teach/play/clean teacher/player/cleaner drive driver(以e结尾,-r)
run runner(重读闭音节,双写-er)win winner travel traveller-or“人” invent inventor visit visitor-ly(副词后缀)bad badly quick quickly careful carefully happy happily deep deeply lucky luckily usual usually noisy noisily slow slowly angry angrily strong strongly quiet quietly 特例:trueterribly possible-possibly
名词 形容词-ful(形容词后缀)care careful help helpful use useful forget forgetful-y(形容词后缀)rain rainy luck lucky cloud cloudy noise noisy(以e结尾,去e,加-y)snow snowy sun sunny(双写,加-y)wind windy
-ion(名词后缀)动词 名词
invent invention operate operation-ness(名词后缀)形容词 名词
busy business good goodness 一些特例:
动词 形容词 动词 现在分词转化为名词 sleep asleep boat boating die dead build building enjoy enjoyable begin beginning
cross crossing 名词 形容词 meet meeting friend friendly turn turning south southern shop shopping wool woolen 动词 过去分词转为形容词 danger dangerous fry fried difference different worry worried
break broken lose lost 动词 名词 please pleased know knowledge colour coloured fly flight 名词 名词 please pleasure farm farmer 农夫
动词 现在分词、过去分词转为形容词 follow following interest interested“感兴趣的” 只作表语,仅用于be interested in interesting “有趣的” 可作表语和定语
develop developed “发达的” developing “发展中的”
练习题
1、Lucy can write a letter___Japanese though she has learned it only a few months.A.from B.to C.in D.with
2、They will have an English test___two days.A.for B.at C.in D.after
3、Wu Dong was born___the evening of April 2,1975.A.at B.in C.on D.to
4、I haven 't heard _______ her _____ she left home.A.from, since B.from, after C.of, when D.of , as
5、Tom didn't know___Jack would leave for Beijing tomorrow.A.how B.weather C.whether D.what
6、His parents were _________(happy)because he had failed the exam again.7、Mrs.Green liked to stay _____(safe)at the same place.8、The_______(visit)from France are going to visit our school this afternoon.思考题
1、The farmer was___tired___he couldn't fall asleep.A.very„to B.too„to C.so„that D.neither„nor
2、Work hard, ___you won't catch up with the others.A.but B.and C.if D.or
3、The game is very ___ and she's ___ in it.A.interesting, interesting B.interested, interested C.interested, interesting D.interesting, interested
第二篇:初中英语构词法
初中英语构词法
英语构词法主要有三种:合成法、转化法和派生法。掌握基本的构词法,有助于词汇的理解、记忆和积累。现就初中英语部分词汇加以归类小结。
一、合成法,就是把两个或两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列构成新词的方法。用此法构成的词叫复合词。复合词主要包括复合名词、复合代词、复合形容词和复合副词等。
1、复合名词:
(1)名词+动词headache(头疼),daybreak(黎明)
(2)动词+名词playground(操场),postcard(明信片)
(3)名词+名词basketball(篮球),classroom(教室)
(4)形容词+名词blackboard(黑板),grandfather(爷爷)
(5)动名词+名词waiting-room(候车室),sitting-room(起居室),2、复合代词:
(1)some(any,every,no)+body:somebody(有人,某人),nobody(没有人)
(2)some(any,every,n o)+thing:something(某物,某事),nothing(没有东西)
3、复合形容词有:
man-made(人造的),kind-hearted(好心的),hard-working(努力工作的),fund-raising(筹集资金的)等。
4、复合副词有:
upstairs(到楼上),downstairs(到楼下),everywhere(到处),maybe(或许)等
另外,复合动词有understand(理解),复合介词有without(无,没有)等。
二、转化法,就是将某些单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性的构词方法。词性转化有以下几种情况:
1.名词→动词rain(雨n)→(下雨v.)。例如:
There’s a lot of rain in this country.It’s still raining now.
2.动词→名词talk(谈话v.)→(演讲n)。如:
What are you talking about.There will be a talk next week.
3.形容词→动词clean(清洁的adj.)→(打扫v)。如:
The classroom is not clean.You must clean it tomorrow。
三、派生法,就是将前,后缀附加到某些词上构成新词的方法。初中英语主要有以下几种前、后缀:前缀例词
1.re-retell(复述)v.,return(归还)v.
2.un-unhappy(不高兴的)adj.,unusual(不平常的)adj.3.dis-dislike(不喜欢)v,disagree(不同意)v
4.im-impossible(不可能的)adj.,impolite(不礼貌的)
5.in-incorrect(不正确的)adj.,incomplete(不完整的)adj.6.ir-irregular(不规则的)adj.,irresponsible(不负责任的)adj.后缀例词.1.-erworker(工人)n,teacher(教师)n.
2.-eseChinese(中国人)n,Japanese(日本人)n.
3.-ed(或-d)interested(感兴趣的)adj.,pleased(高兴的)adj..
4.-fulcareful(小心的)adj.,forgetful(健忘的)adj..
5.-ingbuilding(建筑物)n,surprising(令人惊奇的)adj.,6.-lesscareless(粗心的)adj.,hopeless(无望的)adj..
7.-1yfriendly(友好的)adj.,quickly(快地)adv.
8.-nesshappiness(幸福)n,business(商业)n.
9.-oroperator(手术者)n,inventor(发明者)n.
10.-ousdangerous(危险的)adj.,famous(著名的)adj..
11.-teensixteen(十六)num,fourteen(十四)num.
12.-tyseventy(七十)num,ninety(九十)num.
13.-thtenth(第十)num,eleventh(第十一)num.
14.-tionoperation(手术)n,congratulation(祝贺)n.
15.-ycloudy(多云的)adj.,lucky(幸运的)adj..
16.–mentagreement(同意)n.,movement(移动)n.另外,初中英语由前、后缀构成的新词还有difference,enjoyable,.mistake,television,asleep等。
第三篇:初中英语构词法
初中英语构词法
英语中主要有三种构词法: 1.合成法 合成法至今保持着旺盛的生命力,在现代英语中不少新词都是借助原有的词合成的。1)名词+名词→名词basket+ball→basketballhouse +work → housework2)形容词+名词→名词black+board(木板)→ blackboard黑板 loud(大声的)+speaker(说话者)→ loudspeaker扬声器 3)介词+名词→名词(或形容词)under(在下面)+ground(地面)→ underground地下的 4)名词+过去分词→形容词man(人)+made(做)→ man-made人造的 5)名词(形容词)+名词+ed→形容词kind(善良的)+hearted(心)→kind-hearted好心的 6)副词+名词→介词 in(里面)+side(边)→inside在内 down(在下)+stairs(楼梯)→downstairs在楼下 2.派生法派生法是通过在词根上加后缀或前缀构成新词。它不仅扩充了英语词汇,而且丰富了语言的表现力。1.前缀 除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化。(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-,il-,im-,in-,ir-,mis-,non-,un-等,例如:appear出现→disappear消失correct正确的→incorrect不正确的lead带领→mislead领错stop停下→non-stop不停(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词),anti-(反对;抵抗),auto-(自
动),co-(共同),en-(使),inter-(互相),re-(再;又),sub-(下面的;次;小),tele-(强调距离)等。例如: alone单独的 antigas防毒气的 autochart自动图表cooperate合作 enjoy使高兴internet互联网 reuse再用subway地铁 telephone电话 2.后缀 英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence,-(e)r/-or(从事某事的人),-ese(某地人),-ess(雌性),-ful(一……),-ian(精通……的人),-ist(专业人员),-ment(性质;状态),-ness(性质;状态),-tion(动作;过程)等。例如: differ不同于→difference区别write写→writer作家Japan日本→Japanese日本人act表演→actress女演员mouth口→mouthful一口music音乐→musician音乐家(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n(多用于形容词之后),-fy(使……化),-ize(使……成为)。例如: wide→widen加宽beauty→beautify美化pure→purify提纯real→realize意识到organ→organize组织
(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al,-able(有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en(多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern(方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less(表示
否定),-like(像……的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y(表
示天气)等。例如:nature自然→natural自然的reason道理→reasonable有道理的America美国→American美国的China中国→Chinese中国人的gold金子→golden金的east东→eastern东方的child孩子→childish孩子气的snow雪→snowy雪的(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly(主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s)(主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如:angry生气的→angrily生气地to到→towards朝……,向……east东方→eastward向东
(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen(十几),-ty(几十),-th(构成序数词)。例如:
six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十
3.转化法 在英语发展过程中,由于词尾的基本消失,衍生出一种新的构词法——转化法,而无须借助词缀,就实现词类的转化。1)名词→动词rain n.雨 →rain v.下雨 shop n.商店 →shop v.购物 water n.水 →water v.浇水 land n.陆地 →land v.着陆 name n.名字 →name v.命名
[注意] 不少动词转化为名词或名词转化为动词,词义没有什么大变化,易于推测出词义。如:answer(回答),change(变化), fight(打架), love(爱), rest(休息), smile(微笑), shout(喊), study(学习), talk(谈话), visit(访问), wish(希望), work(工作)等。2)形容词→动词
last adj.最后的 last v.持续 tidy adj.整洁的 tidy v.使整洁 own adj.自己的 own v.拥有 3)形容词→名词
back adj.后面的 back n.背部,后面 light adj.明亮的 light n.灯 4)动词→名词
stop v.停止 stop n.车站 lift v.举起 lift n.电梯 [注意] ①词形不变,读音的差别(字母s读[z]为动词,读[s]为名词或形容词)use v.使用 use n.用途
excuse v.原谅 excuse n.借口 ②词形改变的转化: live v.生活 life n.生活 fill v.装满 full adj.满的 save v.救 safe adj.安全的enter v.进入 entrance n.入口处
different adj.不同的 difference n.不同之处 注意:形容词---名词 important--importance different—difference
4.缩略词是在音节较多的词首、或词尾、或词
首词尾去掉一个或几个音节,构成比原单词简单的新词。
1.词首音节省略:phone(telephone), bus(omnibus), aeroplane(plane)2.词尾音节省略:gym(gymnasium),ad(advertisement),exam(examination),lab(laboratory)kilo(kilogram),mike(microphone)
3.词首词尾音节省略:fridge(refrigerator), flu(influenza)较长的人名,职业或职位也有缩略的情况。如:
Benjamin----BenDoctor----Doc Professor----Prof
第四篇:初中英语介词
介词词组
Insteadin placein front
Becarseaccordingin spite
Thanks
1.在正午2 半夜3 在那时
4在早饭时间5在。。开始时6当时;这时7目前8在5月1日9第二天在星期一11在元旦12在那天
13在周末14在雨天15在一个寒冷的冬日
16第二天傍晚17在星期一早晨18 在10月一日上午19 在傍晚20 在8月21 在2011年22 在2123 在春季24在某人的一生中25在我上学期间26 在将来27在开会期间
28在吃饭过程中29 在寒假期间30 首先
31在夜间32在吃早饭33在中午
34最后;最终35在上班36在上学
在医院38生病住院39在电影院
40骑自行车41在湖边42用英语43 放学后44在圣诞节45顺便说一下
56到。。。末为止47例如48用墨水 ;用钢笔49在上课50 及时51准时
52马上;立刻53在这些日子54 处于危险之中
55由于某种原因56在那些日子57在城里
在农村59 在白天60 在去。。的路上61在火车上62一个炎热的夏日63整个周末
64在新年的前夜65。。的答案。。的钥匙
66。。。的答案67。。的注释68 通向。。。的路69到。。。的访问70 对。。。的兴趣71。。。的原因72 对。。。的热爱73听74给。。写信75 收到。。的来信76到达77对。。吼叫
78偶然遇见79敲80 寻找
81照顾82要求得到83等待
84给。。做手术85向。。学习86为。。。担忧87 处理88讨论;议论89谈到提到
考虑,捉摸91 想起,考虑92同意
93明天上午94后天
95前天96 昨天下午
97忙于做某事98做某事有困难
99以这种&那种方式100话费。。做某事
101做某事很高兴102浪费。。做某事
103做某事没有用&没有好处
第五篇:初中英语连词练习题
英语连词用法练习题(附详解)1.—Oh, I failed again —Don’t lose heart.One more effort, ________ you will succeed.A.so that
B.therefore
C.however
D.and 2.________ a difficult situation, so you should send him a message and give him some advice.A.As he is in
B.He is in
C.Being in
D.He being in 3.She said she would work it out herself, ________ ask me for help.A.and not to
B.but not
C.and prefer not
D.rather than 4.________ enough time, but I couldn’t do it better.A.I was given
B.Given
C.To be given
D.Though I was given 5.—How can I wake up so early?
—Set the alarm at 5 o’clock, ________ you’ll make it.A.but
B.or
C.and
D.so 6.For a person with reading habits, a printed page contains not only words ________ ideas, thoughts and feelings.A.yet
B.and
C.or
D.but 7.Information technology is taught in most schools, ________ we have entered the information society.A.so
B.while
C.still
D.for 8.English is understood all over the world ________ Turkey is spoken by only a few people outside Turkey itself.A.while
B.when
C.if
D.as 9.I was on the point of going to bed ________ Mr.Zhang rang.A.as
B.when
C.while
D.and 10.I asked him whether he had done all the work himself ________ whether he had had any assistance.A.and
B.but
C.nor
D.or 11.In some countries, ________ are called “public schools” are not owned by the public.A.which
B.as
C.what
D.that 12.________ happens in the world makes us happy and sad by turns.A.That
B.What
C.Which
D.Whether 13.I read about this story in some book or other, does it matter ________ it was? A.where
B.what
C.how
D.which 14.One of the men present held the view ________ the book said was right.A.what that
B.what
C.that
D.that what 15.________ I had walked for six hours, I was tired out.A.After
B.Before
C.When
D.As
16.Tom make up his mind to get a seat for the football match ________ it means standing in a queue all night.A.as if
B.as though
C.even if
D.whatever 17.The roof fell ________ he had time to dash into the house to save his baby.A.as
B.after
C.until
D.before 18.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ________ it comes to classroom tests.A.as
B.since
C.when
D.after 19.I have been keeping that photo ________ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my college days.A.which
B.where
C.whether
D.when 20.You may borrow this book---________ you promise to give it back.A.in case
B.so long as
C.as if
D.even if 21.________ the man grew older, he lost interest in everything except gardening.A.With
B.Since
C.While
D.As 22.________ you understand this rule, you’ll have no further difficulty.A.Once
B.Unless
C.As
D.Until 23.I had no sooner got back to the kitchen ________ the door-bell rang loud enough to wake the dead.A.when
B.than
C.as
D.while
24.I criticized him, you know, not ________ I hate him but ________ I love him.A.because;because
B.because;for
C.for;because
D.for;for 25.________ he studies hard, he will never pass the examination.A.If
B.Unless
C.Even if
D.Even though 26.She worked hard ________ everything would be ready by the time he came back.A.since
B.so that
C.as if
D.unless 27.He waited ________ the volcano became quiet and he was able to return two days later.A.when
B.before
C.as
D.until 28.— May I go and play football with Dick this afternoon, Dad? — No, you can’t go out ________ your work is being done.A.before
B.until
C.as
D.after 29.A warning news report from Qatar announces that a group of Islam will continue to kill Americans wherever they are ________ they leave the Arab world forever.A.even though
B.in case
C.whenever
D.until 30.I was so familiar with her that I recognized her voice ________ I picked up the phone.A.the moment
B.after
C.before
D.while 【答案解析】
1.D.考查“祈使句/名词+and+陈述句”句型。句意为:“再努力点,你就会成功的”。2.B.so(因此)是并列连词,引出一个表示结果的分句,前面应是一个表示原因的分句,而无需再用连词,排除A;C和D又不是句子,也错了。
3.D.因为rather than是对称连词,意为“而不”(from www.xiexiebang.com)。
4.A.因为but是并列连词,后面是个句子,前面也一定是个句子,而不是一个分词短语或不定式短语,更不能再用连词though,所以排除B、C和D。
5.C.考查“祈使句+and+陈述句”句型,意为“如果„就„”。虽然or也可用于此句型,但or是“否则、要不然”之意,如:Work hard, or you’ll fail.(努力学习,否则就会不及格。)6.D.因为not only„but(also)„是固定搭配(from www.xiexiebang.com)。
7.D.因为句中的并列连词for表示原因,是对前面分句所述内容的解释或补充说明。8.A.因为句中的并列连词while表示“对比或相反”。9.B.因为句中的并列连词when = just at that time, 意为“这时(突然)”。10.D.因为只有or才能表示选择,意为“(是„)还是”。
11.C。本题考查what引导主语从句,并在主语从句中作主语。句意为“在许多国家,所谓的“公立学校”并非公众拥有。
12.B。本题考查引导主语从句的连接词。that引导主语从句只起连接作用,在从句中不作任何成分,无意义,但不能省略。what除引导主语从句外, 还在从句中作成分。which指一定范围内的“哪一个”;whether意为“是否”。根据句意“世上的事喜忧交替”可知答案为B(from www.xiexiebang.com)。
13.D。该题考查宾语从句。可以看作是does it matter which book it was的省略。一定注意此题受母语干扰,很容易错选答案为A。只要抓住题干前一句I read about this story in some book or other的提示,就可知道是指一定范围内的“哪一个”,故答案为D。14.D。that引导同位语从句;what the book said是同位语从句中的主语。
15.A。本题考查以after引导的时间状语从句,意为“在„之后”。句意为“步行了六小时后,我累坏了”。
16.C。even if=even though,引导的让步状语从句,意为“即使, 尽管”,符合题意。17.D。本题考查before引导的时间状语从句,意为“在„„之前”。句意为“他来不及冲进去救他的孩子,屋顶就塌了”。18.C。When it comes to...是一固定句型,意为“当谈到„„时,涉及”。句意为“做作业是提高考分的一个可靠方法,这在涉及到课堂测验时尤其正确”(from www.xiexiebang.com)。19.B。该题考查where引导的地点状语从句,表示“在„地方”。句意为“我一直把照片放在我每天都能看到的地方,因为它总使我回想起大学里的日子”。20.B。so long as=so long as, 意为“只要”,表示条件。句意为“只要你答应归还,你就可以把这书借走”。
21.D。本题考查as引导的时间状语从句,表示事物的进展,意为“随着”。句意为“那人年纪越来越大,除了园艺外其他都不感兴趣”。22.A。once引导的让步状语从句,意为“一旦”。句意为“一旦明白了这条规则,就再也没有困难了”。
23.B。no sooner„than意为“刚„就”,相当于as soon as.句意为“我刚走回厨房,门铃又响了,响得足以把死人吵醒”。类似用法还有hardly / scarcely„when.。
24.A。本题考查because引导的原因状语从句及与for的区别。for不能跟not...but这一结构连用,句意为“我批评他不是因为我恨他而是因为我爱他”。
25.C。unless引导的条件状语从句。句意为“他如果不努力学习, 就永远不能考及格”。26.B。so that引导目的状语从句。句意为“她拼命干一边能在他回来时把一切都准备好”。27.D。until引导的时间状语从句。句意为“他一直等到火山平息下来,两天后他才得以重回火山上”。28.C。此题很容易错选B。误认为是not„until句型。实际上只要抓住your work is being done.这一提示就找到了答题的关键。
29.D。本题考查until引导的时间状语从句,意为“到...为止, 在...以前”。30.A。名词短语the moment用作连词,相当于as soon as,引导时间状语从句。意为“一„„就”。类似的短语或词还有the minute, the instance, directly, immediately等