第一篇:一年级语文课堂教学参考辅助资料
一年级课堂教学参考辅助资料
学前常规教育儿歌
儿歌
(一)上课铃声响,快快进课堂,起立要站直,坐正不乱晃,不做小动作,专心来听讲,发言先举手,回答不乱抢,答问题声音响,别人讲认真听,争做守纪律的好学生。儿歌
(二)太阳朝我笑,鸟儿喳喳叫。一年级,小学生,背着新书包。唱着歌儿向前走,天天上学不迟到。
儿歌
(三)上课铃,丁丁响,我们快步进课堂;书本文具放整齐,静等老师把课上。用心听,仔细想,身子坐正向前方。上课发言先举手,遵守纪律不要忘。儿歌
(四)清晨起床莫迟延,梳洗整洁用早餐; 衣着洁净又大方,学习用品细查看; 告别父母上学去,遵守交规讲安全; 遇到师长有礼貌,按时到校不贪玩。到校园,不慌张,走进教室先开窗; 洒水扫地擦桌椅,墙面干净无尘网; 果皮纸屑不乱丢,垃圾入池不乱放; 保持校园洁净美,学习环境我们创。儿歌
(五)你拍一我拍一,学校建成不容易。你拍二我拍二,团结友爱好伙伴。你拍三我拍三,保持安静记心间。你拍四我拍四,墙壁不能乱写字。你拍五我拍五,值日不能太马虎。你拍六我拍六,上下楼梯要靠右。你拍七我拍七,垃圾分类不乱弃。你拍八我拍八,爱护桌椅要常擦。你拍九我拍九,节约用水齐动手。你拍十我拍十,环境大家来保持。儿歌
(六)要说轻就说轻,轻字处处都有用,小朋友要记清; 开门轻关门轻,上楼下楼脚步轻,轻手轻脚少出声; 擦地板擦玻璃,桌椅摆放要齐整,轻拿轻放动作轻; 说话轻做事轻,懂礼貌讲文明,人人都要树新风。儿歌
(七)预备铃声响铃铃,请把书本摆放齐,各项准备都做了,上课专心效果好!上课铃声响铃铃,身体坐正精神好,静待老师互问好。课堂上,认真听,勤思考,积极举手勇发言,回答问题声响亮,主动参与头脑好。站要直,坐要正,手放平来脚放稳,书写不忘三个一,坚持不懈保健好!下课铃声响铃铃,师生再见礼貌好!课间休息须做好,学习准备少不了,身心放松不忘了,有益游戏组织好,轻声慢步无干扰!小朋友,你听好,天天记住“十好”歌,学习生活保准好!儿歌
(八)课间休息有交际,楼道右行守秩序; 两操认真动作准,整队集合快静齐; 爱护公物与花木,勤察保洁卫生区; 游戏活动有谦让,关爱他人讲友谊。放学路上不淘气,照顾幼小与残疾; 注意车辆讲安全,按时回家要牢记; 孝敬父母听教育,热爱劳动有礼仪,先做作业后玩耍,按时作息有规律。儿歌
(九)一二三,爬上山,四五六,翻筋斗,七八九,拍皮球,伸出两只手,十个手指头。儿歌
(十)数数方法多,看谁多灵活。数得对又快,得数不写错。两个两个数,二四六八十.五个五个数,一五又一十。
儿歌
(十一)一 二 三 坐坐好
师:请你跟我坐坐好 生:我就跟你坐坐好 师:请你跟我来写字 生:我就跟你来写字 注:前半句为老师说,后半句为学生说。一二三四,坐好姿势。(同时要求坐好)五六七八,闭上嘴巴。(要求不要说话)
儿歌
(十二)小眼睛,看黑板。身体,坐直 两手,放好 保持,安静
儿歌(十三)师:眼离桌面 生:(齐答)一尺远 师:胸离桌面 生:(齐答)一拳头 师:手离笔尖 生:(齐答)一寸长
儿歌
(十四)铃声响,进教室。书放好,坐端正。老师讲,专心听。要发言,先举手。站起来,大声讲。同学讲,仔细听。有问题,要补充。
儿歌
(十五)叮铃铃,上课了,坐端正,专心听,要发言,先举手,课堂纪律要遵守。
脚放平,背挺直,眼睛看黑板,小手放放好。
课前准备操
点点头,伸伸腰,我们来做课前准备操,动动手,动动脚,开动脑筋勤思考。你一言,我一语,这样发言可不好。耳要聪,目要明,文明守纪我最行,棒!棒!棒!我真棒!争做班级的NO.1。YEAR!
安静课堂方法:
(1)师(双手击掌3次,有节奏的 X X X)
生(跟着击掌2次,第三次双手放好,即节奏也是 X X X)
(2)
小眼睛 看老师
小松树 坐(站)得直
小耳朵 仔细听......师:
一、二
生:坐正
(3)
师:铃声响 生:坐端正 师:嘴巴 生:闭紧 师:眼睛 生:向前 师:双手 生:摆平师:耳朵 生:听清
(4)
拍拍手,拍拍手,上拍拍,下拍拍,左拍拍,右拍拍,两手朝上伸一伸,两手叉腰扭一扭,端端正正快坐好!
师:小嘴巴 生:不说话!师:小眼睛 生:看老师!
写字提醒歌:
1、身坐挺,足摆平,头不歪,肩放平生接:字写得好,老师夸我行!2,足放平,身子正。头不歪,肩不耸。
拼音教学辅助资料
一 学习拼音辅助儿歌18首
1、小手绢
小手绢,四方方,天天带在我身上。
又擦鼻涕又擦汗,干干净净真好看。
2、搬鸡蛋
小老鼠,搬鸡蛋,鸡蛋太大怎么办?
一只老鼠地上躺,紧紧抱住大鸡蛋。
一只老鼠拉尾巴,拉呀拉呀拉回家。
3、小松鼠
一二三四五,上山打老虎,老虎找不着,找到小松鼠。
松鼠有几个,让我数一数。
数来又数去,一二三四五。
4、大骆驼
骆驼骆驼志气大,风吹日晒都不怕。
走沙漠,运盐巴,再苦再累不讲话。
5、小白兔,小白兔,白又白,两只耳朵竖起来,爱吃萝卜爱吃菜,蹦蹦跳跳真可爱。
6、螳螂
螳螂哥,螳螂哥,肚儿大,吃得多。
飞飞能把粉蝶捕,跳跳能把蝗虫捉。
两把大刀舞起来,一只害虫不放过。
7、大蜻蜓
大蜻蜓,绿眼睛,一对眼睛亮晶晶,飞一飞,停一停,飞来飞去捉蚊蝇。
8、小鸭子
小鸭子,一身黄,扁扁嘴巴红脚掌。
嘎嘎嘎嘎高声唱,一摇一摆下池塘。
老虎学爬树 小松鼠,教老虎,学什么?学爬树。记得教上树,忘了教下树,害得老虎下不了树。
9、小雨点
小雨点,沙沙沙,落在小河里,青蛙乐得呱呱呱;
小雨点,沙沙沙,落在大树上,大树乐得冒嫩芽;
小雨点,沙沙沙,落在马路上,鞋子啪叽啪叽啪„„
10、小山羊
小山羊,咩咩叫,上山坡,吃青草。草儿长得好,羊儿吃得饱。
11、一个蛤蟆一张嘴
一个蛤蟆一张嘴,两只眼睛四条腿,扑通一声跳下水。两个蛤蟆两张嘴,四只眼睛八条腿,扑通,扑通,跳下水。
12、十二生肖歌
老鼠前面走,跟着老黄牛,老虎—声吼,兔子抖三抖,天上龙在游,草里蛇在扭,马儿过山沟,碰见羊老头,猴子翻筋斗,金鸡喊加油,黄狗半夜守门口,肥猪整天睡不够。
13、小孩儿 小孩儿
小孩儿,小孩儿,上井台儿,摔了个跟头捡了个钱儿。
又打醋,又买盐儿,又娶媳妇,又过年儿。
14、男子汉
滑滑梯,你先玩,因为我是男子汉;
小凳子,我来端,因为我是男子汉;
下雨了,给你伞,因为我是男子汉;
女厕所,我不去,因为我是男子汉
15、马大哈
马大哈爱画画,彩色铅笔一大把,画只螃蟹四条腿,画只鸭子尖嘴巴,画只小兔圆耳朵,画匹马儿没尾巴,真是粗心的马大哈。
16、麻雀报天气
小麻雀,站树梢,天晴下雨它知道。
天下雨,它心焦,没精打采缩头脑。
“唧——唧——,拖长声音慢慢叫。
天放晴,它蹦跳,“唧唧喳喳”不住叫。
17、小老鼠抬花轿
小老鼠,抬花轿,轿上坐着大花猫。
大花猫,闭着眼,呼噜呼噜睡大觉。
18、猜一猜
一头猪,肥又肥,两只耳朵四条腿。
二头猪,呼呼睡,四只耳朵八条腿。
三头猪,没排队,几只耳朵几条腿 19认识四声符号:
一声平,二声扬,三声拐弯,四声降。一声高高平又平,二声好像上山坡,三声下坡又上坡,四声就像下山坡。20标调歌:
(1)好朋友,排排坐,你挨着我来我挨着你。a 在前边,i在后,挨在一起ai
ai
ai,好朋友啊不分离。”
(2)有a在,把帽戴,a不在,o e戴,要是i u在一起,谁在后面给谁戴。
a o
e
i
u
û,有 a 在把花戴, a 字不在顺次排,i 谁戴
21拼音休息操
点点头,伸伸腰,我们来做拼音休息操。
动动手,动动脚,我们来背声母表 b p m f......扭扭脖子,扭扭腰,我们来背韵母表a o e.....站要直,坐要正,我们来背整体音节认读表zhi chi....u
并列在一起,谁在后面给 专心听,勤动脑,学好拼音基础牢。22 d字歌
小鼓敲ddd;马蹄响dadada; 汽车开dididi;敲门声dududu。23 n l歌
小门小门n、n、n,小棍小棍l、l、l。今天学习了n和l,小伙伴们真快乐。
24单韵母 a o e i u û
圆脸小姑娘,小辫右边扎aaa 一只大公鸡,清早喔喔啼ooo 一只大白鹅,游在水中央eee 圆脸蛋羊角辫,张大嘴巴aaa 大公鸡,ooo。天天早起伸长脖。小圆圈,圆又圆,它和小球差不多。清清池塘一只鹅,水中倒影像个e 小嘴张开aaa圆圆嘴巴ooo 扁扁嘴巴eee短短蜡烛iii 小小茶杯uuu鲤鱼吐泡ûûû 公鸡打鸣,嘴巴圆圆o o o。白鹅照镜,嘴巴扁扁e e e。妈妈晾衣,上下对齐i i i.。乌鸦衔食,嘴巴小小u u u。小鱼吹泡,嘴巴扁扁 ûûû。小i头上有点子u是乌鸦鸟窝子 û是小鱼吐泡子牙齿对齐iii 嘴巴突出uuu像吹笛子ûûû
小i小i戴小帽,小u就象乌鸦巢,小û爱哭把泪掉。整体认读音节 yi、wu、yu 小û很骄傲,两眼住上瞧,大y帮助它,摘掉骄傲帽。(帮助记忆整体认读音节yu)
小i的妈妈是大y,小i大y挨一起组成整体认读音节yi yi yi 小u的爸爸是大w,小u大w挨一起组成整体认读音节wu wu wu 小û无父母,大y来帮助组成整体认读音节yu yu yu 小û有礼貌,见了大y就脱帽 小i有礼貌,标调就摘帽 小i出门找大Y,小u出门找大W,小û孤儿没父母,出门就去找大Y,擦掉眼泪Yu、Yu、Yu。
大y带小i,一对好兄弟,我们把它也念i.大y陪小û,小v笑嘻嘻,眼泪擦掉了,还是念做û.j q x
y与 û相拼
jqx真有趣,从不和 u 在一起。
小û小û有礼貌,见了j
q
x 就摘帽!(配上手的动作,夸奖地树大拇指,脱下帽子)小û见大y,脱帽行个礼,摘掉帽子还念û。
小û小弟弟,他最懂道理,见到哥哥j q x,脱下帽子行个礼 jqxy真淘气,从不和u在一起,见了小û更淘气,吹走小û的圆泡泡。j q x 真希奇,见了a o e,小i 来联系。
(这主要是为了防止学生拼写时漏掉介音,如jia 写成ja.而o e没什么用,只是为了顺口)小û见了j q x,摘下帽子敬个礼,小û见了大y姐,擦掉眼泪笑嘻嘻。
27声母 b
p
m„„„„ 左上半圆QQQ,右上半圆PPP,左下半圆DDD,右下半圆BBB。
(让孩子跟着做动作,用身体语言摆出Q P D B的样子)左拳b来右拳d,两拳相对念bd, 左竖朝上就念b,右竖朝上就念d.左下p来右下q,两拳相对念pq,左竖朝下就念p,右竖朝下就念q。左下半个ddd 左上半个qqq 右下半个bbb
右上半个ppp 6是b,反6d;9是q,反9p,正 6 b,反 6 d,正 9 q,反 9 p 泼水的 p,广播的b
28声母形象记忆歌
小鼓敲敲ddd,小鱼跳跳ttt, 小小门洞nnn,弟弟赶猪lll.一扇小门 nnn
两扇小门 mmm 一根小棒lll
一把雨伞fff 小鸡头上蝴蝶飞 JJJ 七个气球天上飘QQQ 西瓜公主
XXX 9字拐弯
GGG 一挺机关枪 KKK 一把椅子
HHH 两手相对,伸出大拇指,握拳,“左手b,右手d,两手一碰b和d”。右下半圆bbb,右上半圆PPP,两个门洞mmm,伞柄朝上fff; 左下半圆ddd,伞柄朝下ttt,一个门洞nnn,一根小棍lll; 鸽子飞翔ggg,一挺机枪kkk,一把椅子hhh;竖弯加点jjj,左上半圆qqq,一个大叉xxx; 像个2字zzz,一个半圆ccc,半个8字sss;z加h,zh zh zh, c加h,ch ch ch,s加h,sh sh sh, 小树发芽rrr;树叉树叉yyy, 波浪波浪www。像个2字zzz, 半个圆圈ccc,蚕儿吐丝sss.29拼读方法歌:
前音轻短后音重,两音相连猛一碰!声轻介快韵母响,三音连续不中断。山顶唱歌ge ge ge(一声)一路爬坡pa pa pa(二声)
二.发音练习儿歌 1 大南瓜
老奶奶,收南瓜,南瓜甜,南瓜大,拿不动,抱不下。走来一个小娃娃,拉着小车笑哈哈,帮助奶奶送南瓜。2 下雪了(le)
下雪了,下雪了,小河变胖了,小屋长高了,世界变白了,娃娃的鼻子变红了!3 小蝴蝶(i)
小蝴蝶,穿花衣,青草地上做游戏。飞到西,鸡吃你,飞到东,猫抓你。飞到我的手心里,说说话,放了你。4 捉蜻蜓(ing)
天灵灵,地灵灵,满天满地捉蜻蜓,捉蜻蜓,捉蜻蜓,捉到一只小蜻蜓。5打勾儿(ou)
金钩,银钩,我俩打个勾,伸出小指头。勾一勾,不吵嘴;勾两勾,握握手;勾三勾,做游戏;勾四勾,好朋友!6 两只羊(ang)
桥东走来一只羊,桥西走来一只羊,一起走到小桥上,你也不肯让,我也不肯让,扑通掉进河中央。小枕头(u)
小枕头,胖乎乎,让我枕着打呼噜。呼噜噜,呼噜噜,好像枕着小肥猪。8大雁下蛋(an)
大雁,大雁,头上转转,飞到水边,下个蛋蛋。
学习拼音用处大,识字读书要靠它,帮我学好普通话,看谁学得顶呱呱!
三发音记忆指导
声母(23)
像个6字b b b,右下半圆b b b。双唇紧闭,然后突然张开,读得轻又短。2
“9”字反写p p p。双唇紧闭,突然张开,把很强的气送出。发出p的声音,要轻 而短。
两个门洞m m m。嘴闭拢,声音从鼻子里出来。
伞柄朝上 f f f。上牙轻轻地放在下唇上,摩擦一下发出音。
像个反6
d
d
d
左下半圆
d
d
d。舌尖顶住上颚,堵住气流,然后舌尖突然离开,让气流冲出来。
伞柄朝下t
t
t。用薄纸放在嘴前,示范d
t的区别。(发t时,嘴里有一股气送出。)p、t一样。
一个门洞n
n
n,一扇小门n
n
n,像只小凳n
n
n,倒放茶杯n
n
n。8
一根小棒l l l。讲解读n时,鼻翼两侧微微振动,而发l时,没有这种感觉。9
一群白鸽g
g
g,鸽子花环g
g
g,9字加g
g
g。
一群蝌蚪k
k
k,像挺机枪k
k
k。嘴要送出一股气,用小纸条示范。11
像把椅子h
h
h。
鸡吃小虫j
j
j,竖弯加点j
j
j。“母鸡”的“鸡”读得轻一点,短一点就是声母j。
气球拖线q
q
q,左上半圆q
q
q,像个9字q
q
q。气球的“气”改成第声,读得轻短一些,就是声母q。q要用力,是送气的。14
刀切西瓜x
x
x,像个叉叉x
x
x。
zh比平舌音的z多了什么?“h”在这儿不念h,也不能和前面的z分开,z和h在一起表示读时要把舌头轻轻翘起来。
声母zh读得轻短些,整体认读音节zhi要读得响亮些、长些。织毛衣的“织”读得轻又短就是声母zh。
c加椅子ch
ch
ch。
小狮子站在什么地方?“狮”的声母就是sh。18
一轮红日r
r
r,小苗发芽r
r
r。
冬冬写字z
z
z,像个2字z
z
z。注意发音时牙齿不能舌尖咬住。z要用力,要送气。
小小刺猬c
c
c,半个圆圈c
c
c。21
蚕儿吐丝s
s
s,半个8字s
s
s。吐丝的“丝”字读得轻短一些就是声母“s”。22
像个树杈y y y。声母y音和单韵母i音相同,但要读得轻些短些。声母y也可以叫它大y。
像间屋子w w w。单韵母u发音响亮,声母w发音轻短,我们又叫它“大w”。韵母(24)单韵母(6)张大嘴巴,a a a!圆脸小姑娘,小辫右边扎!就是aaa.发音时嘴巴张大,唇形自然,声音响亮。
ü戴上了第一顶平平的帽子,就是第一声,读音也是平平的。发音时嘴张得比a小些,上下嘴唇收拢成圆形,气从嘴里自然流出,声音响亮。
á戴上了第二顶从左下到右上的帽子,就是第二声。读的时候就像有人问你话,没听清时,你会问:“á,你在说什么?”
ǎ戴上了第三顶帽子,就是第三声。音又不同了,由高到低再到高,形状像个钩。
à戴上了第四顶帽子,从左上到右下的帽子,就是第四声。我们读时声音要从高到低,就像惊叹:“à,你来了!” 圆圆嘴巴o o o。ō 公鸡喔喔啼。ï 原来是这样。ǒ 现在我懂了。î 真是太奇怪!扁扁嘴巴e e e。单韵母ý ý ý。大白鹅ã ã ã。真恶心þ þ þ。肚子饿â â â。发音时嘴角向两边咧开,唇形是扁平的。
4牙齿对齐i i i。i戴上帽子后和原来有什么不同?—i上的圆点不写。—戴上帽子把小圆点遮住了,所以i上标调去掉点。ÿ 这件衣服真好看!í 咦!我的铅笔在哪儿?ǐ拿把椅子您请坐。ì 你的意思我明白。嘴巴突出u
u
u.ū ū ū 火车呜呜叫。ú ú ú 没有就是“无”。ú ú ú 没有就是“无”。ù ù ù 我们爱公物。嘴唇拢圆,只留一个小孔,舌头向后缩,舌根抬起,发音口形不变。6
u上加点û û û,小鱼吐泡û û û.他姓於,ǖ ǖ
ǖ。我吃鱼,ǘ ǘ
ǘ。天下雨,ǚ ǚ
ǚ。一块玉,ǜ ǜ
ǜ。舌位和i相同,只是嘴唇要撮成圆形,发音时口形不变。口形像在吹笛子。复韵母(8)ai发音时口型要变。a读重些,i读轻些,两个音要连在一起,不能分开,读 ai 时可体会一下 “矮”的读音。我挨着你,你挨着我,üi
üi
üi。旧社会,孩子常挨饿,ái
ái
ái。姐姐高,弟弟矮,ǎi
ǎi
ǎi。我爱爸爸,我爱妈妈,ài
ài
ài。
学儿歌:a母出现a上标,a母不在找 o
e,i
u并列标在后,i上标调点去掉。2 ei丁丁砍柴,发出ei
ei
ei的声音。先发e音,很快地向i滑动,e重i轻。ui u在前,i在后.先发u,口形慢慢变小,变成i。u重i轻,一口气连成。i、u同在标在后。ao 就是“奥”的第一声。
先发a音,紧接着向o音滑动,a重o轻,就成了ao。üo(凹进凸出)áo(熬药)ǎo(棉袄)ào(骄傲)ou 先发o音,很快地向u滑动,o重u轻。ōu(海鸥)ïu(ïu,真奇怪)ǒu(鲜藕)îu(怄气)iu i在前,u在后.先发i,口形再变到u,i重u轻。iū努力学习要得优,iú我替妈妈去买油, iǔ他是我的好朋友.,iù我们要尊老爱幼。ie 先发i,紧接着向e滑动,i重e轻,就成了ie。8 ue先发û音,很快地向e滑动。û重e轻,就成了ûe。特殊韵母(1)er 讲解它是由e和r合在一起,但不是复韵母,它发音时舌头要往上卷。er发音时舌头往上卷,是个卷舌音。它只能单独做音节,不和声母相拼,用法很特别,所以叫它“特殊韵母”。ãr(儿童)
þr(耳朵)
âr(第二)前鼻韵母(5)an 把an和-n合在一起,先发a,口不宜张得太大,马上用舌尖顶住上腭的前部,使气流从鼻孔出来,要念成一个音。先写a,再写n,团结友爱不分开。ün(天安门)ǎn(俺家)
àn(黑暗)en 先发e,马上用舌尖顶住上腭的前部,使气流从鼻孔中出来。ýn(恩情)(周恩来)ân(摁铃)3 in荫”的韵母 un蚊子是害虫。蚊子最讨厌。我们要消灭蚊子。lūn(抡东西)
lún(轮船)
lùn(理论)vn j
q
x不与un相拼,只和ûn相拼,所以j
q
x与ûn相拼时,û上两点省去不写。后鼻韵母(4)前鼻韵母的韵尾是“-n”,发音时舌尖抵住哪里?(上腭的前部。)齐读前鼻韵母,问:发“-n”的时候,口开得大不大?后鼻韵母,用什么记号呢?我们在-n后面加上一个字母g,在这里它不念g,和n合在一起念“-ng”。发-ng的时候,口要开得大一些,舌尖的后面部分要往后靠,下巴要放下来。ang 敲钟的声音是怎样的?念ang音。2 eng
你知道有哪些灯?念eng音。3 ing
在-ng的前面加上i你会念吗? ong像什么动物发出的声音?(蜜蜂的叫声、苍蝇的叫声、蚊子的叫声)整体认读音节(16)
ye
ie是复韵母,不能给汉字注音,整体认读音节ye跟复韵母ie的读音一样,写的时候,要把i换成声母y。yý 椰树 yã 爷爷 yþ 田野 yâ 叶子 yue
与ûe的读音相同,复韵母ûe,整体认读音节yue。写yue时,要把ûe的两点去掉,前面加上声母y。谁能说说为什么要去掉û的两点?(大y来带头,小û擦掉眼泪笑嘻嘻。)û不但和大y在一块儿把眼泪擦去,回忆一下,û见了谁也把两点给藏起来了?(小û见了j
q
x,去掉两点还念û。)yuan
yuün(冤家)
yuán(原因)
yuǎn(遥远)
yuàn(庭院)yin
在in的前面加上声母y,就是整体认读音节yin,它的读音和前鼻韵母in相同。树荫下面多阴凉,yÿn yÿn yÿn
十五的月亮洒银光,yín yín yín 夏天热,喝饮料,yǐn yǐn yǐn
杯上有个小手印,yìn yìn yìn 5 yun
yun的读音与ûn一样,它的韵母是ûn,而不是un。为什么yun要把û的两点去掉?(大y来带头,小û擦掉眼泪笑嘻嘻。yūn(晕倒、晕车)
yún(白云)
yǔn(陨石)
yùn(运气)ying
ing加上了大y,成为了整体认读音节ying,它们的读音相同。zhi chi shi ri zi1 ci si yi yu wu 前鼻韵母的韵尾是“-n”,发音时舌尖抵住哪里?(上腭的前部。)齐读前鼻韵母,问:发“-n”的时候,口开得大不大?后鼻韵母,用什么记号呢?我们在-n后面加上一个字母g,在这里它不念g,和n合在一起念“-ng”。发-ng的时候,口要开得大一些,舌尖的后面部分要往后靠,下巴要放下来。ang 敲钟的声音是怎样的?念ang音。2 eng
你知道有哪些灯?念eng音。3 ing
在-ng的前面加上i你会念吗? ong像什么动物发出的声音?(蜜蜂的叫声、苍蝇的叫声、蚊子的叫声)
第二篇:一年级语文课堂教学模式
一年级语文课堂教学模式
一年级语文课主要以识字教学为主,针对新教材识字量大,多认少写,认写分开,尽早阅读的特点,我们在识字教学应中采取以学生为本,把握识字规律,创新识字方法的教学模式,从而培养学生自主识字的能力。
这种教学模式,我们主要采取了以下方法: 1.形象记忆法
在识记象形字时,我们画出相对应的简笔画,把抽象的汉字形象化,学生很快就能记住这些字。比如:山、水等。学习会意字时,常通过画图或实物演示等方法使学生轻松识记。如学习“春、夏、秋、冬”时,根据经验,知道孩子们不容易记住这几个字,于是准备帮帮他们。学“春”时,我们问孩子们:“日就是太阳,太阳出来了,天气很暖和,很多人(用“三”表示)都出来玩了,是什么季节?”就把“春”分成了“日、三、人”三个部分,通过理解进行识记。学“夏”字时,用多媒体闪现红色的“目”,问“这是什么字?”(目)“它就是我们的眼睛,太阳太大了,于是人们用东西(闪现“目”的上面部分)遮住眼睛,想想这是什么季节?”对“秋”字,我们是这样问的:“庄稼成熟了,农民把禾苗扛回家烧火做饭了。(多媒体出现相关图片)这是什么季节?”我们指着“冬”的两点问:“下雪是什么季节?”像这样将字通过形象的分析、组合,既能使孩子很快识记生字,又能掌握字义,达到事半功倍的效果。
2.儿歌识字法 读儿歌是低年级孩子比较感兴趣的活动。我们可以根据汉字的特点,编一些适合儿童情趣和理解水平的歌诀,让他们反复诵读,使他们对字形产生直观形象,从而提高记忆质量。如:教学“草”时,我们教孩子们念“早上长青草,草、草、草”;学“坐”时念:“两人土上坐,坐、坐、坐,坐下的坐”等。并由老师的编逐步过渡到引导孩子创编,激发孩子们的学习兴趣,培养他们的创新能力,表达能力。
3故事识字法
小孩子都喜欢听故事,在识字教学中,若能把一个个抽象的汉字演绎活化成一个个生动有趣的小故事,让他们通过听故事、讲故事,在轻松、愉快的氛围中记住生字,更能激发他们的识字兴趣。如教学“ 望”字时,我们给孩子们讲了个小故事:从前,有个小王子,他的妈妈死了,他很想念妈妈,人们告诉他妈妈到月亮上去了,于是他常常抬头望月亮想妈妈。同时教儿歌“王子望月望、望、望”。这样孩子们很快就记住了。
4.用比较法联系识字
在生字中有许多相近的字,在学习时,不让学生单独去认字,而是把相近的字一并出现,在比较中识字,在联系中区别。如:学习“目”字,可与“日”字相比较,“日”太阳只有一个,所以“日”里只有一横,“目”眼睛有两只,所以,“目”里有两横。5.鼓励孩子用自己喜欢的方式识字,激发学生识字的兴趣。每个孩子都希望自己成为一个发现者、创新者,他们喜欢用自己独有的方式去认识事物,得到肯定后往往会获得心灵上的满足,并会用更高的情趣,更积极的方式去探索新知。教师要想方设法保护他们这种热情,鼓励他们用自己的方式识字,不要强求统一。如:认识“玩”字时,有的孩子用“元”字加“王”就变成了“玩”,有的孩子用“王”加“二”再加“儿”;学习“挂”,有的说把“蛙”的“虫”变为“扌”,有上说“扌”加两个“土”等;出现这种情况,老师应该给予肯定和鼓励,这样有利于激发孩子识字的兴趣。6.生活中识字,课外阅读识字。
语文是最开放、最容易和社会发生联系的学科。因此识字教学也应该是开放的,不只局限于课堂,我们要运用好社会生活这个大课堂。我们要让孩子们主动认识出现在身边的字,如:学校的标语,街上的广告牌、店名,食品上的名称等。我们们可在班上开展“读故事讲故事”活动,既扩大了识字量,丰富字词积累,又培养了孩子的口头表达能力。
识字教学的方法还有很多,只要是孩子们感兴趣的就是好方法,只要是好方法就能提高识字效率。让我们不断探究,创造出更多更好的识字方法,为孩子们以后的学习打下坚实的基础。
第三篇:一年级语文课堂教学有感
一年级语文课堂教学有感
一年级孩子活泼好动,自控能力差,注意力保持时间短,要想取得良好的教学效果,必须有效的组织课堂教学。组织好课堂教学是上好一堂课的重要保证,是衡量一节课成功与否的重要标准,课堂教学组织的好坏直接影响教学任务的完成。以下是我对一年级语文课堂教学的几点感想:
一、激发学生兴趣,吸引学生注意力。
一年级的学生注意力不容易集中,他们刚刚踏入校园进行正规化的学习,所以不要把教学内容安排得过多,以免学生疲惫不堪,不仅没学到你意想中的知识,还使他们在下一节课中降低了学习的积极性。为了激发学生的学习兴趣,在课堂上,我都给学生带来了小奖品,哪怕只是一朵小红花,也会激起学生很大的兴趣。在上课前,我会让学生先看看我给他们准备的奖品,然后说:“如果今天谁上课坐得最端正,发言最积极,不做小动作,不说悄悄话,我就奖给他”,利用学生争强好胜的心理调动他们的积极性,能取得很好的效果。
二、课堂形式灵活多变,营造轻松、愉悦的学习环境。
课堂形式单一,很容易造成学生身心疲劳,从而转移注意力。针对这一现象,我想方设法设计灵活多变的教学活动。如:课堂上的小游戏、小表演、猜谜语、小活动等这些环节都能很好地把学生的注意力吸引到课堂中来。例如:《两只小狮子》这篇课文,对话较多,我先让学生分角色朗读,读出勤快狮子认真、懒狮子懒洋洋、小树奇怪、狮子妈妈语重心长的语气来。然后,分角色戴上头饰表演,(同学们非常乐于表演。)找四位同学上台表演,分别戴上勤快狮子、懒狮子、小树、狮子妈妈的头饰。这四位同学各自模仿所扮演角色的语言、动作,按故事发展顺序进行表演,无论是语言,还是动作都 1
表演得惟妙惟肖,使班内气氛异常活跃。同学们在愉快的气氛中深受形象感染,既使学生充满兴趣,又充分理解了课文内容;既减轻了负担,又提高了质量。同时,在课堂教学中,当学生注意力不够集中的时候可以运用事先约定好的一些口令组织教学。具体做法是:师:“1、2、3”,学生马上作出回答“坐整齐”;“小眼睛”“看黑板”;“谁是老师的好学生”“我是老师的好学生”等。教师和学生一唱一和对儿歌,既简单,又很有节奏感。使师生之间的距离缩短了,学生主动地参与到教师的教学过程中,没有走神的机会,从而提高课堂的教学质量。
三、课堂上多鼓励,多赏识,让学生变得自信
自信,是一个人走向成功的开始。对于一个刚从幼儿园走出来的小孩子,他们不懂得什么叫自信,但他们都喜欢在集体中表现自己,喜欢在竞争中获得胜利,进而获得老师和同学赏识的目光。每个学生都希望自己在老师眼中是最好的,一年级的孩子也不例外,最喜欢听到老师的表扬,一听到表扬就会有更好的表现。在课堂中,我及时表扬守纪律的学生,使其他同学受到感染。当学生回答正确完整,我会立刻对他的表现给予肯定,可以说“你真棒” “你真行”“你的声音真响亮”“你说得真好”等,为了带动其他学生,我会抓住时机说:“还有谁能像他那样说?”要是答错了,也要给予鼓励,如“你坐下再想想,下次你一定能行”等,也可以用“掌声”或“送小红花”等方法鼓励他们,让每一位学生都感受到希望和鼓励,体会成功的喜悦,觉得自己是学习的主人,更加坚定学习的自信和勇气。
六、课堂作业趣味性,唤起学生学习欲望
作业的设计要可写、可读、可看、可操作、可玩耍,让每项活动增加目的性,要充分发挥学生的主动性和创造性,让听、说、读、写与演、唱、画、做等多种形式相结合,让学生动手、动脑、动口,符合他们好奇、爱动、形象思维占优势的特点,把语文技能的培养与活动相贯穿,让学生对作业充满兴趣。因此,我设计作业尽量使作业灵活新颖,富有情趣,吸引学生。如,很多学生喜欢绘画,学习古诗《鹅》,我让学生根据诗文画一只“美丽的大白鹅”,把鹅在水中游的动作、神态用画展示出来;例如课文《四个太阳》,我让学生边听儿歌《种太阳》边画出太阳,然后再写出祝福的语言。这样的作业唤起了学生的学习欲望,更乐意学习语文。
总之,低年级的语文教学,属于起步阶段的教学。兴趣是最好的老师,有了兴趣,不用老师多讲,学生也会主动积极地学习语文,这样对学生一生的发展受益无穷。对于学生学习兴趣地培养,是我们每一位语文教师必须注意的问题,只有学生的学习兴趣浓厚了,教师的教学才相对轻松,其教学效果才好。
第四篇:双语教学辅助资料
《免疫学导论》(于善谦等编,高等教育出版社)
双语教学辅助资料
Auxiliary Material of Bilingual Teaching
for Introduction to Immunology
蚌埠医学院免疫学教研室
Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College
Feb.to Jun.2006
CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1-1 Origination and development of Immunology 1-2 Essential points of concepts of immunology
CHATPTER TWO ANTIGEN 2-1 Basic concept and types of antigen 2-2 The molecular base of antigen 2-3 The immunological features of antigen 2-4 Invasive and infectious antigens
CHAPTER THREE ANTIBODIES 3-1 Structures and classes of immunoglobulins 3-2 The gene of immunoglobulins 3-3 Synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulins
CHAPTER FOUR COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
4-1 Composition and physiochemical properties of complement system 4-2 Complement activation 4-3 The control of complement reaction and biological effect of complements 4-4 Biosynthesis of complement and complement deficiency
CHAPTER FIVE CELLS, TISSUES AND ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM 5-1 The structure and function of organs and lymphoid tissue and organs 5-2 The cells in immune system
CHAPTER SIX MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
6-1 Structure and function of major histocompatibility antigen 6-2 Gene structure and genetics of major histocompatibilty complex 6-3 The Principle and application of detection for MHC
CHAPTER SEVEN ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION AND ITS APPLICATION 7-1 Antibody preparations
7-2 The principle of antigen-antibody reaction 7-3 Common techniques in immuno-analysis
CHAPTER EITHT CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
8-1 Basic concept for immune response 8-2 The basic process of immune response, 8-3 Cell apoptosis and immunity
CHAPTER NINE IMMUNE REGULATION 9-1 The regulation of antigen and antibody in the
immune response
9-2 The regulatory effect of immune cells in
immune response
9-3 Interleukins and Immune regulation 9-4 Immune tolerance
CHAPTER TEN HYPERSENSITIVITY 10-1 Type I Hypersensitivity
10-2 Type II Hypersensitivity(Cytotoxic
Hypersensitivity)
10-3 Type III Hypersensitivity(Immune complex
hypersensitivity)
10-4 Type IV Hypersensitivity(Delayed Type
Hypersensitivity)
CHAPTER ELEVEN ABNORMAL IMMUNE
RESPONSES
11-1 Auto immune response 11-2 Transplantation Immunology 11-3 Anti-tumor Immunology 11-4 Immunologic deficiency
CHAPTER TWELVE THE EVOLUTION OF
IMMUNE SYSTEM
12-1 The immunity of invertebrate animals 12-2 The immune evolution of vertebrate animals CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION(绪言)
1-1
Origination and development of 1-2
Essential points of concepts of Immunology immunology 1-1-1 Infection and immunity of 1-2-1 Innate immunity and acquired diseases immunity
1-1-2 Foundation and development of 1-2-2 Immune response the discipline of Immunology 1-2-3 Immunology and practically 1-1-3 Recent development of applications Immunology 1-2-4 Branches of Immunology and their development
The term “IMMUNITY”, originally, and might still be considered by people, means the ability of host to resistance to infectious disease.However, the modern concept of immunity is conferring the host the specific function to recognize and neutralize and/or eliminate foreign materials or substances(biological or non-biological, and even sometime self tissue components)to maintain the homeostasis of host internal environment.Immunity includes innate immunity and acquired immunity, the former is inherent, very quick, and non-specific respond to invasive pathogens;whereas the latter is acquired and adapted after birth of host, and induced specific respond to foreign material(infectious or noninfectious).The Immunology is a study to focusing on how of host to recognition of self and non-self, and how of the response to foreign material(Antigen)and
1-1 Origination and development of Immunology 1-1-1 Infection of and immunity to diseases Fetal epidemic disease, smallpox(variola), dead rate by smallpox 30-40%;killed millions of peoples in this globe before nineteenth century.From Song Dynasty Chinese doctor invested a technique called variolation(人痘接种法)to prevent children from smallpox
1798, an young doctor in England, Jenner, created a new method, vaccination(牛痘接种法), to prevent the children from smallpox, and finally, by using this very effective technique, the smallpox, a fatal epidemic disease has been eliminated in the world, stated by the WHO in 1979.orbility smallpox, measles(, thypho, cholera(伤寒),anthrax 鼠疫 鼠疫,疟疾malaria 1-1-2 Foundation and development of the discipline of Immunology
(1)1.Foundation of immunology
(1)Louis Pasteur, was a famous biochemist in France in 19th century, contributed his lots of effort to immunization to prevent animal and human from several serious diseases(cholera霍乱, anthrax炭疽, rabies(狂犬病)---vaccination---active immunization
(2).Development of experimental immunology
1-1-3 Recent development of I mmunology(1).Humoral immunology,(2).Cellular immunology
1-2 Essential points of concepts of immunology 1-2-1 Innate immunity and acquired immunity
1-2-2 immune response
1-2-3 Immunology and practically applications
1-2-4 Branches of Immunology and their development
Basic concept or definition for the term “IMMUNITY”, originally, and usually still be considered by common people, means the ability of host to resistance to infectious disease.However, at present, the modern concept of immunity, is conferring the host specific functions to recognize and final neutralize and/or eliminate foreign materials or substances(biological or non-biological, and even sometime self)to maintain the homeostasis of host internal environment.Immunity include innate immunity and acquired immunity, the former is inherent, very quick, and non-specific respond to invasive pathogens;whereas the latter is acquired and adapted after birth of host, and induced specific respond to foreign material(infectious or noninfectious).The Immunology is a study to focusing on how of host to recognition of self and non-self, and how of the response to foreign material(Antigen)and
1-1 Origination and development of Immunology 1-1-1 Infection of and immunity to diseases
Fetal epidemic disease, smallpox(variola), dead rate by smallpox 30-40%;From Song Dynasty Chinese doctor invested a technique called variolation(人痘接种法)to prevent children from smallpox
1798, an young doctor in England, Jenner, created a new method, vaccination(牛痘接种法), to prevent the children from smallpox, and finally, by using this very effective technique, the smallpox, a fatal epidemic disease has been eliminated in the world, stated by the WHO in 1979.orbility smallpox, measles(, thypho, cholera(伤寒)霍乱,anthrax炭疽 鼠疫 鼠疫,疟疾malaria
1-1-2 Foundation and development of the discipline of Immunology
1-1-3 Recent development of Immunology
1-2 Essential points of concepts of immunology 1-2-1 Innate immunity and acquired immunity
1-2-2 immune response
1-2-3 Immunology and practically applications
1-2-4 Branches of Immunology and their development
CHATPTER TWO ANTIGEN(抗原)
2-1 Basic concept and types of antigen 2-1-1 antigen and immunogen 2-1-2 classes/types of antigen
2-2 The molecular base of antigen 2-2-1 chemical features of antigen 2-2-2 antigen determinants
2-3 The immunological features of antigen 2-3-1 The exogenicity of antigen 2-3-2 The relation of immunogenecity
2-1 Basic concept and types of antigen 2-1-1 antigen and immunogen
2-1-2 classes/types of antigen
2-2 The molecular base of antigen 2-2-1 chemical features of antigen
2-2-2 antigen determinants
to individual and immunization manner
2-3-3 The specificity of antigen and
immuno-predominance of antigen
2-3-4 The immunologic feature of
hapten
2-4 Invasive and infectious antigens 2-4-1 Bacteria 2-4-2 Fungi 2-4-3 virus
2-3 The immunological features of antigen 2-3-1 The exogenicity of antigen
2-3-2 The relation of immunogenecity to individual and immunization manner
2-3-3 The specificity of antigen and immuno-predominance of antigen
2-3-4 The immunologic feature of hapten
2-4 Invasive and infectious antigens 2-4-1 Bacteria
2-4-2 Fungi
2-4-3 Virus CHAPTER THREE ANTIBODIES(抗体)
3-1 Structures and classes of Immunoglobulins 3-1-1 The basic structure of antibodies 3-1-2 Classes and types of immunoglobulins 3-2 The gene of immunoglobulins 3-2-1 The gene structures of immunoglobulins 3-2-2 Rearrangement and expression
of immunoglobulin genes
3-2-3 The diversity of
immunoglobulin genes
3-3 Synthesis and secretion of
immunoglobulin
3-3-1 Humoral immune response and
the production of antibodies
3-3-2 Expression, assemble and
secretion of immunoglobulin 3-1 Structures and classes of Immunoglobulins 3-1-1 The basic structure of antibodies
3-1-2 Classes and types of immunoglobulins
3-2 The gene of immunoglobulins 3-2-1 The gene structures of immunoglobulins
3-2-2 Rearrangement and expression of immunoglobulin genes
3-2-3 The diversity of immunoglobulin genes
3-3 Synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin 3-3-1 Humoral immune response and the production of antibodies
3-3-2 Expression, assemble and secretion of immunoglobulin CHAPTER FOUR COMPLEMENT SYSTEM(补体系统)
4-1 Composition and physiochemical properties of complement system 4-1-1 Nomenclature of complement components 4-1-2 The physiochemical properties of complement components 4-2
Complement activation 4-2-1 The Classical pathway of complement activation 4-2-2 The lectin pathway of complement activation 4-2-3 The alternative pathway of complement activation.4-2-4 Membrane lysing complex formation in late phase of complement activation 4-2-5 Comparison of three pathways
in complement activation
4-3 The control of complement
reaction and biological effect of complements
4-3-1 Regulating protein of
complement activation in serum
4-3-2 Regulate protein on the surface
of cell membrane
4-3-3 Complement receptors 4-3-4 The biological function of
complement protein
4-4
Biosynthesis of complement and
complement deficiency
4-4-1 The gene of complements
4-4-2 The biosynthesis of complement 4-4-3 Complement deficiency and
complement deficient diseases 4-1 Composition and physiochemical properties of complement system 4-1-1 Nomenclature of complement components
4-1-2 The physiochemical properties of complement components
4-2 Complement activation
4-2-1 The Classical pathway of complement activation
4-2-2 The lectin pathway of complement activation
4-2-3 The alternative pathway of complement activation.4-2-4 Membrane lysing complex formation in late phase of complement activation
4-2-5 Comparison of three pathways in complement activation
4-3 The control of complement reaction and biological effect of complements
4-3-1 Regulating protein of complement activation in serum
4-3-2 Regulate protein on the surface of cell membrane
4-3-3 Complement receptors
4-3-4 The biological function of complement protein
4-4 Biosynthesis of complement and complement deficiency 4-4-1 The gene of complements
4-4-2 The biosynthesis of complement
4-4-3 Complement deficiency and complement deficient diseases
CHAPTER FIVE CELLS, TISSUES AND ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
(免疫系统的细胞、组织和器官)
5-1 The structure and functions of organs and lymphoid tissue and organs 5-1-1 The composition and function of primary lymphoid tissues and organs 5-1-2 The composition and function of secondary lymphoid tissues and organs 5-1-3 Lymphocyte re-circulation
5-2
The cells in immune system 5-2-1 B cells 5-2-2 T cells
5-2-3 Natural killer cells and natural
suppressor cells
5-2-4 phagocytes, granulocytes and
mast cells
5-2-5 Langerhans cells and dendritic
cells
5-1 The structure and function of organs and lymphoid tissue and organs 5-1-1 The composition and function of primary lymphoid tissues and organs
5-1-2 The composition and function of secondary lymphoid tissues and organs
5-1-3 Lymphocyte re-circulation
5-2 The cells in immune system
5-2-1 B cells
5-2-2 T cells
5-2-3 Natural killer cells and natural suppressor cells
5-2-4 phagocytes, granulocytes and mast cells
5-2-5 Langerhans cells and dendritic cells
CHAPTER SIX MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
(主要组织相容性复合体)
6-1 Structure and function of major histocompatibility antigen 6-1-1 Class I major histocompatibility complex(MHC-I)molecules 6-1-2 Class II major histocompatibility complex(MHC-II)molecules 6-1-3 The structural base of combination of peptide and MHC molecule
6-2 Gene structure and genetics of major histocompatibility complex 6-2-1 Inheritance and polymorphism of MHC 6-2-2 The gene structure of mouse MHC(H-2)
6-2-3 The gene structure of human
MHC(HLA complex)
6-2-4 Discovery and nomenclature of
HLA
6-3 The Principle and application of
detection for MHC
6-3-1 Detection of Class I HLA
antigen
6-3-2 Detection of Class II HLA
antigen
6-3-3 Phenotyping of HLA gene 6-3-4 Applications of detection of
HLA
6-1 Structure and function of major histocompatibility antigen 6-1-1 Class I major histocompatibility complex(MHC-I)molecules
6-1-2 Class II major histocompatibility complex(MHC-II)molecules
6-1-3 The structural base of combination of peptide and MHC molecule
6-2 Gene structure and genetics of major histocompatibility complex 6-2-1 Inheritance and polymorphism of MHC
6-2-2 The gene structure of mouse MHC(H-2)
6-2-3 The gene structure of human MHC(HLA complex)
6-2-4 Discovery and nomenclature of HLA
6-3 The Principle and application of detection for MHC 6-3-1 Detection of Class I HLA antigen
6-3-2 Detection of Class II HLA antigen
6-3-3 Phenotyping of HLA gene
6-3-4 Applications of detection of HLA
CHAPTER SEVEN ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(抗原-抗体反应及其应用)
7-1 Antibody preparations 7-2-2 The reaction of antibody to 7-1-1 Antiserum preparation mono valent antigen 7-1-2 The preparation of monoclonal 7-2-3 The reaction of antibody to antibody polyvalent antigen 7-1-3 The preparation of gene
engineering antibody 7-3 Common techniques in 7-1-4 The preparation of catalytic immune-analysis antibody 7-3-1 immune precipitation 7-3-2 immune labeling 7-2 The principle of antigen-antibody 7-3-3 In site immune-analysis reaction 7-3-4 Other applications for 7-2-1 Thermodynamics and dynamics antigen-antibody reaction of antigen-antibody reaction
7-1 Antibody preparations 7-1-1 Antiserum preparation
7-1-2 The preparation of monoclonal antibody
7-1-3 The preparation of gene engineering antibody
7-1-4 The preparation of catalytic antibody
7-2 The principle of antigen-antibody reaction 7-2-1 Thermodynamics and dynamics of antigen-antibody reaction
7-2-2 The reaction of antibody to monovalent antigen
7-2-3 The reaction of antibody to polyvalent antigen
7-3 Common techniques in immuno-analysis 7-3-1 immunoprecipitation
7-3-2 immune labeling
7-3-3 In site immuno-analysis
7-3-4 Other applications for antigen-antibody reaction
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
(细胞介导的免疫应答)
8-1 Basic concept for immune response 8-1-1 Non-specificity and specificity of immune response 8-1-2 Active immunity, passive immunity and adoptive immunity 8-1-3 Anergy
8-2
The basic process of immune response, 8-2-1 Antigen presenting cells
8-1 Basic concept for immune response 8-1-1 Non-specificity and specificity of immune response
8-1-2 Active immunity, passive immunity and adoptive immunity
8-1-3 Anergy
8-2 The basic process of immune response, 8-2-1 Antigen presenting cells
8-2-2 T cell activation
8-2-2 T cell activation
8-2-3 Exogenous antigen induced
immune response
8-2-4 Endogenous antigen induced
immune response
8-3
Cell apoptosis and immunity 8-3-1 The features of cell apoptosis 8-3-2 Detection of cell apoptosis 8-3-3 Effect of cell apoptosis on the
immune response
8-2-3 Exogenous antigen induced immune response
8-2-4 Endogenous antigen induced immune response
8-3 Cell apoptosis and immunity 8-3-1 The features of cell apoptosis
8-3-2 Detection of cell apoptosis
8-3-3 Effect of cell apoptosis on the immune response
CHAPTER NINE IMMUNE REGULATION(免疫调节)
9-1 The regulation of antigen and antibody in the immune response 9-1-1 The antigen regulation 9-1-2 The antibody regulation 9-1-3 The regulatory effect of idiotype-anti-idiotype antibodies
9-2 The regulatory effect of immune cells in immune response 9-2-1 Immune regulation of T cells 9-2-2 Immune regulation of other immune cells
9-3 Interleukins and Immune
regulation
9-3-1 The catalog of cytokines 9-3-2 Interleukins
9-3-3 Other cytokines produced by T
cells
9-4
Immune tolerance
9-4-1 Discovery of the immune
tolerance
9-4-2 Foundation requirement and
induction pathway of immune tolerance
9-4-3 The mechanism for Immune
tolerance
9-1 The regulation of antigen and antibody in the immune response 9-1-1 The antigen regulation
9-1-2 The antibody regulation
9-1-3 The regulatory effect of idiotype anti-idiotype antibodies
9-2 The regulatory effect of immune cells in immune response 9-2-1 Immune regulation of T cells
9-2-2 Immune regulation of other immune cells
9-3 Interleukins and Immunoregulation 9-3-1 The catalog of cytokines
9-3-2 Interleukins
9-3-3 Other cytokines produced by T cells
9-4
Immune tolerance
9-4-1 Discovery of the immune tolerance
9-4-2 Foundation requirement and induction pathway of immune tolerance
9-4-3 The mechanism for Immune tolerance
CHAPTER TEN HYPERSENSITIVITY(超敏反应)
10-1
Type I Hypersensitivity
10-1-1 The pathogenic mechanism of Type I hypersensitivity 10-1-2 Allergen in Type I Hypersensitivity 10-1-3 IgE and receptor for IgE 10-1-4 Common diseases induced by Type I Hypersensitivity
10-2 Type II Hypersensitivity(Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity)10-2-1 Injury mechanism of Type II Hypersensitivity 10-2-2 Type II Hypersensitivity and diseases
10-3 Type III Hypersensitivity 10-1 Type I Hypersensitivity
10-1-1 The pathogenic mechanism of Type I hypersensitivity
10-1-2 Allergen in Type I Hypersensitivity
10-1-3 IgE and receptor for IgE
10-1-4 Common diseases induced by Type I Hypersensitivity
10-2 Type II Hypersensitivity(Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity)
(Immune complex hypersensitivity)
10-3-1.The pathogenic causes of Type
III hypersensitivity
10-3-2 Common immune complex
diseases
10-4 Type IV Hypersensitivity
(Delayed Type Hypersensitivity)
10-4-1 Delayed Type Hypersensitivity 10-4-2 Intercellular reaction in delayed
type hypersensitivity
10-4-3
Common Type IV
hypersensitivity diseases
10-2-1 Injury mechanism of Type II Hypersensitivity
10-2-2 Type II Hypersensitivity and diseases
10-3 Type III Hypersensitivity(Immune complex hypersensitivity)10-3-1.The pathogenic causes of Type III hypersensitivity
10-3-2 Common immune complex diseases
10-4 Type IV Hypersensitivity(Delayed Type Hypersensitivity)10-4-1 Delayed Type Hypersensitivity
10-4-2 Intercellular reaction in delayed type hypersensitivity
10-4-3 Common Type IV hypersensitivity diseases
CHAPTER ELEVEN ABNORMAL IMMUNE RESPONSES
(异常免疫应答)
11-1 Auto immune response
11-1-1 The causes of auto immune response 11-1-2 Autoimmune diseases
11-2 Transplantation Immunology 11-2-1 Type of transplantation and immune response in allograft 11-2-2 Transplant antigen and transplant immunity 11-2-3 The approaches to reduce rejection of transplant
11-1 Auto immune response
11-1-1 The causes of auto immune response
11-1-2 Autoimmune diseases
11-2 Transplantation Immunology 11-2-1 Type of transplantation and immune response in allograft
11-2-2 Transplant antigen and transplant immunity
11-2-3 The approaches to reduce rejection of transplant
11-3 Anti-tumor Immunology 11-3-1 Tumor antigen
11-3-2 Host immune response to
tumor
11-3-3 Surveillance of and escape
from immunity to tumor
11-3-4 The therapeutic strategies in
immunity to tumor
11-4
Immunologic deficiency 11-4-1 Inherent immune deficiency 11-4-2 Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
11-3 Anti-tumor Immunology 11-3-1 Tumor antigen
11-3-2 Host immune response to tumor
11-3-3 Surveillance of and escape from immunity to tumor
11-3-4 The therapeutic strategies in immunity to tumor
11-4 Immunologic deficiency 11-4-1 Inherent immune deficiency
11-4-2 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome CHAPTER TWELVE THE EVOLUTION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
(免疫系统的进化)
12-1 The immunity of invertebrate animals
12-1-1 Immune cells and their
defense ability 12-1-2 The functions of soluble immune factors in humoral fluid 12-1-3 Transplant immunity and MHC like functions
12-2
The immune evolution of
vertebrate animals
12-2-1 The lymphoid tissues in
primary vertebrate animals
12-2-2 Comparison of lymphotissue
evolution between
invertebrates and vertebrates
12-2-3 The evolutions of lymphocytes
and immune molecules in vertebrates 12-1 The immunity of invertebrate animals 12-1-1 Immune cells and their defense ability
12-1-2 The functions of soluble immune factors in humoral fluid
12-1-3 Transplant immunity and MHC like functions
12-2 The immune evolution of vertebrate animals 12-2-1 The lymphoid tissues in primary vertebrate animals
12-2-2 Comparison of lymphotissue evolution between invertebrates and vertebrates
12-2-3 The evolutions of lymphocytes and immune molecules in vertebrates
第五篇:一年级语文课堂教学改进计划
一年级语文课堂教学改进计划
茶亭小学一
(二)班
张琦
半学期的教学工作已完成,从这次期中考试中,我认真分析试卷中存在的问题,反思半学期的教学工作,在对学生进行拼音教学中,发现学生对拼音学习记得快,忘得也快。尤其在试卷中就能反映出来,写鼻韵母有部分学生只写前五个,音节分类更是如此。由此导致后面的看拼音选图,不会拼读找不出正确的答案,这也影响了识字教学的进度。纵观试卷和学生半学期学习存在以下问题:
1、学生学习习惯的培养还需进一步需要加强,尤其中下等学生作业上交不及时,书写较乱,没质量。自主学习能力差。
2、新旧知识的学习不能够相互结合,学了新知识,忘了旧知识。知识掌握不牢固。
3、由于所任学科任务重,在保证上完安排的教学任务后,没有更多的时间来辅导学困生,加上家长回家不去监督读,学生读得差,写得能力更差。
4、学生识卷能力较差,对于一些比较活的题目正确率不是太高。
以上问题主要是由于学生的语感较差,理解能力较差。为了提高学生这方面的能力,我准备在后半学期做好以下几方面的工作来提高教学质量:
一、立足课堂,提高课堂的教学效率
激发学生兴趣是提高课堂效率的重点;备教材、备学生是课堂教学的保证;多给学生学习时间,训练学生思维,培养学生的学习能力,是我们奋斗的目标。课堂教学效率的高低与学生的注意力有极大的关系,若学生的思维能紧跟着教师的教学思路走,对教师的指导能积极配合,开动脑筋思考,那课堂的效率可想而知,如何抓住学生的注意力呢?教师的语言要富有亲和力、感染力。教师的思路清晰,就能用简洁明确的语言,带领着学生向着既定的目标前进,能充分调动不同层次的学生的兴趣。其实课堂教学效果如何,关键在于备课。所以我要先理清本册教材的教学安排,重点难点。每一堂课做到深入钻研教材,精心设计课堂教学,这样才能取得良好的教学效果。备课至少做到以下三点:即了解学生的知识储备,明确教学目标,掌握课文的重点内容和如何突破重点。课堂上,首先必须在学习时间上给予保证。要给学生充分的接触课文、诵读课文的时间,包括课前的预习以及课堂上的自由诵读。其次,我们还应该在学习方法上进行指导,教给一些有效的阅读方法(圈点法、质疑法、猜测法、讨论法等)。一篇课文,能够读进去,读明白,才谈得上独特的感受和体会。引导学生读进课文,挖掘文本中丰富、深厚的资源,在此基础上,再辅以各种有效的活动,让学生发散思维,才能让学生在课堂上学有所得。
二、课后及时巩固
每堂课的生字,基本都要求会写。所以及时地巩固就非常重要。争取家长的支持,每天都回家默写生字词语,第二天再到学校里来默写。在默写生字时,为了巩固拼音,让学生带着拼音默写,以防止经常不用学生会遗忘。并且一个单元结束后进行整体的复习。对于学生较难的题性可以进行方法指导后,专门收集一些题目进行练习。
三、培养学生良好的学习习惯
认真做好早读。培养品学兼优的学生,发挥好他们的带头作用,教给他们到校领着同学读书,帮助学习有困难的学生。以激励形式促进学生比着学,争着学的学习劲头。多出些试卷让学生多见卷子类型,重点培养学生自主学习的能力。
四、多关注后进生,加强培优补差工作。
对于班级中的一些后进生,在辅导中做到“低起点,小步走,勤辅导”。努力做到对学生:少一点批评多一些表扬,少一点指责多一些引导,少一点讽刺多一些鼓励,少一点训斥多一些启迪,少一点刁难多一些包容,少一点怀疑多一些放手,少一点刺激多一些尊重,少一点追究多一些挖掘。希望通过不断的努力,学生的各方面的能力都有所提高,我的教学质量也能上一个新的台阶。