第一篇：优秀英汉翻译教案
3.1.1 将单词分译成汉语的句子
1.She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking.她可以谅解地为自己高超的烹调技艺感到自豪。她自夸她高超的烹调技艺，这是有情可原的。
2.The ancients tried unsuccessfully to explain how a rainbow is formed.古人曾试图说明虹是怎样产生的，但没有成功。
3.Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of ―self-reliance.‖ 毛主席在谈到他的“自力更生”的政策时,也许有些自豪感,这是可以理解的。4.He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation.他摇了摇头，两目睁得圆圆的，接着又眯成一条线，脸上露出了愤怒的神色。3.1.2
将词组或短语译成汉语的句子
1.I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before.我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。2.I’m surprised to learn that he lost the game.我惊奇地获悉他在比赛中失利了。
我听说他在比赛中失利了，感到十分意外。
3.Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers.男人们很聪明，他们不会上时装设计师的当。
4.Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，这是一条普遍公认的规律。5.Their power increased with their number.他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。3.1.3
将分句译成句子
1.On behalf of all of your American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.我谨代表所有美国客人向你们表示感谢，感谢你们的无可比拟的盛情款待，中国人民以这种盛情款待而闻名世界。
2.He just stood there with his arms folded when he might have given me a hand.他本可以帮我一把，却偏偏只是站在那儿袖手旁观。
3.Basic education is the key area where according to a study of 30 countries by an outstanding economist the return is 30%.基础教育是一个关键领域；据一位著名经济学家对30个国家的研究，其收益率为30%。4.Three may keep secret if two of them are dead.若要三人保密，除非两人死去。3.2 名词性从句的译法
4.It’s quite probable that he is gone.（他已经走了，那是很可能的。）
他很可能已经走了。
5.It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.<
> 用that,what,how等引导的宾语从句汉译时一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。1.I told him that because of the last condition, I’d have to turn it down.我告诉他，由于那是最后一个条件，我只得谢绝。2.Can you hear what I said?
你能听得到我所讲的吗？ 用 it 作假宾语的句子，汉译时 that 引导的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序；it不译。I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o’clock in the morning.我向他们讲清楚了的，他们必须在上午十点前交卷。有时译文中也可将that引起的宾语从句提前。如：
I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.我被选参加会议，感到光荣。
（一）同位语从句不提前，如：
1.He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.他表示希望再到中国来访问。
（二）同位语从句提前，如：
2.But I knew I couldn’t trust him.There was always the possibility that he was a political swindler.但我知道不能轻信他。他是个政治骗子这种可能性总是存在的。3.Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.然而，从一开始，我仍然活着这个事实却偏偏被忽视了。
（三）增加“即”或用冒号、破折号分开，如：
3.But considered realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.但是现实地考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样的事实：我们的前景并不妙。
Exercises: 1.It was natural that now the conversation turned to the tragic events that had taken place there a month before.2.It is clear that she has some great sorrow.3.A principle of science tells what usually happens under certain conditions.4.I took it for granted that he would sign the document.5.He is surprised to read the news in the newspaper that his father should be still alive.3.3 长句的译法
所谓切断法，就是按英语句子的语序把英语长句“化整为零”，按意群将长句断开译成若干汉语分句。如：
If you reach Chicago by train and spend only an hour or two there you will feel the light wind off the lake which gives it the name ― Windy city‖.如果你乘坐火车抵达芝加哥，即使只在那里逗留一两个小时，你也会感觉到从湖边吹拂过来的阵阵清风，这就是芝加哥之所以叫做“风城”的缘故。
在遇到长句时，应首先考虑能否把此句化整为零，在采用切断法时，要注意的一个问题是适当运用汉语的关联词。3.3.2 拆译法（分句法）
就是将英语句子中有些成分从句中拆出来另行处理，或置于句尾，以利用句子的总体安排。如：
The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此发了言。他说他不能够解释为什么共和党遭到了这样大的失败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众院中长期享有的优势。And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.由于受到顽强抵抗，吹嘘能在几个小时内就占领要地的敌人甚至还没有能占领外围地带，这一事实使我增强了信心。
第四章： 辞格的翻译 由于东西文化的不同，也造成了英汉比喻的差异。在英语中能引起美感的比喻直译到汉语中却往往平淡无奇，不知所云，甚至引起歧异和误解。4.1.1: 保留喻体形象
喻体和喻义完全相同的英汉对应成语和谚语一般可采取直译方法，保留原喻体。
（一）保持喻义不变，喻体不变，修辞手段不变 1.The eye is the window of the heart.眼睛是心灵的窗户。
The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.It is its natural manure.自由之树须常以爱国志士和暴君的血来浇灌，这些鲜血是自由之树的天然肥料。
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.书有浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。
（二）既译出原文喻体又点出其喻义
1.Britain’s economic policy is now being pulled by the magnet of the next election.下一次大选磁铁般地牵引着英国经济政策。2.I’ve got one of my Sahara thirsts on tonight.今晚我又觉得象撒哈拉沙漠那样干渴。
3.Advice and correction roll off him like water off a duck’s back.劝导对他好象水过鸭背似的不起作用。4.1.2：替换喻体形象
由于英汉语言存在着文化上的差异，有些比喻翻译时如保留原喻体形象不利于读者理解，而汉语中恰有相应的固定比喻，这时可用符合中国人习惯，且能引起读者同样联想，同样情感的比喻来替换。
Mr.Smith may serve as a good secretary, for he is as close as an oyster.史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他守口如瓶。
She felt that she must not yield, she must go on leading her humdrum life.This was her punishment for having made a mistake.She had made her bed, and she must lie on it.她觉得她不能打退堂鼓，她必须继续过她那单调的生活。这是她犯了错误受到的惩罚，她要自食其果。
1.Lock the stable door after the horse is stolen.2.Throw a sprat to catch a whale.1.亡羊补牢 2.抛砖引玉
Translate the following Paragraph The flakes were falling thick and hard now, pouring past the window, a waterfall of mystery.Occasionally, one would stick to the glass, as if reluctant to tumble to its fate.Then, slowly, slipping and sliding down the glass, it would melt, its beauty fleeting.Gone.-------First Snow 4.2
矛盾修饰法（oxymoron）
矛盾修饰法是把意义上相互矛盾或不协调的两个词或词组放在一起使用，组成句子描述一个事物，表达一种思想或说明一个道理
这些词或词组从字面上看似乎自相矛盾，但仔细回味便会感到意味深长，妙趣横生。如：a living death, a clever fool
汉语中有一种称为反映（对顶）的修辞格与英语的矛盾修饰法十分相象。如：陌生的朋友等
2.„though I cannot be said to be a flattering honest man, it must be denied but I am a plain-dealing villain„
我固然不是一个阿谀的正人君子，可是谁也不可否认我是一个正大光明的小人。3.Better a witty fool than a foolish wit.与其做愚蠢的智人，不如做聪明的愚人。
4.It is an open secret that the doctor and the nurse are already of one mind.这位医生和护士情投意合已成为公开的秘密。
有的矛盾修辞格含有言外之意，如按字面意义直译出来会显的别扭而无法作到忠实于原文，遇到这种情况时，译时就需将原文的词义进行引申，使之通俗易懂，确切表达原意。
I despite its very vastness and power.It(New York)has the poorest millionaires, the small greatest men, the haughtiest beggars , the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever saw.最贫穷的富翁，最矮小的伟人，最高傲的乞丐，最丑陋的美人，最低矮的摩天大楼，和最令人悲哀的欢乐。
4.2.2 有时可将矛盾修辞格中的两个词的修饰与被修饰的关系译为并列关系。1.In the thought there was a bitter sweetness.想到这里，她是甜中带苦，苦中带甜。
2.He could almost picture God the father looking down with sad wonder at this mischief.他几乎可以想象天父上帝悲哀而惊异地俯视着这一片灾害。
1.Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in …and you waited with beating heart for something to happen? 不知你是否有过这样的经历——在海上航行遇上了大雾，周围一片白，好象着实把你关在一个黑暗的地方„„你的心也怦怦直跳，生怕出事。4.3 轭式搭配法（Zeugma）
是指用一个词与句中两个或更多的词相搭配，其中只有一个搭配是合乎逻辑的，其他的都不能构成自然搭配。
这种修辞格的特点是：生动形象，风趣幽默，言简意赅，感染力强。4.3.2 转换法
当轭式搭配是由一个介词和两个宾语组成，翻译时将其中一个介词短语译作状语，另一个译作谓语。
1.He left in a huff and a taxi.他怒冲冲地乘出租车离开了。
2.She went home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair.她泪如泉涌地坐着轿子回家了。
3.The general lost the town and his head.那位将军因为失了城池而被斩首。
4.Mrs.Smith got out of bed and humor.史密斯夫人郁郁寡欢地起了床。
4.3.3
分译法
如果是由一个动词和两个以上的宾语组成，译时将这一个动词与宾语分别搭配，并将动词的词义做适当引申，以适合与其搭配的宾语。1.He lost the game and his temper.他输了这一局，大发脾气。
2.Mr.White swallowed bread and butter and a spasm of emotion.怀特先生吞下了奶油面包，忍住了一阵激动。3.Tom took his hat and his leave.汤姆拿起帽子，告辞离去。
4.She was dressed in a maid’s cap , a pinafore, and a bright smile.她戴着女仆帽子，扎着围裙，脸上露出欢悦的微笑。5.She lost her heart and necklace at a ball.在一次舞会上，她倾心爱上了一个人，但却丢失了她的项链。4.4
拟声的翻译（Onomatopoeia)Onomatopoeia 是指模仿事物或动作声音而构成的词语。它是一种重要的构词法，也是一种重要的修辞手段，如运用恰当，可以加深印象，增强气势，提高文字对动态的描绘和音乐效果。
（二）在译文中改变拟声词在句中的功能
英语的拟声词大多是作动词和名词，而现代汉语的拟声词大都是当作动词和名词的修饰语用，直接作动词和名词的情况较少。因此在翻译时往往在其后面加上一定的动词或名词，而把其译成修饰语，即副词或形容词。
1.All was quiet and still except for the distant tinkling of a piano.除了远处一架钢琴的叮当叮当声外，万籁俱寂。2.The car started with rheumatic wheezing.汽车发出风湿病人似的呼哧呼哧声开动了。3.Jack rattled the ice in his glass, round and round.杰克来回哗啦啦地搅着杯子里的冰块。4.The dishes crashed to the floor.盘子碟子哗啦哗啦地落在地上打碎了。
5.Tracers started from three sides, right past my windows, these big pink streaks, zing,zing,zing.曳光弹从三面向我射来，正好经过我的窗口，一道道巨大的粉红色曳光弹发出嗖„„嗖„„嗖的声音。
4.4.2 翻译时增加或减去拟声词
一、原文中没有拟声词，但为了增强表达效果，在译文语言习惯允许的情况下，译文中可以增加适当的拟声词。
1.Besides, I dreamt of nothing all last night but of fighting, and I thought the blood ran out of my nose as liquor out of a tap.而且昨天夜里我做了一夜的梦，梦的全是打仗。我觉得血从我鼻子里咕嘟咕嘟地往外淌，就象拔开塞子的酒桶似的。
2.That old man was sucking vigorously at a pipe.那老头正在叭达叭达地抽着一个烟袋。
3.The tears she could not hold back fell on his face.她那抑制不住的眼泪扑碌碌地落在他的脸上。4.The logs were burning briskly in the fire.木柴在火中哔哔剥剥地烧得正旺。5.Tom fell asleep almost immediately.汤姆几乎倒头就呼呼睡了。
6.The kids are crying loudly.孩子们在哇哇大哭。
（二）原文中有拟声词，译文中减去拟声词 英译汉时，原文中的拟声词并不是在任何情况下都必须在译文中加以机械地复制。拟声词的运用必须有利、有节。
1.They heard the roar of cannons as the enemy’s ship approached.敌舰逼近时，他们听到了加农炮的轰击声。
2.After a neigh the poor horse fell down on the ground and could not stand up any longer.那匹可怜的马长嘶一声，就跌倒在地，再也站不起来了。3.The train puffed towards Tokyo from Sendai.火车从仙台开向东京。
4.There came a murmur of conversation from the next room.隔壁房间传来一阵轻轻的谈话声。
5.The squeaking of the radio was disturbing everybody.收音机的声音在扰乱大家。
The cock in the yard crowed its first round.院子里的公鸡已经叫头遍了。
所谓习语，是指经过人们长期使用沿袭而提炼出来的形式简洁、意义精辟的定型词组或短语。就广义而言，习语包括成语、谚语、俗语、歇后语、俚语、格言等。
一、英汉习语比较
从形和义的角度来看，英汉习语的异同大体表现在以下四个方面：
A.英汉习语形义全同, 这类习语为数少，例如： Barking dogs do not bite.吠犬不咬人。
Who is contented, enjoys.知足者常乐。
Misfortunes never come singly.祸不单行。
It is harder to change human nature than to change rivers and mountains.江山易改，本性难移。Like father, like son.有其父必有其子。
B.习语形义基本相同, 这类习语比上面一类在数量上要多些，例如： to take a load off one's mind 如释重负 to run in the same groove;to cut from the same cloth.如出一辙
to make a beast of oneself 形同禽兽
He that hath been bitten by a serpent is afraid of a rope.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕草绳。Shallow streams make most din.水深不响，水响不深。Money makes the mare go.有钱能使鬼推磨。
C.英汉习语形似义异,这类习语相当多，例如： When a dog is drowning every one offers him drink.救了落水狗，反咬你一口（强调好心得不到好报）
狗若落水人人救（强调人人伸出援之手。)Ignorance of the law is no excuse of breaking it.不知者无罪（强调网开一面）法盲犯法不可恕，（强调严格执行法律。)Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁(着重“抓紧行动”)(强调“抓住时机”)D.英汉习语形异义似, 例如：
A word spoken is past recalling.一言既出，驷马难追。Great boast, small roast.干打雷，不下雨。
Take not a musket to kill a butterfly.杀鸡焉用宰牛刀。
to hit someone below the belt/to stab someone in the back 暗箭伤人
as weak as water 弱不禁风
E.英汉习语形义完全不同，例如：
cast one's bread upon the waters 不期望报答所作之事
keep the wolf from the door 免于饥饿，勉强度日 make one's blood freeze 令人恐惧
have bats in the belfry 头脑有点古怪
see the sun 活着
5.1.1 普通成语的翻译 直译法是翻译普通成语的一个主要方法，它有利于保留原文成语的比喻形象、民族特色和语言风格。
1.Her mind as she always said, was on something not so practical –castles in the air, really.她头脑里整天想的，正如她常说的，不是很实际的东西——实在是空中楼阁。2.He is pouring oil in the flame.他在火上浇油。
5.1.2
含有典故成语的翻译 5.1.3 意译法
1.You’d better pull up your socks next term.下学期你最好加把油。
2.All you’re doing is to beat the air.Try to be practical!你们所做的一切都是白费力气，还是实际点儿吧！
3.The teenagers don’t invite Bob to their parties because he is a wet blanket.同伴们不邀请鲍勃参加他们的宴会，因为他是一个令人扫兴的人。
4.Don’t try to flog a dead horse.I’ve told you that you cannot go to Paris, and that is the end of the matter.不要试做无用的事，我已告诉你，你不能去巴黎，这就是事情的结果。Bury one’s head in the sand To be full of beans Don’t count your chicken until they are hatched.Try to translate the following idioms 1.To take French leave 2.At one’s fingertips
3.To have a hand like a foot 4.As mute as a fish 5.To return good for evil 6.To shut one’s eyes against 7.To talk black into white 8.To face the music 9.Plain sailing 10.Laugh and grow fat 11.A leap in the dark 12.To show one’s colours
13.to make a noise in the world
2：比喻惨重的失败
3：皮洛士的失败，得不偿失
4：悬在达摩克里斯头上的剑，随时都在威胁着 5：象约伯一样穷
6： 为百合花上色，费力不讨好。
*皮洛士(Pyrrhus)是古希腊伊庇鲁斯国王，曾率兵至意大利与罗马交战，付出惨重代价，打败罗马军队，由此即以“皮洛士式的胜利”一词来借喻惨重的代价。在西方人眼里，百合花是高贵、贞洁、美丽的象征，故为百合花上色自然是做徒劳无益之事。*在《圣经》中，约伯以忍耐贫穷著称。
5.2 谚语的翻译
谚语是流传于民间的、形式相对稳定的、简洁而生动的语句，它总结了人民大众生活和工作的经验，具有诲人和劝解的功能。
5.2.2
意译法
1.He was left high and dry.2.Beggars cannot be choosers.他处在进退两难的境地。
做不了主，得随人家。3.Many dogs soon eat up a horse.人多好办事
4.She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth;she thinks she can do whatever she likes.她生长在富贵之家，认为凡事都可以随心所欲。5.I’m too old a dog that can’t learn new tricks.我太老了，在也 学不进什么新鲜玩意儿了。5.2.4 汉语谚语套用法
汉语中有些谚语和英语中的谚语具有对应的关系，可借来一用。1.Let’s put all the cards on the table.让我们打开天窗说亮话吧。
2.Can the leopard change his spots.江山易改，本性难易。
3.You can take a horse to the water but can’t make it drink.老牛不喝水，不可强按头。（不能强人所难）4.Let another’s shipwreck be your sea-mark.前车之覆，后车之鉴。5.In the end things will mend.车到山前必有路。
6.Man proposes, God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天。7.Diamond cut diamond.强中自有强中手。
8.In the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.山中无老虎，猴子称大王。9.Two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。5.3 汉语四字成语的运用
不论原文是成语与否，都可考虑译成汉语的成语。
1.They wisely keep their own counsel and did not express their opinion too loudly.他们明哲保身，决不大声发表言论。
2.Why do you love to find fault with someone? 你为什么总爱吹毛求疵？
3.To many Americans, China is still a faraway place —— unknown, unseen and fascinating.仍然有许多美国人觉得中国远在天涯海角，鲜为人知，令人心驰神往。4.He received this information with the utmost calmness and unconcern.听到这话他镇定自若，无所牵挂。5.How coldly and pitilessly!多么冷酷无情啊！5.4 俚语的翻译
英汉语都有委婉语，尤其见于表达有关不雅、不洁、令人生畏、令人讨厌的人或事物。如：
“死亡”
汉语：逝世、寿终、作古、谢世、归寂、坐化、牺牲、阵亡、殉职、捐躯、百年、与世长辞、崩驾、晏驾、薨、卒、不禄等等。
英语：pass away, go to one’s Maker, sleep with one’s fathers，join the great majority, join the angels, pay the debt of nature, be with God, be asleep in the Arms of God, go to glory, go to a better world, cross over the Great Divide, sleep the final sleep, go west, breathe one’s last, take one-way ride，lay down one’s knife and fork, hide one’s name under daisies, no Mayday，“上厕所” 大便，小便、方便
大解、小解、解手 去1号，去洗手间，去补妆，去卫生间 英语：
pay/answer a call of nature wash one’s hands use the bathroom, relieve oneself, do a job for oneself, do one’s business
Can I add some powder? Fix one’s face coke-stop, nature stop go to one’s private office
visit Lady Periam, visit the sand-box
“怀孕”：
Irish toothache to wear the apron high have a white swelling to be expecting a lady-in-waiting swallow a watermelon seed to be in a delicate/interesting condition in a family way eating for two a mother-to-be 汉语: 有喜、重身子、双身子、产妇
“老人”： 汉语：
年迈、年长、上了年纪、上岁数、年事已高等等 英语：
senior citizen, elderly people advanced in age, the longer living seasoned man golden age sunset years third age
“身体胖” 英语： big gal/girl broad in the beam chubby, plump, portly To fill out full-bodied, full-figured king-sized，on the heavy side well-rounded thickset Of classic proportions roly-poly
与汉语相比，英语委婉语不仅数量多，使用频繁，而且涉及的范围也相当广泛。
（一）、官方委婉语，如：
underutilization, human resources underdevelopment 严重的失业 negative saver 入不敷出的穷人
substandard housing, inner city 贫民区
house of correction, correctional facility 监狱
intelligence gathering 窃听
air support 空袭
circadian deregulation 伤亡
（二）、职业委婉语：人们为了提高某些行业的社会地位，常创造一些悦耳动听、冠冕堂皇的委婉语来称呼某些行业或职业，如： sanitary engineer meat technologist prison officer clairvoyant reader research consultant funeral director aisle manager member of the oldest profession
（三）学校委婉语：教师为了不挫伤学生和家长的自尊心，常采用委婉语。1.Lies 撒谎
Show difficulty in distinguishing between imaginary and factual material 2.Cheats 作弊
Needs help in learning to adhere to rules and standards of fair play 3.Steals 偷窃
Needs help in learning to respect the property rights of others 4.Is a bully 恃强欺弱 Has qualities of leadership but needs help in learning to use them democratically 5.4.2 赌咒语的翻译 Damn 1.I’ll be damned if I do.我要干这事，就不是人。2.God damn you!混帐！该死的！
3.Damn it!该死的！他妈的！4.Damn this work(rain)!讨厌的工作（雨）！5.Translation be damned!去他妈的翻译！
bloody 1.You bloody fool!2.He is a bloody character!3.It’s a bloody shame.4.He’s bloody drunk.第六章： 文学文体的翻译
要使译文适应原文的风格，必须首先了解作品所处的时代，作家本身的民族，其写作特点与创作意图等等。如：
He went away angrily.—— 他拂袖而去。
（违反了民族风格，西方人不穿中国古代的阔袖长衫。）
风格包括时代风格，民族风格，文体风格和作家的作品风格。They(studies)perfect nature, and are perfected by experience„ 读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足。6.3 适应原文作家的风格
在翻译时不可不先研究作者的风格问题，如果忽视了这一点，其结果是：只抓住了原文在体裁上的一些特征，而没有反映出作家的个人风格。如彭斯的诗
A Red Red Rose O, My luve’s like a red, red rose, That’s newly sprung in June, O, My luve’s like the melodie, That’s sweetly play’d in tune.6.4 适应原文的文体风格
1936年，爱德华八世在他禅位前，向英国国民发布广播讲话：
„ But you must believe me when I tell you that I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duty as king as I would wish to do, without the help and support of the woman I love.But you must accord me credence when I state to you that I found it impossible to endure the heavy burden of responsibility and to consummate the fulfillment of my stewardship as king without the assistance and cooperation of the lady upon whom I have bestowed my affection.(on the newspapers)下列四段英语表明同一议题的四个“正式的等级”： 旧式正式英语 To some scholars, instruction emanates from lecture or laboratory;to others it radiates from within.No scholar is so well taught as he who can teach himself.学人中有受教于讲堂、实验室者，亦有教发之于内者。能自教自学，则学人中之最上矣。Try your best to translate the following two passages: 一般非正式英语
We think we learn from teachers, and we sometimes do.But the teachers are not always to be found in school or in great laboratories.Sometimes what we learn depends upon our own powers of insight.The Answer
第七章： 短文的翻译
It’s time to plant the bulbs.But I put it off as long as possible because planting bulbs means marking space in borders which are still flowering.Pulling out all the annuals which nature has allowed to erupt in overpowering purple, orange and pink, a final cry of joy.That would almost be murder, and so I’ll wait until the first night frost anaesthetizes all the flowers with a cold, creaky crust that causes them to wither;a very gentle death.Now I wonder through my garden indecisively, trying to hold on to the last days of late summer.附：英语外来词分析 与生活相关的：
Green food, buffet, milkshake, toast，instant coffee，a jar of beer, bikini，contact lenses, shampoo, mosaic, airbus, ATV(all-terrain vehicle), sauna, suntan, Viagra.绿色食品、自助餐、奶昔、土司、速溶咖啡、扎啤、比基尼、隐形眼镜，香波、马赛克、空中客车、全地形车、桑拿浴、太阳浴、伟哥 与艺术、音乐有关的：
Soap opera, acid rock, big beat, jazz rock, break dance, the Spice Girls, background music，yo-yo, hula-hoop, boomerang , bungee jumping, water ballet, game point rally, karting 肥皂剧、迷幻摇滚乐、摇滚舞音乐、爵士摇滚、霹雳舞、辣妹组合、背景音乐、溜溜球、呼啦圈、飞镖、蹦极跳、水上芭蕾、局点、拉力赛、卡丁车
有关西方道德文化价值观念的词： Generation gap Culture gap Bachelor mother Call girls Hippies Yuppies Punk Streaking White collar Blue collar Gray collar Pink collar Iron collar Hi-tech park Videophone Laser printer 与计算机有关的词汇： Information super-highway Data bank Dialog box Hypertext CAI(computer-assisted instruction)Cybernaut Cybersurfer Cyber mania Cyber bar Cyber culture World wide web Cyber source
Please guess the following Chinese words meaning: 1.马杀鸡 2.销品茂 3.按揭
4.普列西登特 5.葛郎玛 6.奄巴萨托 7.巴力门
8.德律风 9.德么可拉西 10.塞因斯 11.立邦（漆）12.哀的美敦书 13.开麦拉 14.西打
力戒翻译体
Control the purse strings 控制钱包上的带子 掌握财权/支出
a lying-in hospital 允许躺下的医院
产科医院 Polite society 上流社会
Mother is the boss in her kitchen.妈妈负责做饭。The president often considered economy in the White House kitchen.总统常常考虑如何在白宫的膳食方面进行节约。She stood there, in silent opposition.她伫立着,无声地表示反对。
You are your greatest enemy if you are a coward;but if you are brave, you are your greatest friend.怯懦，你就是自己最大的敌人；勇敢，你就是自己最好的朋友。
Unless it goes hand in hand with science, democracy will there abound.除非和科学携手并进，民主将没有什么前途。
Anyone who plays with life will achieve nothing;anyone who cannot control himself will be a slave forever.任何玩世不恭的人都必将一事无成，任何不能控制自己的人都将是奴隶。谁玩世不恭，谁就一事无成；谁不能主宰自己，谁就会沦为奴隶。
Smith fell down when he ran fast to meet them.史密斯跑过去迎接他们时，他摔倒了。史密斯飞跑着迎接他们，不料摔倒了。
Tom struck another match when he approached.当汤姆挨近的时候，他又划了一根火柴。汤姆走上前,又划了一根火柴。
The liquid had changed into solid before it flowed out of the pipe.液体在流出管子之前，已经变成了固体。液体还没有流出管子就变成了固体。
Mary lay awake almost the whole night.玛丽躺在那儿，几乎一夜没合眼。
I know not what course other may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death.我不管别人采取什么行动，但就我而言，不自由，毋宁死。We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.井枯方知水可贵。
That’s a thing that might happen to anyone.这样的事可能发生在任何人身上。这种是谁也难免。
第二篇：英汉翻译
大家来详细看几句***在APEC工商领导人峰会上的开幕演讲
1.山明水净夜来霜，数树深红出浅黄。
The water is clear and the mountain is bright, the frost comes in at night;Trees are covered with deep scarlet, leaves mixed with yellow that is light.2.亚洲各国就像一盏盏明灯，只有串联并联起来，才能让亚洲的夜空灯火辉煌。
Asian countries are just like a cluster of bright lanterns.Only when we link them together, can we light up the night sky in our continent.3.志存高远，脚踏实地。
Aspire for high and grand while planting our feet firmly on the ground.4.应该变赢者通吃为各方共赢，共同做大亚太发展的蛋糕。
We should replace the “winner-take-all” mentality with an all-win approach and work together for great development and prosperity of our region.5.生活从不眷顾因循守旧、满足现状者，而将更多机遇留给勇于和善于改革创新的人们。
Life never favors those who always follow the beaten path and content themselves with the status quo.Instead, life saves opportunities for people who are willing and able to reform and innovate.6.如果说创新是中国发展的新引擎，那么改革就是必不可少的点火器。
If innovation is the new engine for China's development, reform is the indispensable igniter.
第三篇：英汉翻译
英语十一种“钱”的表达方法
初学英语的人，常用expense来表示一切“费用”。其实expense主要是“花费”、“开
支”之意，如current expenses“日常开支”，selling expenses“销售费用”，trav elling expenses“旅费”等等。在现实生活中，各种“费用”有各种不同的表达法:
一、admission(n.)指入场费。
如：admission by ticket only凭票入场
二、charge(n.)“原价、要价”。
常用复数，主要用于一次性劳务所收取的费用，如服务费、行李超重费、旅馆费等
等。
如：what are the charges in the hotel?
这家旅馆收费多少？
三、cost(n.)本义为“成本”、“原价”。
常常用来表示对已取得的货物或劳务所支付的费用。
如：the cost of seeing a movie is seven dollars.看一场电影要花七美元。
四、fare(n.)指旅客乘公共汽车、出租车、火车、轮船、飞机等所支付的费用。
如：all fares, please.(公共汽车售票员用语)请买票。
五、fee(n.)医生、律师或其它专门职业的佣金及会费、手续费、停车费等。
如：my lawyer's hourly fee is 130 dollars.我的律师的佣金是每小时130美元。
六、freight(n.)运费，指海运、空运、陆运的费用。
如：who will pay the freight on this order? 谁支付这批定货的运费？
七、postage(n.)指邮费。
如：how much postage do i need to send this package?寄这个包裹须付多少钱
？
八、rent(n.土地、建筑物、房舍、机器等定期的租费。
如：the student owed three months’rent for my house.那学生欠我三个月的房 租。
九、tip(n.)小费。
如：i gave my barber a fat tip.我给理发师优厚的小费。
十、toll(n.)道路、桥梁、港口、市场的捐税、通行费及电话费等。
如：this month i had to pay 200 yuan toll call.这个月我要缴200元的电话费。
十一、tuition(n.)学费。
如：john took out a loan to pay his tuition.约翰贷款交付学费
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体育英语表达知多少？
一、运动会的名称
the Olympic Games奥运会
the Asian Games亚运会
National Games全运会
二、参赛的运动项目
1．Football 足球
the World Cup Soccer Championship世界杯足球锦标赛，soccer fans 足球迷，soccer hooligans 足球流氓，referee 主裁判，assistant referee（linesman）边裁（巡边员），goalkeeper守门员，halfback中卫，fullback后卫，wing边锋，forward 前锋，midfielder 中场球员，thump 劲射，penetration 突破，header 头球，pass-back 回传，dummy 假动作，tripping 绊人犯规，intentional kicking 故意踢人，handball 手球，free kick 任意球，corner kick 角球，ejection 被罚出场，penalty kick 罚点球，offside 越位，yellow card warning 黄牌警告，red card penalty 红牌判罚出场。
2．Basketball 篮球
referee 主裁判，umpire 裁判，basket and support 球篮和篮架，rim（hoop basket）篮圈，lay-up 上篮，shoot a basket 投篮，rebound 篮板球，control the rebound 控制篮板球，dribble 运球，scramble for the basketball 抢球，pass the ball 传球，bounce pass 反弹传球，behind the back pass 背后传球，snap pass 快速传球，drive to the basket 持续突破。
3．Table Tennis 乒乓球
singles 单打，men's singles男子单打，women's singles女子单打，doubles双打，mixed doubles 男女混合双打，serve the ball 发球，backhand drive 反手抽球，drive 抽球，forehand 正手击球，top-spin 上旋球，under-spin 下旋球，side-spin 侧旋球，loop 弧圈球，combine long drives with drop shots 长抽短吊，defensive player 防守型选手，attacking player 进攻型选手。
4．Gymnastics 体操
gymnastics exhibition 体操表演，floor exercise 自由体操，horizontal bar 单杠，parallel bars 双杠，pommels horse 鞍马，balance beam平衡木，rings 吊环，uneven bars 高低杠。
5．Field Events 田赛
the long（broad）jump 跳远，the jumping pit 跳远的沙坑，the high jump 跳高，the triple jump 三级跳远，shot put 掷铅球，discus throw 掷铁饼。
6．Track Events 径赛项目
100-meter dash 100米赛，400-meter race 400米赛，long distance races 长跑，relay race接力赛，baton 接力棒，4×100-meter relay race 4×100接力赛，sprint 短跑，sprinter 短跑运动员，distance runners 长跑运动员，hur-dlers 跨栏运动员。
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Nice 2006-10-08 16:59 新闻英语标题的特点•省略
有的读者读英语报刊，心中无数，东翻翻，西看看，总想挑容易的文章读。一篇文章刚看了个头，一碰到生词，马上换一篇。如此这般，换了六、七篇，还没确定读哪篇。那么，应该怎么读？首先要有准备地阅读，如先大致了解一下某报各版的主要内容，然后按照自己的兴趣或事先拟订的阅读计划，选定一个版面，有选择地阅读。
如果碰到生词，也要坚定地读下去。要知道，对于初、中等英语水平的读者，英语报刊文章很少会不出现生词。其次要有步骤地阅读。一般应先读标题，但由于标题（headline）短而精，不太好懂，不少读者常常绕开它。这是不明智的。一份英文报纸少则10至20版，多则数百版。读者一般时间有限，谁都不可能像读课文或看小说那样从头至尾一字不漏地通读一遍。我们拿起一份报纸总想迅速找到当天的报道重点或个人感兴趣的新闻和文章。怎样寻找呢？这就需要找个“向导”作介绍。显然，新闻标题就是十分理想的“向导”。这是因为标题是新闻内容的集中和概括，它用简练的文字浓缩了新闻中最主要或最值得注意的内容。英语新闻标题的措词、语法、修辞乃至标点符号等方面的特点较为突出，现一一予以简述。1．省略标题是新闻不可分割的组成部分。阅读英语报纸的新闻标题是我们学习阅读英语报刊的第一步。这么说绝无夸张之意，从语法角度来看，英语新闻标题有其一套独特的语法体系，与人们平时常见的英语句子语法有所不同，新闻英语学者称之为“标题语言”（headlines）。其中，标题中虚词的省略就是它的重要特点之一。一般而言，标题中虚词省略现象主要表现在以下几个方面：1）冠词基本省略。例如：
TENTH OF BRITISH MACKEREL CATCH GROUND INTO FEED（＝A TENTH OF THE BRITISH MACKEEL CATCH GROUND INTO FEED）
英国捕获鳍鱼一成碾为饲料THREE G0RGES FLOODED BY 'FAREWELL' TOURISTS（＝THE THREE GORGES FLOODED BY 'FAREWELL' TOURISTS）惜别之情难以挡游客蜂拥至三峡2）联系动词通常省略。例如： THREE DEAD AFTER INHALING OVEN GAS
（＝THREE ARE DEAD AFTER INHALING OVEN GAS）
吸入炉灶煤气三人窒息身亡CLINTON INAUGURATION MOST EXPENSIVE EVER（＝CLINTON INAUGURATI0N IS M0ST EXPENSIVE EVER）克氏就职典礼花费空前巨大3）助动词通常省略。例如： FINANCIER KILLED BY BURGLARS（＝A FINANCIER IS KILLED BY BURGLARS）
夜毛贼入室金融家遇害POPE TO VISIT JAPAN IN FEBRUARY（＝POPE IS TO VISIT JAPAN IN FEBRUARY）教皇拟于二月访日 INDIA MENDING FENCES（＝INDIA IS MENDING FENCES）
印度正在改善与邻国的关系4）连词通常省略，并用逗号代替。例如：
US，VIETNAM RESUME TALKS（＝US AND VIETNAM RESUME TALKS）
美越恢复会谈NBC'S PRESIDENT ROBERT WRIGHT SEEKS BIG ACQUISITI0NS，VENTURES FOR THE NETWORK（=NBC'S PRESIDENT ROBERT WRIGHT SEEKS BIG ACQUISTIONS AND VENTURES FOR THE NETWORK）
“强有力的伙伴”+“可观的投资”——罗伯特董事长为NBC网络扩展而奔走此外，英语新闻标题还经常省去介词、代词等，这些词的省略并不妨碍读者的理解。
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Conferences 各类会议术语
assembly 大会 convention 会议 party 晚会, 社交性宴会 at-home party 家庭宴会 tea party 茶会
dinner party 晚餐会 garden party 游园会 dance(party), ball, fandango 舞会 reading party 读书会 fishing party 钓鱼会 sketching party 观剧会 birthday party 生日宴会 Christmas party 圣诞晚会 luncheon party 午餐会 fancy ball 化妆舞会
commemorative party 纪念宴会
wedding dinner, a wedding reception 结婚宴会 banquet 酒宴
pajama party 睡衣派对 buffet party 立食宴会 cocktail party 鸡尾酒会 welcome meeting 欢迎会 farewell party 惜别会
pink tea 公式茶会
new years's banquet 新年会 year-end dinner party 忘年餐会 box supper 慈善餐会 fancy fair 义卖场
general meeting, general assembly 会员大会 congress 代表大会
board of directors 董事会
executive council, executive board 执行委员会 standing body 常设机构
committee, commission 委员会
subcommittee 附属委员会,小组委员会
general committee, general officers, general bureau 总务委员会 secretariat 秘书处
budget committee 预算委员会 drafting committee 起草委员会
committee of experts 专家委员会
advisory committee, consultative committee 顾问委员会,咨询委员会 symposium 讨论会
study group 学习研讨会 seminar 讲习会,学习讨论会
meeting in camera 秘密会议(美作:executive session)opening sitting 开幕会 final sitting 闭幕会 formal sitting 隆重开会
plenary meeting 全会
sitting, meeting 开会(美作:session)session 会期,会议期间(美作:meeting)working party 工作小组
seat, headquarters 席位 governing body 主管团体 round table 圆桌
to sit a meeting, to meet a meeting, to hold a meeting 召开会议--------------------hall 大会 rostrum 讲台 public gallery 旁听席 notice board 布告牌 to convene, to convoke 召开 convocation 会议
standing orders, by-laws 议事程序 rules of procedure 议事规则 constitution, statutes 章程 procedure 程序 agenda 议程
timetable, schedule 日程表,时刻表 item on the agenda 议程项目 other business 其他事项 to place on the agenda 列入议程 working paper 工作文件 opening 开幕
the sitting is open 会议开幕 appointment 任命 to appoint 任命,委派
speaker 报告人
to make a speech, to deliver a speech 做报告 to ask for the floor 要求发言
to give the floor to 同意...发言(美作:to recognize)to take the floor, to address the meeting 发言 declaration, statement 声明
Am I in order? 我这样做符合议程规定吗? call to order 要求遵守秩序
to raise a point of order 提出关于议程的问题 general debate 长时间的讨论 receivability 可以接受,可接纳 stand 立场,主张
consensus 意见
advisory opinion 顾问意见 proposal 建议
to table a proposal 提出建议 clarification 澄清 comment 评论
to second, to support 赞成 to adopt 通过
to oppose 反对
to raise an objection 提出异议
to move an amendment 提出修正案 to amend 修正
second reading(法案、议案的)二读 substantive motion 实质性的动议 decision 决定 ruling 裁决 to reject 拒绝,驳回 resolution 决议
draft resolution 决议草案,提案 first draft, preliminary draft 草案初稿 whereases 正式文件的开场白,前言 motivations 表明动机 operative part 生效部分 report 报告
factual report 事实报告 minutes, record 记录 summary record 摘要纪录 verbatim record 逐字纪录
memorandum 备忘录
to postpone, to adjourn, to put off 推迟,延期 closure 闭幕式
closing speech 闭幕词
to adjourn the meeting, to close the meeting 散会---------------------member 成员
membership 成员资格
member as of right 法定代表 life member 终身成员
full-fledged member 全权代表 head of delegation 代表团团长 permanent delegate 常驻代表 representative 代表
alternate, substitute 副代表 observer 观察员
technical adviser 技术顾问 auditor 审计员 office 职务
holder of an office 职称
honorary president 名誉主席 chairman 主席
presidency, chairmanship, chair 主席团 interim chairman 临时主席
vice-president, vice-chairman 副主席 rapporteur 文书,秘书
former chairman 前主席(美作:past chairman)director general 局长,处长
deputy director general 副局长,副处长 secretary general 秘书长 executive secretary 执行秘书 treasurer 司库 officials 官员 consultant 顾问 precis writer 记录(员)full powers 全权 to chair 主持
terms of reference 职权范围 with a right to vote 有表决权 ushers 招待
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英语翻译训练方法
英语翻译训练方法之——科技英语的特点与翻译
任何作品均有特定的文体，原文的文体不同，翻译方法也随之而异。试观察下列几个片断的原文及其译文
“It appears that you've got the offer of a very good job.” “A wonderful job.” “Are you going to take it ?” “I don't think so.” “Why not?' ”I don't want to.“ ”听说有个很好的工作要你去干。“ ”挺好的工作“。”打算干吗？“ ”不。“ ”为什么不干？“ ”不想干“。摘自《刀锋》（The Razor's Edge）
这是小说中的一段对说，属于口语文体。其特点是：用词自由，句法结构简单，短句与省略句多，自然朴素，生活气息浓厚。在译文中进一步体现汉语口语的特点，省去主语”你“、”我“；将英语的一个句子I don't think so.干脆译成一个字”不“，显得简洁有力。
She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner.Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about.那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格，一张坦率开诚的面容，一种天真羞怯的神气。一双大落落的柔顺眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷的心事，只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。
摘自（珍妮姑娘）（Jennie Gerhardt）,傅东华译.上面五十一个词的片断,就运用了十个形容词,占五分之一。”and in then dwelt such a shadow of distress“是非常优美生动的文学语言，译文保持了一风格。
MONTREAL-Clark Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a four-point first period out burst,to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6:4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.[蒙特利尔电]在全国手球联赛中克拉克约翰斯今晚初试锋芒，引起轰动。上半场领先四分，首开记录。克拉克发挥中坚作用，约翰逊市高帽队终以6:4击败蒙特利尔市小鸭队，创造了连胜八场未负一场的战绩。
这是属于应用文的新闻文体，其特点是简明扼要，短小精悍，结构紧凑，笔锋犀利。上述这则电讯只有一个句子，却把一场球赛描绘得淋漓尽致，富于吸引力。
The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig.2.The fullscale reading of the meter alone may be 15volts.With the multiplier 250volts may be required to move the pointer to full-scale, 135 volts across the multiplier and 15volts across the meter.从上述的一段科技文章，不难看出其文体与修辞手段与前面列举的文艺小说，新闻报道等迥然不同。科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末，科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下：
一、大量使用名词化结构
《当代英语语法》（A Grammar of Contemporary）在论述科技英语时提出，大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。
Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。
句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。
The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。
名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。
If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss.Can be considerably reduced.炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。
科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。
Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而”谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。
二、广泛使用被动语句
根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine.你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。
We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium.We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance.It is measured in farads.电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。这一段短文中各句的主语分别为： Electrical energy Such a device
Its ability to store electrical energy
It(Capacitance)它们都包含了较多的信息，并且处于句首的位置，非常醒目。四个主语完全不同，避免了单调重复，前后连贯，自然流畅。足见被动结构可收简洁客观之效。
三、非限定动词。
如前所述，科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑，为此，往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目。试比较下列各组句子。
A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。
Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。
A body can more uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion.如果没有改变物体运动的原因，那么物体将作匀速直线运动。
Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave.振动着的物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波。
In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.在通讯系统中，电子学要解决的问题是如何把信息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。
There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another.将能量从一种形式转变成另一种形式有各种不同的方法。
In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn ,messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set.使无线电波依次对每一个声音作出相应变化时，信息就由广播电台传递到接收机。
四、后置定语
大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。常见的结构不以下五种：
1、介词短语
The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。A call for paper is now being issued.征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。
2、形容词及形容词短语。
In this factory the only fuel available is coal.该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤。
In radiation ,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy ,similar in nature to light.热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。
3、副词
The air outside pressed the side in.外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。
The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.向上的力与向下的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。
4、单个分词，但仍保持校强的动词意义。The results obtained must be cheeked.获得的结果必须加以校核
The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。
5、定语从句
During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问题。
The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them.分子相互间都存在着力的作用，该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。
Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.(定语从句to which we pay little attention 修饰的是changes,这是一种分隔定语从句。)我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生。
To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235,in which all the atoms are available for fission.制造原子弹，我们必须用铀235，因为轴的所有原子都会裂变。
五、常用句型
科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型，从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。例如It---that---结构句型；被动态结构句型；结构句型，分词短语结构句型，省略句结构句型等。举例如下：
It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one.显然，润滑好的轴承，比不润滑的轴承容易转动。
It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting.看来这两个科学分支是相互依存，相互作用的。
It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.已经证明，感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy.直到十九世纪人们才认识到热是能量的一种形式。Computers may be classified as analog and digital.计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。
The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times.新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。（或---缩短为三分之一。）This steel alloy is believed to be the best available here.人们认为这种合金钢是这里能提供的最好的合金钢。Electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed as light.电磁波传送的速度和光速相同。
Microcomputers are very small in size ,as is shown in Fig.5.如图5所示，微型计算机体积很小。
In water sound travels nearly five times as fast as in air.声音在水中的传播速度几乎是在空气中传播速度的五倍。Compared with hydrogen, oxygen is nearly 16 times as heavy.氧与氢比较，重量大约是它的十六倍。
The resistance being very high ,the current in the circuit was low.由于电阻很大，电路中通过的电流就小。Ice keeps the same temperature while melting.冰在溶化时，其温度保持不变。
An object, once in motion ,will keep on moving because of its inertia.物体一旦运动，就会因惯性而持续运动。
All substances ,whether gaseous ,liquid or solid ,are made of atoms.一切物质，不论是气态、液态，还是固态，都由原子组成。
六、长句
为了表述一个复杂概念，使之逻辑严密，结构紧凑，科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有的长句多达七八个词，以下即是一例。
The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations ,and at a later stage to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.为了解释光学现象，人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的介质。这种子尝试的结果，最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向振动的具有上述假定所以认为的那种物理性质的发光介质。
七、复合词与缩略词
大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一，复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合；缩略词趋向于任意构词，例如某一篇论文的作者可以就仅在该文中使用的术语组成缩略词，这给翻译工作带来一定的困难。例如： full-enclosed 全封闭的（双词合成形容词）feed-back反馈（双词合成名词）work-harden 加工硬化（双词合成词）
criss-cross交叉着（双词合成副词）
on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用的（多词合成形容词）
anti-armoured-fighting-vehicle-missile反装甲车导弹（多词合成名词）radiophotography无线电传真（无连字符复合词）colorimeter色度计（无连字符复合词）maths(mathematics)数学（裁减式缩略词）lab(laboratory)实验室 ft(foot/feet)英尺
cpd(compound)化合物
FM(frequency modulation)调频（用首字母组成的缩略词）P.S.I.(pounds per square inch)磅/英寸
SCR(silicon controlled rectifier)可控硅整流器 TELESAT(telecommunications satellite)通信卫星（混成法构成的缩略词）
根据上述的科技文章的物占，在翻译过程中就要注意各种不同的翻译技巧与方法。例如被动 态的译法、长句的处理方法、倍数的译法等等。
第四篇：英汉翻译6
奥巴马《勇往直前》第一章（6）原创中英对照
It was Bill Clinton’s singularcontribution that he tried to transcend this deadlock,recognizing not only that what had come to be meant by the labelsof “conservative” and “liberal” played to Republican advantage, butthat the categories were inadequate to address the problems wefaced.At times during his first campaign, his gestures towarddisaffected Reagan Democrats could seem clumsy and transparent(what ever happened to Sister Souljah?)or frighteninglycoldhearted(allowing the execution of a mentally retarded deathrow inmate to go forward on the eve of an important primary).Inthe first two years of his presidency, he would be toabandon some core elements of his platform—universal health care,aggressive investment in education and training—that might havemore decisively reversed the long-term trends that were underminingthe position of working families in the new economy.克林顿（BillClinton）总统一人独辟蹊径，试图打破这种意识形态的僵局，他认识到在政客身上打上“保守派”和“自由派”的标签渐渐趋向有利于共和党，也发现了解决我们面对的问题的手段不足。在他第一次竞选总统时，他在处理愤愤不平的民主党里根支持者（传统上是民主党人，特别是北方的白人工人阶级，但在里根竞选总统时投票给共和党）的手法上显得有些笨拙和直率（索尔嘉妹妹是怎么啦？1992年克林顿在竞选时严厉谴责政治立场激进而且喜好饶舌的女歌星SisterSouljah，并因此而赢得了中间选民的支持），或者是令人寒心的冷淡无情（在重要的初选前夕提前对一个智障精神病的死囚执行死刑）。在总统任期的前2年，他被迫放弃了自己政治纲领中的一些核心原则——全民卫生保健计划，对教育和培训的积极投资——因此可能导致决定性地颠倒了美国长期发展趋势，这种趋势正在削弱新经济体中工作家庭的地位。
Still, he instinctively understoodthe falseness of the choices being presented to the Americanpeople.He saw that government spending and regulation could, ifproperly designed, serve as vital ingredients and not inhibitors toeconomic growth, and how markets and fiscal discipline could helppromote social justice.He recognized that not only societalresponsibility but personal responsibility was needed to combatpoverty.In his platform—if not always in his day-to-daypolitics—Clinton’s Third Way went beyond splitting the difference.It tapped into the pragmatic, nonideological attitude of themajority of Americans.但，他本能地意识到这是个错误的选择，他注意到如果能够合理安排政府开支和政府规章的话，会成为经济的发展中至关重要的因素而且不会产生抑制作用，市场和财政自律能够有助于促进社会公平。他认识到扫除贫穷不仅是社会机构的责任，也是每个人的责任。在克林顿总统的政治纲领中——并不一定呈现于他每日的政治活动中——他的第三条路线政策（ThirdWay，是介于自由放任资本主义和福利国家之间的一种发展模式。由于它与里根以前的自由主义政策以及里根后的保守主义政策都不一样，故称之为第三条道路）远不仅仅是折中路线。它迎合了注重实效的、无意识形态的大多数美国人的性情。
Indeed, by the end of hispresidency, Clinton’s policies—recognizably progressive if modestin their goals—enjoyed broad public support.Politically, he hadwrung out of the Democratic Party some of the excesses that hadkept it from winning elections.That he failed, despite a boomingeconomy, to translate popular policies into anything resembling agoverning coalition said something about the demographicdifficulties Democrats were facing(in particular, the shift inpopulation growth to an increasingly solid Republican South)andthe structural advantages the Republicans enjoyed in the Senate,where the votes of two Republican senators from Wyoming, population493,782, equaled the votes of two Democratic senators fromCalifornia, population 33,871,648.实际上，在他总统任期结束时，克林顿的政策——如果谦虚一点地说，被公认为进步策略——得到了广大民众的支持。从政治上来说，为了竞选胜利，他削弱了某些民主党的政治优势。在这方面他失败了，尽管国家经济繁荣，但是将受欢迎的政策转变为两党治理联合的形式，说明民主党正在面临着人口分布带来的难题（特别是，人口增长使得共和党南方阵营日益稳固），并且共和党在国会享有组织结构优势，因为在国会中，两张来自怀俄明州（人口49万3782）共和党参议员的投票与两张来自加州（人口3387万1648）民主党参议员的投票具有相同的效力。
But that failure also testified tothe skill with which Gingrich, Rove, Norquist, and the like wereable to consolidate and institutionalize the conservative movement.They tapped the unlimited resources of corporate sponsors andwealthy donors to create a network of think tanks and mediaoutlets.They brought state-of-the-art technology to the task ofmobilizing their base, and centralized power in the House ofRepresentatives in order to enhance party discipline.但是这方面的失败也是拜金里奇,罗夫和罗奎斯特等人的所赐，他们有能力巩固并制度化保守党的政治运动。他们利用企业赞助者和富有捐赠者的无限资源建造了一个政治智囊团和媒体渠道的网络。他们应用这种艺术级别的政治活动方式来动员基层党员，而且为了加强党纪，将众议院的权力集中化。
And they understood the threatClinton posed to their vision of a long-term conservative majority,which helps explain the vehemence with which they went after him.It also explains why they invested so much time attacking Clinton’smorality, for if Clinton’s policies were hardly radical, hisbiography(the draft letter saga, the marijuana puffing, the IvyLeague intellectualism, the professional wife who didn’t bakecookies, and most of all the sex)proved perfect grist for theconservative base.With enough repetition, a looseness with thefacts, and the ultimately undeniable evidence of the President’sown personal lapses, Clinton could be made to embody the verytraits of sixties liberalism that had helped spur the conservativemovement in the first place.Clinton may have fought that movementto a draw, but the movement would come out stronger for it—and inGeorge W.Bush’s first term, that movement would take over theUnited States government.而且他们也明白克林顿总统对长期占据议会中多数席位的共和党所形成的威胁，这也解释了为何他们如此热衷于对付克林顿。这同样解释了为何他们花了如此多时间攻击克林顿的道德问题。因为，如果他们在克林顿的政策上找不出什么毛病，那克林顿的自传（当逃兵，吸食大麻，在名牌大学习得的理智主义，从政的老婆从不下厨，最糟糕的是性丑闻）则被证明对共和党阵营十分有利。他们将材料复制足够多份，对事件进行添油加醋，还有在根本上不可否认的克林顿自身行为不检的证据，最后结论是在克林顿身上体现了60年代自由主义的明显特征，而恰恰是60年代的自由主义在最初刺激了保守党政治活动。虽然克林顿在当时也许和这个运动团体打成个平手，但他们经过这事后变得更强大了——在小布什的第一任总统任期，这个运动团体接管了美国政府。
THIS TELLING OF the story is tooneat, I know.It ignores critical strands in the historicalnarrative—how the decline of manufacturing and Reagan’s firing ofthe air traffic controllers critically wounded America’s labormovement;the way that the creation of majority-minoritycongressional districts in the South simultaneously ensured moreblack representatives and reduced Democratic seats in that region;the lack of cooperation that Clinton received from congressionalDemocrats, who had grown fat and complacent and didn’t realize thefight they were in.It also doesn’t capture the degree to whichadvances in political gerrymandering polarized the Congress, or howefficiently money and negative television ads have poisoned theatmosphere.我知道，这种叙事方式过于简洁了。我忽略了在历史叙事中的一些关键情节，例如：制造业是如何衰落的；里根政府开除罢工的航管员是如何关键性地重创了美国劳工运动；南方是如何划分多数派选举区和少数派选举区，在同一地区保证黑人拥有更多众议员席位的但同时使得民主党席位减少了；克林顿总统很难从民主党议员们处得到支持，因为自鸣得意的他们正在捞政治油水，而没有意识到他们已陷入一场斗争中。文章也没有记录改划选举区所导致的国会两极分化造成的影响，或金钱和负面电视广告是如何有效的荼毒政治环境。
Still, when I think about what thatold Washington hand told me that night, when I ponder the work of aGeorge Kennan or a George Marshall, when I read the speeches of aBobby Kennedy or an Everett Dirksen, I can’t help feeling that thepolitics of today suffers from a case of arrested development.Forthese men, the issues America faced were never abstract and hencenever simple.War might be hell and still the right thing to do.Economies could collapse despite the best-laid plans.People couldwork hard all their lives and still lose everything.当我想起那位老华盛顿政客在那晚对我说的话时，当我仔细估量乔治·凯南（GeorgeFrost Kennan，美国外交家，冷战时对苏联遏制政策的始创人）或乔治·马歇尔（GeorgeMarshall，美国军事家、战略家、政治家、外交家，美国陆军五星上将）的丰功伟绩时，当我阅读博比.肯尼迪（BobbyKennedy）或埃弗里特.德克森（EverettDirksen）的演讲稿时，我忍不住感到今日的政治正经历一段发育不良的时期。在这些人的年代，他们一直面对的都是复杂的难题，而且非常棘手。战争也许带来痛苦，但在当时仍是一个正确的选择。就算准备了最好的计划，经济还是有可能会崩溃。人们一生勤劳工作但是仍然有可能会失去一切。
For the generation of leaders whofollowed, raised in relative comfort, different experiences yieldeda different attitude toward politics.In the back-and-forth betweenClinton and Gingrich, and in the elections of 2000 and 2004, Isometimes felt as if I were watching the psychodrama of the BabyBoom generation—a tale rooted in old grudges and revenge plotshatched on a handful of college campuses long ago—played out on thenational stage.The victories that the sixties generation broughtabout—the admission of minorities and women into full citizenship,the strengthening of individual liberties and the healthywillingness to question authority—have made America a far betterplace for all its citizens.But what has been lost in the process,and has yet to be replaced, are those shared assumptions—thatquality of trust and fellow feeling—that bring us together asAmericans.由于各代领导者们的目标和成长经历的不同，使得他们对政治的态度也不同。在克林顿和金里奇之间不断的争斗中，在2000年和2004年的选举中，我有时感觉自己是在观看生育高峰的一代人在国家政治舞台上喧泻情感，扮演心理剧(一种可使患者的感情得以发泄从而达到心理治疗效果的戏剧)，讲述一个在很久以前有一群大学生在上学时就构思策划好的包含怨恨和复仇的故事。上世纪60年代的人们争取到的胜利有：承认了少数派种族和女人的公民权利，巩固了公民个人的自由权利，并且只要你带着好的意愿你就可以质问当局，这使得所有的公民们都认为美国是一个极度美好的国家。但是在取得这些进步的过程中我们所失去的，并且现在已经被取代了的，是那些共同的预期——那是信任和互相理解的本质，也是使美国人团结一心的思想。
So where does that leave us?Theoretically the Republican Party might have produced its ownClinton, a center-right leader who built on Clinton’s fiscalconservatism while moving more aggressively to revamp a creakyfederal bureaucracy and experiment with market-or faith-basedsolutions to social policy.And in fact such a leader may stillemerge.Not all Republican elected officials subscribe to thetenets of today’s movement conservatives.In both the House and theSenate, and in state capitals across the country, there are thosewho cling to more traditional conservative virtues of temperanceand restraint—men and women who recognize that piling up debt tofinance tax cuts for the wealthy is irresponsible, that deficitreduction can’t take place on the backs of the poor, that theseparation of church and state protects the church as well as thestate, that conservation and conservatism don’t have to conflict,and that foreign policy should be based on facts and not wishfulthinking.那么，现在我们该怎么办？理论上来说，共和党可以打造出一个保守派的克林顿，一个稍稍右倾的领导人，一方面坚持克林顿的财政保守政策，另一面更加积极地修复摇摇欲坠的联邦官僚作风，并且更加积极地在市场上做尝试，或者提出基于信仰的社会政策解决方法。实际上，这样的一个领导还是有可能被造出来的。不是所有的共和党推举出的官员都是坚守当今保守主义运动原则的。在众议院在参议院中，在全国的州首府中，存在有一些公务员，他们坚守更加传统的保守主义美德，如自我克制和态度严谨，他们明白为富有的人减税而增加国家负债是不负责任的，减少国家财政赤字的责任不能扔给穷人，保留传统和保守派政策并不一定有冲突，外交政策应建立在事实的基础上，而不是自己的愿望或欲望上。
But these Republicans are not theones who have driven the debate over the past six years.Instead ofthe “compassionate conservatism” that George Bush promised in his2000 campaign, what has characterized the ideological core oftoday’s GOP is absolutism, not conservatism.There is theabsolutism of the free market, an ideology of no taxes, noregulation, no safety net—indeed, no government beyond what’srequired to protect private property and provide for the nationaldefense.但是这些共和党人并不是在过去6年里在党内掌权的人。小布什总统在他2000年竞选时曾经向选民承诺“有同情心的保守主义”，但今日大老党的意识核心思想却表现为专制主义，而非保守主义。就是对市场完全放开，不加税，政府放开管制，没有安全保证——的确，没有政府能在保护民众的私有财产的同时向他们提供国家安全防卫。
There’s the religious absolutism ofthe Christian right, a movement that gained traction on theundeniably difficult issue of abortion, but which soon floweredinto something much broader;a movement that insists not only thatChristianity is America’s dominant faith, but that a particular,fundamentalist brand of that faith should drive public policy,overriding any alternative source of understanding, whether thewritings of liberal theologians, the findings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, or the words of Thomas Jefferson.还有宗教信仰上基督教的专制问题，由无可置疑的棘手问题堕胎而引致的政治运动，但很快地就发展成为更普遍性的问题；宗教政治者在活动中坚称基督教不只是一个在美国处于支配地位的宗教信仰，它也是一个单独特别的正统信仰，应该由宗教信仰来引导国家政策，它高于其它所有认知和信仰，不管是自由主义神学研究者的著作和国家科学院的研究报告，还是托马斯.杰斐逊（ThomasJefferson，第三任美国总统(1801-1809年），他参与起草了《独立宣言》(1776年））关于宗教信仰自由的言论。
第五篇：英汉翻译心得体会
英汉翻译心得体会
英语1101
袁立冬
111001116 经过一个学期的学习，我们即将结束《英汉翻译教程》的学习。通过学习，我又掌握了一门新的英语学习技能，也初步了解了英汉翻译的基本要求与要领。简而言之，就是获益匪浅。
英汉翻译是一门建立在综合能力基础之上的学科，囊括了全方位的知识以及中西文化的差异。不管是对个人能力以及日常积累都有较高的要求。前我一直有一种误区：认为只要掌握大量的词汇，翻译起来就会很容易，认为翻译只不过是把大量的词汇拼接连接在一起。可是当我真正接触到这门课程时惊觉自己原来的思维是有多么的狭隘。当翻译一句话时，我根本不知道该怎么组合。勉强组合在一块时不是错误百出，就是很Chinglish.首先，英汉翻译应遵循“忠实，通顺”的标准。所谓忠实，就是忠实于原文的内容。由于中西文化之间存在的巨大差异，一句英文在欧美人看起来顺理成章，而在我们中国人看起来就会极其别扭。我们就会在翻译过程中不自觉的用上自己的思维，因而改变了原文的意思破坏了原文的风格。通顺就是指原文语言必须通俗易懂，符合规范。译文必须通顺，避免死译，硬译，符合规范。把原文的内容适当的表达出来，既不能改变扭曲，也不能增加或删减。如“He is seriously ill”.就译为：“他病得很厉害”。有人为了追求汉语的“漂亮”译为“他苟延残喘”，这就得不偿失了。
其次，翻译分为三个阶段：理解，表达，和校核。准确理解原文所要表达的意思，注意上下文的关系在翻译过程中是至关重要的。在翻译时采取直译或者意译两种方式。有时在翻译过程中我们也可以直译和意译结合起来使用。主要取决与具体的情景。校核也是一个非常重要的过程，不可忽视。即在翻译时要经过反复的推敲，已到达最好效果的翻译。
翻译不是一朝一夕就能做到做好的事。我们在日常学习中必须注重积累有关英译汉方面的知识以及基本方法。了解基本英汉语言对比（词法和句法）。通过对比，掌握两种语言各自的特点，以及所对应的意思，在翻译的时候才能得心应手的运用。避免造成错用，误用，闹出笑话。需要注意的是随着语言的发展，很多英语单词已经不再紧紧局限于其原有的意思，更有了扩展。这就要求我们积极扩充自己的积累。同时，我还学习掌握了英译汉时常用的方法和技巧。如：增词法，重复法，省略法，以及词义的转义等等。还有关于各种不同句型的不同翻译方式。如定语从句，被动语态，状语从句等等，这些在书本上都有系统的介绍。我们在日常练习的时候也要避免为了做题而做题，要在过程中学会理解，应用这些方法。
我还体会到理解和翻译并不是一回事，几个人的理解相同，翻译成的文字 风格可以是不同的。通过学习，我了解到可以直译的就直译，只要把词序调整一 下，保证通顺，不致引起误解就好。如果不能直译，可凭借各种翻译技巧，在不 偏离原文意思的前提下，对句子的结构作一些变动。方法也好，技巧也好，都是为忠实、通顺地再现原作这个目的服务的，其功效自不待言，但并非万应灵药。任何方法在应用中都有其限度，过犹不及。如果一味死搬教条，盲目遵照翻译的规则，过分依赖这些翻译的技巧，最终只会落得个邯郸学步的结果。优秀的翻译者会在在实践中经常数法并用，因人因文而异，并无一定之规，主要靠自己不断实践、不断总结经验和不断提高理论水平，才能最终达到得心应手、曲尽其妙的境界。
经过学习，我确实获得了不少的进步以及在本学期的翻译学习中，我们获得了翻译专业应具备的一项技能，也对下学期的汉英翻译学习有了初步的计划和想法，以后学起来的时候亦不会无从下手。我相信我在今后的翻译道路更加宽阔平坦，我会再今后的学习中，不断总结经验技巧，是这些宝贵经验成为翻译学习的宝贵财富，力争做一名合格的英语人。
我也知道只是经过这学期的学习，我还有很多缺失以及不足的对地方。像中西文化这方面我就做的不是很好，经常在翻译时会弄不清具体的背景知识而做出错误的译文。翻译的时候也会出现措辞不当的现象。我还需要继续的加深关于这方面的知识。翻译不像我想象中的那么简单，但是也不是高不可攀。最重要的是要保持一颗积极学习进取的心，无论何时何地不能失去对翻译的热情。只有这样，才能在日后的学习中遇到困难时有勇气克服它。翻译本就是一个需要不断探索，积累，应运的过程。我有信心在未来的学习中会越走越远，越做越好！！另外，在此对我们的吴老师表示衷心的感谢，谢谢您的陪伴以及指导！！
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