第一篇:分词的作用一
分词的作用一: 状语
关于分词作状语,首先要搞清楚两个核心问题,即分词作状语的结构与意义。所谓结构,即指分词作状语的各种结构形式。比如单个分词作状语,或“名词+分词”这样的独立分词结构作状语等等。所谓意义,即指分词作状语所能表达的各种逻辑语义关系,比如表示原因、条件或让步等等意义。正确分析和使用分词作状语的关键,是要掌握分词作状语的各种结构,在保证结构正确使用的前提下,再分析分词在具体的句子中所表达的意思。
一 主语一致: 单独的分词(短语)作状语
单独的分词(短语)作状语,即分词恰年没有代名词,而是直接把分词短语放在句首、句中或句末作状语。此时分词短语的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。换句话说,分词的动作应该是有句子的主语发出的。1 垂悬分词
受汉语思维方式的影响,很多英语初学者往往会造出中文通顺但不符合英文逻辑表达的句子,“垂悬分词”就是其中很重要的一种。比如,中文里说:
等车的时候,一块砖头砸到我头上了
这句话非常通顺。但这句话若按照准问语序直接翻译成英语就会出问题:
Waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head*
这就话里用了分词waiting,动词waiting必然有一个动作的发出者,或称为分词的逻辑主语。按照英文思维表达规律的要求,后面句子的主语a brick同时要充当分词waiting的逻辑主语。换句话说,分词动作waiting的发出者就是brick。然而,实施山跟着讲不通,因为a brick不可能“等车”。于是,这里的分词waiting找不到自己的逻辑主语了,英文里将这种形式的分词结构叫做“垂悬分词”,这是一种典型的分词误用结构。然而在中文中,“等”的逻辑主语是隐含在语境中的,是“我”在等车。但英文不接受这样的逻辑表达,英文里要求句子的主语必然能够作分词动作的发出者。如果不是,则不能用分词。此时,这句话按我们只好改用来说明waiting动作的执行者,因此可该译成When I was waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head.看下列几个典型错误的句子,尽管它们翻译时很通顺
Looking out of the window, there are lots of people in the street.朝窗外看,发现街上有很多人
When using the computer, the password must be remembered.用电脑时,要记住密码
Arriving home, the door was found locked.刚到家,发现门是锁着的
Being a pop fan, Jay Chou is her favorite.作为一个流行乐迷,周杰伦是她最喜欢的明星。
上面这些句子均因为分词的动作与句子主语不搭配而造成的。Looking out of the window, I saw lots of people on the street 这里的动作looking是由i发出的,即i是looking的逻辑主语,原句相当于when I looked out of the window, I saw lots of people on the street.When using the computer, you must remember the password.Arriving at home, I found the door locked.Being a pop fan, she likes Jay Chou most.分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语须一致
分词的动作应该是由分词的动作应该是由句子的主语发出的 There was a mutual attraction between my sister and a trainee working at her office.However, both being shy, they could barely even speak to each other.During an office party, my sister went to the kitchen to get a drink and the trainee followed.Opening the freezer, he took out some ice, placed it on the work surface and began smashing it with a tin of coffee.Smiling, he explained, “I just wanted to break the ice between us.”
这段话里有三个分词作状语,其中both being shy是独立分词结构,而opening和smiling则是单独的分词作状语,它们和后面的句子主语he都构成逻辑语义搭配。如果改说成Opening the
freezer, some ice was taken out„„则成为“垂悬分析”,致使句子不通顺。
我姐姐和她办公室新来的实习生彼此都互有好感,但是两人由于很害羞,所以几乎没怎么说过话。在一次公司聚会上,我姐姐进了厨房想弄点饮料喝。这时,那个实习生也跟了进去。他打开冰柜,取出一些冰块,把它们放在厨房的操作台上,然后开始用咖啡罐砸这些冰块。他笑着解释道:“我只是想打破我们之间的这些‘坚冰’。”
Dressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a “guard of honor” of six pretty girls, he set off down the main street of the city riding a baby elephant called Jumbo.这句子的主干很短,he ser off down the main street of the city。这里有三个分词短语作状语,前面两个是过去分词Dressed up as Father Christmas 和 accompanied by a “guard of honor” of six pretty girls作方式状语;后一个是现在分词短语riding a baby elephant called Jumbo作伴随状语,修饰谓语动词set off,说明如何“出发”的。这里句子的主语he与动作dress up及accompany构成被动关系,所以要用过去分词dressed up及accompanied;而he与动作ride构成主动关系,所以要用现在分词riding。这样一来,分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语就一致了。
他打扮成圣诞老人,在由留个漂亮姑娘组成的“仪仗队”的陪同
下,其在一头名叫江伯的小象,沿着城里的主要街道出发了。
Good relationships are hard to find and once developed should be nurtured.这里的过去分词once developed作状语,它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语good relationships,相当于说once good relationships are developed,即分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语是一致的。知己难觅,一旦建立,应当精心呵护。
二 独立分词结构
(一):“名词+分词”作状语
分词的主语与句子主语不一致时,也就是说,分词动作的执行者和谓语动作的执行者不同,分词有自己独立的主语。此时,我们就需要采用“名词+分词”这一结构作状语。这里的“名词”就是分词的逻辑主语,以区别于句子的主语。这一结构其实就是我们常说的“独立主格结构”的一种,叫作“独立分词结构”。这就类似于动名词的复合结构(my doing)和不定式的复合结构(for sb to do)。
Weather permitting, we’ll be going fishing tomorrow.这里的分词短语weather permitting被称作“独立分词结构”,其中分词permitting的逻辑主语是weather,它和句子的主语we不一致,也即分词有了自己的独立主语。这个分词短语相当
于一个条件状语从句,可以改写成if weather permits,„„ 如果天气允许的话,我们明天就去钓鱼
All the money having been spent, we started looking for work.这里的分词短语All the money having been spent被称作“独立分词结构”,其中分词having been spent是分词的完成式。该分词的逻辑主语是all the money,它和句子的主语we不一致,也即分词有了自己的独立主语。这个分词短语相当于一个时间状语,可以改写成After all the money had been spent,„„ 钱全花光后,我们就开始找工作。
Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed 这里的分词短语Nobody having any more to say被称作“独立分词结构”,其中分词短语having no more to say 的逻辑主语是nobody,它和句子的主语the meeting 不一致,也即分词有了自己的独立主格。这个分词短语相当于一个原因状语,可以改写成Since nobody had any more to say,„„ 谁都无话可说了,会议就结束了。
The Chinese word for crisis is divided into two characters, one meaning danger and the other meaning opportunity.这里有两个并列分词one meaning danger和the other meaning
opportunity。期中分词短语meaning danger的逻辑主语是one,指character;另一个分词短语meaning opportunity的逻辑主语是the other。它们和句子主语The Chinese word for crisis不一致,也即分词有了自己的独立主语。这里的分词短语起补充说明前面句子的作用。
中文中的“危机”分为两字:一个意味着“危险”,另一个意味着“机会”
But for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.这里的分词短语all other factors being equal就是一个独立分词结构,分词本身有自己的逻辑主语all other factors, 分词短语作条件状语
但是对于一小部分学生来说,职业训练也许是可取的道路,因为在其他因素同等的情况下,熟练的技术的确可以在求职方面起到很大的作用。
三 独立分词结构
(二):“with+名词+分词”作状语
这里的分词短语“with+名词+分词”是在上述的分词短语“名词+分词”的基础上变化过来了,这里就是多了一个介词with。之所以如此强调这一结构以至于把它单独拿出来讨论,是因为它作
状语所表达的意义与“名词+分词”这一结构所表达的意义有很大的不同。“with+名词+分词”这一结构作状语,所表达的意义主要有两类:一时表示伴随状况、补充说明。具体举例等,二是表示原因。
London was found to be the least punctual city, with 41%of respondents admitting that they were hardly ever on time, compared with the national average of 28 per cent.Cardiff was the most punctual city where 19.8% stated that they were typically late.David Holmes, a social psychologist at Manchester Metropolitan University, said, “Good timekeeping is becoming a forgotten social etiquette, with a new generation considering lateness the norm rather than a faux pas that should be avoided.”
“Mobile phones have broken many social taboos, with people answering calls in the middle of a conversation or chatting away on the toilet.This again demonstrates the effect modern technology has on our behavior.”
调查显示,伦敦是最不守时的城市,有41%的受访者承认他们历来很少准时,而在全英国,这样的人占28%。卡迪夫是最守时的城市,只有19.8%的受访者说他们总是迟到。表示补充说明等
When asked, “Do you consider yourself an optimistic or pessimistic person?” 53% of the students replied “optimistic”, with 21% choosing “pessimistic”, and 26% “unsure”.这句话的主句部分是说明“认为自己乐观”的人数,通过独立分词结构with 21% choosing “pessimistic”, and 26% “unsure”来补充说明剩下人的选择
当被问到“你觉得自己是乐观的人还是悲观的人”时,53%的学生回答了“乐观”,二有21%的人选择了“悲观”,剩下26%的人则回答“不确定”。
With more than 3 million hardcover copies sold in its first two years of publication, WHO MOVED MY CHEESE? has become an amazing best-seller, topping the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Business Week and USA Today list 《谁动了我的奶酪?》一书精装本在出版后的头两年里,共出售了三百多万本,成为了炙手可热的畅销书,雄踞《纽约时报》《华尔街日报》《商业周刊》以及《今日美国》的排行榜榜首
2表示原因
Good timekeeping is becoming a forgotten social etiquette, with generation considering lateness the norm rather than a faux pas that should be avoided.这句话主句部分Good timekeeping is becoming a forgotten social etiquette(良好的守时习惯正在成为被遗忘的社会礼节)是得出一个结论,然后采用独立分词结构with generation considering lateness the norm rather than a faux pas that should be avoided.来表示得出此结论的原因,即“新的一代人都认为迟到很正常,并不是失礼行为而应该避免”。
良好的守时习惯正在成为被遗忘的社交礼节,因为新的一代都认为迟到很正常,不是应该避免的失礼行为。
固定结构 副词+speaking Generally speaking, men are stronger than women.= If we are to speak generally, men are stronger than woman.Strictly speaking, this is not a right answer.分词+介词
Judging from his expression, he is in a lousy mood.从他的面部表情判断,他情绪不好哦
Allowing for her inexperience, she has done a good job.考虑到她缺乏经验,她能做成这样子已经是不错了。Talking of English, she is the best speaker.说到英语,她的口语最好。
Taking everything into consideration, they ought to win this game.把所有的因素考虑在内,他们应该赢得这场比赛。
分词+(that)从句
Seeing that she has no experience, she has done a good job.考虑到她缺乏经验,她能做成这样子已经很不错了。
Considering how far from perfect most human brain are, there isn’t much threat from a computer.既然人脑都不够完美,那何惧电脑的威胁 Supposing there was a war, what would you do? 假如发生了战争,你会怎么办?
Granting that he has made a mistake, he is not to blame, for he intended to help us.他尽管反了错误,也不应该受到责备,因为他本打算帮助我们
Seeing that =since 既然 Considering that= since既然 Supposing that= if假如 Granting that=though 尽管 Allowing that 考虑到
第二篇:7 分词
分词
分词是英语中非常重要的连词成句的手段。本章将从分词的意义及其在句中的作用来探讨分词的造句规则。
一、分词的意义
1分词的意义
从分词本身所表达的意义来看,分词分为现在分词和过去分词,两者具体区别如下:
(1)从语态角度来看,现在分词表示主动意义,它与所修饰的名词构成主谓关系,如:The man standing at the gate is my English teacher.换句话说:The man who is standing at the gate is my English teacher.过去分词通常表示被动意义(不及物动词的过去分词除外),与它所修饰的名词构成动宾关系,如:the broken cup意思是:Someone broke the cup.或The cup was broken.(2.)从时态角度来看,现在分词一般表示进行动作,过去分词则表示完成的动作。a.fallen leaves
b.falling leaves
这里a相当于leaves that have fallen,即表示完成的动作;而b相当于leaves that are falling,即表示进行的动作。
a.地上的落叶
b.正在飘落的叶子
a.sunken ships
b.sinking ships
这里a相当于_ships that have sunken,即表示完成的动作;而b相当于ships that are sinking,即表示进行的动作。
a.沉没了的船只
b.正在下沉的船只
二、分词的作用
分词的作用相当于形容词和副词,因此在句中主要是充当定语和状语,相当于一个定语从句或状语从句。考生应重点掌握分词的下列用法特点:
(1)分词短语作定语要后置,相当于一个定语从句。
(2)分词短语作状语有两种结构:分词逻辑主语和句子主语一致;独立分词结构。分词短语作状语,相当于一个状语从句。
分词作定语
分词作定语其位置关系有两种。单个分词作定语,一般置于被修饰名词的前面;分词短语作定语,只能置于被修饰名词的后面。现在分词作定语,表示与所修饰的名词有主谓关系或主动关系,过去分词作定语,表示与所修饰的名词有动宾关系或被动关系。
(1)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems means of transport.(2000英译汉)
这里现在分词arising修饰problems,作后置定语,与problems构成主动关系。problems arising from mass migration movements表示“大量人口流动造成的问题”。过去分词made修饰themselves,作后置定语,themselves构成被动关系,这里themselves指代mass migration movements
由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会给社会造成新的压力。
(2)After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely to depicting happiness?(2006年阅读第四篇)
过去分词dedicated作定语,修饰名词expression,构成被动关系。
几乎完全致力于描述快乐的当代表现形式究竟是什么?
(3)To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage to them only minutes earlier.“We've found that if you're in sleep deficit,performance suffers,” says Dr.David.“Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate.”
现在分词requiring修饰tests,作后置定语,与tests构成主动关系,tests requiring them to add„是说明这个刚试要求他们做什么。过去分词read后置修饰passage,与passage构成被动关系。
为了测定睡眠不足带来的后果,研究人员让受试者接受一系列心理测试以及能力测试,包括做数字加法或回忆刚刚听过的文章。“我们发现如果睡眠不足,那么能力测试就会受到影响,”大卫医生说,“短期记忆能力会下降,决策力和集中力同样也会减弱。”
(4)The emphasis on data first-hand, with a cross-cultural perspective to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.本句有三个过去分词:gathered, combined, brought,它们的修饰关系是:
首先,gathered修饰data,作定语,译成“收集第一手资料”。
其次,combined with是将emphasis和perspective两个关键词联系起来,构成一个并列关系,相当于说:“A, combined with B”,其他类似结构还有“A, together with B“,或“A, coupled with B”,意思是将A与B结合起来,即“强调第一手资料,然后加上跨文化视角”。很多考生对这里combined with起着连接两个并列成分的作用看不出来,造成句子误译。这里三个过去分词gathered, combined和brought并非并列关系。
再次,brought是修饰perspective,作定语,相当于主动语态:bring a cross-cultural perspective to the analysis of cultures past and present,这里past and present是作后置定语修饰。The emphasis, combined with a perspective, makes this study a social science.强调收集第一手资料,加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角,使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
(5)It's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes _____ place in our ever-changing world.A.takingB.to takeC.takeD.taken
本题考查分词作定语的用法。这里分词要修饰名词changes,而changes与动词短语 take place构成主动关系,所以用现在分词taking,故A正确。
我们很容易把人们之间交流减少归咎于快节奏的现代生活和快速变化的外部世界。
(6)The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon, com, and other pioneers show that a Web will attract online customers.(1999-2-4)
网络葡萄园、亚马逊和其他一些开拓者的事例显示: 出售合适商品并辅之以适当交流互动、热情周到和安全可靠服务的网站将会吸引网上顾客。than an intuitive one.(2007-1-4)
这次试验的成功,以及后来证明记忆本身不是遗传决定的研究,使 Ericsson 得出结论:记忆行为更多地属于认知练习而不是直觉活动。whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.(2003-1-2)
以绝对优势领先的是弗吉尼亚的一个名为 “公开来源情报公司”的小公司,它的明显优势是对电子世界的把握。
(9)The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of in the United Kingdom.(2001-1-2)
在特别以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域,这种倾向自然非常明显,并且可以就英国的地质学发展得到证实。
(10)Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers.(2001-3-7)
然后它出资组织旨在搞清为什么顾客被激怒并且大量离去的研讨会和可信度调查项目.(11)Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.许多人错误地认为毒品一词仅指某种药品或吸毒成瘾者使用的非法化学物质。
(12)First of all, most will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.(1997-3-2)
首先,大部分过度使用的物质将产生负面效果,如中毒或强烈的知觉变异。
分词作状语
分词短语作状语在句中有不同的意义,可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、伴随等等。
(1)In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet(1999年阅读第一篇)
这里分词wearing作时间状语。修饰从句谓语was paralyzed;involving分词作定语,修饰lawsuit
5月份,伊利诺伊州舒茨体育用品商店的总经理Julie Nimmons赢得了一场官司,这场官司与一位橄榄球员戴着舒茨头盔在比赛中受伤瘫痪的事故有关。
(2)I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was haw I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks.(1997年阅读第一篇)
这里分词fighting和clawing作伴随状语,修饰动词die,表示在die的过程中,人们同时做出的一些动作。因为这里fight和claw与people是主动关系,所以用了现在分词。
从精神角度来说,我并不惧怕死亡。但我惧怕的是如何走向死亡这个过程,因为我看到过病人在医院死亡之时因缺氧而抗争并抓住面革的情形。
(3)Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When asserted that they do, she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said,“Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.”(2003年阅读第二篇)
三个分词asked, assured, asked的逻样主语是:he,构成被动关系,所以都用了过去分词。这里作状语,表示时间,所以我们可以在分词前面加上时间连词,比如when assured
当问到她是否反对接种时,她问疫苗是否来自动物实验。当被告知的确如此时,她回答
道:“那么我不得不说,是的,我反对接种。”当问到瘟疚爆发怎么办时,她说:“不用担心,科学家将会用计算机找到一些解决问题的办法。”
(4)Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.在英文中,being done结构往往表示原因。这里being interested也不例外,作原因状语。由于沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣,这使他逐渐形成了这样的观点:在一个社会中,语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。
(5)He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,________insufficiently popular with all members.A.being consideredB.consideringC.to be consideredD.having considered 本题考查分词作状语的用法。这里句子主语he和动词consider是被动关系,所以用being considered,作原因状语。在英文中,being done常常用来表示原因。
由于他在该协会里并不受成员的欢迎,所以人们没有选他作协会主席。
(6)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.这里arguing的逻辑主语是句子主语extremists,两者构成主动关系,所以用现在分词作状语,表示原因。
由于极端主义者认为人与动物在各相关方面都不同,因此,他们认为对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
(7)Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels,tryingto anticipate every possible accident.(1999年阅读第一篇)
这里feeling的逻辑主语是句子主语companies,两者构成主动关系,所以用现在分词。同样道理,trying的逻辑主语也是companies。这里feeling threatened作状语表示原因。第二个分词短语trying to.二作方式状语,修饰谓语responded
由于面对这样的威胁,公司的反应是写出无比冗长的警告标签,以尽量预见所有可能的事故。
(8)_____ of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South.A.To be freeB.FreeingC.To freeD.Freed
本题考查分词作状语及现在分词与过去分词的用法。这里句子主语the balloon同时也是分词的逻辑主语,它与动词free构成被动关系,故用过去分词Freed
气球由于被释去冰块重负,一直飞向空中,向南漂去。
(9)In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics.(2007-3-2)伴随状语
仅仅在一代人的时间,成千上万的母亲投入工作的 行列,改变了基本家庭经济状况。
(10)His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.(1998-2-5)
他的同事麦克彼尔说,太多的公司以机械的形式实施重组,降低成本,而未对长远的嬴利给予充分的考虑。
(11)Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr.McWhorter documents is unmistakable.(2005-4-4)原因状语
麦克沃特先生用大量上层文化和大众文化的有趣例子说明这种趋势,他所记录的这种趋势是清楚明白的。
(12)Left, until now, to odd,low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of
data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss ' s agenda in businesses of every variety.(2007-4-1)时间
直到现在,信息保护一直留给临时的、底层的信息技术人员掌控,并且被认为是诸如金融、电信、航空等数据丰富的行业所独有的问题。信息保护现在处于各种商业老板的首要议事日程。
(13)Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.(2003-4-2)原因
由于有保留医疗费用由第三方支付的保障,我们常 常要求用尽所有的医疗手段,即使它不会有任何作用。
(14)But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant,instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.(2002-2-5)伴随
但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景,并且 迅速排除 98%'的不相干的物体,立 即聚焦于森林中蜿蜒道路旁 的一只猴子,或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。
(15)When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.(2000-1-1)
当美国在二战后进入一个辉煌的历史时期时,它拥 有比任何竞争对手大八倍的市场,这为其各种行业提供了前所 未有的经济规模。
第三篇:分词基本练习
分词作定语,状语的讲解及练习一
分词的种类:现在分词和过去分词 二
分词的形式 时态
2语态
1)一般式 v--ing
being done 2)完成式
having done
having been done 3)以上所有是否定形式都是直接在前面加not 4)过去分词形式
v+ed 二意义 现在分词表示动作正在进行和主动意义,2 过去分词表示动作已经完成和被动意义。三 作用
定语,状语,表语,补足语
四 定语:一个分词作定语前置,分词短语作定语后置。a sleeping child We only sell used books.The bridge built last month needs repairing.The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor
The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.由于被严重困扰,这个人几乎失去了记
五 作状语 分词在句中作状语,表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等。如:(1)表示时间
Arriving in Paris, I lost my way.到了巴黎,我迷了路。When i arrived in paris,l lost my way 表示与主句中谓语动词同时性的现在分词强调时间意义时,分词前可以加上while, when等从属连接词。如:
Don’t talk while having di er.吃饭时不要说话。
When crossing the street, do be careful.过马路时要小心。(2)表示原因 表示原因的分词短语一般置于句首。
Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well.在伦敦住过多年,我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。
Seriously injured, he had to be taken to ho ital.由于伤得严重,只好把他送往医院。(3)表示结果
The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.大火持续了近一个月,几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。
Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular ort.80多个国家都踢足球,因此足球成了一种很流行的运动。(4)表示方式
I stood by the door, not daring to say a word.我站在门旁,不敢说一句话。He earns his living buying vegetables(5)表示条件
Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes.如果你更细心,你会犯更少的错误。Once losing this chance, you can’t easily find it.一旦失去这次机会你就很难找回。
分词练习1.The old farmer,________ the badly-injured and wounded soldier, came out of the burning house, ________for help.A.supporting;calling
B.supported by;called
C.being supported by;called
D.being supporting;called
2.-Oh, it’s already a quarter past six.What shall we do at the meeting this evening?-We’ll go on with the matter________ this afternoon.A.be discussed
B.being discussing C.discussed
D.which discussed 3.The brave man died,________ his young wife nothing but a________ cottage.A.left;breaking
B.leaving;broken C.left;broken D.to leave;breaking 4.________the exam, the boy was punished by his father.A.No passing
B.Having passed C.Not passing D.Not having passed
5.________into many languages, the story is well known all over the world now.A.Being translated B.Having translated C.To be translated
D.Having been translated 6.________from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.A.Suffered B.To suffer C.Having suffered D.Being suffered
7.Many teachers were praised at the meeting, Mr.Zhou________.A.including B.being including C.to include D.included
8.-Who were those people with the flags?
-A group________ itself the League of Peace.A.calls B.calling C.called D.being called
9.________you the truth, she knows nothing about it.A.Tell B.Telling C.To tell D.Told
10.We slept with the light________ all night long last night.A.burnt B.to burn C.being burnt D.burning
11.Linda can’t attend the party________ at Tom’s house at present because she is preparing a speech for the party ________ at Marie’s house tomorrow.A.being held;to be held B.to be held;held C.held;being held D.to be held;to be held 12.Wen________ that it was getting late, I put off the light and went to bed.A.find B.finding C.found D.to find
13.Don't leave the water _____ while you brush your teeth.A.run B.running C.being run D.to run
14.______from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.A.Being separated B.Having separated C.Having been separated D.To be separated 15.He sent me an E-mail, _______ to get further information.A.hoped B.hoping C.to hope D.Hope
16.When first ______ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.A.introducing B.introduced C.introduce D.being introduced 17.It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ______ at the meeting by my boss.A.questioning B.having questioned C.questioned D.to be questioned 18.Friendship is like money: easier made than ______.A.kept B.to be kept C.keeping D.being kept 19.— What’s happening in the street?
— A group ______ Green Peace are protesting against the summit.A.calls B.called C.calling D.to be called 20.He had his leg ______ when playing football.A.break B.to break C.breaking D.Broke 21.______ with excitement, the children couldn’t fall asleep.A.To fill B.To be filled C.Filling D.Filled 22.Even if ______, I won’t go.A.invited B.inviting C.I invited D.he invites 23.With the homework ______, he was allowed to watch the football match.A.finished B.finishing C.to finish D.to be finished 24.With his finger ______ to the ______ window, the teacher asked: “Who did that?”
A.pointing;broken B.pointed;broke C.pointing;breaking D.pointed;breaking 25.The shy girl never speaks unless ______.A.speaking B.spoken C.speaking to D.spoken to 26.______ by Yang Liwei’s speech,the students are determined to study even harder.A.Deeply moved B.Having deeply move C.To be deeply moved D.Moving deeply 27.If ______ green, the door might look more beautiful.A.paint B.painted C.painting D.to paint 28.The girl is still fast asleep, with her head ______ deep in arms.A.bury B.to bury C.buried D.burying
第四篇:中文分词工具
当前几个主要的Lucene中文分词器的比较(ZZ)
1.基本介绍:
paoding :Lucene中文分词“庖丁解牛” Paoding Analysis
imdict :imdict智能词典所采用的智能中文分词程序
mmseg4j : 用 Chih-Hao Tsai 的 MMSeg 算法 实现的中文分词器
ik :采用了特有的“正向迭代最细粒度切分算法“,多子处理器分析模式
2.开发者及开发活跃度:
paoding :qieqie.wang,google code 上最后一次代码提交:2008-06-12,svn 版本号 132 imdict :XiaoPingGao,进入了 lucene contribute,lucene trunk 中 contrib/analyzers/smartcn/ 最后一次提交:2009-07-24,mmseg4j :chenlb2008,google code 中 2009-08-03(昨天),版本号 57,log为:mmseg4j-1.7 创建分支
ik :linliangyi2005,google code 中 2009-07-31,版本号 41
3.用户自定义词库:
paoding :支持不限制个数的用户自定义词库,纯文本格式,一行一词,使用后台线程检测词库的更新,自动编译更新过的词库到二进制版本,并加载
imdict :暂时不支持用户自定义词库。但 原版 ICTCLAS 支持。支持用户自定义 stop words mmseg4j :自带sogou词库,支持名为 wordsxxx.dic,utf8文本格式的用户自定义词库,一行一词。不支持自动检测。-Dmmseg.dic.path
ik :支持api级的用户词库加载,和配置级的词库文件指定,无 BOM 的 UTF-8 编码,rn 分割。不支持自动检测。
4.速度(基于官方介绍,非自己测试)
paoding :在PIII 1G内存个人机器上,1秒 可准确分词 100万 汉字
imdict :483.64(字节/秒),259517(汉字/秒)
mmseg4j : complex 1200kb/s左右, simple 1900kb/s左右
ik :具有50万字/秒的高速处理能力
5.算法和代码复杂度
paoding :svn src 目录一共1.3M,6个properties文件,48个java文件,6895 行。使用不用的 Knife 切不同类型的流,不算很复杂。
imdict :词库 6.7M(这个词库是必须的),src 目录 152k,20个java文件,2399行。使用 ICTCLAS HHMM隐马尔科夫模型,“利用大量语料库的训练来统计汉语词汇的词频和跳转概率,从而根据这些统计结果对整个汉语句子计算最似然(likelihood)的切分”
mmseg4j : svn src 目录一共 132k,23个java文件,2089行。MMSeg 算法,有点复杂。ik : svn src 目录一共6.6M(词典文件也在里面),22个java文件,4217行。多子处理器分析,跟paoding类似,歧义分析算法还没有弄明白。
6.文档
paoding :几乎无。代码里有一些注释,但因为实现比较复杂,读代码还是有一些难度的。imdict : 几乎无。ICTCLAS 也没有详细的文档,HHMM隐马尔科夫模型的数学性太强,不太好理解。
mmseg4j : MMSeg 算法 是英文的,但原理比较简单。实现也比较清晰。
ik :有一个pdf使用手册,里面有使用示例和配置说明。
7.其它
paoding :引入隐喻,设计比较合理。search 1.0 版本就用的这个。主要优势在于原生支持词库更新检测。主要劣势为作者已经不更新甚至不维护了。
imdict :进入了 lucene trunk,原版 ictclas 在各种评测中都有不错的表现,有坚实的理论基础,不是个人山寨。缺点为暂时不支持用户词库。
mmseg4j :在complex基础上实现了最多分词(max-word),但是还不成熟,还有很多需要改进的地方。
ik :针对Lucene全文检索优化的查询分析器IKQueryParser
8.结论
个人觉得,可以在 mmseg4j 和 paoding 中选一个。关于这两个分词效果的对比,可以参考:
或者自己再包装一下,将 paoding 的词库更新检测做一个单独的模块实现,然后就可以在所有基于词库的分词算法之间无缝切换了。
ps,对不同的 field 使用不同的分词器是一个可以考虑的方法。比如 tag 字段,就应该使用一个最简单的分词器,按空格分词就可以了。
==============================以上部分为网上转载=============================
Paoding 的具体使用:
最新版本JAR包在Lucene3.0下会报错,直接使用Lucene2.9.4即可。另外其论坛说也可以直接使用源码编译。
字典的添加:添加新字典,需删除dic文件夹下.compiled文件,重新编译。
第五篇:现在分词变化规则
现在分词变化规则
1.直接+ ing(例:sleep+ing sleeping)
2.去e+ing(例:bite-e+ing biting)
3重读闭音节,且末尾只有1个辅音字母,双写辅音字母+ing(例:sit+t+ing sitting)
4.特殊变化:die-dying,lie-lying,tie-tying
5.不规则变化
现在进行时的基本用法:
A 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。
例:We are waiting for you.B.习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。
例:Mr.Green is writing another novel.(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
例:She is learning piano under Mr.Smith.C.已经确定或安排好的将来活动
I'm leaving for a trek in Nepal next week.(已经安排了)
we're flying to Paris tomorrow.(票已经拿到了)
D.有些动词(状态动词不用于进行时态)1.表示知道或了解的动词:believe,doubt,forget,imagine,know, remember,realize,suppose,understand
2.表示“看起来”“看上去“appear,resemble,seem
3表示喜爱或不喜爱hate,like.lover.prefer
4表示构成或来源的动词 be come from.contain,include
5表示感官的动词 hear see smell sound taste
6表示拥有的动词belong to.need.own.possess.want wish
1、现在进行时的构成
现在进行时由”be+v-ing"构成。be应为助动词,最容易被同学漏掉,它应与主语的人称和数保持一致。
2、现在进行时的应用
(1)当句子中有now时,常表示动作正在进行,这时要用现在进行时。如: They are playing basketball now.现在他们正在打篮球。
(2)以look, listen开头的句子,提示我们动作正进行,这时要用现在进行时。如: Listen!She is singing an English song.听,她正在唱英语歌。
(3)表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作,且此时有this week, these days等时间词,这时常用现在进行时。如:
We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。
(4)描述图片中的人物的动作,也为了表达更生动。此时也常用现在进行时。如: Look at the picture.The children are flying kites in the park.看这幅图,那些孩子正在公园放风筝。
3、现在分词的变化规则:
(1)一般情况下,直接在动词后加-ing work----working sleep-----sleeping study-----studying
(2)动词以不发音的-e结尾,要去-e加-ing take-----taking make-----making dance-----dancing
(3)重读闭音节的动词,要双写词尾字母,再加-ing cut-----cutting put-----putting begin------beginning
(4)以-ie结尾的动词,把变成y再加-ing lie-----lying tie-----tying die-----dying
4、现在进行时的变化
肯定句式:主语+be(am, is, are)+现在分词+其它.否定句式:主语+be(am, is, are)+not +现在分词+其它.一般疑问句:be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词+其它
特殊疑问句:疑问词+be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词+其它