英美文学复习资料（共5篇）

第一篇：英美文学复习资料

英美文学复习资料

文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教 → bible 圣经 Myth 神话 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）

一、The Anglo-Saxon period(449-1066)

1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒)Christian(基督徒)

2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》(national epic 民族史诗)采用了隐喻手法

3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）

例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)

Canto 诗章

1、romance 传奇文学

2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士和绿衣骑士)是一首押头韵的长诗

三、Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里.乔叟时期

1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父

2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)

3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)

大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体

小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。

小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness.He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信)and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运).他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。

4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)

Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式

代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教

代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔

四、The Renaissance(16世纪)文艺复兴时期

（Greek and Roman）戏剧 drama 诗章 canto

The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical(Greek and Roman)arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。

The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama

文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。

1、key work: humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：

1)、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦

2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家(essayist)

3)、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人

sonnet(十四行诗)： form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵)in 14 lines iambic pentameter

4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞 poet’s poet(诗人中的诗人)The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem 史诗)

5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛

blank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格)是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。

6)、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚戏剧 drama

四大悲剧：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)

五、the period of Revolution and Restoration(17世纪)资产阶级革命与王权复辟

prose 散文

1、文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒)believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。

2、代表人物：

1)、John Donne 约翰.多恩 “metaphysical”poets(玄学派诗人)的代表人物

sonnet 十四行诗《Death be not proud》(笔记)

作品特点：① strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦诚的态度和现实描绘)

② novelty of subject matter and point(新颖的题材和视角)

③ novelty of its form.(新颖的形式)

2)、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人（poem 诗歌 blank verse）

《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护

《Paradise Lost》失乐园 “Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人

《Paradise Regained》复乐园)、John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬 a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)”Pilgrim’s Progress》天路历程 prose 散文

该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned(旧体形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻)and dream”

六、The Age of Enlightenment(18世纪)启蒙运动

prose 散文

1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。

The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。

The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善，而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。

Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.无论怎样讲究理性，社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。

2、18th century 文学的三个方面：

Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)

3、代表人物：

1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说

Novel：《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯

2)、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)

《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯受到了理查森的《帕美勒》的启发

作家之间的不同：Richardson —— no humor, minces words, moralizes.不幽默，咬文嚼字，说教

Fielding —— direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity，full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙，甚至有点俗,精神焕发，讲述流浪者的故事。

《The History of Tom Jones, a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事 the best novel of him

3)、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特

《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记 novel 反讽

作品特点：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice;the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.努不动颜，骂不扬声，语调冷酷，锋芒暗藏，讽刺辛辣，仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态。

《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议

4)、Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔.理查森

《Pamela》帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法

In the form of letters 书信体小说

5)、Richard B.Sheridan 理查德.B.谢尔丹

《School for Scandal》造谣学校，喜剧 comedy

6)、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯散文作家 essayist

《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说 novel

《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedy

《The Deserted Village》荒村，诗歌 poems4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰

The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾，感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。

代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷《Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard》墓园挽歌

七、the Romantic Period(1798-1832)浪漫主义

散文 prose1、前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布莱克诗人 poet

Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯苏格兰诗人 poet

Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命。

2、教育意义Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博爱

3、开始的标志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s 《Lyrical Ballads》从威廉.华兹华斯发表的“抒情歌谣”开始

4、lake poets(湖畔诗人)：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物： 1)、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 poet-laureate(桂冠诗人)《The Prelude》序曲自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry

With S.T.coleridge, they jointly published the “Lyrical Ballads”.与s.t.coleridge一起,联合发表了“抒情民谣”

作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry

简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的18世纪诗歌 2)、Lord Byron 拜伦《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德?哈罗德游记 cantos 诗章成名作《Don Juan》唐璜 poem 诗 satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻 poem 诗 the first volume of poem 首卷诗 3)、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯 drama 戏剧《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂 poem 诗 4)、John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人《The Eve of St.Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜 poem 《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂 poem 《To a Nightingale》致夜莺 poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美学原则 5)、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel.他是创造者和历史小说大师 6)、Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁女《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感《Emma》爱玛写作特点：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live.She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people.她是中产阶级小说的发起人。

7)、Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯 essayist散文家

6、十九世纪散文的特点：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak;they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude.在这两个时期的开始，艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期，散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定

八、Critical Realism 批判现实主义，Victorian Period 维多利亚时期 humanism 人文主义

1、意义：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中，宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动。

from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan.Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness.在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活，无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义人物：Rebecca Sharp — a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中，完美的获取财富和地位的手段。特点： novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照。5)、George Eliot 乔治.艾略特女《Adam Bede》novel 《The mill on the floss》《Middlemarch》 Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场，但是她的心洞察了个性的发展。特点：the significance of G.Eliot’s work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞。

3、桂冠诗人(poet-laureate)：1)、Alfred Tennyson 2)、Robert Browning《My last duchess》已故的公爵夫人 Jealousy(嫉妒)Stingy(小气)贡献：Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白 dramatic lyrics 戏剧抒情诗 dramatic romances 戏剧传奇

九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世纪英国文学的过渡期

1、Aestheticism 唯美主义 “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术

2、代表人物。1)、Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者 Pessimists《Tess of the D’Urbervilles》苔丝《Jude the obscure》裘德 novel 特点：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry.他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧。2)、Oscar Wilde “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术 3)、George Bernard Shaw 剧作家(playwright)《Mrs.Warren’s profession》华莱夫人的职业4)、D.H.Lawrence《Lady Chatterley’s Lover》查泰莱夫人的情人《The Rainbow》彩虹《Sons and lovers》儿子与情人

3、“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs.Dalloway》《A Room of One’s Own》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women.非常重视妇女的地位 2)、James Joyce 《Ulysses》

第二篇：英美文学复习资料(全)

文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教 → bible 圣经 Myth 神话 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）

一、The Anglo-Saxon period(449-1066)

1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒)Christian(基督徒)

2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》(national epic 民族史诗)采用了隐喻手法

3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）

例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)Canto 诗章

1、romance 传奇文学

2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士和绿衣骑士)是一首押头韵的长诗

三、Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里.乔叟时期

1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父

2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)

3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体

小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness.He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信)and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运).他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。

4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔

四、The Renaissance(16世纪)文艺复兴时期（Greek and Roman）戏剧 drama 诗章 canto The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical(Greek and Roman)arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。

The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama 文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。

1、key work: humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement

2、代表人物：

1)、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦

2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家(essayist)3)、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人

sonnet(十四行诗)： form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵)in 14 lines iambic pentameter 4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞 poet’s poet(诗人中的诗人)The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem 史诗)5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛

blank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格)是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。6)、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚戏剧 drama 四大悲剧：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)

五、the period of Revolution and Restoration(17世纪)资产阶级革命与王权复辟 prose 散文

2、代表人物：

1)、John Donne 约翰.多恩 ―metaphysical‖poets(玄学派诗人)的代表人物 sonnet 十四行诗《Death be not proud》(笔记)作品特点：① strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦诚的态度和现实描绘)② novelty of subject matter and point(新颖的题材和视角)③ novelty of its form.(新颖的形式)2)、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人（poem 诗歌 blank verse）《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护

《Paradise Lost》失乐园 ―Satan is not a villain‖撒旦不是坏人《Paradise Regained》复乐园)、John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬 a great prose writer ―give us the only great allegory(寓言)‖ Pilgrim’s Progress》天路历程 prose 散文

该书采用的写作手法―written in the old-fashioned(旧体形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻)and dream‖

六、The Age of Enlightenment(18世纪)启蒙运动 prose 散文

1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。

Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)

3、代表人物：

1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说

Novel：《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯

2)、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯受到了理查森的《帕美勒》的启发

作家之间的不同：Richardson —— no humor, minces words, moralizes.不幽默，咬文嚼字，说教 Fielding —— direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity，full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙，甚至有点俗,精神焕发，讲述流浪者的故事。《The History of Tom Jones, a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事 the best novel of him 3)、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记 novel 反讽

《Pamela》帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法 In the form of letters 书信体小说

5)、Richard B.Sheridan 理查德.B.谢尔丹《School for Scandal》造谣学校，喜剧 comedy 6)、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯散文作家 essayist 《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说 novel 《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedy 《The Deserted Village》荒村，诗歌 poems

4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰

代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷《Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard》墓园挽歌

七、the Romantic Period(1798-1832)浪漫主义散文 prose

1、前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布莱克诗人 poet Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯苏格兰诗人 poet Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution 前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命。

2、教育意义Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博爱

3、开始的标志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s 《Lyrical Ballads》从威廉.华兹华斯发表的“抒情歌谣”开始

4、lake poets(湖畔诗人)：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物： 1)、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 poet-laureate(桂冠诗人)《The Prelude》序曲自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry With S.T.coleridge, they jointly published the ―Lyrical Ballads‖.与s.t.coleridge一起,联合发表了―抒情民谣‖

作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry 简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的18世纪诗歌 2)、Lord Byron 拜伦《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德?哈罗德游记 cantos 诗章成名作《Don Juan》唐璜 poem 诗 satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻 poem 诗 the first volume of poem 首卷诗 3)、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯 drama 戏剧《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂 poem 诗 4)、John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人《The Eve of St.Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜 poem 《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂 poem 《To a Nightingale》致夜莺 poem ―Beauty is truth, truth beauty‖美学原则 5)、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特 He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel.他是创造者和历史小说大师 6)、Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁女《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感《Emma》爱玛写作特点：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live.She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people.她是中产阶级小说的发起人。7)、Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯 essayist散文家

八、Critical Realism 批判现实主义，Victorian Period 维多利亚时期 humanism 人文主义

1、意义：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中，宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动。

2、代表人物： 1)、Charles Dickens 狄更斯《Hard Times》艰难时刻《Pickwick Papers》匹克威克外传《Oliver Twist》雾都孤儿《A Tale of Two Cities》双城记(描述了法国大革命French Revolution)特点：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众。2)、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特女《Shirley》雪利《Jane Eyre》简.爱 Emily Bronte 艾米丽.勃郎特《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄（主人公：Mr.Heathcliff）特点：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.3)、Mrs.Gaskell 《Mary Barton, North and South》玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方 4)、William Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利场 — this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan.Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness.在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活，无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义人物：Rebecca Sharp — a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中，完美的获取财富和地位的手段。特点： novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照。5)、George Eliot 乔治.艾略特女《Adam Bede》novel 《The mill on the floss》《Middlemarch》 Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场，但是她的心洞察了个性的发展。特点：the significance of G.Eliot’s work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞。

3、桂冠诗人(poet-laureate)：1)、Alfred Tennyson 2)、Robert Browning 《My last duchess》已故的公爵夫人 Jealousy(嫉妒)Stingy(小气)贡献：Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白 dramatic lyrics 戏剧抒情诗 dramatic romances 戏剧传奇

九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世纪英国文学的过渡期

1、Aestheticism 唯美主义 ―art for art’s sake‖ 为艺术而艺术

(playwright)《Mrs.Warren’s profession》华莱夫人的职业4)、D.H.Lawrence 《Lady Chatterley’s Lover》查泰莱夫人的情人《The Rainbow》彩虹《Sons and lovers》儿子与情人

3、―stream of consciousness‖意识流代表人物：1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs.Dalloway》《A Room of One’s Own》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women.非常重视妇女的地位 2)、James Joyce 《Ulysses》

Part 1 The Anglo—Saxon Period（449-1066）秧格鲁-撒克逊时期 1.Historical Background Celts 400B.C.Romans 50B.C.Anglo—Saxons 450A.D Norman Invasion 1066A.D.Roman empire从albion撤军，teutonic tribes(包括angles, Saxons,jutes)（条顿人or日耳曼人）陆续登陆此地 2.Literature 1,pagan异教徒文学 2 christian基督徒文学 alliterative verse头韵诗 Epic: Beowulf贝奥武甫（Denmark背景）（the hall heorot鹿庁，grendel:a monster half-human）

1)Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet.上下部分由pagan写，插入由christian写 2)a mixture of history and legend.，england’s national epic民国史诗 Part II The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)秧格鲁-诺曼时期

1.Historical Background Roman conquest,接着是english conquest，最后是norman conquest。The Norman Conquest in 1066 Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I, King of England.（the battle of hastings希斯廷战役）Kings—Barons男爵—Knights, a feudal system of hierarchy统治集团 was formed 2.The language Upper classes: French, Latin The common people: Old English Three languages co-existed in England.French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords;Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities;and Old English was spoken only by the common English people.3.The literature Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages.It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight.It reflected the spirit of chivalry骑士制度.The content of romance: love, chivalry and religion.It involves fighting, adventures.Subject matter: Geoffrey’s History杰弗里《史记》，riming chronicles押韵编年史，metricalverse格律诗体，doggerel verse打油诗体 1)the Matter of France eg.Charlemagne and his peers查理曼大帝和他的骑士 2)Matter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder亚历山大大帝 3)Matter of Britain tales having for their heroes Arthur and his knights of the Round Table 3.main literature Sir Gawain and the green knight.高文爵士和绿衣骑士（arthur，gawain,green knight, morgain the fay-woman妖精摩根, the green girdle绿腰带）Part III Geoffrey Chaucer(1340—1400)杰弗里.乔叟时期

1.Historical Background He was living at the same time as the writer of Sir Gawain.In 1350 AD, 100 Years' War between England and France.The English won, they controlled large French territory领土.The Henry VI lost it all.He is father of English poetry War of the Roses 1455-1485 AD 2.What's middle ages like? 1).The medieval society: hierarchy 等级制度social system.2).Another important thing in the medieval society is Christianity基督God-centered thinking, mind ideology思想体系 3.Life and work of Chaucer Chaucer lived between(1340-1400).His life is closely connected with the King and the royal family.Chaucer is working in a royal family as a page小侍臣.He married the sister of Gaunt's wife.He became a government official.He is very much exposed to the influence of Italy of the culture.E.G.Dante但丁, Patriarch,主教 Boccaccio-the Decameron薄伽丘著《十日谈》,Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse.乔叟第一次在英国用韵脚韵律诗形式来创作诗歌，开创了英国文学以重音-音节为基础的格律诗先河。首创heroic couplet英雄双行体。His career can be divided into several periods 1.French 1360-1370 translate French poetry 2.Italian 1372-1386 3.English The Canterbury tales 4.The Canterbury tales He got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucer's originality.He retells the stories in his own way.The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury.Pilgrims 朝圣者tell stories to pass the time.The journey is used as a kind of device to unite the various tales Nun修女:Her enthusiasm for grace, trying to become someone that she is not, she cannot possibly be.--Pretentiousness, pretending伪装too much Chaucer has different attitude to different characters 第一句：as soon as april pierces to the root, the drought of march, and bathes each bud and shoot The significance of his writing 1)it gives a comprehensive广泛的 picture of Chaucer’s time 2)the dramatic structure 3)Chaucer’s humor 4)Chaucer’s contribution to the English language.Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church.Chaucer used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language.He increased the prestige 威信of the English language.5.Popular ballads大众民谣 A ballad is a narrative叙述 poem that tells a story.It is about particular incidents, usually dramatic.Ballets tell stories-about tragic悲剧的 incidents.They are written in a special musical pattern, ballad meter-four meters, couplets（相连并押韵的两行诗）— two line in a unit or quatrain 四行诗__ ababcdcd Characteristics: 1)The beginning is often abrupt突然地.No introduction of the characters and the background of the tale 2)There are strong dramatic elements.A ballad deals with a single episode插曲 3)the story is often told through dialogue and action 4)the theme is often tragic悲剧的 5)The ballad meter is used.It contains four-line stanza节，段在英国把民谣当文学形式研究的第一人是托马斯.帕西主教Bishop Thomas Percy,他将民谣收录到《英诗辑古》Reliques of Ancient English Poetry中。Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale罗宾汉和阿林代尔 Get Up and Bar the Door.起来去关门 Sir Patrick Spens派屈克。斯宾塞爵士 Part IV The Renaissance文艺复兴时期 1.Historical Background 1)The reign of Queen Elizabeth(1558_1603)England enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity 2)The defeat of the Spanish Armada舰队 by the English navy in 1588.After the battle, England gradually became a mighty naval海军的power.3)Humanism人文主义 Renaissance: it is a French word that means ―rebirth‖复活 in English.In the 15th and 16th century, scholars in western European countries had a keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture.That is the art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after long years of neglect.忽略 Humanism: The welfare幸福 of human being is very important.It emphases the worth of life in this world, and the dignity of human being.4）主要作者介绍 Thomas More : Utopia托马斯。莫尔：乌托邦 Thomas Wyatt:怀亚特：把sonnet十四行诗引入英国第一人 Edmund Spenser: the Fairy Queen埃德蒙。斯宾塞：仙后 John Lyly: Eupheus约翰。黎里：艳词，首创euphuism绚丽体 Christopher Marlowe:克里斯托弗。马洛：把blank verse无韵诗作为英语戏剧主要表达方式的开创者 English drama是英国文艺复兴的主流 2.The writers William Shakespeare(1564—1616)1)His life and work –1592, arrived in London doing very mean jobs, then he joined Lord chamberlain’s国王侍从 company, became very famous.He became a shareholder股东 in the Globe and bought a big house in his hometown.He bought a coat of arms for his father。出生地：Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire-2 poems, 37 plays, 154 sonnets His plays-1,Histories and comedies 2.Tragedies 3.Romances The importance of his writing(more can be added)1)Shakespeare represented the tread脚步 of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.(peace)2)Shakespeare’s humanism.His plays reflected the spirit of his age.3He was a great poet 4）He was a master of the English language.5）His first original play written in about 1590 was King Henry VI 6）Hmalet,哈姆雷特 Othello,奥赛罗 King Lear,李尔王and the Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白 are regarded as Shakespeare’s four great tragedies.Hamblet:讲的是丹麦故事，反映的是英国的事情主要人物：Claudius克劳迪斯，死去国王的弟弟，Queen Gertrude乔特鲁得：王子的母亲，Polonius波洛琉斯：爱说闲话的官员，Ophelia奥菲利亚：官员的女儿，Laertes雷欧提斯：官员的儿子 The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人主要人物：Bassanio巴萨尼奥，Antonio安东尼奥，Shylock夏洛克:a wealthy Jew犹太人，Portia鲍西亚：Bassanio’s girlfriend, Jessica杰西卡：shylock’s daughter, Lorenzo罗兰佐：Bassanio’s friend and Jessica’s boyfriend, Nerissa尼莉莎：Portia’s waiting-woman侍女，Gratiano:葛莱西安诺：Bassanio’s another friend and Nerissa’s boyfriend 地点：Belmont贝尔蒙特 Sonnet 18: The first eight lines: shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?thou art more lovely and more temperat„.--The English summer: warm, not hot, gives people a happy feeling, lots of sunshine--Proposing a comparison：Even better to a summer’s day--Rough winds—nature，The duration持续 of summer: ends very soon，Hot_ the sun Summer is beautiful, but it will change into winter，But—change This poem is similar the Spencer’斯宾塞s sonnets Spencer is using tide潮水__time，Shakespeare is using summer—time Sonnet 29: The first eight lines: ―when ,in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes, I all alone„..‖ unlucky, unfortunate despised by other people Describes his unfavorable condition, therefore he is very sad.Line 9-12：The author—the lark云雀 His great happiness—the memory of his friend brings his happiness--Magical effect Francis Bacon：十七世纪初，英国的杰出散文家 1.his life：Pope蒲柏 descibed him as the wisest,brightes, meanst of mankind，Bacon’s work may be divided into three classes, the philosophical, the literary, and the professional works.The final edition of essays contains 58 essays.2.writing(Of Truth,谈真理 Of Studies 谈读书)Part V The 17th century The period of revolution and restoration.17世纪资产阶级与王政复辟时期 1.Historical Background 1)English Bourgeois Revolution英国资产阶级革命 During the reign of Elizabeth, England enjoyed a time of prosperity and fast development.James I(Stuart斯图亚特王室), a change of Dynasty, all the conflicts, which has started during Elizabeth reign, has come into surface.James I imposed担负的 heave taxes on businessmen, bourgeoisie, he controlled the manufacture product__monopoly垄断, but people believed in free trade King VS.The Parliament(has the support of the capitalists and businessmen and also the Puritans清教徒)2)the persecution迫害者 of the Puritans Charles I was beheaded砍头.After the civil War, the parliament was in power—Crowell克罗韦尔 became the Lord君主 Protector(1653)Charles II, and restoration, James II William Orange singed ― The Bill of Rights‖ which greatly restricted约束 the power of the English King.The civil war has transformed the country from tyranny to a constitutional monarch.The revolution period is also called puritan age, because the English revolution was carried out under a religious cloak 2，literature 这一时期的四约翰（John Milton弥尔顿，John Bunyan班扬，John Donne多恩，John Dryden德莱顿）成为文坛杰出人物，metaphysical poet玄学派 and French drama的影响成为两个重要的文学概念。The literature of the middle and later periods of the 17th century cultimated in the poetry of Milton, in the prose 散文writing of Bunyan, and also in the plays and literary criticism 文学评论of Dryden.Milton and bunyan represented the extreme of English life in the 17th century.One gave us the only epic史诗 since Beowolf, the other gave us the only great allegory寓言.2.Writers John Donne:玄学派代表人物 John Milton： Paradise Lost失乐园：consists of 12 books（it’s based on the biblical legend ,invovlves Adom亚当 and Eve夏娃, Satan撒旦 in his plot）The character of Satan撒旦：既是英雄又带点邪恶色彩的反叛者形象we think of Satan either as an abstract conception as someone in whom evil is mixed with good but who is doomed to destruction毁灭 by the flaw缺点 of slef-love.1.his good mastery熟练 of Latin His writing of English is much influenced by his use of Latin 2.revolutionary enthusiasm His attempt to throw tyranny暴政and gain freedom His language--Long, complex sentence structures--Allusions影射, references to Bible, history, mythology神话--Some sentences begin in the middle or at the end.Some are inverted John Bunyan The book: The pilgrim’s Progress天路历程，it’s written in the old-fash-ioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.采用的旧体形式，大量运用了中世纪时的比喻和梦的形式。In the Pilgrim’s Progress, the story begins with a man called Christiam 基督徒setting out with a book in his hand and a great load负荷 on his back from the city of Destruction毁灭城.The fair-England the persecution迫害 of the faithful, the persecution of the puritans清教徒.Christ基督---Vanity虚荣心 Fair---Heaven Style: simple, straightforward, Biblical圣经的 ― The Vanity虚荣心 Fair,‖ an Excerpt摘录 from Part 1 The Pilgrim’s Progress Part VI The 18th Century The Age of Enlightenment in England英国启蒙运动时期

1.Historical Background In 1688, the constitutional宪法的 monarchy君主制.The monarch was deprived剥夺 of its ruling power and in his place Parliament议会 became the actual leader of the country.England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country.Parliamentary parties: the liberal Whig自由派辉格党, the conservative Tory保守派托利党，on the extreme of Toryism was a third part of zealots, called the Jacobites ,who aimed to bring the Stuarts back to the throne.托利党中的狂热分子形成第三方势力被称作詹姆斯派，妄图恢复斯图亚特王朝 All the struggles, violence has come to an end with the coning of the weak kings.People desire peace and stability Any extreme actions are regarded as irrational.无理性The puritan’s revolution is treated as extremist action, excessive过度的 zeal热情 and subversion颠覆, irrationality不合理性, absurdity荒谬.People wish that their actions were controlled by reason.Moderation温和, tolerance宽容, restraint约束, rule规则, order次序, these qualities are the most important.With the rising of bourgeoisie, the cultural life had undergone经历 remarkable changes.Some special features: 1)political writings 2)newspapers and journals杂

志 3)coffeehouse 4)the new morality道德 5)science and technology Newton牛顿’s scientific discovery—men were living in a mechanistic机械地 world which ran as precisely精确地 as a clock.6)the French influence 18世纪的英国文学进入了一个散文prose而不是诗歌的时代。文学主流是现实主义，小说是主要的文学样式 Authors 1.Daniel Defoe丹尼尔。笛福作者介绍：He is often given the credit for the discovery of the modern novel.开创了现代派小说的先河。Work：Hymn to the Pillory立伽颂: a set of doggerel verses打油诗 The life and strange surprising adventures of robinson crusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记：robinson named Friday to the saved victim，此书根据Alexander Selkirk经历改编.The features of his works: he is anti-romantic, anti-feudal realistic writer.He often use long sentences without strong paused to give his style an immediate quliaty, but the units of meaning are small and clear with frequent repetition so that the writing gives an impression of simple lucidity.明朗 2.Jonathan swift乔纳森。斯威夫特 1）life: He was born in Dublin都柏林（爱尔兰首都），He was the most remarkable satirist讽刺家 in the 18th century who criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic贵族的 society of his age with mercy.宽容，he supports the conservative Tory 2）works: the tale of a tub木桶的故事 is a satire on religion.Gulliver’s Travels格列弗游记：包括4部分1，Lilliputians厘厘普特人：矮人, 2，tBrobdingnagians伯罗白丁拉格人：giants, 3，the flyingisland of Laputa拉普特飞岛：on the island, the ingenious invention is used not for the benefit of the people,but against them, 4，Houyhnhnms胡己姆：horses,endowed with human intelligence and a virtue much superior to that of men.比人聪明，也比人品格高尚。And Yahoo雅虎：repellent creatures with the outward appearance of human beings.长相像人，行为丑陋 A modest proposal一个小小的建议：is made to English government to relieve消除 the poverty权力 of irish people。强烈谴责了英国对爱尔兰人民的剥削和压迫。The bitter irony of the pamphlet expresses swift’s great sympathy for the oppressed and hungry peasants of Ireland and his anger at English landlords地主 3）Joseph Addison约瑟夫。爱迪生 Life: he is the central figure of coffeehouse meetings.,he support whigs, 作为The Tatler闲谈者得主要撰稿人和the Spactator旁观者得合办者，他把期刊散文艺术发展到极致。这两本杂志brought literature down to everyday life and kept it clean and wholesome健康。These two magazines are the first important recognitions by literature of the special of the special interests of women readers.Sir Roger是他塑造的经典形象。4)Henry Fielding亨利。菲尔丁：英国十八世纪最伟大的小说家。主要作品：Jonathan Wild乔纳森。威尔德，the history of tom jones, a foundling弃婴汤姆。琼斯的故事, amelia阿米莉亚 5）Thomas Gray托马斯。格雷：浪漫主义运动的先驱。主要作品：Elegy written in a country churchyard墓园挽歌：表达了对农民贫苦遭遇的同情，歌颂了他们的质朴品质。前几句是：the curfew tolls the knell of parting day, the lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea„..6)Oliver Goldsmith 奥利弗。歌尔德斯密斯：he was born in Ireland.As an essayist散文家，he is among the best in the century.As a poet, he makes the riming couplets英雄双行体 as natural and simple as his prose.主要作品：novel：the vicar of wakefield维克菲德尔的牧师，comedy:She stoops to Conquer委曲求全，essay:the critizen of the world世界公民，poems:The traveler旅行者 and the Deserted Village.荒村 7）Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德。布林斯里。谢里丹：主要作品：讽刺喜剧：the rivals对手，the school for scandal造谣学校：(presents a brilliant portrayal描绘 of england’s high society and a biting satire on the morals and manners of that age.主要人物：Charles查尔斯，Joseph约瑟夫：charles’brother, sir oliver surface奥利弗。萨费恩：their wealthy uncle)8)William Blake(1757—1827)1)Life He lived into the 19th century.In his lifetime, he was not considered a very important poet.Now he is universally acknowledged as one of the most important poets in English literature.His father recognized his talent and sent him to school.His visionary梦想的 experience: Classicism典范: reason, order, law, art techniques He believed the power of imagination.With it a poet can reach out.Blake and Burns彭斯—the romantic revival复活—to break away with the convention习俗，协议 2)His work Songs of Innocence天真之歌→delight Songs of Experience经验之歌→confusion困惑 They show two contrary states of human souls London:I wander thro’ each charter’d street, near where the „.It is taken from The Songs of Experience.Blake apparently drew from his personal observations and gives a comprehensive综合的 picture of the many miseries, physical and spiritual, in the English capital.资本家 Background: industrial revolution, the fog city The scene was in London, in Blake’s time.The Tiger:tiger!tiger!burning bright in the forests of the night„..It is from The Songs of Experience.It is one of Blake’s best known poems.The apparently simple questions of curiosity and puzzlement.What imagination inspires the creator 1.The image of the maker is complete.the process of creating tiger.Religions allusion暗指: lamb羊羔 The whole poem is consisted of questions—are not able to be answered The Chimney-Sweeper扫烟囱的孩子:a little black thing among the snow cring‖ weep, weep‖ in notes of woe!The short lyric contains chiefly the simple yet somewhat ironical speech of a boy chimney 9)Robert Burns罗伯特。彭斯：the greatest Scottish poest.主要作品：my heart’s in the highlands我的心呀在高原，John Anderson, my jo约翰。安徒生，我爱，a red, red rose一朵红红的玫瑰, to a mouse致小鼠 Part VII The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期 A new movement appeared in the literary area with the publication of Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集by William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯and Samul Taylor.Coleridge柯勒律治 in 1798.Coleridge’s chief contribution was his masterpiece The rime of the ancient mariner古舟子咏 1.Historical Background French Revolution，American Revolution，The Industrial Revolution 2.Intellectual Background Rousseau卢梭(1712—1778)the French philosopher, is generally regarded as the father of romanticism.English Romanticism: a kind of emotional outlook, an attitude towards life.Individual is the center of all life and experience, cast its eye on human being, individual, the intense强烈的 subjectivity主观性, concerned with nature, express s strong like for nature.Interest in supernatural;take an interest in the past—ancient civilization represented by Greece and Rome.1832 was the year the Romantic writer Scott dies 1836 was the year when Queen Victoria inherited the throne, the start of Victorian Age.The older generation: Wordsworth, Coleridge The younger generation: Byron拜伦, Shirley雪莱, and Keats济慈 Characteristic features of the romantic movement(more can be added)(1)Subjectivism主观主义: imagination.(2)Spontaneity自发性: A work of art must be original.The role of instinct本能, intuition直觉, and the feeling of ― the heart‖ is stressed.(3)Singularity奇怪: Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid壮丽的, the picturesque生动的, and the illogical.(4)Worship of nature:(5)Simplicity: Romantic poets take to using everyday language spoken by the rustic乡村的 people.A reviva复活 of folk literature, a sense of universal brotherhood, a growing sympathy for the suffering of the people.(6)There is a dominating note of melancholy忧郁的 in the poems of the romantic poets.(7)The use of free verse form The characteristics of Gothic novels(search from the Google)Authors William Wordsworth(1770—1850)威廉。华兹华斯 1.his life His love for nature is boundless.To him nature means more than rivers, trees, rocks, mountains and lakes.Nature has a moral value and has its philosophical significance.Nature is for him the embodiment体现 of the Divine神圣的 Spirit.He believes the God and universe are identical同一的 2,his work:大部分主题是关于nature and country life.主要有：lines composed a few miles above tintern abbey丁登寺，the prelude序曲，the excursion漫游，miscellaneous十四行诗课文节选： Tintern Abbey丁登寺 It is a meditation思考 on his mental精神的 grownup成年人 Selected挑选出的 reading: She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Way她住在人际罕见的路边：悼亡露西 I travelled among unknown men我在陌生人中孤独旅行 I wondered lonely as a cloud我好似一朵孤独的流云：it’s about the beauty of nature.there is vivid picture of the daffodils here, mixed with the poet’s philosophical and somewhat mystical thoughts.The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女：在抒情中表达了华兹华斯的自然观，具有林秀之气和音韵之美。Soonet composed upon Westminster bridge在西敏寺桥上 Soonet :London 1802 George Gordon Byron乔治。戈登。拜伦 His major contribution of romantic literature is the creation of Byronic hero冷笑而浪漫的主角, a mixture of good and evil.Byron is hard to describe, moody喜怒无常, unstable, sensitive, melancholy忧郁, sad, he deliberately故意地 exile流放himself to a foreign, dared to die.The early death of the Romantic poets-image: the poet will never grow old.Poets die young.They have reached their peak.Reading Works: Childe Harold’s pilgrimage恰尔德。哈罗尔德游记, Cain该隐，Done juan唐璜课文节选： 1.She Walks in Beauty 她走在美的光彩中 This perfect beauty serves as the ideal for the poet, peace.Harmony.和睦 2，Childe Harold’s pilgrimage恰尔德。哈罗尔德游记 3, when we two parted想从前我们两分手 4.The Isles of Greece颂希腊 It is taken from ― Don Juan唐璜‖.It is among Byron’s most effective poetical utterance on national freedom.All the 16 stanzas节 that constituted the song are supported to have been sung by a Greek singer at the wedding feast宴会 of Don Juan and Haidee on an isle of Greece.The past glory of the Greek people The present state of enslavement奴役 by the Turkey土耳其 Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)珀西。比西。雪莱 He was rebellious反抗的 from a very young age.He was a person of extreme personality.He wrote about the universe, lark宇宙 sky.主要作品：pamphlet：the nescessity of atheism无神论的重要性，Queen mab麦布女王，adonais阿多尼斯，ode to the west wind西风颂，to a sky lark致云雀课文节选： Ozymandias奥西曼祶斯 He was a pharaoh of Egypt.He had several statues雕像 of himself built after he died.这首诗借埃及历史上的拉美西斯二世嘲讽封建专制，表达了对专制帝王的厌恶和蔑视。同时表明，尽管专制帝王曾经不可一世，但也不过是过往烟云，专制政权可以延续几百年，但在历史长河中不过是一瞬之间。Antique古董的 land: Egypt, earliest civilization.文明 A song: man of england给英国兰人的歌 Ode to the West Wind： Ode: it is used to express the poet’s feelings and emotion.在此诗中，使人抒发了对大自然的热爱，歌颂了西风摧毁旧事物，孕育新事物的精神。诗歌以―如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗‖结尾。The cloud云：反映的是一个争取独立和追求幸福的人物形象。To a sky-lark致云雀：运用云雀美妙的歌声，反映诗人向往美好未来的欢乐心情，表达他渴望自己也能用同样空灵的曲调宣扬革命理想，获得世人的倾听。是诗人追求理想主义的光辉诗篇。John Keats约翰。济慈（1795—1821）― A thing of beauty is a joy for ever‖.他一生崇尚美，追求美。He was born in a lower class family.He abandoned medicine for poetry simply for its beauty.He is physically small.His father died when he was eight.His childhood was quite miserable.His tomb are carved:― Here lies a one whose name is written with water.‖ 此地长眠者，声明水上书课文节选：On first looking into chapman’s homer初读查普曼译荷马诗有感。Ode to a nightingale夜莺颂 ode on a Grecian urn希腊古翁颂，to autumn秋颂，bright star灿烂的星 Walter scott华特。司各特：欧洲历史小说之父这个时代的不同时期：the Crusades,the rise of absolute monarchy, the bourgeois revolution in England, the attempts to restore feudalism in the 18th century.十字军时期，君主专制制度的兴起，英格兰资产阶级革命，18四级欲恢复封建主义的尝试 His historical novel paved the path for the development ofthe realistic novel of the 19th century.他的历史小说为19世纪现实主义小说的发展铺平了道路。主要作品介绍：Waverley威弗利：establish its author as a novelist奠定了作者的小说家帝王，St.Ronan's well圣罗南之泉：is the only contemporary novel among the works of scott Count robert巴黎的罗伯特伯爵： the last of scott's novels 课文节选：ivanhoe艾凡赫主要地点：cedric's ball大厅，ashby de la zouche阿什贝.德.拉.左克，isaac of york约克城，knights templar吞不拉司陀圣殿骑士院重点词汇: pilgrim朝圣者 Rob roy罗布罗伊重点句子： in the first selection francis’meeting with robroy is described.The second selection vividly depicts a skirmish战斗 between the highlanders高地居民 and the english Jane Austin Literature：乡村生活是她小说的主要题材。全部作品：northanger abbey诺桑觉寺，persuasion劝导，sense and sensibility理智与情感，pride and prejudice傲慢与偏见，mansfield park曼斯菲尔德花园and emma艾玛课文节选：Pride and Prejudice This book mainly tells of the love story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet.Mr.Bennet, a clergyman牧师 who has married young and rashly轻率地, is skeptical怀疑的 of conventional常规的 marriage and has no good words for his beautiful daughters except Elizabeth.Mrs.Bennet is a beautiful but empty-headed, snobbish粗俗的 and vulgar庸俗的 woman whose only goal in life is to marry her five daughters to rich, handsome young men.Charles lamb查尔斯。兰姆:最大成就在散文，其随笔与蒙田名声并列课文节选：Dream-children, a reverie梦中的孩子们，poor relations穷亲戚 Part VIII The Victorian Age维多利亚时期 Critical Realism in England英国的批判主义 1.Historical Background Industrial Revolution, railways, novels provide a means to kill the time.The rising of middle class.Reading novels is becoming a sign of statues and a way of living.A typical Victorian novel is usually 400-5oo pages, lengthy长的, thick厚的.The values of Victorian Age The middle class, the core of the values: to be a gentleman, the pursuit of wealth achieved by self-reliance倚靠自己 through hard work.The Victorian Age(1832-1901)1.Historical background The Queen came to the throne in 1837 The two Queens that the English people were proud of: Queen Elizabeth(1533-1603)Queen Victoria.The similarities between the two queens: First, both queens were on the throne for a long period of time, Queen Elizabeth being on the throne for over forty years and Queen Victoria more than sixty years.Secondly, during their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically.During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, capitalism first took its shape, and the small island country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588.During the long reign统治 of Queen Victoria., England grew from an agricultural country into an industrialized one and became the workshop工场 of the world as well as its financial and political center.Thirdly, during their reign, literature flourished.繁荣In the age of Queen Elizabeth drama flourished and with it there was the greatest dramatist William Shakespeare whereas但是 in the age of Queen Victoria., novel flourished and with it a galaxy一群 of brilliant novelists appeared in the literary scene.The Victorian age can be roughly divided into three periods: the early period 1832-1848, a time of social unrest;(child labor, women workers, long working hours, miserable working conditions)the middle period 1848-1870, a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy论战;(social reforms , in 1851 a gigantic greenhouse of glass and iron铁 was built in Hyde Park.It was called the Crystal Palace where the Great exhibition was held.It was a display of the nation’s advanced technology and industry, as well as its prosperity.)The last period 1870, a period of decay of Victorian values.England continued to grow in strength in this period.―the empire帝国 on which the sun never sets‖.To many Victorians this was a period of serenity安详 and security, the age of house parties and long weekends in the country.Rival竞争

对手s: Germany, the United States, Japan and Russia The Charitist Movement宪章运动 appeared in the thirties of the 19th century.导致其的主要矛盾是工人阶级与此本家的矛盾。此运动最后以工人在议会中取得相应席位而告终。2.The Victorian novelists The rise of the novels as a dominant突出的 literary genre类型 during the Victorian age First, the growth of urban城市的 population resulted in the appearance of a new reading public Second, with the development of the method of printing and paper making, the price of books dropped, and the serial publication, the libraries Third, writing had become a profession Fourth, there was a large idle空闲的 class who needed recreation and entertainment Fifth, the conditions of the time and the dire可怕的 poverty贫穷 in the one hand and the enormous wealth on the other hand needed a secular世俗的 form to explore human relations rather than sermons 说教given in the church.the novels were used as a tool to Finally, the feminist男女平等主义 movement had much to do with the growth of the novel.The struggle for women’s rights was a recurring循环的 theme in the novels of the 19th century.The common features of the Victorian novels 1.The plot is unfolded 展现against a social background.The Victorian novels reflect the complexity 复杂性of human relations in a capitalist society and reveal the writer’s attitude towards the society.2.the cause –effect sequence is much more striking突出的 than in previous novels, the central character, 3.Most of the Victorian novels were first published in serial form, that is, by installment安装, before they were fully published in a single book.4.the Victorian novels were tainted 污染的by the spirit of Puritanism清教徒 of the Victorian age 5.The Victorian novels were characterized by their moral purpose.Many writers wrote with a purpose to edify开到 readers and to bring about reforms.In economics, capital, capital goods, or real capital are factors of production used to create goods or services that are not themselves significantly consumed(though they may depreciate)in the production process.Capital goods may be acquired with money or financial capital.Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned;supply, demand and price are mostly set by market forces rather than economic planning;and profit is distributed to owners who invest in businesses.Capitalism also refers to the process of capital accumulation 3.in the 19th-century english literature, a new literary trend critical realism appeared.Charles Dickens(1812-1870)：he was the greatest representative of English critical realism.And William Makepeace Thackeray(1811-1863)威廉。梅克皮斯。萨克雷 Dickens and Thackeray were contemporaries.Similarities:Both humorists and they criticized the Victorian society satirically嘲讽的。在使小说回返自然和真实这一点上，萨克雷是英国小说家中影响最大的一位。Different life Differences in writings 1.Thackeray mainly described the lives of aristocrats贵族 and rich businessmen, that is, people of the upper and middles classes, whereas Dickens’s chief contribution was his description o the underdogs受压迫者 and unprivileged平穷的.2.Dickens was a sentimentalist.多愁善感者 He likes to avail有益于 himself of every opportunity to arouse the emotions of his readers.Thackeray was a cynic愤世嫉俗者 who saw no good in anything and doubted the goodness of human nature.On the whole he preserved detachmen分离t, and he always held himself under control.3.Whereas Dickens was a romantist in many aspects by letting loose his imagination.Thackeray was against affectation假装.His cynical attitude towards life explains the fact that most of his clever people are rogues流氓 and most of his virtuous善良的 people are fools.3．The Victorian poets The Novel was the predominating占支配优势 genre类型 of literature in the Victorian age.There are prominent突出的 poets after the death of major romantic poets.Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892)Robert Browning(1812-1889)他们两个最具代表性Elizabeth Barrett Browning(1806-1861)，Matthew Arnold(1822-1888)They not only wrote highly lyrical poems as the romantists did, but also they in their poetry reflected the spiritual search which was characteristic of the age.The conflicts at that time: The class struggle between the wealthy and the poor The rapid progress of science and technology, and the discovery of new theories of social science.All these greatly shook the religious faith that had been the mainstay支柱 of people’s spiritual life for centuries.Hence所以 the Victorian age was marked through by the prominence of the spirit of inquiry探究 and criticism by skepticism and religious uncertainty, and spiritual struggle and unrest..2.Writers Charles Dickens 1812-1870 He was the most important novelist in the Victorian age, and he was extremely popular, best seller, most of his characters in his early work are cartoon characters, most complex in his late work Initiation novel.His artistic techniques: 1.Dickens has a tendency to depict描绘 the grotesque荒唐的(very odd奇怪的 or unusual, fantastically奇异的 ugly or absurd荒谬的)characters or events.Most of Dickens’s characters have peculiar奇怪的 habit, manner, behavior, dress, and catch phrase of his or her own.2.Dickens loves to instil灌输l life into inanimate无生气的 things and to compare animate beings to inanimate things, engines—the head of an elephant, the smoke in the air to snakes trailing 蔓延themselves for ever and ever.3.Dickens is noted for his description of pathetic凄惨的 scenes that aim to arouse people’s sympathy.Pathos哀婉 is a distinctive与众不同的 quality in Dickens’s writings.4.Dickens is a great humorist.His novels are full of humor and laughter.5.主要作品：Pickwick Papers匹克威克传，Oliver Twist雾都孤儿，The old curiosity shop老古玩店, a christmas carol圣诞欢歌，Dombey and son董贝父子，david copperfield大卫科波菲尔，hard times艰难时世，a tale of two cities双城记，great expectation远大前程。In 双城记，the two cities are london and paris in the time of revolution.艰难时运makes a fierce attack on the bourgeois system of education and the bourgeois philosophy人生观 6.课文节选 Posthumous Papers of the pickwick club匹克威克传 Oliver twist 雾都孤儿：this passage tells us the terrible conditions in the english workhouse of the time and the cruel treatment of a poor orphan by the so-called ―Philanthropists‖慈善事业。William makepeace thackeray威廉。梅克皮斯。萨克雷课文节选： The vanity fair名利场：its sub-title is a novel without a hero.the writer’s intention was not to portray individuals, but the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.The main plot of Vanity Fair renders on the story of two women: Amelia Sedlley 阿美利亚。赛迪尼And Rebecca Sharp瑞比卡。夏普。George eliot乔治。艾略特 Life: 原名Mary Ann Evans玛丽。安埃。文斯。主要作品：Adam Bede亚当比德，The mill on the floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊，silas marner织工马南。作品特色：1，her novels ,for the most part, describe rural life,deal with moral problems and contain psychological studies of the characters.2,she has rich humor and keen observation, and her characters are real men and women of her time.3,her novels are very philosophical.4,with her the transition from critical realism to naturalism began in english literature.课文节选：Adam bede亚当比德：主要人物：Adam, heety sorrel:海蒂苏洛：adam最初喜欢的人，arthur donnithorne亚瑟。唐尼桑恩：海蒂喜欢的人，Seth赛斯: adam’s brother, Dinah Morris:戴娜。莫里斯：seth喜欢的人，同时也是adam 最后喜欢的人。Charlotte bronte(1816—1855)and emily bronte(1818—1848)夏洛蒂。勃朗特和艾米丽。勃朗特 Charlotte bronte:主要作品：the professor, jane eyre, shirley雪莉, villette维莱特.emily bronte主要作品：wuthering heights呼啸山庄：it is influenced both by the Romantic Movement as well as Gothic writing.The novel deals with a kind of raw天然的 passion.It is not to be judged by its moral context背景.Her novel has nothing to do with moral issue.Hworks in human beings.Wuthering Heights: the place stands for storm, violence Thrush画眉鸟: civilization文明, very gentle, mild.Her mentality心态 is much in line with what Wuthering Height stands for.Complex structure, layers层面板 of narration叙述 Wuthering Height: Class distinction: emphasis decency庄重, respect 课文节选：jane eyre., wuthering heights主要人物：lockwood洛兹伍德，Heathcliff西斯克里夫，catherine，Hindley辛迪尼。Thomas hood（1799—1845）托马斯。胡德 Most of his works were humorous poems, containing topical comments on contemporary events and manners.主要作品：the princess, in memorian悼念：是为了悼念朋友hallam而写 ,Idylls of the king国王叙述诗课文节选：the song of the shirt衬衫之歌：this poem presents a vivid picture of the miserable life of the british seamstresses.女裁缝。The bridge of sighs叹息桥 Alfred，Lord Tennyson艾尔弗雷德.丁尼生（1809—1892）He is the representative of Victorianism.His poem has an exquisite 精致的sense of music.课文节选：Ulysses尤利西斯：A Greek hero If life is not without experience, struggle.It is not life at all.A typical ambition of Victorian age, a confidence.The age is full of ambition, desire to explore the world.The poet expresses this through the image of Ulysses.Break ,break ,break 碎了，碎了，碎了：把自己痛失密友的悲伤之情同渔家子女的嬉戏和少年水手的歌唱等天真快乐对比，并同撞击海岸那无情的海浪以及驶入港湾那冷漠的航船进行对照，书法自己的悲痛心情。crossing the bar过沙洲：注重本能和自然 Robert Browning 1812-1889 代表作：the ring and the book指环与书 Dramatic monologue独白poem in which there is one imaginary speaker addressing an imaginary audience.In his dramatic monologues, he penetrates to depth the psychology of his characters and through their won speeches, he analyses and dissects分析is characters and reveals the innermost secret of their lives dramatic monologue.It has a single person who is not the poet himself as the speaker.He utters at the critic moment.--The person addresses and interacts with one or more people.We can feel the presence of the auditor.We can infer what they say and they do from the clues in the course of the speaker.--The principle to select a piece of poem: it should reveal temperament and character of the speaker.课文节选：My last Duchess我已故的公爵夫人 Ferrara费拉拉 An image of a lively young lady.Dramatic situation which reveal the psychology of the character.It paved铺 the way for the upcoming即将到来的 of the 20th century poetry.Critical moment, single speaker, and interaction合作: the speaker is talking to a specified auditor旁听者 or speaker.Elizabeth barrett browning伊丽莎白。巴雷特。布朗宁代表作：casa guidi windowsk卡萨。吉迪的窗子，aurora leigh奥罗拉。利，poems before congress议会前的诗课文节选：from sonnets from the portuguese葡萄牙十四行诗：表达诗人对爱情的赞美和对幸福的追求。Part IX Twentieth century literature20世纪文学 The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literatue Historical background:对文学产生影响的两个因素：1，imperialism帝国主义：统治世界的精神的觉醒。相继爆发了第一，二次世界大战。2，widespread demand for social reform of every kind.Thomas Hardy 托马斯。哈代（1840—1928）1.His life He was born in Dorset多赛特, an agricultural district in the south of England.His father was an architect.After studying in Dorset and in London, he returned to settle down in his native place.While he worked as an architect, he began to write novels and stories.Later he became a full—time writer.His principal主要的 works are the Wessex伟克塞斯 novels, novels describing the characters and environment of native countryside.He was a writer who sees the turn of the century.He witnessed the change of the society, the fashion;he was the last of the Victorian novelist and one of the forerunners of the modern writing.代表作：Tess of the d’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝，jude the obscure无名的裘得，epic drama：the dynasts统治者课文节选:Tess of the D’urbevilles：是哈代―性格和环境小说‖中一部分量颇重的长篇小说，导致苔丝悲剧的不是盲目的无从追究责任的命运，而是环境和社会的力量。Setting环境: the agricultural region of the southern countries of England.The impoverishment使贫穷 and decay腐烂 of small farmers who became hired field hands and roamed漫步 the country in search of seasonal jobs.His tone is pessimistic悲观的 Mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate, which brings misfortune to human life.The double moral standard for men and women exposes曝光 the hypocritical虚伪的 morality in bourgeois society.Why does Hardy call her a pure woman? According to the values of that age, Tess is a stained 玷污的woman, she gave birth to a child outside marriage, and she became the mistress情妇 of Alec艾立可 later.The son’s veto儿子的否决权：小说反映了生活的多层面，还对受挫以后的幸福提出了重建。女主人公名叫Sophy.John Galsworthy约翰。高尔斯华朔他是20世纪英国杰出的批判现实主义小说家和剧作家。代表作：the man of property有产业的人：was the highest point of social criticism ever attained by Galsworthy,它是福赛特世家中的第一部，the forsyte saga福赛特世家，the sivler box银匣课文节选：有产业的人中 chapter X diagnose of a forsyte福尔赛的诊断, conscience良心 Oscar wilde奥斯卡。王尔德出生于Dublin，have a homosexual relationship with Lord Alfred douglas和艾尔弗雷德。道格拉斯有同性恋关系代表作：长篇小说：The portrait of dorian gray多里安。格雷的画像，Salome莎乐美：唯美主义的代表作，是戏剧，喜剧：Lady windermere’s fan温得梅尔夫人的扇子, a woman of no importance无足轻重的女人, an ideal husband理想丈夫, and the importance of being earnest认真的重要.课文节选：The portrait of dorian gray多里安。格雷的画像 George Bernard Shaw（1856—1950）乔治。萧伯纳 George Bernard Shaw was dramatist, essayist随笔作家, and critic.He was born of Irish Protestant新教徒 parents in Dublin.In 1876 Shaw left Ireland for good.During his life time he wrote lots of dramas.He is considered to be the best –known English dramatist since Shakespeare.His works are the best example of all the plays that are inspired by social criticism.In most of his plays, he expressed a strong indignation against political and economic exploitation开发, against hypocrisy虚伪 and corruption腐败, against prostitution作践自己 and slavery奴隶制度, and against poverty and dirt.His style: 1.didactic教导的，学究式的 2.Made his lessons ―palatable‖可口的 through comedy.3.Use his wit to ridicule嘲笑 the things he attacked—witty rather than humorous.4.Inversion倒装 of ideas—made things usually considered good and just to appear absurd荒谬的 and ridiculous.5.Exaggerated, sometimes grossly很，非常, in order to achieve comedy.6.Plays made up-to-date references and used modern stage props小道具.7.Destructive破坏性的 in his criticism, but constructive建设性 in his analysis and interpretation 解释of life.Features of his plays: 1.His plays witty rather than humorous—avoidance of emotion and sympathy.2.Improved upon play craftsmanship of his predecessors—increased stage directions.3.Frequently subordinates下级得 dramatic interest to expounding论述 his ideas.His characters are his mouthpieces代言人.4.characters lack true life 5.His plays vehicles to express his many ideas.6.Shocks his audience into attention—paradoxical矛盾的, personal, and outspoken直言的.7.Powerful, logical, satirical style.Dialogue has vitality精神, clearness, directness.课文节选：Mrs.Warren’s profession华伦夫人的职业：华伦夫人的职业是豢养妓女，Mr.Crofts是她的帮凶，女儿Vivie是一所传统寄宿学校毕业的学生。此书深刻揭露了―体面的‖资本者不体面的财富来源：残酷的剥削和肮脏的交易。It deals with the theme of prostitution卖淫 as big business in the bourgeois society.David.Herbert.Lawrence(1885—1930)戴维。赫伯特。劳伦斯 He is often criticized for the didactic 说教的elements and looseness in structure.代表作：

the white peacock白孔雀: his first novel，sons and lovers儿子与情人，the rainbow虹，Lady Chatterlay’s Lover查特莱夫人的情人：his most controversial争议的 novels 课文节选：sons and lovers儿子与情人主要人物：paul保罗，Mrs morel莫瑞尔：it’s a semi-autobiographical nove.Viginia Woolf弗吉尼亚。沃尔夫（1882—1941）她是20世纪欧洲最重要的女性作家，著名的文学批评家和文艺理论家。她是―意识流‖stream of consciousness小说的代表人物.代表作：Mrs.Dalloway达洛维夫人，to the lighthouse到灯塔去，the waves海浪。课文节选：Mrs.Dalloway达洛维夫人 James Joyce詹姆斯。乔伊斯（1882—1941）He was born in Dublin.是―意识流小说之父‖。代表作：Dubliners都柏林人，a portrait of the artist as a young man一个青年艺术家的肖像。Ulysses尤利西斯：in the book, the writer intends to present a microcosm小规模地 of the whole human life by providing an instance of how a single event contains all the events of its kind, and how history is recapitulated总结 in the happenings of one day.。课文节选：Araby阿拉比：是dubliners中的第3篇小说。英美文学复习资料

English Literary History

1.Beowulf is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.2.Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period.3.Geoffrey Chaucer has been called the father of English poetry.His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales.4.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.5.Edmund Spenser is known as ―the poets’ poet‖.Masterpiece the Faerie Queene is a great poem of its age.6.Christopher Marlowe is the most gifted of the ―University Wits‖.His masterpieces are Tamburlaine, Dr.Faustus, the Jew of Malta and Edward II.Marlowe’s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama and the creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.7.William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets.His greatest tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.The Merchant of Venice is the most important play among the comedies.8.Francis Bacon is a well-known Renaissance philosopher, scientist and essayist.9.John Donne is the leading figure of the ―Metaphysical school.‖

10.The neoclassical period, that is the eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of enlightenment or the Age of Reason.Enlightenment Movement brought about in reviving the interest in old classical works is known as neoclassicism.11.The mid-century was predominated by a newly rising literary form – the modern English novel.12.John Bunyan was a devout Christian, and a firm non-conformist of the Anglican Church.His masterpiece is the Pilgrim’s Progress.(最成功的宗教寓言诗)13.Alexander Pope’s best satiric work is The Dunciad(愚人志).14.Daniel Defoe’s works are the first literary writings devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people.15.Jonathan Swift was a master satirist.His ―A Modest Proposal‖ is generally taken as a perfect model.16.Henry Fielding is regarded as ―father of the English Novel‖.He was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a ―comic epic in prose‖, the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.17.Samuel Johnson, as a lexicographer, distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman – A Dictionary of the English Language.18.Richard Brinsley Sheridan is the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century.His plays, especially the Rivals and the School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as the true classics in English comedy.19.Thomas Gray’s masterpiece, ―Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,‖

establishes his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially ―the Graveyard School.‖

20.English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.21.William Blake was literarily the first important English Romantic poet.Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.His major works are Songs of Innocence, Songs of experience and Marriage of heaven and Hell.22.William Wordsworth, together with Robert Southey and Coleridge, became known as the ―Lake Poets.‖ He published Lyrical Ballads in collaboration with Coleridge.The preface to this collection of poems is considered as declarations of romanticism.23.Samual Taylor Coleridge and The Rime of the ancient mariner

24.George Gordon Byron’s masterpiece is Don Juan, which was called comic epic and mock epic.25.Percy Bysshe Shelley’s greatest achievement is Prometheus Unbound.His most well-known lyric is ―Ode to the West Wind.”

26.John Keats is known for his many great odes.27.Jane Austen’s first novel is Sense and Sensibility.Her masterpieces are Pride and Prejudice, and Emma.28.Novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.29.Realism emphasizes objectivity, straightforward and matter-of-fact, and adopts a critical tone.30.Charles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age.Dickens is a master of story-telling, and Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works.31.Bronte Sisters: Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.Emily is chiefly famous for her only novel, Wuthering Heights.32.Alfred Tennyson’s masterpiece is In Memoriam.33.George Eliot, as a pioneer to the modern psychoanalytical novel, was the first novelist that ―started putting all the actions inside.‖

34.Thomas Hardy’s works, known as ―novels of character and environment,‖ are most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical writer.Influenced by nature and environment.35.Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.36.Bernard Shaw is a brilliant dramatist.Most of his plays are concerned with political, economic, moral, or religious problems, so his plays can be termed as problem plays.His plays have one passion only, that is, indignation.37.John Galsworthy is a modern novelist.His first trilogy is Forsyte Saga: The man of property, in chancery and to Let.38.William Butler Yeats was awarded Noble Prize for literature in 1923.His well-known poem is ―sailing to Byzantium.‖

39.T.S.Eliot was originally a very famous American poet, verse dramatist and prose writer.His major poems are ―the love song of J.Alfred Prufrock‖, and ―the waste land.‖

40.D.H.Lawrence is one of the greatest English novelist of the 20th century and also the greatest from a working-class family.The Rainbow and Women in Love are regarded as his masterpieces.41.James Joyce is the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist.His masterpiece is Ulysses.美国文学

42.Washington Irving was one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation.His The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent contains the first modern American short stories and the first great American juvenile literature: Rip Van winkle and ―the Legend of Sleepy Hollow‖.43.Ralph Waldo Emerson the American towering figure of his era, was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England.His Essays includes his best writings such as The American Scholar, Self-reliance, The Over-soul.44.Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most interesting, yet most ambivalent writers in the American literary history.His masterpieces include The Scarlet Letter.45.Walt Whitman is a national figure in American literary history.His Leaves of Grass has always been considered a monumental work, containing ―song of myself.‖ 46.Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick is one of the world’s greatest masterpieces.47.Edgar Alan Poe is a famous fictional writer, short story writer.48.James Fenimore Cooper’s lasting fame rests on his frontier stories, including The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, the pathfinder, The Pioneers, and the Prairie.49.Mark Twain, pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clements, is a great literary giant of America and is considered the true father of American literature.He is known as a local colorist.Major works are Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and the Adventures of Tom Sawyer.50.Henry James is the first American writer to conceive his career in international terms and the founder of steam-of-consciousness.Best works are the Ambassadors, and The Golden Bowl.51.Emily Dickinson is the only woman in this period.52.Theodore Dreiser is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest America’s literary naturalists.Sister Carrie is his best-known novel and An American Tragedy is his greatest work.53.Stephan Crane is a pioneer writing in naturalistic tradition.He is mainly famous for The Red Badge of Courage.54.Ezra Pound, a leading spokesman of the ―Imagist Movement,‖ was one of the most influential American poets of the 20th century.55.Robert Frost is a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize.56.Eugene O’Neill is America’s greatest playwright.He was the only dramatist ever to win a Nobel Prize.He is widely acclaimed ―founder of the American drama.‖

Masterpiece is Long Days Journey Into Night.57.Francis Scott Fitzgerald was a most representative figure of the 1920s.His work, Tales of the Jazz Age, made the 20s called Jazz era.58.Ernest Hemingway is one of the most popular American novelists of 20th century and a spokesman of the ―Lost Generation.‖ Novels include A Farewell to Arms, the Old Man and the Sea.Quiz

1.The Victorian period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.2.The worsening living and working conditions, the mass unemployment and the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement.3.The Bronte sisters refers to Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.4.Robert Browning is noteworthy for his mastery of the dramatic monologue form.5.Faulkner’s novel the sound and the fury describes the decay and downfall of an old southern aristocratic family, symbolizing the old social order.6.The poem The Red Wheelbarrow written by William Carlos Williams exemplifies the Imagist-influenced Philosophy of ―no ideas but in things.‖

7.E.E.Cummings is the most interesting experimentalists in modern American poetry.第二部分：诗歌

1.The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls Henry Wadsworth Longfellow  Footprints in ―The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls‖: The transient nature of human achievement 2.―She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways‖ by William Wordsworth Last stanza creates a kind of perfect pathos

The last line creates a perfect pathos.It shows that Lucy„s death, though, is unnoticed by others and made no difference to the world, it has made all the difference to her lover, who loves and values her so deeply and feels a great pain and deep grief over her death.Now Lucy is in the grave and her lover is still living lonely on the earth, there will be no chance for him to communicate with her and to feel her beauty, so Lucy‟s death is a great loss to him.In this way, the last line arouses our deep sympathy both for the girl and her lover.3.―Wuthering Heights‖ by Emily Brontë

God1 Would you like to live with your soul in the grave? Your soul---Catherine I love my murderer---but yours!My murderer---Catherine

Yours---Catherine‟s husband: Edgar

Catherine‟s brother: Hindley

第三部分阅读理解

第三篇：英美文学

Analysis of Robinson Crusoe

2009级师范三班刘静 Robinson Crusoe is written by Defoe(1660 ~ 1731), known as the father of English novel and the periodical literature.He is the father of the English novel and periodical literature, who was born in a family which was against the Anglican Protestant.His father is a businessman, doing business.His article influenced the later development of journal articles and newspaper.Because the speech, he was repeatedly arrested.At the age of 59 Defoe began writing fiction as a novelist, show remarkable ability.Robinson Crusoe Robinson is Defoe's first novel, is also one of the most famous novels.It is based on a British seaman on a deserted island alone for 4 years in exile records and creation.Robinson is the heroine of Defoe works in accordance with their ideals and created the character, he killed out of doing business, living on a desert island for 28 years, overcome all sorts of unimaginable difficulties.He start empty-handed, develop the island, not only to their own survival, and create a new world.He was a pioneer in the image, a real asset class hero.In this figure embodies the western ocean civilization tradition, with the outward development of curiosity, desire to conquer and spirit of adventure, praised the strength quality and working spirit.The novel opens English realistic novel road.In this novel, there are so many about the Wonderful part, but two points impress: one is the author of the narrative language easy to understand.In front of the book, the author use a lot of space to introduce Robinson in the sea to sea before, whether does not listen to parents' guide, but follow the guidance of the soul, the careful psychological description, the author description most incisive.Two is a fascinating story, the protagonist of nearly thirty years of life vividly in front of us, let our eyes as if emerging from a young life.Robinson Crusoe is to let a person look after all that the most primitive, most of my books, not only because it is the wonderful, and it gives us the modern enlightenment.The most qualities I learn from Robinson Crusoe is not his hard-working and brave, but his amazing mental capacity.One can imagine, a single large living alone on a desert island life ten years, no one to accompany him, even the most basic, and a person simply talk for a while to do.The deserted island there is no house, no rice, can only rely on his own hard to create a piece of heaven and earth.The first nonwhite character to be given a realistic, individualized, and humane portrayal in the English novel, Friday has a huge literary and cultural importance.Recent rewritings of the Crusoe story, like J.M.Coetzee’s Foe and Michel Tournier’s Friday, emphasize the sad consequences of Crusoe’s

failure to understand Friday and suggest how the tale might be told very differently from the native’s perspective.Besides his importance to our culture, Friday is a key figure within the context of the novel.Friday’s sincere questions to Crusoe about the devil, which Crusoe answers only

indirectly and hesitantly, leave us wondering whether Crusoe’s knowledge of Christianity is superficial and sketchy in contrast to Friday’s full

understanding of his own god Benamuckee.In short, Friday’s exuberance and emotional directness often point out the wooden conventionality of Crusoe’s personality.Despite Friday’s subjugation, however, Crusoe appreciates Friday much more than he would a mere servant.Crusoe does not seem to value intimacy with humans much, but he does say that he loves Friday, which is a

remarkable disclosure.Crusoe may bring Friday Christianity and clothing, but Friday brings Crusoe emotional warmth and a vitality of spirit that Crusoe’s own European heart lacks.This novel shows that we need to believe ourselves, where there is a will, there is way.Use our hands, then see a new world.What is more, we are not only live ourselves in the world, we need to care about others.Be brave, and

never lose hope.

第四篇：英美文学

术语解释：

Couplets: a rhymed pair of Iambic pentameter lines.Blank verse: unrhymed Iambic pentameter lines.Sonnet: 14 Iambic pentameter lines which follows certain rhyme schemes.2.The conquest: In the year the Normans headed by which is mainly about 4.The Canterbury Tales, in Chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that of Boccaccio’s Decameron, but he failed and only 24 tales were written.5.William Shakespeare, one of the first founders of realism.6.In the first period of his work Shakespeare wrote:

1590The Second and Third part of King Henry VI

1591The First part of King Henry VI

1592The Life and Death of King Richard III;The Comedy of Errors

1593Titus Andronicus;The Taming of the Shrew

1594The Two Gentlemen of Verona;Love’s Labour’s Lost;Romeo and Juliet

1595The Life and Death of Richard II;A Midsummer Night’s Dream

***8Much Ado About Nothing;The Merry Wives of Windsor;The Life of King Henry V

1599The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;As You Like It

1600Twelfth Night, or, What You Will

In the second period:

1601 1602 Troilus and Cressida;All’s Well That Ends Well

160416051606Antony and Cleopatra

1607The Tragedy of Coriolanus;Timon of Athens

1608Pericles, Prince of Tyre

In the third period:

1609Cymbeline, King of Britain

1610The Winter’s Tale

1612The Tempest;The Life of King Henry VIII

7.Hamlet.To be, or not to be: that is the question: is soliloquy which used in a play on the stage and without a listener.To die, to sleep, no more.8.Francis Bacon is scientist, philosopher, essayist.John Donne, a metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人)

John Milton, his Paradise Lost, which tells how Satan rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve were driven1

out of Eden.John Bunyan, The plain man’s pathway to heaven.成功刻画人物。

Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, the first English novel, 是一部现实主义小说，作品的主题是通过对主人公鲁滨孙的成功刻画，歌颂资本主义上升时期那种不畏艰难和困苦，充满野心和冒险精神，富有百折不挠，顽强毅力和斗志，依靠自己的双手改变一切、创造一切的自我奋斗和创业精神。Is a realistic novel, the theme is according to the successfully describe of the hero Robinson, sing the praises of the not afraid of hardships and difficulties, and full of ambition and spirit of adventure , indomitable will power and fighting power, what’s more, the spirit of self-made depending on oneself in the liftperiod of capitalism.John Swift, his Gulliver’s Travels, 抨击当时英国的议会政治和反动的宗教势力，通过描写格列佛四次遇险，写出了作者看透了当代的腐败，以讽刺的方法，抨击了当时腐败的社会。Attack the Britain

parliamentarism and reactionary religious forces, according to describe Gulliver’s four-time distress to show the writer has understood the contemporary social corruption, and attack the corrupted society by satire at that time.Henry Fielding is the father of English novel.John Smith is the first American writer.Thomas Jefferson is the writer of The Declaration of Independence.The literature of romanticism period is from American War of Independence to before the Civil War.combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on

surrealism.His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express

Transcendentalism是美国浪漫主义最高潮时期的体验，认为世间万物都是平等的。

Henry David Thoreau is the beginner of transcendentalism.Herman Melville, American novelist, proser and poet.Moby Dick, in which shows the struggle between

mankind and nature and draw people’s attention on how to get along with nature properly.He wants to subvert transcendentalism.9.诗歌鉴赏

Sonnet 18

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?我能否将你比作夏天？

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:你比夏天更美丽温婉。

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残，And summer's lease hath all too short a date;夏日的勾留何其短暂。

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,休恋那丽日当空，And often is his gold complexion dimm'd,转眼会云雾迷蒙。

And every fair from fair sometime declines,休叹那百花飘零，By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd:催折于无常的天命。

But thy eternal summer shall not fade唯有你永恒的夏日常新

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,你的美貌亦毫发无损。

Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,死神也无缘将你幽禁，When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.你在我永恒的诗中长存。

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇，So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。

全诗的基本格律是五音步抑扬格（iambic pentameter），包括三个四行组（quatrain）和一个对偶句(couplet)，采用典型的莎氏十四行的韵式，即abab cdcd efef gg。

二、比喻和描述有时平淡或离奇，破坏意美

Sonnet 29

When, in disgrace with fortune and man's eyes当我受尽命运和人们的白眼，I all alone beweep my outcast state暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飘零，And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries徒用呼吁去干扰聋瞶的昊天,And look upon my self and curse my fate顾盼着身影，诅咒自己的生辰，Wishing me like to one more rich in hope愿我和另一个一样富于希望，Featured like him,like him with friends possess'd面貌相似，又和他一样广交游，Desiring this man's art and that man's scope希求这人的渊博，那人的内行，With what I most enjoy contented least最赏心的乐事觉得最不对头；

Yet in these thought myself almost despising可是，当我正要这样看轻自己，Haply I think on thee,and then my state忽然想起了你，于是我的精神，Like to the lark at break of day arising便象云雀破晓从阴霾的大地

From sullen earth sings hymns at heaven's gate振翮上升，高唱着圣歌在天门：

For thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings一想起你的爱使我那么富有，That then I scorn to change my state with kings和帝王换位我也不屑于屈就。

赏析：对社会、对自己的命运的不满和无奈。格律是五音步抑扬格（iambic pentameter）.韵式，即abab

cdcd efef gg。

To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》

-----by William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡伦·布赖恩特

Whither, 'midst falling dew,披着滴落的露珠，While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,天空灿烂，白日的行程就要结束；

Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue穿过玫瑰色的遥远空际，Thy solitary way?你往何方把孤单的前程追逐？

总结：As the dew falls and the sun sets in the rosy depths of the heavens, I wonder where you(waterfowl)are

going?

Vainly the fowler's eye看你远远飞翔而无计可施，Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,捕鸟人的眼光徒劳眷顾；

As, darkly painted on the crimson sky,满天红霞把你映衬，Thy figure floats along.暗黑的身影飘飘飞舞。

总结：the hunter can bring no harm to you ,you are free and safe.Without success, a hunter(fowler)might try to

bring you down as you float in silhouette against the crimson evening sky.Seek'st thou the plashy brink你是在寻找开阔的大河之滨，Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,还是波浪拍岸的水草之湖？

Or where the rocking billows rise and sink或者潮水冲刷的海滩，On the chafed ocean side?那里的巨浪奔腾起伏？

• 总结：are you seeking for a place that is suitable for rest? Are you looking for the marshy edge of a lake,the bank of a river, or the shore of the ocean?

There is a Power whose care有上苍把你关照，Teaches thy way along that pathless coast,--在无路的海岸为你指路，The desert and illimitable air,--在荒漠和无边的空际，Lone wandering, but not lost.你孤单的飘荡不致迷途。

• 总结：There is a Power that leads you on your way across deserts and through unlimited expanses of air.You may be wandering and alone, but you are not lost.All day thy wings have fann'd你成天翕动翅膀，At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere:任空气稀薄暴风寒冷，飞在高处，Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,疲乏中你不肯降落舒适的大地，Though the dark night is near.即使黑夜即将紧闭它的帷幕。

总结：you have been flying the whole day, but do not stop and have a rest though dark is coming.You have been flapping your wings all day high in the sky, yet you continue on even though night is near and land beckons beneath you.And soon that toil shall end,你很快就会结束这样的劳苦，Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest,你即将找到你夏天的住处；

And scream among thy fellows;reeds shall bend休息中呼唤自己的伙伴，Soon o'er thy sheltered nest.芦苇也会躬身把你的窝巢遮护。

• 总结：you have a strong desire to be with your family;or, to achieve your goal.Soon your journey will

end.Soon you will descend to your summer home.There, you will scream among others of your kind and find secure shelter among the tall grasses.Thou'rt gone, the abyss of heaven你的身躯全被吞没，Hath swallowed up thy form;yet, on my heart天堂深渊里，你踪影全无；

Deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,然而你的启迪深深留在我的心底，And shall not soon depart.我将久久地久久地把它记住。

• 总结:I can no longer see you, but I will never forget the lesson you taught me.He, who, from zone to zone,谁，从一个地方到另一个地方，Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,指引你穿越无限的天空作必然的飞翔，In the long way that I must tread alone,也会在我必须独自跋涉的长途上，Will lead my steps aright.正确地引导我的脚步。

赏析：There are eight 4-line stanzas, in each stanza, their rhyme is abab.

第五篇：英美文学

《英美文学》复习方法

一、找到《英美文学》的辅导书，例如《自考一本通》《自考直通车》等类型的汉语版辅导书。

二、先把汉语版辅导书的课文翻译通读，理解了全书每个章节的内容和知识点；用汉语记录重点；

三、第一轮复习顺序：

1、先看英国文学，后看美国文学

2、按照时间顺序看，每个时代都有代表性文学流派和代表作家及代表性作品

3、按照课本的章节顺序，看完汉语译文后，对照英语译文，划出课本上对每个时代代表性流派，代表作家和代表作品的描述和评论。名词性描述一般是填空题和选择搭配题；评论部分是简单题和问答题；*只看代表性的重要信息，非代表性作品和作家生平介绍不用看；记住某个时代某个流派有哪些代表作家，哪些代表性作品及该作品的简要介绍和评论。

4、按照章节划出重点信息，然后整理笔记；

5、全部整理完毕之后，基本上对文学史和代表文学作品有了基本了解。

四、第二轮复习顺序

1、找到历年真题，做题的时候对照答案，寻找该答案在课文原文中的原始线索，并作好整理记录；

2、整理理解全部真题的答案以后，对课本的重点知识就有了比较清楚的理解；

五、考前突击复习

1、依据真题笔记和第二轮复习的笔记，对不熟悉的部分进行重点复习。

2、根据以往考题的研究，旧题还会重新考，所以大家要关注所有做过的真题和各章节中没有考过的但属于代表性知识的部分，这些有可能是将要考的新题。自学考试已经有历史了，所以过去的真题加起来也就是全书的重点知识网络，所以认真复习真题并理解消化，整理帮助记忆，这对于考试制胜是最好的办法。

*警告：千万不要抛开课本直接做真题；

千万不要死记硬背，而是要在理解的基础上反复读，抄写，默记；反复整理笔记，新的笔记只记录没有掌握好的，直到最后的笔记成为提纲式的。

〈高级英语〉复习方法说明；

一、对照辅导书，精读课文，做课后练习；

二、找来历年考试真题，认真做，查到答案在课本中的相关地方

三、认真复习真题，总结知识点；错题本，反复研究错题

四、回到课本，从头到尾认真阅读课文，全面复习重点知识点；

五、整理真题，再次复习错题；

*高级英语上下册32个单元，复习面积很大，所以必须早动手，狠下功夫。

祝愿大家能够取得优秀的成绩！

英美文学复习资料（共5篇）

第一篇：英美文学复习资料

第二篇：英美文学复习资料(全)

第三篇：英美文学

第四篇：英美文学

第五篇：英美文学

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