第一篇：专业四级考试写作应对方法
专业四级考试写作应对方法
专四写作包括两部分，一是要求在35分钟内写一篇150字左右的短文，二是要求在10分钟内写一个50--60字的便条。这两部分均为命题作文，作文内容与大学生的日常生活、学习都密切相关，另外也有社会热点问题，比如环保、旅游、健身等，题目理解起来都比较容易。
短文写作部分文体为议论文，一般采用三段式的结构，第一段为论点，第二段为论据，第三段为结论。最高要求为文章内容切题，思想表达清楚，论据充分，论证严密，基本无语言错误。要想写好一篇文章，应该注意一下写作步骤：
1.审题：作文评分的第一个要求就是内容切题，因此审题特别关键。专业四级作文都是命题作文，而且多有中文提示或提纲，所以你首先应了解命题的基本要求，理解题目的真正意图，然后确定提纲中的关键词及各要点间的逻辑，整理自己的思路，对自己所想到的内容进行组织和全面安排。尤其对要讨论的问题，该涉及的内容，所需的事实、例证、阐述、说明和总结等，在头脑中形成一个整体的构思。
2.组织段落：构思好之后，根据构思的提纲，运用选好的材料，恰当地运用连词，合理安排段落，使文章条理清楚、内容连贯。段落的组织主要是通过扩展句对主题句的支持或说明来进行的。各段的主题句在审题构思时就应基本形成，主题句确定下来，接着就是通过一系列的扩展句，来说明、论证或阐述主题句的思想。常见的段落展开方法有列举、举例、比较和对比、因果、叙述、归类、下定义等，考试时应灵活运用。
3.修改：也就是说要删除与主题不相干的内容，检查句子时态、语态等。特别应注意单词的正确拼写；字母大小写和标点符号；数的一致性（包括主语与谓语以及名词与其限定语的单复数一致性）；指代关系（包括指代的一致性和代词的选用）；动词形式（时态、语态、语气）等方面。
关于考试过程中短文写作的时间分配问题。我们知道，短文写作的时间为35分钟, 要力争写完写好, 这就要求考生做到有条不紊，忙而不乱，充分发挥自己应有的水平。建议按照如下的方案分配时间: 审题1～2分钟；组织素材, 细节和关键词: 4～5分钟； 起草: 20～25分钟；修改定稿: 4～5分钟。
最后要说明的是，从某种意义上来说，专业四级考试作文有其固定的写作格式、结构，而对于固定的题型，有固定不变的表达法。因此，大家有理由相信只要训练方法得当，搞好写作是不难的。大家不妨试试多背范文和常用句型，包括各类型作文的开头、结尾句、中间展开、过渡句，以及比较、图表说明等的常用句型和表达法，然后自己多动笔写一写，只要按这样的方法进行练习，相信在一定时间内就可以在写作上取得满意的分数。因为是三段式作文，写作的时候一定注意第一段提出的论点要简洁明了，开门见山；第二段的论据要能充分说明论点，论证条理清楚；第三段的结论要水到渠成，切忌草率，严谨完整的结尾是取得高分的保证。
便条写作最主要的是注意格式正确，交待清楚，比如请柬、贺信、道歉函等，要注意称呼、正文、签名等的格式，一定要把相关的时间、地点、原因及主要事件内容交待清楚
第二篇：专业四级考试历年写作真题
专业四级考试历年写作真题(1992-2005)1992
My View on Reading Extensively 1993
My Idea of Becoming a Teaching in the Future 1994
TV: a good thing or a bad thing? 1995
Nowadays it has become fashionable for college students to take a part-time job in their spare time.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trend.1996
Every college student would agree that life in college is not the same as it was in the middle school.Now, you have been asked by the Student’s Union to write a passage entitled: The Main Difference Between My College Life And My Middle School Life 1997
Some of your classmates think that more pressure from academic studies is not beneficial to students.You either agree or disagree with them: More pressure from academic studies does(does not)good to us 1998
It is now generally accepted that vehicles(cars, trucks, etc.)are a major source of air pollution in cities.Your are to suggest only ONE way to solve the problem.One way to solve the problem 1999
We see advertisements on television everyday.Some people think that TV advertising brings as benefits, but others don’t think so.What is your opinion? A major advantage/disadvantage of advertising on television 2000
College life should be varied and colorful.And extracurricular activities are an important aspect of it.However, at present, there is much room for improvement in this regard.Write an article to the university radio entitled: The importance of extracurricular activities 2001
Travel has become part of our life.And more and more of us have come to know the significance of travel through our own experience: Travel broadens the mind 2002
Nowadays people are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of health.And they have different ways to stay healthy.For example, some exercise every day;others try to keep a balanced diet.What do you think is the best way to stay healthy? The Best Way to Stay Healthy 2003 People in modern society live under a lot of pressure, from education, career, or family.So it is important for them to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances.Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:THE IMPORTANCE OF KEEPING A GOOD MOOD 2004 Nowadays young people tend to phone more often than write to each other.So, some say that phones will kill letter writing.What is your opinion?WILL PHONES KILL LETTER WRITING? 2005 The students’ Union of your university is planning to hold an arts festival next semester, and they are inviting students to contribute their ideas and suggestions as to how it should be organized or what should be included.Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: MY IDEA OF A UNIVERSITY ARTS FESTIVAL 比较题型 I.比较两个事物A&B优缺点，表明倾向
1996: The Main Difference Between My College Life And My Middle School Life 2004: WILL PHONES KILL LETTER WRITING?
Beginning: Between the two(AB上义词)……A, and B, I hold that A is a better ……(choice, means, way, access)Body: My belief(statement, view, point of view)that A is a better … is based on the following two reasons.The first reason is that A can(A enables us to do)……(扩展句)While B can only ……(扩展句)The second reason is that A can …… But(Nevertheless, However)B can only ……
Ending: For the reasons mentioned above, we can easily draw the conclusion that A outweigh B(A is superior to B)as an important C.论题+C, some people hold that A …, while others choose B as one important C.In my opinion, A is superior to B.My reasons for the preference for lie in the following aspects.Firstly, A …, while B … Secondly, A can …, but B… From the above two reasons, we can safely come to the conclusion that A outweighs B.II.
第三篇：专业英语四级考试写作
2006年英语专业八级满分作文
Ambition is the decision one makes and the resolution with which he carries out that decision.It provides us with the required driving force to accomplish any undertakings in our life.Just as Joseph Epstein, a famous American writer put it, “And as we decide and choose, so are our lives formed.” Indeed, once we make up our minds to choose to do something, then our life becomes meaningful and specifically orientated.This notion of life, as far as I observe, is closest to truth and does apply to almost all aspects of life.First things first, ambition renders us a sense of mission.No matter what decision you make you have to be responsible for your choice.Your choice procures you a sense of orientation, or more specially a sense of mission.And only a strong mission may enable one to accomplish greatness.Caesar of the ancient Roman Empire was urged by his ambition “I came, I saw, I conquered.” And became an unrivaled empire builder in the history of Rome.John Milton, stimulated always by his ambition that aimed at writing some “mighty lines” which England would unwillingly forget, had in due time secured his position as the second Shakespeare in the history of English literature.In the second place, ambition can bring one’s potentials to the full.Ambition may well serve as a catalyst activating one’s dormant potentials.Without ambition one’s potentials will remain slumbering like a dormant volcano.A case in point is Ms Zhang Haidi, a Chinese Helen Keller.It was her ambition to be a useful person has turned the almost paralyzed Zhang Haidi into a well-accomplished figure whose achievements would dwarf those of some normal people aim at the sun, though, at worst, they may probably land on the moon.Influential as it is upon us, however, ambition must be channeled in the right direction.If wrongly directed, one’s ambition may bring havoc on him and others.Hitler, whose ambition was to conquer Europe by whatever evil means, finally turned him into a demon.It was this demon that almost cast Europe into an unfathomable abyss of anguish and suffering.Another case is Macbeth whose ambition was to become the king of Scotland.However, his ambition was materialized by the murder of King Duncan.Consequently, unbearable guilt and psychological agony drove him to his tragic doom.To sum up, ambition can benefit us tremendously if wisely and correctly channeled, otherwise it may ruin others and ourselves.A poet says: life can be bad;life can be good;life can be dirty;life can be sad,;life can even be painful.In my mind’s eye, a person can make his life beautiful, meaningful and rewarding and stand out as a respectable personage if he is motivated by a well-orientated ambition
(464 words)
考研英语小作文和大作文备考经验谈
作文历来是研究生入学考试的重中之重，每年都有无数考研英豪难过英语关，从而与成功一步之遥，失之交臂。在名目繁多的辅导机构的海报满天飞与媒体炒作日渐升温时，如何一方面保持清醒的头脑，一方面找到适合自己并且针对行之有效的学习方法，才是真正关键的问题。本文将重点给各位网友讲讲考研英语小作文、大作文的备考技巧经验。
一、应用文（小作文）
应用文写作要求考生在三个方面完成要求：一要注意把握信息点；第二是把握语言点，内容要十分明确，不要出现过多的错误；第三是要注意格式和语言。一是掌握格式的线条，主要是掌握两种大的文类，一个是正式文体，一个是非正式文体。如果应用文涉及的是商务或者公务之类较正式的东西，那么语言表达的时候也得注意格式和书面化、规范化；如果要求写便条给朋友的话，就应当用主语化的表达方式。
这几个方面注意了，就可以很大地缓解难度。应用文的字数要求是100个字，大概8句话，8句话怎么分配呢？第一段就写一句话，第一句话表明你写信的基本内容：如果是询问信息的话，就说你写这封信要询问以下几个问题；如果是投诉，就说写这封信是要表达对什么东西的不满；如果是请求信，就说写这封信想要请求什么东西就可以了。总之，就一句话，简明扼要。然后，用简练的语言表达清楚题目要求表达的内容和信息。最后一句话，就是一个礼貌的结尾。
二、大作文
大作文的写作一般会给考生写作提纲，或图表、图画，或图文并茂。命题方式虽然多样，但题目涉及面往往是考生比较熟悉的内容，目的是测定考生语言的实际应用能力。要求表达清楚，文字连贯，中心突出，内容丰富，句式多变，句子结构和用词正确。
语言的应用能力不可能一蹴而就，必须厚积薄发，必须经过长期的实践锻炼。如何提高英语写作能力呢？一是要背大量的优秀范文，整段整篇地背，并转换为自己的语言，写作时才能随心所欲地支配。考试时避免套用以前死记硬背的几个范文，把一些词不达意的词堆积在一起，没有统一性，无法很好地表现主题。
二是要多动手。包括对背过的文章进行词语替换、句式转换、句子重组等，以及对某一主题展开写作。多动手才能提高笔下功夫，才能保证在考场上顺利写作。可以说背诵范文是培养语感、积累素材、掌握写作方法的途径，动手写作则是实践，是最终目的，这两者结合起来，就是“理论联系了实际”。另外，背诵范文应有针对性，写作训练也是一样，在训练中要掌握每一类型作文的写作规律，根据其写作特点(如提纲式作文就要求考生根据提纲提示的思路和规定的要点展开段落)进行全面训练。但是，注意不要带有押题的心理，靠背几篇范文就能应付考试的心态是不可取的。很多高分考生认为，背诵《新概念英语》第三册，熟练掌握其中的各种表达方式，并坚持每天进行英语随笔练习，对于提高英语写作能力十分有益。
三、应试技巧
1、认真审题
作文第一步是仔细审题，考生要仔细阅读试题要求及相关信息，如图表、图画、数字等，准确把握出题者意图。考研作文忌信手拈来，提笔就写，根本不审题，想到哪儿就写到哪儿，或完全凭自己想象编故事，置考试要求于不顾，“下笔千言，离题万里”。比如1998年考研作文是一幅卡通画，老母鸡申明外加一首打油诗，讽刺一些企业把该尽职之事作为推销产品的承诺。2000年的作文“a brief history of world commercial fishing”，它给出了两张图，从1900年的渔船和鱼量之比到1995年的渔船和鱼量之比的变化谈如何保护渔业资源，应从商业性滥捕鱼这一主题展开话题，有的考生却大谈环境污染。这就偏离了主题，因为题中自始至终都没有谈到环境污染问题。
有的同学没有审题习惯，或担心时间不够草草审题，最后文不对题，草草收场，这必然会影响英语成绩，同时也会影响后两门考试的心情。
2、列出提纲
考试规定的时间是很有限的，所以不能花太多时间准备一个详细的提纲，但关键词提纲或粗略提纲还是非常有必要的。对原始材料分析归纳后要形成一个基本的框架。文章打算分几段写，每段大概怎样写，字数控制在多少，开头段落是道破主题、点明要旨、引人入胜还是先给出主题一般的背景情况和对主题进行浓缩的陈述，中间段落和结尾又怎样写，等等，这些都要心中有数。有的考生习惯用汉语构思文章，逐句翻译提纲，当碰到某个词卡住时就翻译不下去，僵在那里。要注意列提纲是为了更好更全面地表达主题。主题的表达可有多种形式，不一定非要寻找一个特定的词或句子。考试时考生要充分调动大脑，灵活运用以前所学知识。
3、开始写作
一篇文章往往由四部分组成：标题(title)，首段(opening paragraph),主体(body paragraph),结尾段(concluding paragraph)。标题要新颖，能引起读者兴趣。首段的内容根据文章的体裁而变化：比如议论文可以从一种现象、一种观点出发引出作者的观点，记叙文往往交代人物和故事背景。主体是文章的主要部分，通过合适的语篇模式表达一定的观点，考生要围绕中心按一定顺序分层次有重点地展开叙述、描写和议论。结尾段是对全文的总结，论点上要与前面的叙述保持一致
写好英语文章的20字诀
Agreement: 主语和谓语在人称、数上的一致，关系代词与先行词的一致。Ambiguity: 尽量不去使用可能引起歧义的词语或句子。Brief: 文章“简为贵”，要抓住要点，简明扼要。Coherence: 文理通顺，前后连贯。
Development: 主题的发挥应当充分、合理、正确。
Division: 词汇、句子、段落要分配使用得当，划分要清楚，避免使用重复字句和种子片段。Figures: 正确合理使用各类修辞格式。Inflated diction: 不使用做作的语言。Key: 用适当的关键词突出主题，每段都应有主题句。Logical: 内容要符合逻辑。
Message: 信息要新鲜、确实、可信。Omit: 合理删除多余的不必要部分。
Proposition: 主张、观点、论述要清楚肯切、合情入理。Punctuation: 正确适时使用标点符号。Relevant: 文章一定要要题。
Sentence pattern: 句型要尽量多样化。Strait: 开门见山，直来直去。
Style: 文体恰切，适合内容要求。
Tense: 动词时态要正确、一致、变化合理。Theme: 选题得当，主题突出
坚持八条英文写作守则
1.Organize your thoughts before writing: brainstorm、make an outline、etc.下笔前整合思绪：脑力激荡，写出纲要等。
2.Write clearly.Be concise.Avoid wordiness.写作清晰，务必精简，避免赘言。
3.Use good grammar and write complete sentences.使用好的文法，写出完整句子。
4.Write simple sentences.Avoid a fancy style.尝试简单句，避免花俏的句法。
5.Avoid slang、cliche and informal words.避免俚语、陈腔滥调和非正式用字。
6.Avoid use of the first person(i.e.I/me/my)unless necessary to specific piece.除非必要，避免使用第一人称：如“我/我的”。
7.Writing naturally.Read it aloud.Does it sound natural? Does it flow? 自然挥洒，大声朗诵。整篇文章听起来自然吗？通顺吗？
8.Move logically from one idea to the next.Don't skip steps.上下句意要合乎逻辑。别毫无章法乱跳。
谈英语作文的“写”与“作”
绝大多数的英语学习者，一想到写英语作文，就会头“大”。他们常常苦思冥想，然后草草而就，只求按时“交差”，别的就顾不上了。这种状态下炮制出来的“大作”，其质量可想而知。
对初学者而言，一篇英语作文的过程，至少应该包括两个阶段，“写”与“作”。
所谓“写”的过程应该与中文写作没有很大区别，无非是扣题，构思，表述。惟一要特别注意的是，我们写英语作文时，一般要求的字数比较少，所以我们在文章的结构上更须注意突出重点，集中火力。在非重点部分，不要随便发挥，而应该尽量直奔主题。以本次征文比赛为例，题目是The English Teacher I Admire Most，那么文章的重点应该是讲述why I admire him/her，what is so special about him/her，what I see in him/her，what has made him/her such a wonderful teacher等等，你可以状貌，但主要应该是“写神”，状貌应该简短，应该只起铺垫的作用。写这篇文章当然离不开叙事，全文可能叙述一件或多件事，那么这一件或多件事各自所占的分量应该有分寸，使整篇文章保持平衡。叙事时应该直奔主旨。英语写作的传统非常注重所谓的topic sentence——能够统摄全文或者全段的句子。这个句子最好出现在文章的开头，然后在文章的结尾处用不同的表述呼应这个句子。例如，有一篇应征例文的第一句是这样的：She takes us into the magical English world。这就是一个非常有力的topic sentence。这一个句子就足可吸引读者，让读者相信作者心中对她确实有一种毫无保留甚或“五体投地”的admiration，接下来就会有兴趣了解她究竟有怎样的magic power，让学生如此着迷。这篇文章的结句是her charisma(魅力)is unbelievable，非常有力度，charisma与unbelievable两个词巧妙地呼应了magic这个词。文章需要topic sentence，每个段落最好也要有这样非常powerful的topic sentence。构思完成以后，就是落笔表述的过程。这个过程应该迅速，最好能够一气呼成，不要过多地顾忌是否犯了语法错误，或者表述是否清楚。不要犹犹豫豫，一步三回头，因为在完成了
“写”以后，你还有一个“作”的过程。所谓“作”，就是“精雕细作”。英语初学者常常觉得自己“眼高手低”，想表述的意思难以成文，本来很精致的“意”却表现为颇为笨拙的“文”。这当然与我们掌握的词汇有限相关。但是，我们有限的词汇与表达，经过适当的调度与搭配，还是可以“作”出好文章来的。
我们在写完初稿以后，不妨让自己的好友读一下，看看他是否明白文章的每一个句子。因为作者自己常常把想到而没有表述出来的信息也read into the article，因此不容易发现表述不清的问题。
处理完了表述问题以后，就进入“深加工”阶段。英语写作最强调韵律感，即使是高深的学术文章，读起来常常也会很有“乐感”。这种“乐感”主要来自于句子结构的变化与组合。简而言之，就是长短结合，错落有致。英语的句子结构变化比较多，但我们在写作时受汉语的影响很深，写出的句子常常整齐划一，缺少变化。我们在加工时，就要有意地想：某几个简单句能加工成一个复合句或者复杂句；我们的每一个句子的主语是否都是“人”(从头到尾都是he或者we)，是否可以用一个抽象名词或者一个ing结构来充当其中某些句子的主语，以此构成主语的变化；在一个“意群”中，是否每个句子都是以主语开始；是否每个句子的谓语动词都是简单的一个动词，能否把其中的某一个或几个改成词组；能否构成一个又一个“短句+长句+短句”的意群组合；对于每一个表述，都可以想一下，这种表述是否太中文化，英语是否有更简单的表达。
某个大诗人曾经说过：诗是“写”出来的，而不应该是“作”出来的。但对我们英语初学者而言，在练习时，还是应该一次又一次地、有意识地经历这样的“作”的过程。“作”多了，方能在“临战”时潇洒地“写”。(作者:梁凯文,华东师大英语系副教授)
英语写作中的“结构重组”问题 各类考试中英语写作虽有模板可循，究其实质，仍是汉译英。任何一名考生在英语写作中，难逃“汉译英”的逻辑套路，所走思路一般为先胸中形成汉语意思，再将汉语意思转换为英文，即便英语素养较高的考生，在两者转换过程中没有时间差，出手即英文也是不太可能的。就在这一转换过程中，尽显英雄本色，英语英雄者，妙笔生花，出手不凡；英语笨拙者，最后只能造出个不中不洋的拙劣句子。我们可以给汉译英一个重新定位：包含所有语言信息的一种结构再造。具体说来就是面对一句中文，翻译时要打乱原有语序和结构，自行设计，重组语言信息，无限靠近原汁原味的英语，姑且将这种方法称之为“结构重组”。这一点是基于这么一个事实：英语跟中文的语序和结构不尽一样。下面举例说明：
（1）简单句类（所谓简单句，即是含有一个动词的句子）
看一例：他嗓门大。最容易翻译成：His voice is loud.评语：超级直白
而更好的翻译是：He has a loud voice.其实就成了 他有一个大嗓门。如果第一步便翻译成he has a loud voice，恭喜，你就被归入少数具备英语思维的高手类了，就这么简单。
对策：多多积攒类似例句，然后多多模仿。
试一个：她身材好，便可翻译成：She has a good figure.（2）复杂句类
看一例：我抬头一看，只见一群衣衫褴褛的孩子，默默无声得站于四周，观看着我俩进餐。
按照原文语序很容易翻成：I looked up and saw that a group of children in rags surrounding us silently and seeing us eating dinner.评语：直白，动词堆砌，不流畅。
先准备语言信息：抬头一看：look up；衣衫褴褛的孩子：children in rags；默默：silently；观看：look at。最后范文是：Looking up, I saw that we were surrounded by children in rags who were looking at us as we ate.（新概念3 第48课line35-36）
分析：范文用到了现在分词作伴随状语（looking up,），主动意思由被动形式表达，（were surrounded by）并设计出一个定语从句来（who were looking at us as we ate）原文中看不出来定语（….的）痕迹。
对策，含有多个动词的句子，将动词进行主次区分，次要动词非谓语化，主要动词谓语化，附带从句设计，定语从句首当其冲现行被考虑。
总之，写句子时，不要立马下手，凝神定气，多三思，在结构安排上有所建树和创新，大胆
将信息重组，结构优化，力图写出地道的英文句子，这是个长期的功夫。
最后建议学员可将新概念2，3 册拿来做汉译英的练习，将每篇课文的中文译文试着翻译成英文，再与原文对照，个中差距，一对照即晓个清楚。
怎样获得英语专业四级考试写作高分
(一)写作题的性质
写作是人们表达思想的一种重要手段，我们称之为comprehensive test的综合测试，体现的是学生综合运用语言的能力。因为它不仅考核考生对词汇的掌握、对语法的应用，同时也考查了学生的表达能力、思维的逻辑性和条理性。我们知道，学习英语需掌握四种技能：听、说、读、写。听和读是语言的input(输入)过程，因而对于听力和阅读的测试是考查学习者的被动英文技能；说和写是语言的output(输出)过程，对于口语和写作的测试则是考查学习者的主动英文技能。学习者的被动英文水平往往高于主动英文水平，因此听力理解材料的难度往往大于口语的内容，阅读理解材料的难度往往要大于写作。由此可见，在经过两年基础专业课的学习后，学习者应该将重点放在把被动英文水平转化成主动英文水平上。一旦我们的大脑有了大量的语言输出之后，就能达到出口成章、下笔有神的境界。
(二)英语专业四级写作要求
(1)能根据各种不同的听读材料笔头回答问题，复述内容写摘要、写提纲和记笔记。
(2)能根据题目列出写作提纲，在一小时内写出200～250词的短文。
以上均要求做到内容完整、条理清楚，语法基本正确，语言通顺恰当。
(3)能写一般的书信、通知、便条、请帖，填写简单的表格，格式正确，语言得体。
写作课培养学生初步写作能力，包括提纲、文章摘要、短文以及最简单的常用应用文。
(三)考试大纲对英语专业写作的要求和规定
(1)测试目的：按照英语专业基础阶段英语教学大纲的要求，检查学生在基础阶 段末期的英语写作能力。
(2)题型：主观试题，分为Section A和Section B两个部分。
Section A: Composition写作文
Section B: Note-writing写便条
(3)测试要求：
a)作文。要求根据所给的题目和列出的写作提纲或图表、数字统计表等(也附有写作提纲)写一篇150词的短文，能做到内容切题、完整，条理清楚，文章结构严谨，语法正确，语言通顺恰当。作文的类别有说明文、议论文或记叙文。考试时间为35分钟。
b)便条。要求根据提示写大约50～60词的便条、通知、请帖等。要求做到格式正确，语言得体。考试时间为10分钟。
(四)英语专业四级写作的评分标准
1.作文的评分标准
(1)文章内容切题、丰富，文章通顺，表达清楚。
(2)行文流畅。
(3)组织严密，逻辑性强。
(4)句型多样化，句法结构正确。
(5)用词得体、恰当、丰富。
(6)语法正确。
(7)拼写及标点正确，书写整洁。
(五)高分密招
很多学习者翻开作文书籍，就如同想打开一本武功秘籍，只希望看到5个字母trick(技巧)。技巧固然十分重要，但在应试准备中，常常需要70%的基础和30%的技巧。这里要提醒 大家的是，不可高估技巧的作用，犹如在武打片中，要想得到某某宝典和剑法，是需要付出惨痛的代价的。
1.在考场中，常常感到无话可说，该怎么办? 的确，在考场中有些考生由于紧张，常常会出现大脑一片空白，在10分钟之内动不了笔。对于这种在考场中思维短路的现象，有两种对策。
对策一：逆向思维法。考生在拿到一个作文话题、但不知该如何动笔时，可以去联想有关该 话题的具体事件，从具体事件中提炼出观点，再将观点反弹回去，即topic具体事件观点。例如看到The Advantage and Disadvantage of TV这个文章题目时，如果不知如何下笔，可以去联想一些具体的电视节目。一提到电视节目，就会自然而然地想到《新闻联播》。《新闻联播》有哪些好处呢?当然是开拓视野，了解世界。同时，还会联想到一些暴力片和色情片，它们对儿童的身心健康发展不利。
对策二：正说反说法。考生在写作中感到观点空洞茫然，不易理论清楚，甚至不知从何谈起时，可以从正、反两个方面对议题进行“摆事实，讲道理”，即“如果这样，就会怎么样； 如果不这样，又会怎么样”。
2.在写作中，遇到不会表达的词语该怎么办?
对于母语是中文的学习者，其中文词汇量往往大于英文词汇量，在英文写作中遇到不能表 达的词语是最正常不过的事情了。但有的考生在遇到不会拼写的单词时，往往绞尽脑汁，冥思苦想，结果造成思维短路，得不偿失。其实，对于这种情况，也有两种对策。
对策一：用其近义词代替。
如在写Student Use of Computer这篇作文时，很多同学以“在 最近10年里，学生使用电脑的小时数一直在增加”这句话来开头。“10年”可以用decade表 示，“增加”可以用ascend表示。但是不知道这两个词或对于它们的拼写没有把握时，可用 其近义词表示，如“10年”直接用ten years就可以，“增加”还可用increase, go up, rise, grow, jump, climb等。在这个时候，考生必须遵守“宁为瓦全，不可玉碎”的原则。这就要求在平时注意多收集一些同义词。如在每一篇作文中都会用到的一个单词“认为”，英文中有很多单词来表达此义，如think, agree, claim, maintain, argue, believe, h old, suggest, view…as, regard…as, consider…(as)。又如另一个单词“目前，最近”，可用nowadays, these years, recently, lately, currently, at present。此外，同义词的收集与运用有助于考生在写作中用词多样化。
对策二：当考生在写作中，既找不到该词 的近义词，又不能用解释性的语言进行阐述时，考生可以考虑用其上义词或下义词来代替。
上义词是对事物的概括性、抽象性说明；下义词是事物的具体表现形式。如Owing a Car这 篇文章谈到拥有汽车的弊端，其中有一点是汽车会排放出一氧化碳(carbon oxide)和二氧化 碳(carbon dioxide),对空气造成污染。当然，如果不知道如何拼写，更不知该如何去 释义一氧化碳和二氧化碳时，可以用它们的上义词poisonous gases来表示，因为不 论是一氧化碳还是二氧化碳都是有毒气体。又如Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus(大学生该如何走出校园了解世界)，提纲的第二点要求是大学生了解社会的途径(大众媒体、社会服务等)。“大众媒体”为mass media，“社会服务”为social service。如果考生不会表达，但是在提纲里又明确规定不能不写时，可以用其下义词来代替。大众媒 体的具体表现形式是TV，radio, newspaper, internet；社会服务的具体表现形式则为par t|time job, tutoring等。因而，考生在写作中遇到不会表达的单词时，应该沉着冷静，考虑用其近义词、上义词或下义词来代替。
如何给阅卷老师留下美好的第一印象
要想作文获得高分，显而易见就是要给阅卷老师留下美好的印象。老师们的阅卷过程是郁闷枯燥的。使自己的文章在大约1分钟的阅读时间内，迅速地在他们的脑海中形成较多的兴奋点，是至关重要的。
首先，作文的写作时间为35分钟，合理的时间安排为10+20+5，前面的10分钟用来读题审题，构思并列提纲，接着的20分钟用来按照提纲写作，最后5分钟用来检查及润色。合理的时 间安排是写出优秀 作文的必不可少的第一步。
其次，卷面的设置。要想让阅卷老师对你的作文试卷有一种赏心悦目的感觉，作文的排版应该不多于2/3，不少于1/3，要留有余地，不要将卷面写得密密麻麻。字体不要过大或过小。字迹要工整。段落方面，英语专业四级考试作文的特点决定了作文写法的基本框架为三段论。俗话说，事不过三，超过了三段后就会让人感到过于繁琐。并且应当注意的是，每段开头都应该有缩进，留有两个单词的位置。
再次，除了形式之外，作文 的内容也尤其重要。阅卷老师阅卷一般是从第一段看语言，从第二段看结构。这就要求考生 的作文开头部分以及每一段的第一句一定要写得像英文，不要出现任何的拼写或语法错误。除了语言的地道外，还要求作文有层次感。可以用一系列表示逻辑关系的连词，即路标 词来表示思路的清晰，如and, however, furthermore,also, what"s more等。此外，还可 以用对等的句式结构，如for one thing, for another； On the one hand, on the other hand等来增加文章的层次感。总之，议论文对语言的要求主要体现在三个方面：①用 恰当的逻辑词表现文章的逻辑性。②要注意自然段与主题句的运用，即用自然段表现出文章 的逻辑性，并在每段中用主题句说明要点，给人一目了然的感觉。③要注意句型结构，注意 每句的重心和句与句之间的衔接，使句意一环扣一环，避免松散。
便条的写作
便条是一种简单的书信形式。要求学生仔细阅读和分析所给的情景，确定便条所涉及的内容，如写便条者与便条接收者的身份、两者之间的关系及情景的正式程度等。便条的特点在于内容简短，大多是临时性的询问、留言、通知、要求等。与正规书信相比，便条的语言更为口语化。有急事需告诉别人而又不能面谈时，就可以写便条，如请假条、留言条等。一般不写地址，与普通书信基本相同。结尾时也无需要结尾礼词，只需要写上便条者姓名。便条的日期一般只要写上星期几，也可以写明上午、下午的具体时间。便条具有用途广泛、形式简单、文字要求不十分严格的特点。
Should higher education be available to all students or only to good students? TOPIC:
Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students.Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students.Discuss these views.Which view do you agree with? Explain why.Some people believe that only good students should have access to a university education.Others posit that higher education should be open to everyone, regardless of their academic abilities.I agree with the former opinion.Universities should only allow good students into their programs because these students value the importance of a good education and are interested in furthering their education.Furthermore, if all students were allowed into universities, the schools would quickly become saturated, and the quality of education received would diminish.A university education is very important to a good student.This type of student has set his/her sights on a university education from early on, and has put in the necessary work to earn a place in a good university.Poor students who did not try to achieve good grades in high school obviously do not care about their education, and therefore, do not deserve to go to university.However, if these poor students go back to school and improve their grades, they should also be allowed to go to university.Good students are very interested in furthering their education.They have put copious amounts of work into their education, and are interested in learning more.Poor students are usually not as interested in furthering their education.If they were interested in this, they would have tried harder to begin with.With that said, let us suppose for a moment that universities did allow all students, regardless of their grades, into university.The school would quickly become overfull, and good students, who really care about their education, would suffer because of it.They might not be able to get into the classes they want, and if they do get in, there might be so many students in the class that it is impossible to learn.In conclusion, I think that it is important to save a university education for those who really want it-good students.If a poor student wishes to go to university, then he/she will have to return to high school and improve his/her grades.TOPIC: [命题作文欣赏] Should schools ask students to evaluate their teachers?
Schools should ask students to evaluate their teachers.Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Teachers have a very difficult job in society.They not only have to learn how to teach material effectively, but also must learn how to deal with a wide variety of personalities.While teaching is a difficult job, I think it is important for schools to ask students to evaluate their teachers.I think this is the right thing to do because it encourages teachers to try their best, it gives students the opportunity to choose effective teachers, and it allows the schools to have the best teachers possible teaching.If a teacher knows that at the end of the term, the students will be evaluating his/her work, then the teacher will be driven to do a very good job.If there is no pressure from evaluation, a teacher might be prone to doing a less than perfect job.I believe that everyone needs an occasional evaluation to ensure they are doing their job correctly.In the case of a teacher, the students will give the most important evaluations.If there was a public summary of which teacher scored the highest on his/her evaluations, then students would be able to take courses based on which teacher was the best at the job.This would allow students to excel in their studies, and achieve better grades.Finally, if schools ask students to evaluate their teachers, the schools themselves would be able to have the best teachers working on campus.If a teacher scored too low on an evaluation, a replacement could be found.This is a much better method than waiting for students to complain about a teacher.Teachers do have a difficult job, but regardless of this, they must excel at it.If a person is a particularly poor teacher, the students will not learn the required material, and suffer for it.
第四篇：考试焦虑应对方法
考试焦虑的应对策略
1．调整自我认识法
这种方法最适合于调节轻度考试焦虑。首先要重新认识考试的重要性，正确对待考试，各种大大小小的考试，对学生来说，不过是展示和检验自己才能与所学知识的有利机会，即使是高考，也非就此决定一个人的命运。其次，要正确认识考试的难度。就学业考试来说，基本上都是考查基本知识和基本技能，很少会有特别多的难题、偏题；至于选拔性的考试，考试面会广一些，深度大一些，但你觉得难，别人可能觉得更难。再次，对自己的应试能力有正确的估计。可以对自己的学习情况，复习情况、弱点和漏洞、改进的方法和措施等做一番系统的分析，了解自己的实力、特长和薄弱环节，还可以征求老师、家长、同
学的意见，请他们帮助自己进一步分析，从而制定适当的考试目标和切实可行的复习计划。
2．自信训练法
考试焦虑者在考前总是不知不觉地对自己进行消极的暗示，如“我担心自己的能力是否可以胜任这次考试”，“要是考糟了，我的前途就完了”，“我担心其他同学在考试中都比自己强”，等等。这些消极的自我暗示会在大脑皮层产生保护性抑制，妨碍正常的认识活动。如果在考试前，便预言考试结果一定很糟，那暗示会使你精神不振，从而大大减少你本来可以付出的努力，以至最后无意中实现你自己的预言。
自信训练就是对消极的自我暗示进行挑战。
首先，把一些朦胧的消极暗示用清晰的书面语言表达出来。坐在桌前，静下心来，在一张白纸上把自己对考试的所有担忧逐条写下来，使你清楚地意识到自己当前消极的自我暗示究竟有哪些。然后，向消极暗示中的不合理成分进行自我质辩，指出这些消极暗示的不现实性和不必要性，阐明由此对个人造成的危害，并明确今后应采取的态度，给自己积极的自我暗示。如“担心自己的能力不能胜任这次考试”，可以这样告诫自己：“这种担心会松懈自己的斗志，转移自己的注意目标，扰乱当前的精神状态，应及早排除。只要认真做好考前的准备工作，这次考试完全能考好。当前最紧要的是有条不紊地搞好复习。”通过向消极的自我暗示挑战，可以帮助考试焦虑者树立正确的自我意象，增强考试的信心，克服考试焦虑的担忧成分，使考试成绩得到提高，经常进行这样的自信训练，经常给予自己积极的自我暗示，不仅对于克服考试焦虑有帮助，而且可以改变整个人的精神面貌，使你在学习、生活中更加主动、自信和乐观。
3．放松训练法
常识和实验研究证明，焦虑和放松是不会同时出现的。因此，经常进行放松训练，可以消除紧张状态，克服考试焦虑，使人的身心得到充分的休息和恢复，现介绍一种适合于同学们的简单的放松法——肌
肉放松法。
这是通过循环交替收缩和放松自己的骨骼肌群，细心体会个人肌肉的松紧程度，最终达到缓解身体紧张和焦虑状态的一种自我放松方式。放松时全身应保持尽量的松弛，精神高度专一和集中。整个放松训练按照由下到上的原则，从脚趾肌肉放松——小腿肌肉放松——大腿肌肉放松——臀部肌肉放松——腹部肌肉放松——胸部肌肉放松——背部肌肉放松——肩部肌肉放松——臂部肌肉放松——颈部肌肉放松——头部肌肉放松。放松动作要领是先使该部位肌肉紧张，保持紧张状态10秒钟，然后慢慢放松，并注意体验放松时的感觉（如发沉、沉重等）。每次10—20分钟，可安排在晚上睡觉之前进行。如果能持之以恒，不仅
能消除考试焦虑，而且能全面租金身心健康。当然练习久了，此法也可在考试紧张时进行
第五篇：专业四级写作讲座大纲
专业技能辅导材料专业四级写作
英语专业四级写作要求
(1)能根据题目列出写作提纲，在一小时内写出200～250词的短文。
以上均要求做到内容完整、条理清楚，语法基本正确，语言通顺恰当。
(2)能写一般的书信、通知、便条、请帖，填写简单的表格，格式正确，语言得体。写作课培养学生初步写作能力，包括提纲、文章摘要、短文以及最简单的常用应用文。英语专业四级写作的评分标准
(1)文章内容切题、丰富，文章通顺，表达清楚。
(2)行文流畅。
(3)组织严密，逻辑性强。
(4)句型多样化，句法结构正确。
(5)用词得体、恰当、丰富。
(6)语法正确。
(7)拼写及标点正确，书写整洁。
2005年写作真题
PART VI WRITING[45 MIN.]
SECTION A COMPOSITION[35 MIN]
The students’ Union of your university is planning to hold an arts festival next semester, and they are inviting students to contribute their ideas and suggestions as to how it should be organized or what should be included.Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: MY IDEA OF A UNIVERSITY ARTS FESTIVAL
You are to write in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea OR describe your idea.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.SECTION B NOTE-WRITING[10 MIN]
Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation: You have got two tickets to a concert given by a famous pop band/orchestra.Write a note to your friend, Hilda/Mike, describing briefly what it is and inviting her/him to come with you.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.2004年写作真题
SECTION A COMPOSITION［35 MIN.］
Nowadays young people tend to phone more often than write to each other.So, some say that phones will kill letter writing.What is your opinion?
Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic: WILL PHONES KILL LETTER WRITING?
（该部分要求与05年相同，仅缺少OR describe your idea）
SECTION B NOTE-WRITING ［10 MIN.］
Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation:1
Your friend, Jane, has failed in the final exam, and is feeling very unhappy about it.Write a note to comfort her and give her some encouragement.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.My View on Reading Extensively 1992
My Idea of Becoming a Teacher in the Future 1993
TV: a good thing or a bad thing? 1994
Nowadays it has become fashionable for college students to take a part-time job in their spare time.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trend.1995
Every college student would agree that life in college is not the same as it was in the middle school.Now, you have been asked by the Student’s Union to write a passage entitled: The Main Difference Between My College Life And My Middle School Life 1996
Some of your classmates think that more pressure from academic studies is not beneficial to students.You either agree or disagree with them: More pressure from academic studies does(does not)good to us 1997
It is now generally accepted that vehicles(cars, trucks, etc.)are a major source of air pollution in cities.Your are to suggest only ONE way to solve the problem.One way to solve the problem 1998
We see advertisements on television everyday.Some people think that TV advertising brings as benefits, but others don’t think so.What is your opinion? A major advantage/disadvantage of advertising on television 1999
College life should be varied and colorful.And extracurricular activities are an important aspect of it.However, at present, there is much room for improvement in this regard.Write an article to the university radio entitled: The importance of extracurricular activities 2000
Travel has become part of our life.And more and more of us have come to know the significance of travel through our own experience: Travel broadens the mind 2001
Nowadays people are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of health.And they have different ways to stay healthy.For example, some exercise every day;others try to keep a balanced diet.What do you think is the best way to stay healthy?
The Best Way to Stay Healthy 2002
Some topics for practice
My View on Advertisements on TV, My View on Bicycles in China, My Ideal Job, My Solution to Cheating in Exams, Hard Life Is Good for Children, Where to Live—in the City or in the Country, By Phone or by Letter, Active Classes or Passive Classes, My View on Competition, The Positive and Negative Effects of Computers, Economic Development and Environmental Protection, My View on Euthanasia, Is Failure a Bad Thing, My View on the Harmfulness of Fake Commodities, My View on Computer Games, My View on Money
Notes from TEM96-03
Your friend has just won the first prize in the Provincial English Speech Contest.Write a note of congratulations.1996
You are Peter/Mary.You had a party at your hone recently, but you unintentionally neglected to invite a close friend of yours—Victoria.Write her a note apologizing for this and explaining how the mistake came about.1997
You are Mark or Sally.You have got a ticket to a computer fair, but you now find that you are unable to go.Write a note to your friend, George, explaining why you are sending the enclosed ticket to him and telling him briefly how to get there.1998
You’ve learned that your friend Jimmy is ill these days.Write him a note expressing your concern, asking after his health and giving your best wishes.1999
You’ve read on the notice board that the university library is looking for a part-time library assistant who can work at weekends.You think that your classmate, George, is a suitable person for this vacancy.Write him a note, telling him what you know about the vacancy and trying to persuade him to go for an interview.2000
Yesterday you failed to turn up for the appointment with your teacher, Professor Wang.Write him a note of apology and make a request for another meeting.You should also suggest the time for the requested meeting.2001
You have heard that your friend, Jack, wishes to sell his walkman.Write him a note expressing your interest in it, asking him about its condition and offering a price for it.2002
Your friend Clare has invited you to her house-warming party this weekend.However, you will be away then.Write her a note politely declining her invitation and expressing your best wishes to her.200
3便条作文写作及样例
便条是一种简单的书信。虽然内容简单，但却有其独特的风格。主要目的是为了尽快地把最新的信息、通知、要求或者活动的时间、地点转告给对方。常见的便条有欠条、留言和请假条等。（大纲要求根据提示写便条、通知、请贴等）
特点：
1.文内语言尽量通俗口语化，简单扼要，直截了当，无需使用客套语言。In a roundabout way
2.便条虽简单，但中心务必突出，更要注明活动的时间及地点。
3.便条不需邮寄，不用信封。通常请人代为转交。有时可写在留言板和留言簿上。基本写作格式：
便条内容和类型不尽相同，可以灵活变通。但各类便条必须包括以下几个基本要素；1）Date：便条日期2）Salutation：称呼3）Body：正文4）Signature：署名
请假条：往往指由于生病或特殊情况不能亲自当面请假，用假条的形式告假。所以，请假条大多是病假条。可以自写，也可请他人代写。写假条最重要的是说明原因和请假的期限。Jan.10thDear Ms.Jiang,I am terribly sorry that I shall be unable to attend this morning two periods of English Classdue to a bad cold and high fever.Enclosed is a certificate from the doctor who said I must stay in bed for a few days.I will go back to school as soon as I recover.Yours respectfully,John
留言：用书面留下要说的话。留言涉及的方面很多，包括约会，通知，请求等任何可用便条留下的口信。
Tuesday
Dear Li,As the Spring Festival is drawing near, I’m very glad to invite you to come to a dinner partywith several other friends of ours.I’m sure we will have a very happy time and enjoy ourselvesthoroughly.Would you like to come on time at 5:00 p.m.today, to Room 6 of Lijing Hotel?Yours always,Jiayang
Mar.12th Dear Harmon,I’m very glad to congratulate you on your having received a doctorate in physics from Harvard University.I know this has meant years of study and hard work on your part, and it’s an achievement you can well be proud of.My best wishes to you!Sincerely yours,Lin Qiang
Thursday afternoon Mr.Chen,Just a line to inform you that I am leaving for Shanghai to attend a meeting tomorrow instead of on Sunday as I told you the other day.I’ll write to you soon.Yours,John
Mar.12th
Dear Clare,I can’t tell you how sorry I am that I cannot go to your party this weekend.Unfortunately I already have an engagement for the weekend.Thank you for inviting me.My best wishes to you.Yours,John
欠条：留下字据，表示欠某人某物。条据上需写明钱物名称和数量、立据人及日期。不得涂改。
March 12, 2006 To the Finance Office of the University
IOU three thousand five hundred dollars($3500)only.John SmithMarch 12, 2006
Borrowed from the Phonetics Laboratory of the Faculty of the English and Culture the following things:
One tape recorder
Two cassettes of tape
David Li
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