启航黄涛点评2013年考研英语大小作文

第一篇：启航黄涛点评2013年考研英语大小作文

2013年考研英语(一)大小作文审题和参考范文

启航名师 黄涛

2013年1月5日下午的考研英语科目已经结束几个小时，接下来各位考生还有重要的专业课考试。今年英语(一)的大作文继续延续了14年的图画作文出题模式：看图说画。今年的图画挺有意思，大致内容是这样的：一群毕业生站在一条道路的分岔口，前面写着求职、考研、出国和创业四条出路，可以看出大学生毕业时面临着人生的多种选择道路，而且关键一点就是，命题老师怕有些考生看不懂主题，还挺有人性关怀地在图画下面写了两个汉字：选择，因此突出说明这次作文主题就是选择自己合适的道路。

考研英语大作文在历史上多次围绕大学生做文章，比如，2004年的“终点又是新的起点”，2006年大学生的“盲目崇拜明星”，2009年人们普遍关心的网络的利与弊问题，这些都是和大学生密切相关的大话题。今年的大作文和黄涛在最后冲刺作文课资料V-39页上的话题背诵篇中的第三个话题是完全一致的，再一次创造了黄涛押中大作文的奇迹！

一．大作文审题与范文

今年的大作文审题，可以运用我在课堂上多次讲到的积极和消极两个方面来写都行。从积极方面来思考，就是大学毕业生面临毕业时的多种选择道路，因此应该积极思考选择适合自己的道路，并努力创造自己的美好未来。也可以从消极方面来写，可以论及有些大学生在毕业时茫然不知所向，不知道该往何处走，因此迷失方向，还可以从积极和消极两方面来写都行。但有些考生审出就业压力大或其它的主题就是跑题了，因此得分会很低。

确定主题之后，按照我冲刺班讲授的方法，从思考主题词写法，注意词性变换choice和choose，以及主题词同义替换等方法来按照黄涛给出的模板来开始写作。在写大作文时，第一段需要简短描述图画的内容。比如：毕业生graduates, 求职job-seeking或seeking a job，出国going abroad，其中创业和考研是一个翻译表达的难点，实力不强的考生可以考虑不写出来，实力强的考生可以把这当作是展示自己实力的机会，这也是获取阅卷老师给高分的亮点所在。

第二段需要阐释图画寓意，其实就是联系实际来展开论述。可以提到当今大学生扩招导致大学生人数增多，因此在毕业时面临着多种选择，可以结合实际来分析原因说毕业生就业压力大，等等，因此毕业生要根据自己的实际情况来选择合适的人生道路，并阐述其重要性，总而言之，要说的东西有很多，关键是要表达正确和用词高级。

最后一段可以结合自己的心得体会谈谈看法，并给出适当的理由。

【作文思路】

按照我们课堂上的写作方法，可以这样来展开描述和议论。第一段为传统的图画描述段，根据图画中的具体信息，尤其是下面的文字说明，进行直接描述。1

比如可以选用我们冲刺课堂上传授的精彩句型1，“ Whoever standing in front of this miniature will be overwhelmingly impressed.2，How thought-provoking it seems to be!或3，What is vividly illustrated in the painting above is that ….(对漫画笼统地描述)。然后再补上后面的文字解释说明：“The caption（图画中的文字）make choices/alternatives, choose/opt to do sth 分的关键词。

第二段要求展开阐释漫画背后所预示的主题，并加以具体论证说明。在这一段首句可以直接采用” It is, most likely, that the drawer intends not only to think about its real connotation but also to display a serious situation to us.在句型运用方面，可以考虑使用启航课堂上反复提到的必杀词组“As is universally acknowledged，和What makes things even better/worse等。

第三段可以结合自己的实际来阐述自己未来人生的选择，是出国还是考研，并给出自己的理由。

Sample Writing

As is apparently drawn in this miniature, in the middle stand many graduates, confronting a few choices such as seeking jobs, receiving further education, going abroad and so on.The Chinese caption above informs us readers of the conspicuous message that various folks will make different choices upon their graduation.（参见黄涛冲刺班作文讲义第7页作文经典句型）How impressive this drawing seems to be in depicting one of the most prevalent themes that college graduates are confronting various alternatives before graduation.After careful reflection and mediation, we examinees come to understand the enlightening drawing.I contend that this thought-provoking image conveys one profound layer of implication concerning choices.(参见黄涛冲刺班讲义精彩段落第15页内容)It is universally acknowledged that college graduation no longer ends and we should make different choices according to our varying situation.(参见黄涛冲刺班讲义高分句型必备部分)

From what have been discussed above, it admits of no doubt that in doing things whether great or small there are more or less difficulties, it is much better for one to choose a job that can be done within his capability.It is therefore, necessary that some effective measures are taken to make it work.On the one hand, we should be sensible to find what we are skillful at and make a plan about the future.On the other hand, it is demanding for us to change to another job if it does not fit us.(参见黄涛冲刺班讲义V-40页)

In my personal sense, the message applies to our young graduates especially.In such a rat-race society, everyone is bound to make a choice at this critical life stage.In this sense, I should make a rational choice after graduation.Just as the Nobel Prize winner Mo Yan puts it, it is our choice that has changed everything in our life.（参见黄涛作文冲刺班讲义第12页作文九大高分句式之引用名人名言）

更多经典高分句型可以参考长达43页的黄涛作文冲刺资料，这是历年来广大考生最后作文冲刺用的葵花宝典，在考场上广大黄桃们可以按照自己喜欢背诵的高级句子来造就自己的高分作文。

二．小作文审题和范文

不出所料，今年的小作文也属于黄涛作文冲刺课上提供的小作文模板之一，从05年到07年，小作文已经测试过辞职信（道歉信）、请求信和建议信的写法，08年重考了偏向于与私人交流的道歉信，09年小作文接着又重考了考生对建议信的写作，2010年测试了告示的写作，2011年道歉信，2012年的欢迎信，而今年2013年的小作文还是照搬近几年一贯的出题方式----书信写作。

2013年的小作文要求给考生写一封邮件，邀请自己所在学校的一位外教来担任即将举行的演讲比赛的评委。这些内容在试题的英语提示里写得很清楚，实力不够的考生可以照抄这些单词，实力强的考生应该按照我讲到的方法：同义替换来写出高质量的作文。

小作文的难点在于需要自己想出一些细节性的东西来，这是广大考生靠背诵模板做不到的地方，也是综合检验考生的实力所在，这也给考生充分的自由空间，具体内容要求考生自由发挥的余地较大，结合这次的小作文主题，考生可以思考出，比如比赛的地点和时间，参赛的选手，以及要求外教做精彩点评等，写到这些内容需要考生一个扎实的语言基本功，否则只能是望“卷”兴叹，写不出任何东西，这是避免小作文模板化的倾向，下面是黄涛提供的一个参考范文。Directions:

Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him or her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on your ANSWER Sheet.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail.Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)

小作文参考范文----参见黄涛冲刺班作文讲义V—26页的邀请信模板

Dear my teacher,I am writing this letter for the purpose of inviting you to attend our speech contest on behalf of the Students’ Union.In particular, I feel it a great honor to invite you to be a judge for the approaching competition.There will be other three Chinese judges.However, we are greatly eager to need a native speaker to be one of the judges.To our great joy, we learn that you have been judges for several times on different occasions.To be more exact, you are more experienced or eloquent in speaking than other foreign teachers.After the speech contest, you are required to make a brief comment on the contestants’ performance.The competition will held at 7:00 in the evening on January 18th in our college auditorium.All the students as well as participants are looking forward to seeing you turn up at the contest.We would be highly honored by your distinguished presence.Please inform me of your decision as soon as possible.Yours sincerely,Li Ming

启航教育 黄涛

第二篇：专家点评：考研英语大小作文如何提高分数

专家点评：考研英语大小作文如何提高分数

2008-03-30

万学海文

主持人：考研英语是考研所有科目中的重中之重，之所以说是重头戏，是因为对于很多考生来说，考研的成败很大程度取决于英语成绩的高低。英语试卷中，分值最大的有两部分，一是阅读，另一个是作文。有不少同学在网上留言栏里，对于英语作文复习方法和提高途径表示疑惑，希望得到专家的指点。今天我们荣幸的请到了国家考研英语阅卷组专家，全国考研英语辅导专家吴耀武老师。吴老师，欢迎您来参加我们的活动。

吴耀武：我也很荣幸。我将向09年准备考研的同学们说一下考研英语大小作文的复习方法。

主持人：吴老师作为西安外国语学院的名师，长期从事英语教学，在考研英语方面有着极深的研究和丰富的教学经验，在英语阅读与写作方面尤为突出。吴老师，近几年考研英语试卷的作文题命题方向是怎样的呢？您能和同学们讲一讲吗？

吴耀武：近些年考研英语作文写作部分分两类：大作文、小作文。小作文一般给出作文内容要点，以求职信，辞职信，道歉信和感谢信等为命题体裁，要求考生按照提示写清楚要表达的要点。考生在写小作文时，只要表意明确就可以了，不需要复杂华丽的文采修饰。

大作文类型，从文体上看，可以划分为说明文和议论文，因为考这类体裁的写作比较符合形势发展的实际需要，在学习、工作和生活中，人们所书写的材料大多也是说明文或议论文；从选题范围上看，大都是目前人们最为关注的问题，反映了当前社会的热门话题或可以用热门话题来透视的哲理性问题。通过对近些年的真题分析；从出题形式上看，在平稳中逐渐趋于多样化，写作题目易于理解，无论以文字的形式还是以图表、图画的形式出现都浅显易懂。

主持人：相信大家通过吴老师对考研英语作文的考点已有大体地了解了。吴老师，作为国家考研英语阅卷组专家，您对近些年考卷问题应该较为了解，您能集中问题来谈一谈考研英语作文应该怎样复习吗？

吴耀武：作文对考生扎实的语言功底有很高的要求。同学们在复习阶段要注意以下几点：

1、适当加强阅读量

很多考生无法清晰完整的用英语来表达自己的意思。之所以出现这样的情况原因在于平时阅读量小。在这里，我只想告诉大家，当你看得多了，记得多了，表达才能游刃有余。历年的写作考题的内容和主题基本都与当年的热点话题有一定的关系，因此，你要对社会热点问题、国际国家大事有所知晓，对于比较热点、比较重要的主题，可以有目的地进行搜集整理。另外，平时多阅读英语报纸杂志，可以帮助你掌握更多的话题资源。你读得越多，在潜移默化中，你提高英语写作能力的速度也就越快。

2、背诵经典文段

在平时阅读训练中，把一些经典文段整理到一个本子上，抽时间背诵它们，不能不说是积极备战快速提高写作成绩的一条捷径。考生可以选择历年真题的范文和一些与真题作文相近的文章进行背诵，要在理解文章内容的基础上有重点、有目的地进行背诵。把结构合理、适用于多种语言环境的句子背下来不但有助于你理解文章，更是能够在无形中增强你的表达能力。同学们也可以拿一些英语原著名篇来读、背，这样可以加强自己的语感，使自己的表达更加地道。

3、加强练习

加强实际写作练习有着至关重要的作用。考生最好能找有范文的题目进行练习，以便写完后能与范文进行对比。我们练习的重点是要检查文章是否切题，行文是否流畅，有无严重的语法错误等，同时通过与范文的比较可以及时发现自己的短处在哪。主持人：吴老师，据说您在授课上教学性很强，对命题规律把握性也很强，那么，就您总结过的作文命题特点，您能否给考生们一些权威的作文复习攻略和技巧上的指导呢？

吴耀武：好作文应该是紧扣文章主题，遵循特定的文体格式，选用恰当的语言合理组织文章结构，内容统一、连贯，语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当。

研究生入学考试要求学生在规定时间内完成两篇文章，从写作的过程来看，对于每一个给定题目每个考生都会有各种各样的想法，但100字或200字的文章所能容纳的内容是有限的，考生必须迅速思考，尽快进入角色。因此必要的写作策略对于考生来说有着举足轻重的作用。

1、认真审题

考研作文忌信手拈来，提笔就写，根本不审题，想到哪儿就写到哪儿，置考试要求于不顾，作文第一步是仔细审题，考生要仔细阅读试题要求及相关信息，如图表，图画，数字等，准确把握出题者意图。

2、列出提纲，慎重落笔

虽说考试时间有限，但是切忌匆忙落笔开始胡写乱诌。你可以先花一点时间列个提纲，对原始材料分析归纳后要形成一个基本的框架。文章打算分几段写，每段大概怎样写，自数控制在多少，开头段落是道破主题，点名要旨，引人入胜还是先给出主题一般的背景情况和对主题进行浓缩的陈述呢，中间段落和结尾有怎样写呢。这些都要心中有数。

列好提纲开始落笔写作的过程中，要注意如下几点：

1)突出重点，注重逻辑

考生在选择材料时应注重选择那些最能体现中心思想、最具代表性的材料，这些材料要共同表达一致的信息。选材时切忌胡子眉毛一把抓。词语堆积，不伦不类。前后及段落之间在逻辑关系上要紧密衔接，不能把没有任何逻辑关系的词放在一起。可以用恰当的关联词把思想连贯的表达出来。

2)用词准确，语法正确

考试时要特别注意语法，此语，语气，标点符号等，为了避免太多单词拼写错误，语法错误，不要为了追求词语的华丽而堆积一些自己也没把握的单词，不要刻意追求长句而写一些自己不知对错的有多个从句组成的长句。考试时最好选择自己最有把握的词汇，短语，句式。

3)题目要求要达到

字数要符合作文题目要求，否则很难拿高分。

如果时间允许，可以在答完后进行修改。检查一下词汇拼写是否准确，构句语法等是否正确。

主持人：听了您这番讲解，连我都受益匪浅。非常感谢您在百忙之中抽出时间，给予09年准备考研的考生的作文复习如此权威的学习建议。

吴耀武：今天我也很高兴能为09年考研的同学们提供些考研英语作文复习的建议，希望我的建议能对同学们有帮助。

第三篇：2013考研英语大小作文-万能

2013 年考研英语大小作文万能模板

考研英语小作文万能模板

书信类：

一、.咨询信 ★★★★★

写作模式：写信目的+介绍背景+询问详情+表示谢意，期盼回复

Dear Sir or Madam，As a „„, I am writing to ask if „„.„„.I appreciate it if you could „„/I will be looking forward to hearing from you soon.两句皆可）

Truly yours，Xiao xiang

二、投诉信 ★★★★★

写作模式：提出投诉+具体投诉内容+要求

Dear Sir or Madam，I write this to place a complaint against „„/ I venture to write to complain about „„（两句皆可）the quality of „„I bought „„.During „„ has been in my possession, problems have emerged one after another.For one thing，„„, For another，„„.Therefore，wish you would look into occurrence immediately and send me a replacement as soon as I possible.or I will demand a refund.Yours，Xiao xiang

三、邀请信 ★★★★★

写作模式：发出邀请+说明事由+说明活动地点、时间+表示期待、感谢 邀请信分为发出的邀请信和回复别人的邀请信。一发出的邀请信 分为邀请名人和邀请参加聚会.⑴ 请名人

Dear „„，We should be very grateful if you could „„/May I take the opportunity to you to „„.（两句皆 可）.Please let me know as soon as possible if you come and when you will be able to make it.Sincerely，Xiao xiang ⑵ 请参加聚会 Dear „„，I wonder if there is any chance for you to come to …….It would be my pleasure to share the important moments with you.……I am glad to tell you that …….There are also arrangements for ……, which I am sure you will thoroughly enjoy.The dinner starts at …… so that we can have a nice and long evening.I would love for you to attend, so pleasure let me know your decision.Love，Xiao xiang

（3）回复别人的邀请信 ：一般情况下为拒绝别人的邀请信

Dear „„，It，s an honor for me to be invited, but I deeply regret being unable to „„.„„.I do hope I can have a chance to visit „„.Regretfully，Xiao xiang

（此种写信格式为顶格式写作 在考研英语作文中比较少见 但不失为一种新颖的写作方法 可借鉴）另：附邀请信参考句式： ①It would give me/us great pleasure to have your presence at the Reception /Dinner/Ceremony to be held on „„(date)at „„（place）at „„（time）.②It is my pleasure, on behalf of „„, to invite you to visit our university for a week/to present a key-note speech on „„.③We are having /planning a „„ on „„(date)and we think it would be a good idea if you can join us.2 ★★★

四、致歉信 ★★★

写作模式: 表示歉意+说明理由+提出弥补措施+请求原谅

Dear Sir or Madam，I regret to tell you that I won t be able to „„.Consequently, I wish to know if it would be possible for you to „„.I apologize for any inconvenience I have caused, and thank you for your understanding.You can contact me at „„, or call me at „„.Yours Sincerely，五、感谢信 ★★★

写作模式: 表示感谢+说明事由+再次表示感谢

Dear „„，Please accept my thanks for the very pleasant time I spent together with you for „„, I very much appreciated your hospitality.„„.I know the beautiful day will keep me happy for a long time.Thanks again for your warm hospitality and goodbye!I hope I can return your favors at „„very soon.Cordially，Sincerely，Xiao xiang

Xiao xiang

六、推荐信 ★★★★★

写作模式:

To whom It May Concern,(解释为相关负责人)In reply to „„(人名)request for a letter of recommendation, I have great pleasure to write this letter in his favor.„„(人名)was working with me for „„(three、four)years in the capacity of confidential clerk.We are once very good working terms.„„(人名)left me just because „„.During the years he was in my service, his work was highly appreciated bye everyone in my firm.He was conscientious to his work and responsible for his clients.I am sure you will find him strictly honest hardworking and intelligent in the best sense of the word, as I found his here.Yours Sincerely，Xiao xiang

七、辞职信 ★★★

写作模式: 提出辞职+说明原因、表示遗憾或感谢+期盼回复

Dear „„，I am writing to inform you of my intention of withdrawing form my current position in „„.Thank you very much for having given me this opportunity to take such a promising position in …….Though having …….I, unfortunately, find that…….First of all, ……, moreover, …….Therefore, I decided to quit this position after careful consideration.I wish you will considek my request.I apologize in advance for any inconvenience it might bring to you.Yours Sincerely，Xiao xiang

另：附辞职信参考句式： ①Looking back upon „„.②my present job doesn,t fall in with my previous training and strength.③However, As a young man whose primary interest is „„ rather than „„.④I have had a very happy and enjoyable time working with you and other colleagues, from whom I have received lots of help and have learnt much.⑤Please accept my sincere gratitude, as much as my regret for not being able to serve here any longer.⑥I am sorry to inform you by this letter that I plan to „„.八、求职信 ★★★ ★★★

写作模式: 自我介绍、说明求职原因+表示个人能力、经历及求职动机+希望取得面试机会、表示感谢

Dear Sir or Madam，I am writing to apply for the position of „„ you advertised in yesterday,s „„.To briefly introduce myself, I am a graduate student of „„university majoring in ……, and 4 expect graduation this June, not only have I excellent academic performance in all courses, I also posses the rich experience of …… My interactive personal skill and teamwork spirit are also appropriate for this post.My complete resume is attached.I would be grateful if you could arranger an interview at your earlist convenience.Yours Sincerely，Xiao xiang

九、请求信 ★★★

写作模式: 介绍自己、提出请求+说明原因及其它事项+表达协议、期盼回复

Dear Sir or Madam，I am writing in the hope of your assistance to/ I would like to apply for „„/ I wonder if and you could spare some time to „„.(三句皆可)„„.Thank you for your time and patience./ Thank you for your consideration.I am looking forward to your reply./Looking forward to a prompt reply form you.(三句皆可)

Sincerely Yours，Xiao xiang

十、建议信 ★★★

写作模式: 自我介绍、说明目的+委婉提出建议及改进措施或提出忠告+礼貌地总结或期盼回复

To whom It May Concern,(解释为相关负责人)

As a „„, I would like to take the opportunity to express my appreciation for your kind assistance as always.Meanwhile, I feel that it would be benifical to express my views concerning „„.In the first place, „„.I would also recommend „„.Last but not least, „„.I hope that you take my suggestions into serious consideration.Yours Sincerely，Xiao xiang

十一、贺信 ★★★★★

写作模式: 说明事由并表达自己衷心的祝贺+展开评论事件、赞扬收信人+再次表达良好祝愿

Dear „„，I am much delighted to learn that „„.This is a special and happy moment for you and proud of your achievement.„„.not only „„, but also „„.I believe this position will be a new beginning, a chance for you to embrace a fuller life and pave the way for a brilliant future career.Please accept my most sincere congratulations!Best wishes，Yours Sincerely，Xiao xiang

十二、订购信★★

订购信一般用于订购某种货物或机票、车票，属于事务信件。在书写订购信的时候，最重要的是要清新明白地说明所要订购的对象的数量、价格、规格等等，如果是机票、车票等，则须说明出发地、目的地、出发时间等。此外，写明你自己的名字、地址、邮编，以及你期望的送货方式等也是非常重要的。要避免写冗长的句子，因为此类信函以传达信息为主，所以能让对方明白你的意图是最重要的。

下面是一封订购飞机票的信函： Dear Sir or Madam:

I am on an urgent mission and want to get to Hong Kong as soon as possible.Please reserve for me a seat in the plane leaving Guangzhou for Hong Kong at 8 a.m.tomorrow.A seat by the window in the economic section is preferred.I shall be very grateful if you would deliver the ticket to Room 418 of the Baiyun Hotel where I am staying.If there is no seat available at 8 a.m.tomorrow, please inform me as soon as possible, so that I can change a flight.Thank you very much!

Yours faithfully，Steve Brown

十三、投诉信★★★

投诉信一般是针对质量低劣的产品或者服务，其送寄对象应该是对方主管部门的负责人。写投诉信的目的是为了让对方同情你的遭遇或者碰到的问题，继而给出你所期望的解决方法。因此，写这类信件最重要的一点是要实事求是，一定要遵守“简明、公正”的原则，切勿夸大其词，引起对方的反感。

投诉信中应该包含的内容有：你所投诉的问题；该问题给你造成的不良后果；与投诉有关的重要依据，如商品简要说明、购买日期地点等；你所希望的解决方法和最后结果。此外，还可以向对方建议解决问题的最后日期，并表示对所投诉问题的妥善解决充满信心。

投诉信一般可分为三段：第一段说明信的主要意思，即提出要解决的问题，以及解决问题的重要性；第二段可以解释一下详细的情况，提出与投诉有关的重要依据；最后一段一般是提建议，说出你所期望的解决方法。

以下是一封样信：

Dear Sir，Enclosed is one sample of the envelopes which your delivery truck left in our office yesterday.We wish, however, to exchange them for the correct size, or obtain a refund.When our supply secretary selected and purchased official envelopes in your store last week on December 12, she asked that size L be sent to our office.The size we received is small, and of course it does not serve our needs.The sales receipt is #3968, dated December 12, written by salesclerk #189.Please send us the correct size L envelopes in exactly the same style and color, or if this is not available now, cash refund of $ 50.50.Thank you very much..Sincerely yours，Li Ming

十四、捐助信★★

写作模式：向有关部门提出捐助申请，申明捐助对象和理由，明确捐助方式或内容，期盼回复。

To whom it may concern，I am writing to offer aid to …….How can I aid ……..? When I saw …….on television , it seemed

as through I also heard the voices of their hearts asking for help.I want to do whatever I can do to help ……..I would particularly like to donate ……..Thank you for taking my contribution into consideration.Please notify me when you find a suitable recipient , and send me his/her detailed information.Sincerely yours，Li Ming 其他应用文：

便笺类 告示类

一、通知二、三、四、五、六、海报

启事（招聘、寻物、招领、征稿、更正）演讲稿 备忘录 便条

以上（其他应用文）详见模拟练习复印版~

2013年考研英语大作文模板

2013考研英语大作文三大类模板，出题基本上在这三种类型，需要提醒大家的是：模板并不是作文，需要灵活运用才能拿更高分。

分类一：不利于社会的现象 92-沟通 97-吸烟

98-虚假承诺 99-人口增长与环境 00-过度捕捞 06-偶像崇拜 05-孝顺 11-环保

分类二：自身发展所需的品质 94-交友 96-健康

03-独立能力 04-发展

07-自信与挑战 08-互助合作 12-乐观态度

分类三：好坏分论 91-城乡居住 93-电视广告 09-网络

分类三：好现象 95-希望工程 01-爱心

02-10-文化交流

模板一（分类一）

As is vividly/symbolically depicted in the picture/cartoon,we can notice that____ Through the thought-provoking illustration, the drawer aims to point out that attention has to be paid to ___.(解释现象,一两句话足矣).There is no telling how our future will precisely be if we allow this phenomenon continue as it is, however, absolutely will it be a prospect horrifies everyone.By that time, social stability will on the edge of precipice.So to sum up, it is imperative for us to envisage realities and take effective measures before the situation turns from bad to worse.For one thing, our authorities should exercise strict control over___.(___).For another, we should cultivate the awareness of people that ___ is very vital to us.(___).As is often the case, it is our unconscious behavior that aggravate the problem.Only in this way can we curb the current evil phenomenon revealed in the picture and develop a harmonious social atmosphere.附上一些句子可以用在模板中：

1: To serve as responsible stewards of the planet,we should reject the false behaviour and comply with the code of conduct consciously.2: behaviors which harm public order or violate social ethics 3: we should respect the surrounding w living in and behavior as a literate person.4: Nowadays, the absence of fundamental social ethic of many, if not the most, people may lead to a serious consequence.5: 道德方面 ___has always been the traditional virtue of Chinese culture for thousands of years.模板二（分类二）

As is vividly/symbolically depicted in the picture/cartoon,we can notice that____.[The caption in the drawing reads:"".] [Which may open the door to success.] Undoubtedly, through the thought-provoking illustration, the drawer aims at reminding us the significance of ___.Owing to te quickening pace of life, competition goes increasingly fierce in all walks of life, and this makes it easier for us to encounter difficulties on our way to success.Then we need ___ to surmount the challenge.Once a person lose___,he can hardly attain success.(例子，实例或虚例).When all factors are considered, we may safely come to the conclusion that ___ really count in this competitive society.It deserves more attention and praising from the public.For one thing, our authorities should publicize the noble story of eminent people who attain outstanding achievement in their career, and set good examples for the children.For another, parents and teachers should cultivate children 's concept of the significance of ___ since childhood.例子：For instance, when we come to a difficulty in our study, work and life.[We should strengthen our mind, which will lead to a powerful impetus, to solve the problem.] Thus we will take a solid step towards success.Also, when we look back to history, we can find that the elitists____.模板三（分类三）

As is vividly/symbolically depicted in the picture/cartoon,we can notice that____.Through the thought-provoking illustration, the drawer aims to point out the advantages and disadvantages of ___.As ___ is playing an increasing important role in our daily life nowadays.Just like a coin has two sides, ___ is a two-edged weapon.On one hand, ___.On the other hand, ___.So to sum up, it is imperative for us to take effective measures aims at the disadvantages ___ bring to us.For one thing, our authorities should exercise strict control over ___.Person who attempt to destroy the normal order of ___ should be punished seriously, thus to establish a healthy ___ culture.For another, we should cultivate ourselves the capability of distinguishing right from wrong and utilize ___ moderately.Thus, we will enjoy a better life and develop a harmonious society.出题基本上在前三种类型，但分类四也不能丢。另外模板并不是作文，需要灵活运用才能拿更高分。

另不好现象中也有可以正面出题的题型，例如05-孝顺11-环保，但一般来说从反面写作容易些，就算给的图阐释的是一个好现象也可以从反面论述。但正面论述也要练习几篇。

附加篇： 从类型上： 1.图画作文

It seems to me that the cartoonist is sending a message about _______(图画主题)，which is ______________(进一步的说明)。He seems to be saying that_______________(给出细节)。In my opinion，___________(个人阐述)。

This simple picture is a wake up call for ______(所涉群体，如the whole of the human race)。Therefore，it is imperative for us to take drastic measures to put an end to _____________(问题所在)。One the one hand，we must _________________(建议一)。It is clear that the drawer of the illustration is urging us to _________(进一步说明)。On the other hand，________________(建议二)Only in this way can we___________(展望前景)。2.图表作文

The chart gives us an overall picture of the ____________(图表主题)。The first thing we notice is that_______________(图表最大特点)。This means that as __________，_________________(进一步说明)。

We can see from the statistics given that _______________(图表细节一)。After ving_________(细节一中的第一个变化)，the _____Ved+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化)。The figures also tells us that_________________________(图表细节二)。(数据位置，如In the second column)，we can see that ____________accounts for _______(进一步描述)。

Judging from these figures，we can draw the conclusion that___________(结论)。The reason for this，as far as I am concerned is that_____________(给出原因)。/ It is high time that we Ved(发出倡议)3.利弊型作文

Recently the issue of whether or not______(讨论话题)has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public.There are two major arguments that can be made for_________.For one thing，__________can bring ____ to_____________(优点一)。For another，it is widely hold that people usually ____when ________________________________(优点二)。But we must not lose sight of the fact that there are also drawbacks to__________，among which are ____________(列举缺点)。For instance，it can be __________to _____________(举例说明)。In addition，many people find it ________(形容词)to _______________(第二个缺点)When asked to __________，I tend to ____________.This is because I _______________(原因一)。Furthermore，_______________________(原因二)。Finally，______________(原因三)。4.展望未来型

The effects ___________ has produced on____________ can be boiled down to two major ones.First，__________________(影响一)。More importantly，________________(影响二)。Hence，I believe that we will see a ____________(提出展望)/ Nevertheless，I do not think we will see a ______(或反面展望)There are numerous reasons why ____，and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here.The first is that the more(比较级)_____，the more(比较级)。In addition，we all aGREe that________________________(第二个原因)*提纲式命题作文

提纲式作文既有论说文，也有议论文。它主要考查的内容为：说明主题，分析原因或解释做法。例如：1995年的试题“希望工程”中提纲的要求是：(1)Present situation.(2)Necessity of the project.(3)My suggestion.它要求考生解释说明“希望工程”，分析开展希望工程的意义和原因，联系考生自己提出一些建议或具体的做法。从提纲的要求上看，提纲式命题作文对联系社会的要求不是很多，写作难度也相对较小。它要求考生在正确理解题意的基础上，根据提纲去选择素材。提纲提供了每段的段落大意，在开展论述时不能偏离提纲或改变内容。提纲一般为三部分，考生应针对提纲采用三段的结构来开展文章。如：

Nowadays，China’s economy is fast developing.People’s living standard has improved a lot.In some areas，however，there are still many people living below the poverty line.They have difficulties for the very basics like food and clothes，let alone getting good education.What can we do to help these less developed areas in our country? I think we can do the following things.First of all，the government and our society must pay more attention to these less developed areas.The government should spend more money on the basic construction projects in these areas instead of spending it on cultural and artistic projects in cities.It should also encourage some private enterprises and companies to donate to these poor areas.Secondly，transportation is very important in less developed areas.We should help them build more railways and more roads so that the local people can benefit from the convenient transportation.It can also promote their communication with developed areas.Finally，technology is necessary in developing economy in these areas.Poor farmers should be taught technology and new skills and should have easier access to money in the bank，such as getting loans to start businesses.All in all，so long as we continue our efforts to help these less developed areas，these areas will shake off poverty sooner or later.再如：

Directions：

Write an article to an English newspaper discussing laid-off workers and re-employment in China.In your article you should(1)describe briefly the present situation of unemployment，(2)analyze the causes of it，(3)give advice for re-employment.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.范文：

There is an increasing number of workers，not only the middle-aged but also the young who are laid off from their jobs.Some laid-offs thus become poverty-stricken and can hardly support their children to continue their studies.And those employed are also worried a great deal that someday they may lose their jobs.This phenomenon has caught great attention in society.In order to maintain social stability，many re-employment service centers are being set up to give the laid-offs a helping hand.The increasing number of laid-off workers is caused mainly by the industrial restructuring and economic development across the country.In market economy，the enterprises have to reduce workforce or the redundant.Another reason is that some enterprises claim bankruptcy owing to their poor management and backward product structure，which made millions of workers jobless.Laborers from the countryside are also contributing to the increasing numbers of the laid-offs.Off-job doesn’t mean no job.There are plenty of opportunities for the laid-off workers to be re-employed.Take Shanghai for example，the city is developing into an international economic center，shifting its old labor intensive industries out of the city and replacing them with new enterprises.But there is a fundamental requirement for the laid-offs if they want to be enrolled in these new posts.They must have certain skills.To many laid-off workers，they have to get job training to make themselves qualified and competitive in the human resources market.从主题上： 5.网络问题

In recent years，people are developing an inseparable relationship with Internet.As is vividly depicted in the picture，it is convenient for us to click the mouse when surfing on line，either to entertain ourselves or to meet the work‘s needs.Actually on-line visiting has become a routine activity in our everyday life.However，it seems rather ironic to use a chain instead of normal wire to connect with the mouse in this picture.The exaggerative and impressive portrayal has subtly revealed the duality of the relationship between man and Internet.Discussion on the duality has become very popular in newspapers or in people‘s chats.On the one hand，no one denies that Internet is currently one of the most useful media in our daily life.People from all walks of life are benefiting considerably from its powerful function of information communication.But on the other hand，a GREat many people admit that they are too much addicted to Internet to maintain a regular and wholesome lifestyle.Cyber-living resembles the experience of looking constantly into a kaleidoscope which displays both colored patterns and illusions.Such a waste of time inevitably leads to their failure in their life and work.Accordingly，it is necessary for us to use Internet in a reasonable way and restrain from overindulgence.For one thing，college students in expanding numbers get on line every day to learn the news，to study English by registering for web courses，to exchange information through e-mails with their net friends and to download their favorite music，FLASH，film and pictures.Being veteran on-line shoppers，they frequently purchase books，CDs at much lower prices.For another，once indulged in the fictitious world，people can barely concentrate on real life.Consequently，many students just chat on line or play computer games immoderately everyday，skipping many essential classes.After all，Internet is invented to enrich our life，to connect you and me，and to improve the efficiency of our work rather than shackle us with a chain.6.环境问题

the pictures symbolically illustrate pollution is becoming increasingly serious around the globe.In the first cartoon，a man is scorching the earth on a chimney.In the second one，a famous ancient Chinese poet，Wang Bo is astonished by the heavy smoke poured by chimneys into the air and dirty river polluted by a factory.We are informed that “the autumn river is the same color with the sky”。the drawer is sending a message about the significance of the need for everyone to fight against the danger of environmental pollution.There is no denying that the industry is indications of civilization，proGREss and development.Unfortunately，as industry develops，so will the number of factories，and the amount of industry pollutants.We are so development-oriented that we almost can sacrifice our blue sky and pure water in order to obtain a little material gain.As a consequence，it is imperative for us to take drastic actions.On the one hand，the factories should be equipped with devices which can dispose of waste gas and water so as to prevent them from polluting our planet.On the other hand，there should be an increasingly loud voice from the public for firm actions against poisonous gas sent off and unhealthy water polluted by factories.7.环境保护类

模板1：

This is a very interesting piece of cartoon, in thanks to.Hence,.Though being a little exaggerating, the cartoon illuminates a serious fact that , and for that matter,.A recent report also supported this view by.On the contrary, we are sad to perceive that.Therefore, in my opinion, it is already high time for the whole world to form a solid cooperation fighting against , because not a single government or person can be exempt from its harm.A series of down-to-earth measures need to be urgently implemented to control.(参见范文2)

模板2：

Nowadays, lots of people have the illusion that.Just as what is shown in the picture,.This is a very serious social problem.Compared with other countries, China.If everybody behaves in this way, it would be far beyond the country’s capacity to.Moreover, it was reported that.Meanwhile,.Also,.Though , it is never the only way.What’s important, to solve these problems depends largely on our responsibility for society and environment.If the sense of responsibility is greatly aroused, the achievement of harmony between man and the environment will not be far away.(参见范文7)

Ø 功能II：论证观点

这种类型的文章主要分析论证一些具体的观点。一般情况下三段的分布为：第一段描述图画内容，第二段提出观点、进行理论分析和事例分析，第三段总结观点、表明态度。8.职业道德

the cartoons vividly depict people in expanding numbers are engaged in open and rampant cheating in business.In the first drawing，a boy has no courage to have dinner in front of delicious foods in that there may exist pesticide pollution or poisonous elements in the foods.In the second picture，the administrative office，salesmen，breeding families and forage shops are laughing at the hanging of a poisonous duck.Professional dishonesty has a very damaging effect.In the first place，since cheating in business reveals the moral deficiencies as well as the humanity weakness of those businessmen who engage in it，the dishonest practice will ultimately exerts a perverse influence on the whole society.In the second place，it not only puts honest businessmen at a competitive disadvantage，encouraging those who did not cheat to adopt similar practices later，but undermines the very foundation of professional ethics in business.模板1：

We can see from the picture that , but.If , he would surely express.There are three reasons to explain why it happens to.Firstly, , which resulted from.Secondly, though ,.Consequently,.Thirdly,.I maintain that effective measures should be taken to put an end to this phenomenon.Firstly, we need to endeavor to advocate.Secondly, strict regulations should be enacted and enforced to create a harmonious and orderly society.Only through the combined efforts can we eliminate this “tumor” forcefully and completely.(参见范文6)

模板2：

As is shown in the cartoon,.Take in the cartoon for example.This phenomenon appears commonly in our daily life.Nowadays,.Instead, they only try their best to Such deeds not only , but also.Therefore, it is of great significance to take actions to change this phenomenon.First and foremost,.In addition,.All these steps can help guarantee a solid economic order and a harmonious society.(参见范文8)

It is often painful to impose sanctions in a specific case.But it is worthwhile.For one thing，to eliminate professional dishonesty thoroughly，serious forms of punishment for a willful offense—a suspension of the offender from business—should be applied.For another，since the incentives to engage in cheating in business are mainly due to a lack of adequate precautions，drastic actions should be taken to prevent one form of cheating or another.9、身体健康类

模板1：

The picture.What is strikingly noticeable is , but it can be easily explained by shown in the picture.The discernable unhealthiness discloses a prevalent phenomenon that has long existed in the China’s.One the one hand,.On the other hand,.As a result, the integration of poor living conditions and work pressure leads naturally to their poor health and short life-span, just as the picture tells us.The situation is rather depressing because , and it is largely owing to.To solve the problem, I think there should be a thriving social trend , and those who should be rewarded with good living and working conditions.(参见范文2)

模板2：

In the picture, we are amazed to find that.It clearly tells us that in the domain of , there are.has long been a problem since , and are turning to be an increasingly severe problem because of.Besides, there are more reasons responsible for this issue.Firstly,.Secondly,.Thirdly,.Judging from the analysis above, we may safely come to the conclusion that the daunting problem demands effective counter-measures.Most importantly, the government needs to implement sufficiently relevant laws and regulations in order to enhance the strength of.In addition, all residents should be aware of.(参见范文8)

10、人口增长类

模板1：

The picture depicts a scene in which.The scene is presented in an artistic and ironic manner.Crowds of people are crammed in.Further examination reveals that.Apparently, the picture symbolizes that humans, with such a huge population, may one day suffer from the exhaustion of earth resources.Take for example.Given the fact that , we find that.To make it worse,.If the conflict between population boom and shortage of resources is not properly controlled, we have every reason to hold a pessimistic perspective towards human’s future on Earth.Perhaps eventually we would face the situation suggested by the picture, that is,.Accordingly, I strongly recommend that the whole globe launch aggressive programs to address this fatal contradiction.(参见范文3)

模板2：

Basically, what we see in this cartoon is.The interestingly echos the.while we can imagine.We can deduce from this picture that the artist is trying to attract our attention to the present exploding world population.The striking point is that.As a result,.On the contrary,.The simple picture is a wake-up call for the whole of human race..Hence, mankind should cooperate worldwide to control population by effective measures, in order to secure the prosperity of our future on this planet.(参见范文2)

11、情感类

模板1：

As is shown in the picture above,.Obviously from we can surmise that.It goes without saying that the primary purpose of the picture lies in eulogizing the practice of.As a matter of fact, it is not rare to find in our everyday life deeds of similar nature.For instance,.Additionally, we can also hear many stories about.Not to mention those moving cases of.All in all, I firmly believe that a harmonious society is based on a.By , people not only harvest , but also gain that can never be purchased via money.(参见范文7)

模板2： , just as is depicted in the picture.It is not difficult to find that in today’s society, more and more people begin to.It is rather good news to.The picture reminds us that in China, due to ,.Moreover, there are.In addition, we should not forget.is a good way to express human love.To some extent, it also reflects individuals’ sense of social responsibility.It is also a feeling from deep heart that is beyond words and is difficult to obtain no matter how rich one is.Therefore, I strongly advocate that.I am sure our society will hence be more beautiful because of.这种类型的文章主要描述一些现象并具体分析解释现象的原因等。一般情况下三段的分布为：第一段描述图画内容，第二段分析该现象的原因、意义等，第三段总结观点、或提出建议。

12文化交流类

模板1：

It is a very eye-catching photo in which.What makes this picture extraordinary is , which clearly indicates.The sense of that permeates this picture is representative of , that is, , and therefore,.China, in particular,.The effect of such communication can be best exemplified by.While people belong to nations, cultures know no boundary.is not only featured by , but more importantly, by.I firmly believe that is contributing, and will contribute more to the world’s peace, development, and prosperity.(参见范文1)

模板2：

What is presented here is a very interesting scenario..From the subtitle we can infer that.Conspicuously,.We can deduce from the picture that.It partly owes to , and partly to.Except the case reflected in the picture, there are numerous evidence demonstrating.For example,.From a personal point of view, I am delighted to witness.To sum up,.As for China,.Therefore, I can firmly conclude that in the long run, cultural exchanges will contribute to a flourishing Chinese and global economy, as well as diversified cultures.13、教育类

模板1：

As the title indicates, “ ”, the set of pictures apparently reminds us that.It is discernable that.The drawing virtually reminds its audience a widespread phenomenon existing negatively in the area of basic education in China, that is,.That is to say,.Such a practice is very harmful in terms of the following aspects.Firstly,.Secondly,.Last but not the least,.In my point of view, , but it is only part of the picture.On the other hand,.Therefore, it is an urgent task to.As children are the future of our nation, creating a good environment for their upbringing means creating a bright and promising future for our nation.模板2：

The picture shows.symbolizes.As is quoted in the picture,.It apparently mirrors an increasingly common social phenomenon in China— in contrast with.One the one hand, the problem partially attributes to.Sometimes.On the other hand,.For example, , while.In my opinion, the government needs to launch a reform in the education system with measures that can show immediate effect.proves to be most beneficial to students.Further, a large-scale reform in the macroeconomic level to is the basic solution of this issue.14、人生价值类

模板1：

As the old Chinese saying goes,.It echoes with this picture in which.The title of the picture further points out that.The picture is meant to.As far as I am concerned, I think.This universal truth can be particularly proved in the field of , where.A brief survey of history about also demonstrates the fundamental importance of., for example,.The same principle applies to common people as well, and I am sure everybody can benefit from.模板2：

From the picture we can perceive that.What astonishes the drawing and the readers is that.It is known to all that , but it seems.The artist utilizes this artistic presentation to imply a spreading vogue that.Ultimately, the trend boils down to.Accordingly,.To worsen the problem, this behavior is evoking.In my point of view, we are in a prime time to curb the problem from deteriorating.First and foremost, the whole society should arrive at the consensus that.Besides, an awareness of should be infused into everybody’s mind.15、家庭关系类

模板1：

The cartoon reveals a very thought-provoking scene.The artist purposefully exaggerates.This picture reveals the in-depth problem of.In fact,.There are two reasons for this.The first and perhaps most important is that.The other reason is more serious from a practical point of view..It owes to.In my point of view, the trend goes quite against the genuine and original purpose of our.What I want to emphasize by the above analysis is that,.Therefore, I strongly contend that.模板2：

There is a popular Chinese song, named “ ”, which encourages.However, the in the picture does but for a very different reason—.From the facial expression of we can read.Sadly as it is, this phenomenon does not occur rarely in today’s society, for which are responsible.For one thing,.For another,.As a matter of fact, the boosting economic development in China sadly and ironically witnesses a deterioration of.The above analysis is best exemplified by.In my opinion, the awareness of is elementary for paving the way towards success.16、社会热点类

模板1：

The two pictures illustrate vividly.In the left picture , while in the right.From the two pictures we can sense a crazy tendency of.Aside from , another telling example is , which was so successful in that.The pictures also make it obvious that we should.Admittedly, it is natural that.Nevertheless, it is the responsibility of our government and society to.In my opinion, what’s the more important is to.In short,.(参见范文1)

模板2：

It goes without saying that this picture aims at revealing a current problem:.In this drawing,.Even.It seems to me that the artist is sending a message about the importance of.Though the drawing is a little exaggerating, it is not rare for us to find in.If we let this situation of continues, it not only harms , but also prevents.Accordingly, we urgently call for.Though the government has already taken pains to implement regulations, it still failz to.In my opinion, this problem should be urgently solved so as to protect benefits.I expect the government will put forward more effective propositions as soon as possible.比较不同事物或者同一事物的不同方面的文章模板：

一般情况下三段的分布为：第一段描述图画内容、提出问题，第二段列举和分析对于该问题的不同看法和观点、进行对比和比较，第三段阐明自己的观点和看法。

模板1：

According to the two pictures presented, it can be observed that.In the left picture,.A the same time, as the right one shows.Different people have different views on.Some people support by claiming that.In their opinion,.In addition,.Meanwhile, there are some people, especially young men, who.Their reasons are quite different, sometimes for , sometimes for , sometimes simply for.In my point of view, both sides are partly right.To thoroughly analyze this problem, we should take into consideration of all relevant aspects, so as to make the right decision.Therefore, my conclusion would be that.模板2：

From the drawing, we can learn that.It can be seen easily that..We can deduce from that people’s opinion on vary from person to person.Some people take it for granted that.For example, they firmly believe that.But they often neglect that fact that.Yet there are also another group of people who hold a different point of view.They think that.Beside,.Personally, my attitude for this matter is positive, with reasons as follows.Firstly,.Moreover,.Lastly,.Therefore,.

第四篇：考研英语大小作文

小作文

Recruitment announcement

Do you want to be part of(组织/单位名称)do you want to(工作带啦的诱人待遇？)here comes your opportunity becoming(职位名称).In order to assure its success, we will recruit …from….if you possess(应聘者需要具备的素质),you will be the ideal candidate we are looking for.To seize such wonderful opportunity, you just need to send your resume to….Tf needing more details ,please contact us at our telephone number 123456789.询问信

Dear Sir：

I would like to inquire about some information on(主旨),I would be very grateful if you could reply as soon as possible.I shall be grateful if you could have details concerning(主旨)available.we would be grateful for many further information you may be able to give us about the(主旨).Would you please tell me ….I am looking forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.邀请信

Dear ….:

I am pleased to invite you to participate in(活动名称)to be held from 时间to 时间 in 地点.You are welcome to the party.The party will hold a lot of wonderful surprise for you ,so make sure you join us then.It will also be an opportunity for all of us to step out of our professional roles and really connect as people.活动名称 is served st 6pm,and there are games afterwards.We hope you can conce, and look forward to seeing you by then.I am looking forward to your reply.祝贺

Dear …:

I am extremely glad to hear that you 成就in your ….I congratulate you on this achievement.It is excellment of you to 成就.as we all know, you are always intelligence, which is essential to 成就.Moreover, your diligence enable you to 成就.I think that is 主题句.There is no doubt that 成就.Having you as a friend , I really feel both proud and lucky because I can often learn so much from you.I am sure, you will continue to challenge your self to ever greater success in your future career.求职信

Dear …:

I have read your advertisement in 地点of 时间for 职位, and should be grateful if you consider me as a candidate for the position.Keenly interested I am in the post of 职位 you have advertised on the job market because I think my major ,right personality and my practical experience particularly matches your requirements of the post.For one thing, ….For another, …

I shall be pleased to furnish you with any further information concerning my education and work experience.If my application were taken into favorable consideration, I would be most grateful.I am looking forward to your early reply.求学信

Dear…:

I wish to apply to admission to your department as a postgraduate student.As your require, I have written a personal statement to give a detailed description of my academic and work experience in 现读 university.I also wrote my reasons for my pursuit of the 出国读的专业 program.I will graduate from 现读 university.I have always abtained straight a grades on all subjects.Besides, I have much practical experience.In a word , I am confident that I qualify for the past.It would be appreciative of you if you could send me relevant information at your earliest convenience.推荐信

Dear…:

It has always been a great pleasure to write to you since I can never fail to get help, inspiration or enlightenment from you.Now I am writing to recommend to you 推荐人 who wants to pursue 推荐人去干什么.推荐人was one of students in ….University.She was one of the most excellent students in our university as can be seen from her straight a grades on all subjects.After graduation she worked in 工作单位 for three years, which considerably added to her practical experience.It is my belief that with her intelligence, diligence and rich experience, miss… has great potential for further development in 学校/单位.Therefore ,I recommend her to you with no reservations.If any further information about her is required, please let me know.Yours sincerely，Li ming

申请信

Dear…:

I am writing to apply for 干什么.My teacher prof, 人 strongly recommended that 去干什么，telling me that it would benefit me in many years to come.I have been….Ever since I was in elementary school.I hope I can grow up into a good … in your team, I will surely become more creative and enthusiastic.If my application could be taken into favorable consideration, I would be most grateful, I am looking forward to your early reply.Yours sincerely，Li ming

请求求助信

Dear …:

I am sorry that I have to ask a favour of you, with the hope that you will be kind to help me.I have been longing to … for a long time because I want to ….Unfortunately I find myself far from the required standard.At this moment, the personal friendship leads me to approach you with the request, whether you can manage to give me some constructive guidance.I promise to be a diligent student, If you agree, I will come to your house once a week at a time most convenient to you.Thank you very much for your kind help on many occasions in the past.Yours sincerely，Li ming

感谢信

Dear …，It is a great pleasure to extend my sincere gratitude to you for your considerate and warm treatment when I was in ….What a good time I had in ….My appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond my words, I wish I could repay it someday.Yours sincerely，Li ming

道歉信

Dear …，I must apologize to you for 主旨.It was very kind of you to give me such a good change.But now, much to my regret that I may not be able to continue to do it, because ….If you should find our activities bothersome, please do not hesitate to let us know.It is due to my negligence, for which I can exceedingly sorry.The reason for my decision is that ….Please accept my sincere apology for 主旨once more.I can very sorry for that and really regret that I would miss such an excellent chance of ….Besides, please give my regards to eberyone.Sincerely yours，Li ming

介绍信

Dear …，Please allow me to take this opportunity to introduce 人, from university of 学校.I would be grateful for anything you could do for him to 干什么.人is an extremely enthusiastic and enterprising person.He has various practical experience for more than three years.I am sure that his participation will do a lot of help to your team.人 will be arriving here on … and he will soon go to visit you after arrival.You can introduce the overall development of 单位/组织 to him, and then explore the details of cooperation.My appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond my words.Yours sincerely, Li ming

便签（请假条）

Dear…，I am afraid that I won’t be … tonight because … and I plan to ….I had wanted to tell you that in person but you are not back yet.So I have to leave this note for you.Besides I have ….So I won’t be ….Would you do me a favor by …in my … to the teacher? Thanks.Take care of yourself.Yours sincerely，Li ming

英

1、cartoon Nowadays,主旨has become a hot topic of the general public in our society especially for those who are faced with this situation.As is vividly illustrated in the pictures, SCO.The caption reads ,图下的标题翻译.On the contrary, SVO, we are informed that SVO.(this is …)

The cartoon descrikes a very common phenomenon in our society that SVO.The set of drawings above vividly depicts …

Having scrutinized the details of the pictures, we can discuss the implications.Subtly conveyed from it.This simple picture is wake-up call for the whole of then 发表评论：

Taking into account the factors above, we can safely draw a conclusion that SVO.On one hand, SVO.On the other hand, SVO.I believe then the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in.举例：

After careful thinking and reflection, we come to understand the enlightening picture step by step.It can be given a concrete example, SVO.Another good case in point is that SVO.In my belief, 主旨 is extremely significant to all of us in our society.措施：

Then, how should we solve this problem? There may be of some measures which can be taken immediately.For one thing, we should appeal to the government to make relevant laws and regulations to 限主旨想相关.For another, we should enhance the awareness of people that 主题 is vital to us.Also I believe that we humans can overcome this difficulty, and we will have a brighter future.英2 It is generally believed that 词 is a hot topic which is most talked about.As we can see from the table,第一图主旨 increased decreased sharply from 数字in 时间 to 数字 in 时间（第二图）steeply(slowly/slightly)while

This is something we should give more thought to.趋势：（正负面皆可）

Undoubtedly, the tendency reflected from the table / chart will undergo a continuous increase /decrease in the near future.The time is right for us to take full advantage for ample existing opportunities.We do, in fact, have a long way to go to reach our final goal, but achievring some remains well within the realm of possibility.健康问题（good health）

In order to possess a healthy body, not only need we keep a nutritious diet and adequate sleep, it is crucial for individuals to form the habit of exercising regularly.（如何做）

On the individual level, his exercise improve his health and mood as well.On the social level, the improvement in quality of life contributes vastly to a harmonious society.(意义)产品对消费者的伤害

对国家

On the micro level, consumers are vastly hurt by these products, which might even be life-threatening.On the macro level, if low-quality products continue to spread, they will damage the normal function of healthy market economy.虚假宣传

Their emergence dues to the negative effect of a growing market economy.False advertisement seems to be most convenient to attract clients and increase profit.Private cars(私家车)The majority of people indulge in the convenience brought by cars while forgetting their harmful impact on the atmosphere.To improve and beautify the environment / human exploitation of natural resources has caused destruction that is for beyond our imagination.教育

In my opinions, there needs to be a comprehensive renovation in the educational system in which new educational concepts are introduced.Only by new teaching methods can we cultivate children into talents and elites who will meet the requirements of our society.正直诚实：

好处:

1、enable honest person to succeed in work and life.获得成功

2、to work honestly to attain one’s life goal.实现人生目标

3、to enhance reputation of a country.坚持：（成功）

1、no accomplishment can be achieved in a short time, and success needs efferts.2、Success is founded on the basis of patient pursuit +定语从句 Olympic game 好处：

1、it can be a tremendous momentum pushing the country’s development

2、when equipped with willingness, spurring people to overcome any difficulty and conquer any challenge.献爱心（灾区、世博）好处、意义：

1、contributing money and other necessities to people in need is a goal way to express human love.It reflects the sense of social responsibility.2、It also express a feeling from deep with one’s heart.3、A harmonious society is based on a sound relationship, 文化交流

好处：

1、cultural exchanges can enhance international friendship.2、people can acquire better understanding of each other.3、can also greatly benefit the countries and stimulate their own social development and culture prosperity.繁荣：thrive/boom/flourish/blossom 人口问题 解决问题：

1、the awareness of struggling for one’s life is essential to the young man

2、parents indulge children in consumption with an objective outlook on money 交通事故

Traffic accidents have long been a problem and are becoming a severe problem 原因：

1、many drivers are forced to drive days and nights

2、a lot of people drive after drinking alcohol 城市发展与历史传承

A balanced economic development is not accompanied by sacrifice of history.1、historical sites are the treasure of our country’s glorious past.We must figure out a win-win method to promote sustainable development while retaining our cultural heritage.一、身体健康 锻炼 心理问题 减肥 知识分子 to develop good health 2 to keep regular exercise 3 to make more contributions to the society 4 to make do with bad diet 5 to neglect sports and exercise

二、职业道德及素质类 虚假宣传 假冒伪劣产品 排队 鼓掌 文明言行 文明交通 谦虚 宽容 医患矛盾 药品回扣诚信 豆腐渣 家庭作坊卫生 跳槽与商业机密 the sanitation problem of family workshops 2 the promise of one’s own responsibility is like a method of cheating, and is quit against professional morals(职业道德)3 low-quality products 4 the ignorance of sanitation 5 short of occupational disciplines 6 the false commercial advertising and promotion

三、工作就业前途 高薪

加班 技能 学历 自立自强 创业

To find(searchhunt)the right career;to display talent and capability;to be of real service to fellowmen and the country;to feel guilty in front of parents and family supporters;to encounter discrimination on the basis of sex or height or even birthplace;to despise jobs of lower social status and less income;to avoid the possibility of working in the rural areas

四、环境保护 动植物保护 保护森林 水污染 汽车尾气 沙尘暴 温室效应 节约资源 垃圾污染

The exhaustion of resources;pollutions from industrial production transform many clean rivers into undrinkable water.The convenience brought by cars, their harmful impact on the atmosphere.garbage output, such as plastics and glass.deforestation global warming, current greenhouse effect remains out of control human exploitation of natural resources

五、教育 上网成瘾 上网交友 青少年犯罪 个人隐私 出国留学 知识学术欺诈 望子成龙 拔苗助长 应试教育素质教育 考试作弊 相互攀比 名牌 浪费 课业负担 恋爱 兼职 占座 8090后 富二代 校园旅游 教育平等 独生子女 农民工子女 创新 迷信 溺爱 spoiled To concentrate limited resources on creative talents, or elite;

Enable students to possess better job skill;1 prepare students for future employment;2 to enhance the quality of population;to promote scientific and technological level;3 to prepare one for a better and more meaningful life rather than a job;one-child policy

migrant workers（农民工）;impartial education opportunities overwhelming homework;quality education(素质教育)a comprehensive renovation

六、人生价值 创新 勇气 奋斗 勤俭 高瞻远瞩 奉献 浪费 社会公德 幸福观 勇敢 得与失 正直诚实 持之以恒 拼搏的奥运精神 读书 To be fair and upright;honest person;economical and simple life;to learn to be frugal;success derives from persistence Olympic motto read more books

七、情感 友谊 团队合作 teamwork and cooperation 帮助 selflessly offering help 让座 邻里关系 捐款献爱心

show love;provide assistance to others.Contributing money and other necessities to people who are in great need Eager to donate money to charity

八、交流文化 中西方文化 民族文化 老外过春节 老外学书法 学英语 城市发展与历史传承

a balanced economic development is not necessarily accompanied by the sacrifice of history.Participating in the annual celebration of the Chinese spring festival Practicing Chinese calligraphy(书法)Cultural exchanges;acquire better understanding of each other.The traditional Chinese culture.Pass down culture habit and treasure;absorb and assimilate traditional culture;reserve and spread brilliant diverse culture;be under the threat of extinction;be in great danger

九、人口增长 人口质量 小学生肥胖 养老与老龄化 性别比例

population aging;outdated and abandoned;to improve the living condition of the aging population;to respect and appreciate the aged;to provide safety and happiness the number of males outweighs that of females the population growth is almost out of control, the humans to live is increasingly circumscribed.十、家庭关系 养老 啃老

Young people are used to relying financially on their families

十一、社会热点 黄天和谐社会 学术腐败 可持续发展 抗争救灾众志成城 交通旅游 国际化 堵车 宠物 农业 酒后/疲劳驾车 黄金周旅游 traffic jams(堵车)the successful launch of the shenzhou-6 spaceship, our national strength and scientific competency.Traffic accidents;drive days and night with little rest;drive after drinking alcohol To keep domestic animals;to make family life more colorful and rich;to develop sense of responsibility and caring;to make people feel closer to the natural world;to spread disease and pollute living environment;to waste time and money;to scare and hurt people, kid and the aged alike

十二、法律 合法致富 经济发展 科技发展 网络 电子交通 传媒 动车

Get rich by legal means;be entitled to wealth and prosperity;stimulate people into hard working;reduce the gap;help the poor with better opportunities;make big money illegally;make this society insecure

网络好处：share individual viewpoints and insights;enable better and more efficient interpersonal communication;enjoy equal right t personal opinion;坏处：reveal and spread rumors;occupy and waste net space;follow trend and fashion;(help distinguish between right and wrong;offer proper guidance;check and restrict unhealthy content;create a clean and safe environment;mislead children by indecent content;indulge n violent act and aggressive behavior)

第五篇：考研英语一词多义归纳(黄涛)

考研英语熟词生义归纳

（一）1.abide(by)v.① 遵守，服从We must abide by the promise made by us.我们必须遵守我们作出的诺言。② 忍受，忍耐 You will have to abide by the consequences.你将必须忍受其后果。

2.abroad adj.① 在国外，到国外；② everywhere遍布，到处 There is a rumor abroad that he is a liar.谣言到处说他是个骗子。

3.above / beyond: 介词，后面接抽象而不是具体名词时表示“无法做到”，例如：“above

comprehension”的意思是“无法理解”，beyond dispute毋庸置疑。

4.in the absence of something: “缺少，没有”，用于替代“in short of”或者“be lacking in”。5.be absorbed in something: “专注于某事”。

6.abuse: 用在物品词后面表示“过量使用”，比如drug abuse(药物或毒品滥用)，用在有生命的事物后面则表示“虐待”。systematic patient abuse(蓄意对病人的虐待)7.have access to something: 通道，通路；机会。比如“have access to town”表示“有道路通往市区”，“have access to the teacher”则是“有条件向老师请教”。

8.account

“帐户，解释，解说，叙述”。An agreed account 共识；on account of 因为 9.account for

“解释，说明”，但常理解翻译成“是…的原因”。10.acknowledge 答谢；承认。

11.acquire获得，学会，兼并，占有。比如，acquire bad habits”“养成坏习惯”，acquire a language(习得一门语言)；acquire a firm(兼并一家公司)。

12.in action 起作用

13.adapt: 适应，（将某个领域的研究成果）应用于（另一领域）”。14.address somebody: “对某人说话，发言”。

15.afford: “承担得起”，后面可以接表示金钱，时间或者情感的词汇。

16.agent: 代理人，代理机构，在生物化学领域，这个词翻译成“介质，载体”，而在计算机英语中则是“服务器”的意思。

17.agree with: “使人或者身体的某个部分觉得舒适”。18.agreeable: “惬意，令人愉快，恰到好处”。19.agreement: 一致的意见，合同，条约。20.air 气氛，氛围

21.in the air: 表示“悬而未决，仍在酝酿中”。22.allowance 津贴，补贴。

23.alone: 阅读中有时和“only”是同一个意思，即“仅仅”，但是要用在单词或者句子后面。24.ambitious: 中性词，“野心”或者“志向”的含义。

25.amount to: 在翻译或者阅读考试中的含义经常会是“竟然达到…的地步，程度”。

26.anchor: 动词有“固定，安定”的含义，而名词的用法中如果是用于新闻界，则表示“新闻播音员”。27.appeal to somebody: 吸引某个人的注意力；向…呼吁。28.appeal to court 法律用语，“上诉”。29.appearance: “状况，现象，外表”。30.apply: 日常生活中是“涂抹，敷药”的含义。31.apply to something: “适用于”。

32.approach: 名词表示“方法，手段”，动词则是“处理，处置”。33.appropriate to: “适用于，与之相应”。

34.argue: 在写作中可以表示“认为”，如果与介词同时使用，如“argue for”表示“支持”，“argue against”表示“反对”。

35.argument: “观点，主张”。

36.arrest one’s attention: “引起某个人的注意”。37.art: “技术，技能”。

38.article: 日常生活购物场景下表示“一件商品（东西）”，文章，条款。39.assert oneself: “表现自己”或“维护自己的权利”。40.association: 联想；协会

41.assume: 动词，“承担任务或角色，任职” 42.attachment: 依赖，眷恋；喜欢； 43.authorities: “政府当局” 44.back up: “支持”

45.balance: 在经济英语中指的是“帐面余额” 46.bargain: 表示“物超所值的商品，廉价品”。

47.based in: 这个词缀用在任何一个地点名词的后面，表示“总部位于某个地方”。48.bear: 表示“承载，承受, 具有，拥有”。

49.bearing: 用在人的身上指人的“品格，气质”，日常是“方向”的含义。50.better: 动词的意思是“优于，胜过”。51.the better part of: “大多数，大半个”。

52.bid: 动词是“吩咐，命令”，名词有的时候有“试图，企图”的含义。

53.board: 名词最常用的含义是“委员会”，动词，后接交通工具则是“上火车，上船，上飞机”。54.bold: 在印刷术语中是“粗体字”的含义。

55.be born to do something: “天生有能力做某件事情”。56.be bound to do something: “一定会做某件事情”。

57.branch: “分支机构”，看上下文可以翻译成为“分校，分公司，银行分行”等等。58.brand–new: “崭新的”。59.bridge the gap: “缩短差距”。

60.brief: 动词可以表示“做简短介绍”，名词则是“短会”。61.budget: 日常生活中可以翻译成“购物计划”。

62.build: 名词，之“人的身材”，而且应当是比较健壮的身材，多用于男士。

63.burst: 与其他一些单词连接使用，如“burst into tears”或者“burst into laughter”，翻译成“大哭”或者“大笑”。

64.business: “事务”，事情。65.but: 后面接名词时是“除…以外”，因此“anything but”中文为“就不是…”，而“nothing but”则为“就是…”。

66.calculate: “盘算，估算”。67.camp: 动词的含义是“驻扎”。68.campaign: “（有益的大型）活动”。

69.cap: 本身的含义是“帽子”，但使用的时候则可以表示“最高部分，上限”。70.at capacity: 词组，“全速地，完全地”。71.capture one’s attention: “吸引某个人的注意力”。72.plague: 动词，“折磨，烦扰，肆虐”。

73.plain: “十足，彻底”，有的时候也表示“浅显易懂”，或者“太过普通”。74.case: 通常的含义是“情况，病例“，如果在法律环境下则是“案例”。

75.cast: 日常生活中的含义是“铸造，塑造”，但是有一些固定的词组搭配，比如“cast a glance at something / somebody”是“将眼光投向某个事物或某个人”，“cast light on something”是“提供新信息，帮助理解”，而“cast a shadow on something”则是“在某件事情上留下阴影”。

76.cause: “事业，目标”。77.cease to: “不再出现某种情况”。

78.ceiling: 在经济和数学用语中通常表示“上限”。

79.cell: 电池，“cell phone”是“移动电话”的美式用法，在生物学领域则是“细胞”的意思。80.cement: 作为动词，含义为“巩固，加强”。81.center on: “以…为中心，围绕”。

82.certain: 在心理学环境下的英语解释为“feeling confident about yourself and your abilities”，因此中文可以翻译为“自信”。

83.chair: 动词的意思是“主持”，相当于“preside over”。84.challenge: 怀疑，质疑

85.chance: 科技英语中是“偶然性”的含义，因此“by chance”的意思是“偶然地”。86.channel: 动词的含义是“引导”，名词是“渠道，路径；海峡；频道”的意思。

87.charge: 动词含义有两个，在科技英语的环境下是“充电”，而在日常生活中是“索取（费用）”。名词通常是“电流”的含义。

88.be in charge of: “对…负责”。89.check: “遏止，控制”。90.chew: “琢磨，考虑”。91.chip: “芯片”。

92.choice: 形容词的意思是“精选的”。

93.claim: 如果这个词后面接的是人，表示的含义是“让人丢了性命”。94.class: 动词的含义同“classify”基本相同，表示“分类”。名词意思为：种类 95.clause: 法律用语中是“条款”。96.click: 计算机用语中是“点击”的含义 97.climate: “风气，风俗”。98.climb up: 表示数字“缓慢上升”。

99.cloudy: “浑浊，模糊不清”，如果指心情，则表示“低沉，阴郁”。100.coach: 动词，“给一个运动队或个人做教练或进行指导”。

101.coat: 生物、化学及医药用语中是“表面，外皮”的含义，因此例如“sugar coating”一类的词就是“糖衣”的含义了。

102.code: 法律用语中是“规则，法典”的含义。103.collect: 含义为“领取，接走”。

104.colony: 生物学含义为“微生物的种群”。105.command: “掌握，拥有”；

106.commercial: 名词是“电视商业广告”的含义，而“advertisement”一般指报纸中的广告。107.commission: 通常的含义是“任务”，但是在商业用语中是“佣金，回扣”的含义。108.be committed to something: “决心做某件事情”。109.commitment: “决心”。

110.communicate one’s idea: “表达某个人的观点”。

111.community: 与其他名词连用表示“界”，比如“scientific community”就是“科技界”，此外复数“communities”也有“社会”的含义。

112.company: “同伴，一起”。in the company of=together with 113.complain: 在很多时候都是“投诉”的意思。114.file complaint: 这个词组的含义也是“投诉”。

115.complex: 如果用在建筑学上，是“一组建筑群”的含义。

116.concerning: 介词，“关于”，相当于“with regard to”或者“regarding”。117.concerted: 形容词，“共同的”，比如“make concerted efforts”表示共同努力。118.be conditioned to: 中文的含义有点象“习惯于，受…的影响”。

119.conduct: 这个词在英语学习当中是非常重要的。首先，作为名词，含义是“人的行为，品行，举止”，而作为动词，它的含义与“do”基本一致，但主要用于褒义场合。

120.consequence: 本身是“结果，后果”，在词组“far-reaching consequence”中则是“影响，重要性”。121.constitution: “组成（成分）”，法律用语是“宪法”，因此词组“constitutional right”就是“宪法赋予的权力”。

122.consume: 除去其“消费，消耗”的含义外，如果是“be consumed with”后面接表示情绪的名词，则表示“陷入，不能自拔”，123.contain: 如果这个词后面出现的消极内容，则表示“抑制，遏制”。

124.context: 这个词与“environment”表示“自然环境”的含义相对，含义为“（抽象）环境”，“in the context”这个词组在单项词汇填空或者完型中被选的频率还是相当高的。

125.contract: 如果后面接表示疾病的单词，则做动词的含义是“得了（大病，急病）”。126.contribute: 需要注意这个词，因为它是中性词，如果在消极的场合中，就是“造成”的含义。127.conventionally: 字面含义是“常规上讲”，但在阅读中表示“过去”。128.copy: 动词，“仿效，模仿”。129.corner: 动词的含义是“逼迫”，另外在听力考试中曾出现过“cut the corners”表示“走捷径，用最简洁经济的方式做事”。

130.count: 及物动词表示“计算”，不及物动词则是“算数，起作用”。131.count on: “指望”。

132.course: “河流的路径”；课程，引申的含义是“事业”。

133.court: 动词“追求”，名词在法律用语中是“法庭”，体育用语中是“中型球场”，比如篮球，排球，网球等等。

134.cover: “掩盖”，含有贬义，此外在保险业用语中“cover loss”表示“保…险”。135.crack down upon: “严厉打击”。

136.credit: 词组“give credit for / to”的含义非常灵活，总的来说是“表扬，嘉奖，归功于”，但是理解时要看上下文。

137.critical: “至关重要”，写作中可以用来替代“important”。

138.a crop of: 描述人的量词，表示“一批”，替代过去常用的“a generation of”。139.cry: 词组“a far cry”表示“相差甚远”。140.curse: “灾难，灾祸”。

141.cushion: 这个词做动词来用表示“减轻，缓和”。142.cut and dried: “轻而易举的”，简洁明了 143.damage: 法律用语中是“赔偿金”的含义。144.daring: “大胆，勇敢的”

145.dawn: 名词表示“开始，来临”，动词词组“dawn upon somebody”表示“理解，明白”。146.deal: 这个词的构词能力很强，中文只能随着后面的名词变化，比如“deal a heavy blow”就表示“给…以沉重的打击”。

147.defend: 国防中是“保卫”，法律场合是“辩护”。148.deliberate: 这个词做动词的时候是“深思”。

149.deliver: “发送，传送”。多用于发送信息，消息，邮件等场合。150.deposit: 名词“存款，押金”。

151.deputy: 用在有些头衔的前面表示“副职”，比如“deputy prime minister”是“副总理”。152.desert: 动词“抛弃”。

153.deserted: 形容地点表示“荒无人烟的”，形容人的心情则表示“孤独，沮丧”。154.desirable: 理想的，想要的

155.desperate: 形容人做事“拼命，买力气”。156.detached 客观的，公正的

157.develop: 这个词的英语解释为“gradually form / acquire”，因此翻译的时候要根据后面的名词来处理，比如“develop an idea”表示“形成观点”，“develop a disease”“得病”。

158.devise: 动词，“设计，发明”。

159.dig: 动词词组“dig up”在考试中经常出现，是“搜集，发现”的含义。160.digest: 动词“理解”的含义。

161.direct: 动词含义为“指导，命令”，属于指令性动词。162.discipline: 名词是“学科”的意思。163.dismiss: 中文是“打消，否认”的含义。

164.disorder: 精神病学中这个词是“精神错乱，失常”的含义。165.disposal: “垃圾”的意思。

166.disturb: “mentally disturbed”这个词组的含义是精神失常的意思。167.dive: 这个词有“急速下降”的含义，比如“take a nose dive”。168.be divorced from: “分离，脱离”的含义。

169.document: 动词，“记录”。documentary: 名词，“记录片”。170.domestic: “国内的”，“家中的，家庭的”。171.damages 赔偿金，补偿金

172.drain: “财富，精力等外流，逐渐耗尽”，“brain drain”表示“人才外流”。173.dramatically / drastically: “大幅度，剧烈的”

174.drill: 石油业中名词含义是“钻头”，动词是“钻井”，日常生活中是“反复操练”的意思。175.drop: “放弃”，在写图表作文时可以用作“下降”，替代我们经常使用的“decrease”。176.drug: “毒品”。

177.duty: 进出口内容中是“关税”的意思。duty-free 免税的 178.dwell upon: “仔细想，深思”。

179.earn: 中性动词，“赢得”或者是“遭到”。180.echo: 动词，“应和，附和”的含义。

181.economy: “节约”，practice economy的意思就是“节约开支”。还可以表示：经济国家 182.effect: 动词“产生，导致”，比如“effect payment”的含义是“付款”。183.embrace: “接受，信奉某种观点”。184.employ: “采用，采纳”。

185.be endowed with something: 中文含义为“天生具有…才能或者资质”。186.engage sb: “雇佣”。

187.enjoy: 拥有，享有，比如“enjoy good reputation”可以理解为“享有盛誉”。188.established: “得到公认，已经确立的”。189.in the event of: “如果，万一”。190.evident: “显然的，明显的”。

191.execute: 企业用语中是“执行决策，处理”，法律用语是“处决”。

192.exercise: 与法律用词放在一起使用时，动词的含义是“行使，履行，执行”的意思。193.exert oneself: “尽力，努力”。

194.exhaust: “耗尽（自然资源，精力等等）”。195.be expert in something: “老练的，内行的”。

196.explode: “迅速增长”，如果是“someone explodes”则是“发怒”的含义了。197.be exposed to: “接触到”。

198.faculty: 大学环境下指“全体教工”，指人时则是“天赋，禀性”。199.fail to do: “没有能够”。200.faint: “微弱的，不明显的”。

201.fall back on: “因为没有太好的办法，所以只能…”。翻译成为：退而求其次 202.be fascinated by: “迷恋上，被吸引”。

203.fashion: 词组“be in fashion”表示“流行”，“in a…fashion”则表示“以…方式”。204.feature: 以…为特色，特色是…。205.fence: 动词“保护，阻止”。206.figure out: “估算，盘算”。

207.file: 动词的含义很多，在“file complaint”“file lawsuit”等词组中表示“提出投诉”或“提出上诉”。208.film: “薄膜”或者“胶片”。209.finance: 动词“资助”。210.fire: 动词“解雇”。211.firm: “小型公司”。

212.fit: 量词，“a fit of”后面接表示情绪的名词中文的含义是“情绪发作”。

213.fix: “安装，装配”。词组“fix one’s eyes upon something”表示“眼光紧紧地盯着”。214.flood: 动词“充斥，弥漫”。

215.floor: 和“天花板”相对，表示“最低点”。216.-fold: 这个词缀前面加上数词，表示“倍，重”。217.It follows that: 由此得出 218.foreign: “陌生的，不熟悉的”。219.fortune: “运气”或者“财富”。

220.forward: 动词“发送”的含义，以前用于发送电子邮件，现在基本替代了“send”。221.–free: 这个词缀与任何名词连用，中文表示“没有”。

222.–friendly: 表示“充分考虑…，为了…的方便”。比如“user-friendly”翻译成“使用方便”，“environmentally-friendly”表示“有利于环境的，环保的”。

223.front: “前锋，前沿”。

224.frown at: “对…感到生气，不快”。225.fund: 动词“资助”。226.furnish: “提供”。

227.gain: 与很多名词连用，表示“增加，变快”，如“gain speed”。228.game: 游戏规则，捕捉的猎物。

229.gather: “渐渐增长”，比如词组“gather speed”。230.gear to something: “适合于，配合”。

231.gift: 名词“天赋”，动词词组“be gifted with something”表示“有…天赋”。232.give rise to something: “引起，引发”。233.grant: “助学金，资助”。

234.ground: 这个词构成词组时意义很多，比如“break ground”表示“破土动工，开辟新天地”,“gain ground”表示“普及，有了进展”，而“on the ground of”则是“因为”。

235.guard against: “防范，警惕，注意”，这个词组是中性词，在阅读中曾经出现。236.gut: 词组“have the guts to do something”表示“有勇气去做…”。

237.handle: 这个词如何翻译，完全要看后面的名词通常和什么中文动词搭配了。比如“handle the problem”表示“解决问题”，“handle the crisis”则是“应对危机”。

238.hearing: 名词，“听证会”。

239.cannot help doing / but: “禁不住要”。240.hit: 名词“轰动一时的事物”。241.hold: “认为”。

242.horizon: “眼界，见识”。243.host: 动词，“主办”，替代过去常常使用的“hold”。而词组“a host of”则是量词，表示 “许多，一系列”。

244.hunger for something: 名词词组，“对…怀有渴望”。245.hunt: “搜索，搜寻”。246.ignorance: “无知”。247.be immune to 不受…的影响

248.impressive: 普通含义为“印象深刻的，好的”，但如果用于形容建筑物，则是“令人肃然起敬，庄严肃穆的”。

249.in that: 连词型词组，表示“在于，因为”。250.be indulged in something: “迷恋于，自我陶醉于”。251.informed: 形容词，表示“消息灵通的”。

252.instant: 用于食品饮料，表示“速溶，即食的”。instant coffee 253.institutional: 这个词的含义类似“systematic”，“系统的，有组织，有逻辑的”。254.instrument: “手段，借助的方法，工具”。255.instrumental: “起作用的，辅助的”。

256.–intensive: 中文翻译为“…密集型”，比如“labor-intensive”是“劳动密集型”。257.interact with: “与人交往，交流”。258.interest: “利益，利害关系”。259.interpret: 翻译；解释

260.intriguing: “引起兴趣的，有诱惑力的”。261.introduce: 介绍；引进 262.inviting: “吸引人的”。263.item: 量词，“一件（商品）”。

264.jump: “迅速上升”，可用于写作图表文章使用。265.just: 形容词，“公正的”。266.keen: 这个词的每个意思都比较重要，首先是“强烈的”，其次是“敏锐的”。

267.keep: 历年考试中曾经出现过一个词组，“earn one’s keep”，这里“keep”是“生计”的含义，因此整个词组是“谋生”。

268.key: “关键的，重要的”。

269.launch: 动词，“发起、展开（大型活动）”。270.law: “定理，定律”；规律 271.learned: 形容词，“博学的”。

272.at length: “最后终于”或者是“详尽，详细的”这个词组不是很常用。273.let: 动词的含义中有“出租”的含义。

274.liability: “责任义务”，特别指厂商，销售商对顾客负有的法律义务。275.literally: “实际上”。

276.literature: “文献材料，印刷品”。277.live: 形容词，“现场直播的”。

278.lodge: 动词，与“file”的动词含义相似，表示“提出（投诉，诉讼）”。279.log in: 计算机用语，表示“登录”，现在演变成“进入”。280.long: 动词，表示“渴望，盼望”。281.maintain: “一贯认为”，可以用于写作。282.in a…manner: “以…的方式”。

283.map: 动词，“解释，传递出信息”；描绘出。284.by a margin: “余地，幅度”。285.marginal: “非主流的，很小的”。

286.mark: 名词，“显要，名声”，“marked”作为形容词，含义为“显著的，清楚的”。287.means: “方法，手段”；收入 live beyond one’s means 过着入不敷出的生活 288.at the mercy of: “受…的支配控制”。289.merger: “大公司合并”。

290.merit something: “值得”，有点象“deserve”，但是个完全的褒义词。291.might: “力量”，形容词“mighty”是“力量强大的，猛烈的”。292.minister: 动词，“（行政）管理”。

293.minor: 形容词，在法律用语中表示“犯罪轻微的”。294.minute: 细小的，细微的 295.mirror: 动词，“反映出”。

296.monitor: 动词是“监视，监控”，名词是“监视器”。

297.move: 动词，“采取行动”，英文解释为“to start taking action, especially in order to achieve something or deal with a problem”。

298.must: 名词，“必须要做的事情。”

299.negotiate: 动词的一个含义为“越过（障碍）”。

300.nerve: 这个词最好以词组形式记忆，“get on one’s nerves”表示“让某个人紧张不安”，“have nerves”则表示“有勇气，沉着”。

301.nervous: 这个词要注意其本义“神经系统的”。302.note: 动词，“注意”。

303.novel: 形容词，“新奇的，新颖的”。

304.overall n.[pl.](套头)工作服，工装裤【pl.](套头)工作服，工装裤 305.overhead：在头顶上的n.经常性的费用（房租、水电费等）306.object to somebody / something: 动词含义为“ 反对 ”。

307.be obliged to: 通常这个词都是“不得不”的含义，但是最近曾经考过“ 对 … 表示感谢 ”的含义。308.observe: 动词含义中有“ 遵守 ”和“ 庆祝 ”的解释。

309.occasion: “ 时刻，重大或者特殊的活动 ”，比如词组 on one occasion 中文就可以翻译成“有一次 ”。

310.be occupied with something: “（头脑等）全神贯注于某件事务 ”。311.odd: 形容词通常的含义是“ 奇特古怪的 ”，数学用语中是“基数”，词组为 odd number。312.offensive: 形容词，“ 讨厌，令人作呕的 ”。

313.office: “职责，责任，岗位”，这个词有很多相关的词组，比如“ take office ”是“就职”，“ leave office ”就是“离职”。

314.once: 这个词在阅读理解的范畴中通常都是“一旦，如果”的含义。

315.be open to something: 中文即“容易受到消极影响”，另外一个则是；The committee is open to suggestions ”是说“委员会乐于接受建议”。

316.orbit: 动词含义为“让 … 进入轨道，步入正轨” 317.orderly: 形容词是“秩序井然，整齐的”

318.organ: 人体中是“器官”，政治用语中是“国家机关”，通常词组为“ the state organ ”。319.organic: 直接的含义是“有机的”，但词组“ organic food ”是“无公害食品”的意思。320.-oriented: 这个词缀表示“以 … 为中心，面向 … ”。

321.orientation: 中文是“熟悉，适应，即学生熟悉新学校的情况，或者员工适应新工作环境”。322.originally: 这个词在阅读中的含义就是“过去”。323.outstanding: “显眼，突出”。

324.overlook: 这个词含义很多，需要根据上下文确定，主要含义包括“俯视，鸟瞰”，“忽视，忽略”，“宽容，不计较”。

325.overwhelm: “怀有某种强烈的情感”，“淹没，压得 … 透不过气”。因此形容词词组“ an

overwhelming majority ”就是“压倒性多数”

326.over: 与其他动词连接使用时通常表示“优于，胜过”。327.parallel: ① “与 … 相比，与 … 相当”。② 相似性 328.be particular about: “挑剔”。

329.party: 含义之一是参与各方中的“一方”。

330.passage: 名词“ 经过，迁移 ”，指具体事物时是“ 走廊，通道 ”的意思，另外还有“条文，文章”的意思 331.path: “途径，路径，方式方法”，332.penetrate: “弥漫，充满”。

333.people n.民族，种族 a people(一个民族)/ Asian peoples(亚洲各国民族)334.perform: 这个词可以同其他词搭配成词组，翻译时要整体考虑。比如“ perform a surgery ”，中文是“做手术”，“ perform a task ”，中文是“执行任务”，而“ perform one's duty ”则是“履行职责”。

335.persist: “ 延续或存在至今 ”。

336.perspective: 含义是“观点，看法”，或者是“前景，将来”。337.philosophy: “基本原理”，“做人原则”或“理念，思想”。338.pick on somebody: “挑某个人的毛病，找茬”。339.pick up: “学会”。

340.picture: 名词意思是“情况”。动词意思为：想象，设想；

1.work 1.n.工作，作品 2.v.努力；起作用

2.yield: 动词，“ 出产，生产 ”，词组 yield to somebody / something 则是“ 投降，屈从于或者

妥协 ”的含义。n.产量，收获 How much can you yield from that field? 那块田你能有多少的产

量？He never yielded during the interrogation.他在整个审问过程中都没有屈服。3.plague: 动词，“折磨，烦扰，肆虐”。

4.plain: “十足，彻底”，有的时候也表示“浅显易懂”，或者“太过普通”。5.plant:（重工业）工厂，电站；造纸厂 paper plant；power plant 发电厂 6.play n.戏剧，playgoer戏迷;player 运动员 7.plug away at something: “埋头苦干”。8.plunge: “急速下降，下跌”。9.point: 名词“目的，意义”。

10.poke fun at someone: “拿 … 寻开心”。11.policy: “原则”。

12.polish: “雕琢，完善”。

13.pop: 比较熟悉的含义是“流行音乐”，但是作为动词，它的含义是“爆炸，开枪”，词组为“ pop

up ”，含义为“突然出现”。

14.pose: “造成，形成”，通常表达消极的含义，比如“ pose challenge ”或者“ post a

threat ”。

15.post: 名词“岗位，职位”。v.邮寄，寄送；刊登，发布在 poster海报

16.power: 1.力量 Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。2.“ 电力，动力 ”。power failure 断电；power-off 停电，关机 3.权利 The powerful is(真实题)17.practice: 名词“惯例，（长期一贯的）做法”。It is his practice/hobby to sleep late.晚睡是他的习惯。

18.practise: 动词“长期，大范围地开展”。19.prescribe: 动词“规定，命令”。

20.press: 名词，“出版社，新闻界”。The Press Conference 记者招待会

21.present n.礼物； adj.出席的，在场的 be present at the conference.v.出席，参加；陈

述，阐述 Both sides present their arguments openly from their own point of view.双方从自

身的角度坦诚地陈述了自己的观点。

22.preserve n.权利，所专有的东西 special preserves 特殊的权利 23.print: 动词“用印刷体书写”。

24.produce: 这个词的翻译非常灵活，需要看后面使用什么名词，“ produce a book ”就是“写了本

书”，“ produce a film ”则是“拍了部电影”。3.agricultrual produce 农产品 25.program: “教学或其他重要的活动和项目”。

26.project: 作为名词的含义是“ 大型建设项目 ”，与 program “大型活动性项目”正好相对。27.promise: 动词是“有前途，有指望”，因此“ promising ”是形容词，“有前途的”含义。28.prompt: “敦促，鼓励”。

29.propose: 动词是“提议”，此外还有个别的词组，比如“ propose a toast ”是“提议大家干一

杯”。

30.provided that: 连词，“只要”。31.province n.领域，范围

32.pupil: 名词，表示人的器官时指“瞳孔”。

33.purpose: “好处，意义”，词组为“ serve no purpose ”，中文翻译为“没有意义，没有好

处”。

34.panel n.面，板；控制板，仪表盘；专门小组 Judge panel 裁判团。35.proceeding n.[pl.] 会议录，学报

36.pattern：样式 v.模仿，仿制 He patterned himself on a man he admired.他模仿一个他敬仰的人。

37.particular：特别的 引申：讲究的，挑剔的 be particular about：对…讲究

38.pool：水池 v.集资 合资 We pooled our money to build a house.我们集资建一座房子。39.preface：序言，前言 前奏，开端

40.provision：供应，提供 条款或规定 according to the provision’s contract：根据合同的条款 41.provincial：省的，省级的 眼光狭隘的)42.property：财产;性质，性能 Many plants have medical properties.很多植物有药性/医疗性能。

43.quarrel: 吵架，争吵，中文可以翻译成“争论”。

44.rage: 这个词在翻译中曾经考察过，古英语中有“精神错乱”的含义，因此当时的试题是“ kitchen

rage ”，中文翻译为“厨房狂躁症”。

45.raise: 举起，升起，“养育，养殖，抚养”。46.rate: “速度，比率”。at any rate: “无论如何”。47.reach n.范围，领域；够得着；买得起

48.ready: “ 轻易，毫无困难的 ”。乐意的，愿意的 49.rear: 动词是“抚养”的含义，形容词是“后面的”，指房间或交通工具的后半部分。比如汽车的后

门就叫做“ rear door ”。

50.reason: 名词“理性，理智”；推理 51.receive: 动词，“接待，接风”。52.be reduced to: 万般无奈下只能”。

53.refined: 形容词，指人的时候表示“有修养”。54.reflect on / upon something: “认真思考，仔细考虑”。

55.regarding: 介词，“关于”。with regard to: 介词词组，“就 … 而言，关于”。

56.regard: 名词有“尊敬，器重”的含义，比如词组“ hold somebody in high regard ”或者“

have a high regard for somebody ”。57.regular: “普通的”或者是“定期的”。

58.reinforce: 这个词的翻译要根据中文的习惯了，比如词组“ reinforce each other ”可以翻译成

“互相辉映，相得益彰”。

59.relate: 动词含义之一是“叙述”。把联系起来 60.remain: “长期保持 … 的状态，一直是 … ”。

61.remote: 形容词“很少的，细微的”，比如“ remote resemblance ”是“只有一点点相似之

处”。relevant: “有关的，相关的”。62.remedy: 名词，“补救措施”。

63.render: 动词，用法非常灵活，首先从英语学习角度讲，这个词相当与“ translate ”，是“翻

译”的含义，比如“ render it into English ”是“将其翻译成英语”。另外，这个词表示“给予，提供”。另外，在很多词组中，这个词表示“使 … 处于某种状况”，比如“ Illness renders him

rather weak ”，就是“生病让他变得很虚弱”。64.repeat: 动词，“仿效，模仿”。

65.resolve: 本身是“解决”，但在有些词组中也要灵活处理，比如“ resolve difference /

conflict ”，中文应翻译成“ 消除分歧 / 冲突 ”。

66.resort: 名词，日常生活中的含义是“旅游胜地”，词组“ the last resort ”是“最后的手段，办法”。动词词组“ resort to something ”表示“借助于”。

67.respect: 名词“方面”，相当于“ aspect ”。with respect to: “关于，谈到”。68.rest on / upon: “在于，取决于”。

69.review: 名词和动词都有“评定，审查，评论”的含义。70.rewarding: 形容词，“有收获的”。71.rich: 形容食品时是“油腻”的意思。

72.role: 翻译的时候要根据上下文处理为“角色”，“职责”或者“作用”。

73.roll: 名词，“花名册”，因此，如果我们看到“ on the pay roll ”这样的词组，就可以理解为

“有工作，没有失业”了。

74.rough: 这个词所有的意思都很常用，形容天气是“有暴风雨的，恶劣的”，形容道路是“崎岖不

平”，形容日常事物表示“简陋，没有加工”，数字概念上又是“粗略的”。

75.routine: 形容词是“一成不变，无聊的”。名词指“一成不变的，无聊的工作”。76.be rude about: “挑剔，对 … 很苛刻”。77.rule: 动词和名词都有“统治”的意思。78.run: “操作控制”或者是“经营管理”。79.reflect：v.反射，反应 仔细考虑，反省 80.readily：adv.乐意地 容易地

81.run：v.经营，管理 竞选 in the long run从长远来看;in the short run：从短期来看；Run for

the president.竞选总统。

82.rest：休息 v.取决于，归因于（写作）rest on at least 2 factors.至少取决于2个因素。rely on = rest on 依靠

83.principal：小学校长，主要的，资本，资金

84.preparation：准备;制剂或制品 a preparation for cleaning metals：一种清洗金属的制剂 85.sack: 口语中这个词是动词，表示“解雇”。86.be saddled with something: “承受 … 的负担”。

87.be safe from / be saved from: “不必担心有 … 的危险”。

88.sanction: 这个词的两个含义相差甚远，一个是“批准”，另外一个是“制裁”，这也体现出英语词

汇含义的特点，就是词汇的含义具有任意性。89.satisfaction：n.满足;赔偿

90.sandwich：n.三明治 v.加入或挤入 He was sandwiched between the two powers.他被夹在两个权

力之间。

91.sample：n.样本，标本 v.体验，尝试 sample the country life：体验乡村生活

92.second：第二 vt.赞成或附和 second sb.赞成/附和某人 second the proposal：赞成这项提议。

93.scratch：抓，挠，搔，起跑线 Start from scratch.从头开始

94.scale: “规模”。n.刻度，标度；天平，磅秤；比例尺；音阶；鱼鳞

95.school：学院，学校，学派 There are various schools on this subject.在这个专题/课题上有很

多学派。school: 学术界指“流派”，生物学中是“水生动物种群”。96.scope: “范围，范畴”或者是“眼界，见识”。97.score: “成功”。得分

98.screen: 动词，“阻挡，防止”。

99.secure: 同“ certain ”一样，也是“自信”。动词为“获得，得到”

100.sense: “道理，理智”，词组“ make sense ”是“合理”，而“ make sense of something ”则

是“理解”。

101.sentence: 法律用语是“宣判”。名词是“判刑，惩罚”

102.service: 日常生活用语中是动词，表示“维修保养汽车”。103.setting: 名词，“背景，环境”。

104.settle: 动词，搭配能力非常强，比如“ settle the account ”表示“结帐”，“ settle the

problem ”则是“解决问题”。

105.shame: “不象话，过不去，很遗憾”。

106.shot: 名词，口语有“注射”的意思，美式英语中还专门指“注射毒品”。

动词，“担负”。107.shuttle: 动词“往来于，穿梭于”。

108.sight n.看见；at the sight of 一看见;out of sight 消失，看不见;视力；风景，景点 sightseer 观光者

109.signal: 动词，“向 … 示意”.110.sink: 名词，日常生活中是“水池，水槽”的含义。111.size up: 动词词组“估计，揣度”。112.skirt: 名词，“边缘（地带）”。113.slim: 形容机会等“很微小”。

114.smooth: 形容词，“顺利，正常”。115.soft: 形容经济时表示“疲软”。

116.solution: 名词，化学领域是“溶液”的意思。117.sophisticated: “（机械设备等）复杂的”。118.sound: 形容词，“健全合理”。

119.spare: 动词，“节约，留出空闲”，有时也表示“原谅，饶恕”。120.a spell of time: “一段时间”。

121.spot: 动词是“（偶然）发现”，名词是“现场”，词组为“ on the spot ”。122.square: 形容词，“公平，公正”。

123.state n.1.州，国家 the Uniteds States 2.v.陈述，阐述 Americans frankly state what they want and what they expect to get.statement n.观点 statesman n.政治家 124.stage: “阶段”。

125.stake: 这个词最原始的含义是“火刑柱”或者是“赌注”，但是在考试的时候，通常都以词组形式

出现，“ at stake ”表示“处于危险”，“ have a stake in something ”则表示“在某件事务中

得到利益”，这个词很新。

126.start: 动词，“惊吓，吃惊”。通常用被动语态“ be started ”。127.state of mind: “思维方式”。128.stay: 系动词，“保持”。

129.story: “ 情况 ”，如果是新闻用语，则是“ 报道 ”。

130.stress: 名词“压力”，动词是“强调”。词组“ be stressed out ”表示“筋疲力尽”。

131.strike v.打动，留下印象 What strikes me deeply in the cartoon is that … 这幅画给我印象最深的是…，striking: 形容词“明显，显著的”。132.study n./v.学习，研究

133.be stripped: “遭到掠夺和抢劫”相当于中文中的俗语“挨宰”。

134.subject: 科技用语中是“接受实验的对象”。Subject…to 让/使…遭受/受到 135.subscribe to: 订阅，订购 议论文中经常遇到这个词组，表示“同意，赞成”。136.succeed: 动词，“接在 … 后面发生或出现”。successor n.接替者，接班人 137.suck: 美式俚语中是“令人不快，讨厌”的意思。

138.suit: 1。西装，2。单词 lawsuit 的缩写，“ 法律诉讼 ”的含义。139.support: “抚养，赡养”。140.swell: 动词“自高自大”。

141.sympathy: “同感”，同情 “ show sympathy for ”表示“同情”，而“ in sympathy with ”

则是“有同感”

142.sophisticated a.尖端的，先进的；老练的，老于世故的 143.specification n.[常pl.] 规格，说明书，规范 144.speculate v.投机； 2。推测。猜想 145.start：n.开始 v.吃惊或惊喜

146.spark：n.火花，火星 adj.微妙，一点儿 a spark of=a minute of 一点儿;spark the creativity：激发创造性

147.straw n.吸管，签。稻草，稻草人 Draw straws/lots.抽签。148.stroke n.击，敲；报时的钟声；一击，一划，一笔；一次努力；中风；抚摸 He had a stroke at dinner.晚饭的时候他中风了。

149.tap n.塞子，龙头；轻叩，轻拍 v.轻叩，轻敲；利用，开发；搭线窃听（电话等）150.tender a.嫩的；脆弱的；敏感的；温柔的，温厚的 v.提出，提供；投标 The president tendered his resignation.总统递交了他的辞职信。151.by the same token 由于同样原因，同样地

152.trust v.盼望，希望；委托 n.委托，信托；托拉斯（垄断）trust: 动词，“委托”。153.table: “表格”。

154.take advantage of: “利用”或者“欺侮”。

155.tailor: 动词，“调整，修改，使 … 适合于”。

156.take care of: 照顾，照看 中性词组，贬义概念表示“教训，处置”。

157.tap: 动词“ 开发利用 ”，这个词在报纸杂志中很常用，可以替代 exploit。158.tell: 动词含义中有“显现”和“区分”两个常用的含义。

159.tend to: “ 往往，通常情况是 ”。不要总是将这个词组理解成为“倾向于”。160.term: “ 名称，说法，术语 ”。2.把…称做

161.in terms of: “ 以 … 方式，以 … 衡量，就 … 而言 ”，这个词的含义太灵活，因此在各种

考试中几乎都是被选择频率最高的词组。162.thick: “烟雾稠密的”。163.thirst for: “渴望”。

164.tie: 名词，含义为“ 关系，联系 ”，比如 international tie。165.tip: “提示，指点，内部消息”。166.toast: 动词“庆贺，庆祝”。167.toilet: 名词“洗漱化妆用品”。168.top: 形容词“最好的”。169.treat: 动词，名词“请客”。170.touch: 动词“感动”。

171.trace to: “找到 … 的根源”。172.trim: “少量削减”。173.treasure: 动词“重视”。

174.tube: 口语中是“电视”的意思，在英式英语中指“伦敦的地铁系统”。175.utter v.说，发出（声音）a.彻底的，完全的 176.upset v.打翻，推翻 Upset a room.弄乱房间 177.uneasy: “不自在，忧虑担心”。178.utter: 形容词“纯粹的，完全的”。179.variation n.变种，变异 180.value: 动词，“重视”。

181.venture v.大胆表示 n.冒险事业 joint venture 合资企业

182.virtual: 首先，这个词有“实际上”的含义，此外，在科技英语中，含义为“ made, done,seen etc on the Internet or on a computer, rather than in the real world ”，中文翻译成“网络虚拟的，仿真的”，这两个含义相差也非常远。183.voice: v.“用言语表达，吐露”。

184.wage v.进行，开展 wage a war 发动战争 185.want: 翻译为“严重缺乏”。186.wave: “高潮，新趋势”。187.watch n.手表，监视，监督 188.weigh: v.“权衡，认真掂量”。

189.when: 根据上下文可以翻译为“如果”或者“然而”。when it comes to: “当我们面临或谈

到某个问题时”。

190.while: 在阅读理解内容中基本都是“ 虽然 ”的含义。191.will: 名词，“ 意志，意愿 ”或“遗嘱”。192.wind up: “（商业活动等）结束 ”。

193.wing: 建筑用语中指“ 一座建筑物的两翼 ”。194.wisdom: 日常生活中的含义是“ 观点，意见 ”。195.word: 动词，“ 谴词造句，措辞 ”。