第一篇:各种文体的特点及翻译策略
一、旅游文本的特点及翻译策略
特点:(1)汉语旅游文体常引经据典,而英语则直扣主题;
(2)汉语旅游文体多用华丽的修辞,而英语则用客观描述;
(3)汉语旅游文体大量使用四字结构,而英语则善于用树杈性结构。
策略:
1、适当的增译,添加适当的理解原文内容所必需的背景知识;
2、偏译法,在不损害原文内容的前提下,不拘泥于原文,对不不符合译文语言表达习惯的语句、语
序进行必要的结构性改动和调整,重新组合编辑,使译文更好的适应外国游客的审美心理。
二、科技文本的特点及翻译策略
特点:
1、词汇大量使用专业术语;非限定动词的使用,多用纯科技词汇、通用科技词汇、派生词和缩略词;
2、句法,多名词化结构,广泛使用被动语态;
3、语篇,大量使用条件句、省略句,多用长句和复合句;
4、修辞,常用单调且出现频率较低的修辞,时态变化较少。
策略:
1、强调术语翻译的准确性和专业性;
2、科技文英语时态变化不明显,故汉译英时多采用一般现在时;
3、科技文较少使用人称句,而是大量使用被动语态,翻译时应进行必要的时态转换。
常用的翻译法:增译法,省略法,此类转换法,结构调整法。
三、广告文体的特点及翻译策略
特点:
1、词汇,用于简单,具有口语化倾向,仿造新词,使用缩略语;
2、句法,多用简单句,口语性强,多用并列结构,较少使用主从结构,少否定,多祈使
3、多用修辞(比喻、拟人、排比、押韵、反复、双关)
4、语篇,多并列,少主从。
策略:
1、翻译时应考虑文化背景不同和审美习惯的差异,遵从“从主原则”,即“客从主便,入乡随俗”
2、翻译时不必拘泥于语言层面的对应,而应力求功能相似,效果相似,一般采用直译、意译、省译、创译等译法。
四、文学文本的特点及翻译策略
特点:
1、词汇,丰富多次啊,模糊性和不确定性,给读者广阔的想象空间;
2、句法,大量修辞增强了语言的艺术性和音乐性,遣词造句体现作家写作风格;
3、修辞,使用大量修辞(比喻、你人、夸张、排比、双管、反语、反拟、回环、委婉)
4、语篇,由单个的“象”如事物、动作、场景、情节等就可产生一个完整的意境—意象结构—借物抒情。策略:
1、疑问的语言应具有形象、生动、抒情、象征性和韵律感等特征;
2、不求形似,但求神似,风格再现;
3、译文应具有信息功能、表情功能和美感功能。
五、新闻文体的特点及翻译策略
特点:
1、词汇,常用具有新闻色彩的词,且用词新奇,大量缩略词、临时词、次一转变及旧词新意;
2、句法,使用简短句;直接引语和间接引语大量使用;
3、语篇,较多使用省略句和扩张的简单句,用一般现在时和现在进行时;已提供事实或消息为目的,避免使用带有个人感情或倾向性的语言;时态不求一致,往往主句用动词过去式,从句使用一般现在时。
策略:
1、直译,一定要与原文取向一致,切不可自作主张;
2、翻译中适当添加注释行词语;
3、尽量再现原文修辞特点;
4、增译,使意义完整;
5、套用中外诗词熟句。
第二篇:实用文体翻译(定稿)
云南有26个少数民族,是中国少数民族种类最多的省份。各民族的服饰、建筑、风俗、歌舞、饮食等,形成了一幅美丽的风情画卷。
Home to 26 ethnic groups—the largest number in China—Yunnan province offers tourists a cultural feast of unique ethnic costumes, architecture, cuisine, songs and dances.公司成立10多年来,一向致力于为顾客提供卓越的服务。
We have been in the business for over ten years with a reputation of quality to live up to.要集中全国人民的智慧和力量,聚精会神搞建设,一心一意谋发展。
We will pool the wisdom and strength of the people of the whole country and concentrate on construction and development.我国人民在中国共产党第十五次全国人民代表大会精神鼓舞下,正沿着建设有中国特色的社会主义道路,满怀信心,昂首阔步地迈向21世纪。
Inspired by the spirit of the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Chinese people are advancing confidently towards the 21st century along the road to socialism with Chinese characteristics.中餐烹调所用的天然配料,品种繁多,几无穷尽;烹调方法,亦层出不穷,不可悉数,凡此种种,举世无双。The nearly endless variety of natural ingredients and methods of preparation employed in Chinese cuisine stand out unequaled in the world.整合IT市场资源,追求专业化、市场化、规模化、规范化。
We have integrated IT market resources, striving to be specialized and market-oriented with scale and standardization.人大的工作要从立法的系统性、科学性、公正性和渐进性入手,努力提高立法质量。
Starting systematically and scientifically with justice, the NPC should strive to improve the quality of legislation step by step.中国电信公司被重组后,作为它的主要竞争对手,中国联通公司今年以来继续扩展了业务。
China United Telecommunication Corp, China Telecom’s chief rival, kept growing quickly this year after China Telecom was broken up.这项投资不会在短时间内盈利,他们得做好准备。
They will have to be prepared to wait longer for earnings from this investment.14亿多中国人不仅解决了温饱问题,而且总体上达到小康水平。
The 1.4billiom-plus Chinese people have not only solved the problem of food and clothing but also secured in general a relatively comfortable life.五年来,惠安石雕形成了“质朴细腻、形神兼备”的艺术风格和丰富的文化内涵。
In the past 5 years, Hui’an stone sculpture has formed its unique style of simplicity, delicacy and vividness with cultural richness.80年前中国共产党诞生之时,党员只有50几人。
The Communist Party of China had only some 50 members at its birth 80 years ago.10年来,中国的旅游业达到了前所未有的蓬勃局面
The past decade has seen an unprecedented boom in China’s tourist industry.严格禁止有偿新闻、买卖书号、无理索取高额报酬。
The practice of paid news, buying and selling of registered book numbers in publishing and unreasonable extortion of high payments should be strictly banned.要形成一种制度确保领导班子年轻化、知识化、专业化。
We should institute a system to ensure that a younger, better-educated and more professional leadership is maintained.人们经常会公开议论政府工作,提出批评或建议,抨击某些地方社会治安状况。
People are often heard to comment on the government’s work in a public way to criticize or make complaints about the poor state of public security in some places.杭州的龙井茶为我国绿茶中之极品,以虎跑泉水冲饮,清香扑鼻,甘醇无比。
Hangzhou’s Longjing Tea, the best of China’s green tea, requires the water from the Tiger Spring to bring out its fragrance and delicacy.虽然海滨浴场每年吸引了成千上万的中外游客,但却明显地受季节自然因素的影响。
The bathing beach admits tens of thousands of visitors from home and abroad annually, but its use is obviously limited by seasonal or climatic changes.这两次直航是台湾海峡分隔52年以来,金门、马祖的民众第一次公开从海上直航厦门、福州。
The two direct voyages have been the first open ones for people from Jimen and Mazu to Fujian since direct shipping links were cut off between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits 52 years ago.设想一下,没有数字的世界是什么样子!我们无法营造房屋,建设城市,生产拖拉机或者建造船舶。Just think of the world without numbers!We couldn’t build houses or cities, or make tractors or ships.交出译文之前,必须读几遍,看看有没有要修改的地方。这样你才能把工作做好。
Before heading in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.Only thus can you do your work well.银行储蓄所只在大部分人上班时开门,对于广大群众未免太不方便了。
The savings bank is open only when the great majority of people are at work, and this cannot but be very inconvenient for the public.这位山里姑娘凭着自己的天赋,一路唱到省城,唱到全国,唱到世界。
The talented country girl sang all her way up to the town, the country and the world.1978年我以当时比较好的成绩考上了研究生,同年又考上了出国研究生。
In 1987 I was admitted as a postgraduate, for I did pretty well in the examination-----Judging by the then requirements.The same year I was also selected to pursue advanced studies abroad.这家宾馆装修使用的是易燃材料,而不是防火材料。
The hotel had used flammable materials for decoration instead of fireproof ones.我们清楚“情感营销”的概念已经成为我们与客户沟通的最好手段。
We well understand that Relationship Marketing is the best way in communicating with our customers.洞庭湖“衔远山,吞长江,浩浩汤汤,横无际涯”
Carrying distant mountains in the mouth and swallow in the Yangtze River, the vast and mighty Dongting Lake stretches afar.中国石油公司最近要求开展内部安全大检查,实为亡羊补牢之举。但这一悲剧引发的更为根本的问题却是,企业对工作场所的安全问题是否重视。
CNPC’s recent order to carry out an in-house security inspection is a better-late-than-never effort.But a more fundamental question the tragedy raised was about enterprises’ commitment to workplace safety.这所大学校园占地面积900多亩,建筑面积为44万平方米。
The university covers an area of over 60 hectares with a floor space of 440000 square meters.这座城市的交通硬件不错,但在软件方面尚需进一步改进。
The city boasts good transportation facilities but needs further implement in terms of management and service.火车未停,请勿开门 please don’t open the door until the train stops.他不老实,我不信任他 I don’t trust him because he is not honest.说是说了,没有结果 I’ve made proposals but they proved futile.久仰先生大名 I’ve long been looking forward to meeting you.桂林山水甲天下 East, West, Guilin’s landscape is the best.矢志不渝,追求完美in the passionate pursuit of perfection 花儿向您笑,请您爱护它keep off the flowers 12亿多中国人不仅解决了温饱问题,而且总体上达到了小康水平
The 1.2billion-plus Chinese people have not only solved the problem of food and clothing but also secured in general a relatively comfortable life.这项投资不会在短时间内盈利,他们得做好准备。
They will have to be prepared to wait longer for earnings from this investment.必须认识到,如果只讲物质利益,只讲金钱,不讲理想,不讲道德,人们就会失去共同的奋斗目标,失去行为的正确规范。
We must be aware that people will lack common objective of struggle and reject the accepted code of conduct if we only stress material gains and money to the neglect of ideal and morality.听到被判死刑,嫌疑人绝望了Informed of his death sentence, the prisoner despaired.鲁迅纪念馆如今已经成为极富旅游价值的著名人文景观。
Lu Xun Museum has now become a celebrated cultural showcase and a tourist Mecca for millions of people.天安门广场旧址原是皇城的一个庭院,老百姓不得进入。1959年,它被改造成现在的规模。这一次改造是为了迎接今年10月1日中华人民共和国成立50周年。
The original site of the Tian’an Men Square was at a courtyard of the imperial palace where the ordinary people were not allowed to enter.It was expanded into the existing vast area in 1959 and the latest restore will enable it to proudly stage the grand Gala of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China on October 1st.年迈的局长在会议中间睡着了。The aged bureau chief nodded off in the middle of the conference.无论乘坐何种交通工具都能迅速抵达长沙,下榻此处会让你倍感舒适,这里的住宿条件能充分满足各种档次和品位的要求。
Whichever means you choose to visit Changsha, you will reach here quickly and enjoy a comfortable stay here.Because Changsha has a wide range of accommodation to suit all budgets and tastes.如今武夷山已被联合国科教文组织列为重点保护的世界自然与文化遗产。
Now the Wuyi Mountain has been inscribed on the UNESCO list of World Cultural and Natural Heritage sites to be given special protection.只要一天的功夫,游客便可以品尝和体验丰富多彩,风格各异的少数民族文化。
Just in one day, tourists will be able to taste and live the diversity, pluralism and richness of China’s ethnic culture.她英语说得很好,日语一般也能应付She can speak fluent English and basic Japanese.产品的质量必须保证 the quality of products must be guaranteed 如果开支确属必须,钱总是可以筹到的If the expenditure is really necessary, the money can be found somehow.由于种种历史原因,中国的民族工业在二十世纪上半叶没有得到迅速发展
Due to various historical factors, the national industry of China did not enjoy fast growth in the first half of the 20th century.这种政策不利于民族团结such a policy does not contribute to harmonious ethnic relations.中国是四大文明古国之一 China is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world.我们应该教育孩子们讲文明,懂礼貌We should educate children to stress on decorum and manners.他们的言谈举止很不文明,让我们感到震惊We were shocked to find him so ill-mannered。
近年来,知识经济作为一种新的力量在深圳兴起,科技创新在深圳的发展中发挥了巨大的作用。
In recent years, the knowledge-based economy has risen as a new force in Shenzhen.And scientific and technological innovations have contributed considerably to the city’s development.中山大学,原名广东大学,由孙中山先生与1924年亲手创办。1926年,为纪念中山先生,改名为中山大学。Zhongshan University originally named Guangdong University was founded in 1924 by Dr.Sun Yet-Sen also known as Sun Zhongshan, the great leader of the democratic revolution in China.To commemorate Dr.Sun, it was renamed Zhongshan University in 1926.在历史上著名的“西安事变”中,蒋介石被张学良扣留。
During the famous Xi’an Incident of December 12-25th,1936, Chiang Kai-Shek, leader of the then Kuomingtang-ruled central government was arrested by his second in command, Young Marshal, Chang Hsuch-Liang.在精神文明建设方面,坚持“两手抓,两手都要硬”的方针
To promote ethnical and cultural progress, efforts have been made to place equal emphasis on material progress and ethnical and cultural progress with neither aspects neglected.中国迅速转向市场经济激发了人们读MBA课程的热情,对于想在下一个世纪成为“实业巨头”的追求向上的人来说,这门课程不只是MBA,它实际上是成败在此一举的财富。
China’s rapid shift to a market-oriented economy is fueling an MBA craze for the upwardly mobile who want to be business tycoons in the next century;the MBA is more than a Master of Business Administration.It’s a Make or Break Asset.中国人有在正月十五晚上吃元宵、赏花灯的习俗
The Chinese have the custom of eating Yuanxiao(sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour)and watching festive lanterns on the fifteens evening of the first lunar month.他的不合作态度使这个项目进展十分缓慢
The project is making slow progress due to his non-cooperation.他特别喜欢给人介绍对象 he takes great pleasure in acting as a matchmaker.他客气而冷淡的接待了我们 he received us with cool politeness 他说自己才疏学浅,这不过是中国人的客气罢了 He says that he is a man of little learning and talent.That is merely self-description, considered as politeness by the Chinese.创新可以使我们成为行业的佼佼者,创新可使我们具有真正的竞争优势 Innovation is what sets us apart and creates a true competitive advantage.要帮助人们增强自立意识、竞争意识、效率意识、民主法治意识和开拓创新意识
We must help people increase the awareness of self-reliance, competition, efficiency, and democracy and the rule of law as well as the pioneering and innovation spirit.在香港,台湾,东南亚和其他国家深受欢迎。
It sells well in HK and Taiwan regions as well as South Asian and other countries.你们谁想参加春游就在星期五之前报名并交费
Those of you who want to go on the spring outing are required to sign up and hand in the payment before Friday.我觉得这个店里的衣服即使打六折也还是太贵。
I think the clothes in the shop are still too expensive even if we could get a 40 percent discount.就目前情况看,工程造价将会超出预算百分之三十。
Judging by the current situation, the construction cost of this project will exceed the budget by thirty percent.万一你想取消这次旅行,请至少提前一个月书面通知我们。
If you want to cancel this travel, please notice us in writing one month in advance.由于这些产品质量低劣,所以我方把20箱全部退回,并务必请贵方更换这些产品
As the goods are inferior in quality, we are returning the whole of the 20 cases and must ask you to replace them.想让他答应如此要求恐怕不太可能
It is unlikely for him to agree such request.在董事会年会上,他提请大家注意一个被普遍忽视的问题。
On the annual board of the directors, he called everyone to pay attention to a commonly ignored problem.在中国一提到孔子,上至白发苍苍的老人,下至天真幼稚的顽童,无人不知,无人不晓,人们为了纪念他,在许多地方都建有祭祀他的寺庙,天津也不例外。
When Confucius is mentioned in China, everyone knows him not only the grey haired men, but also the naïve and mischievous children.People have built temples in many places in order to commemorate him and Tianjin is no exception.Confucius is a household name in China.Temples in memory of him could be found everywhere in China and Tianjin is no exception.贵重物品,现金请交服务台保管,否则后果自负。
Valuable articles such as cash and jewelry should be handed to General Services Desk for safe keeping.我们已向伊拉克大选提供了100万美元援助,并为伊拉克培训外交官以及经济管理和能源开发领域的人才。We have provided one million dollars to help Iraq general election and trained diplomats, economic managers and energy exploitation professionals for Iraq.我们必须合理利用现有资源促进我县的经济发展。
We must promote the economic development of our county by making sensible use of the resources now available.他利用业余时间学习英语he spends his spare time studying English 他的这个弱点很容易被对手利用this weakness of his can be easily taken advantage of by his opponent.自然科学方面,我们比较落后,特别要努力向外国学习。但是也要有批判的学,不可盲目的学。
In the natural science, we are rather backward, and here we should make a special effort to learn from foreign countries and yet we must learn critically not blindly.我希望你好好考虑一下我的建议。I’d appreciate if you could give my proposal your careful consideration.真希望她现在就在我的身边if only she were here beside me 儿子没有考上大学,是我们的希望落空。Our son fell short of our expectations by failing the college.他被那所大学录取的希望不大。It’s not very likely for him to gain admission to that university.他总是看领导的眼色行事he takes his cue from his superiors in everything he does.他们想看我的笑话,没那么容易they want to make a fool of me.They are sure to be disappointed.你能不能得到这份工作,主要看你的英文水平.Your English level is a decisive factor in this job.偷看别人的日记是不道德的行为。It is indecent to look into someone’s diary on the sly.我们要根据形势的发展来调整政策。We must make adjustments in our policy in response to changing of the situation.请大家积极参与单位的体制改革。Everyone is called on to take an active role in the systematic reform of one’s work.他总是以积极的态度处理各种问题。He takes a positive attitude in dealing with all kinds of problems.发言者先简短的做了自我介绍,然后开始演讲。The speaker began his speech after a brief self-introduction.我先介绍一下本公司的主要产品。Let me start by saying a few words about our company’s main products.你能否介绍一下你的成功经验?could you tell us how you achieved your success? 如果不是朋友介绍,他不会得到那个职位。Only with his friend’s recommendation was he able to get his job.我国的一项基本国策式发展乡镇企业。Promoting the growth of township and village enterprises is an integral part of our national policy.北京的腿,西安的嘴,桂林的山和水
In Beijing, the tourist guide has to walk a lot because there are so many places to see;in Xi’an, he has to talk a lot because there are so many histories to tell;in Guilin, he doesn’t have to talk or walk a lot because the beautiful mountains and rivers are attractive enough for the travelers themselves to see and enjoy.The charming of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders of leaps and sparkles or just glows.交谈的魅力在于不能确定它始于何处,也无人料及会通向何方,它时而缓流蜿蜒,时而水流涌急,时而火花闪烁,时而炽热通明。
Each conqueror in his turn raising a new dynasty and new monuments to his own glory in this region has all passed into history.一个又一个的征服者相继在此建立新的王朝,树立新的丰碑,以显示其不朽的功业,然而最终却通通如过往云烟,化为历史遗迹。
A few years ago, it was thought unusual that programs could ever be called up by viewers to be displayed on their TV screens at home.几年前,人们认为,观众能够打电话要求在自家的电视屏幕上播出节目是一件稀罕事。
风和日丽fine and warm 走南闯北travel extensively 欢天喜地in rapture 洁白无瑕spotless white平淡无奇lack distinction/insipid PLC public limited company上市公司 Ltd limited有限(责任)公司 Inc incorporated股份有限的
吃在广州 food/delicacy in Guangzhou 解放前、解放后 before/after the founding of People’s Republic of China 饭桶good-for-nothing 饭碗 rice bowl(lose one’s job)吃不开be unpopular 吃不了兜着走get into serious trouble 吃不消be unable to stand 吃不住 be unable to bear or support 吃老本live off one’s past gains 吃软不吃硬be open to persuasion but not to compulsion 吃闲饭lead an idle life 吃香be very popular 吃奶的力气the last strength 使劲 strain every muscle 吃力不讨好be a fool for one’s pains 吃眼前亏suffer loss under one’s nose 消防车fire engine 三轮车pedicab 人力车jinrick-shaw 救护车ambulance 鸡毛feather 羊毛wool 牛毛ox hair 猪毛bristle 卡丁车 go-kart 华伦天奴 Valentino 花旗参 American ginseng 黄金时间prime time 花式调酒flair bartending 猎头head hunter 激流勇进flume ride
旋转木马merry-go-round 摩天轮ferris wheel 米字旗Union Jack Pearl S Buck赛珍珠 靳羽西Yui Sai Kan
卢沟桥the Marco Polo Bridge 编辑部editorial office 培训部training department 师部division headquarters 文化部Ministry of culture 黑马dark horse
随行人员entourage /party
不二价 one price
收音耳机a headset radio 太平门emergency exit
九五折a five percent discount 油漆未干wet paint 邮件截止日mail day 教练车student driver 听电话answer the phone 最新消息latest news 好票good seats 得失loss and gain
异同similarities and differences 不论晴雨rain or shine
中小型企业small and medium-size business 桃源问津inquiring the way to Shangri-la 美食城food court 新技术区technopolis 情场老手beauty hunter
以外贸企业为龙头with the foreign trade firms as the locomotiveflagship 用品goods
体育用品sports goods 办公用品office supplies 文化用品stationery 钓鱼用品fishing gear 生活用品daily necessities 盥洗用品toilet articles
第三篇:广告英语的特点及翻译策略
广告英语的特点及其翻译策略
一、我们来看一下什么是广告,它有哪些作用,又是由几个部分组成的。所谓广告就是一种面向公众介绍商品,服务内容或文体娱乐节目等内容的宣传方式。一般通过报纸、电视、招贴等方式传播,现在也出现在网络上。按照它的用途,我们可以把它分为商品广告,公益广告,服务广告等类型。广告本身是由几个部分构成的,包括标题,正文,口号,商标,附文这五个部分。而我们在对广告进行翻译时,要强调译文的效果,不仅要提供充分而且易懂的商品信息,还要具有原文的“切肤之感”。广告翻译最重要的标准就是译文的效果与读者的感受,同时在进行翻译时还要考虑到语言文化的差异,因为广告除了有帮助消费者认识商品的作用外,还有诱发消费者感情,引起购买欲望,促进消费心理的功能,所以从某种意义上来说,能实现广告主要目的的译文就是好译文,要达到预期的商业效果。
二、那么下面我们来看看广告有哪些特点。由于商品市场竞争激烈为了保证商品的广告可以最大限度的吸引人的眼球,广告商总是选择新颖别致的词汇,简洁的语句和生动的修辞为商品加分,以赢取消费者的享受,广告通常有以下几个特点:lexical, grammatical, rhetoric.今天我们也从经典英文广告的语言特点,词、句、形来进行简要的分析。
1、经典英文广告的用词特点,① 造词新颖,颇具创意。经典英文广告能给消费者留下深刻的印象。一部分原因在于它们的词汇别出心裁。“造词”就是创意之处和魅力所在。造词有很多的手法,包括添加词缀,拼凑词汇,模仿词汇等。
www.xiexiebang.come true.让梦想成真,也使读者体会到童话色彩。
最后一个例子,Time is what you make of it.天长地久,即说明时间,也宣传了表的经典品质。
②下面我们看下祈使句,我们来欣赏段视频,视频的最后一句话 Ask for more.渴望无极限。这个是百事的经典广告。More 表示更多,翻译成无极限也是对商品的重要性的一种愿望。
我们来看看耐克的广告。Just do it.典型的祈使句,与彪马的turn it on,都表达了行文简练又能使人印象深刻的目的。而祈使句作为鼓动性语言,有利于吸引消费者眼球,引起人们强烈好奇的购买欲。
③ 下面我们看看祈使句。省略句结构简单,语言果断有力,能使广告在有限的篇幅中传达更多的信息,加强广告的传播效果。
“我们领先,他人效仿” 这则广告只用了“lead”“copy”两个简单的动词,却巧妙的点出其作为复印机的复印功能,和理解品牌在同类产品中的优先地位。可以说是构思巧妙,一举两得。
而中国电信的“Always with you.”中 always 更形象的表明电信覆盖面广的特点,同时也拉进了与顾客之间的距离。
④ 巧用疑问句。疑问句式的特点就是口语色彩浓厚,浅显易懂,具有浓烈的生活气息,没有距离感,引起人们的共鸣的同时,又突出产品特性,润物细无声。
Where do you want to go today?
What are luxury car should be?
这两则广告都是站在客户立场以问句的形式出现,目的在于引起人们好奇心,吸引读者思考,去寻找答案,What are luxury car should be? 看似一个简单问句,其含义是林肯汽车作为顶级汽车品牌,旗下汽车都是顶尖奢华之作。
⑤ 英文广告语又一大特点在于使用单个名词或词组来描述一个完整的概念,这些单词或词组高度凝聚了商品的特征描写和公司的经营理念,往往能够引人思考,给人想象。
3我们再从下面这六个方面来看看英文广告中所应用的修辞格。
①我们来看看第一个同源修辞,它是指两个或两个以上相似的单词在同一个句中使用。这个图片是佳洁士的广告,我们看看它的广告语中Chrest whitens whites.里面有一个white, 又有一个whiten, 使用了这种修辞,增强了广告语的渲染效果,强调商品的使用价值。
②仿拟修辞是通过模仿已有的方式、方法、篇章、格式等表达新的含义,通过耳熟能详的谚语、名言等增强亲切感,使其深入人心。
我们都知道的一个谚语Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。而
丰田汽车的广告Where there is a way, there is a Toyota.正是采用了这个谚语作为广告,是读者有亲切感。
③双关修辞格,是指词或句在特定的条件下拥有两层含义,一层是表义,一层是隐含意。
恰当使用双关语,可以使广告语言显得更含蓄、诙谐,同音异形和一次双关在英语广告中常见。
我们看例子里的 O I C, 这是一个眼睛公司的广告,于“Oh, I see.”谐音。意味着我看见了。同时 I see 也使品牌和眼镜产品质量巧妙的结合在一起。
I‘m More Satisfied.Ask for More.这是一个双关的典范。摩尔香烟的广告巧妙的使用了more 这个词的双重含义。“more”既表示更加,大写之后是商品的品牌。消费者很容易讲摩尔香烟与“更多”的词义联合起来,直接宣传香烟的品牌,又引起消费者购买欲。
④ 对偶修辞格,结构相似,语义对等或对立是对偶修辞格的特点,它能突破事物的属性和特性。第一个例子,用了ever, never,使得广告中突出了表的品质,与品牌化。
⑤我们再看看夸张修辞。为了宣传产品,在消费者心目中树立起形象,广告词难免“言过其实”。实际上,广告语言中夸张的运用极为广泛,以满足人们猎奇的心理。
例子里面最后一个东芝广告语,与world 结合使用,使消费者看见了这个品牌的全球实力。两则广告使用了夸张,巧妙的体现了商品非凡的品质。
⑥ 最后一个比喻修辞,包括明喻、暗喻、拟人等,也能增加语言的魅力和表现力,给消费者带来好感。
Home is where the Honda is.这是一个暗喻,把本田车比喻为家。
Apple thinks different.这里把Apple 赋予了生命,是一种拟人的手法。
三、以上研究了广告的词、句、形。下面我们要明确一点,广告英语的另一种特点就是在任何文化背景下,广告功能是一致的,都是刺激消费者的购买欲望,使其消费。我们在翻译之前,还要了解一些中国文化与外国的差异。从而避免出现不必要的错误。
1、我们来看看第一个语音效果的差异,它能产生不同的听觉效果,在不同的语言文化背景下,同样的语音,会引起不同的效果和反应。例如东芝公司曾用过一条广告语,一些年轻人开玩笑念谐音,成了“偷去吧,偷去吧,大家的东西。”
2、语义联想差异。语言是文化的一部分,又是文化的载体,它反映着民族的特征。不仅包含着民族的历史和文化背景,而且也蕴含着该民族对人生的看法,生活方式和思维方法。例如,上海产的白翎钢笔,翻译成英文white feather,但是却在英语国家无人问津,因为,To show the white feather 是临阵逃脱,胆小鬼的意思。
3、修辞含义的文化差异,广告中的修辞使表达的内容形象化、具体化或使主要词语鲜明突出,加强语言效果,但若掌握不好也会出错。
我们都知道白象方便面,翻译成英文很自然就会想到是“white elephant”,“a white elephant”是固定用语,在英文中式沉重的负担,无用累赘,所以不能想当然。
我们看例子里的这个夏普的广告,非常的经典,运用了双关,表明产品性能好,高科技。另外,spirite,雪碧,也是非常成功的例子,汉字配上饮料的味道,给人清爽,舒畅的感觉。同样的“clean and clear”,也采用了谐音的翻译。
四、我们了解了这么多,下面我们就来看看广告翻译的策略。直译或者叫异化翻译,意译,增补形翻译。
1、首先我们来看下直译,把原来语言的语法结构转译成译文语言最近似的结构,保留原文的格式,和原文的语言特色。读起来虽然可能不像母语原创流程,但是所表达的信息非常明确。
2、意译,翻译手法比较自由、灵活,翻译过程中通常考虑到译文目标读者理解差异。因此,不拘泥于广告原文的形式,从读者的角度看比较地道,可读性比较强。
我们的例子中ask for more, 我们翻译成渴望无极限。
在某种程度上,意译虽然表达了原文的句式结构,一些关键词也有出入,但原广告词的精髓或深意得以保留。
3、最后一种是增补翻译,对原文广告进行内容的补充,它可以对原文的某些关键词的词义进行挖掘,引申或补充,也可以缩减,给人留下深刻印象。
五,在最后,我要对翻译提一些建议。
1、了解商品特点,掌握商品的特征,包括商品的质量、产地、作用、性能以及工艺水
平、价格,信誉度等。
2、其次要了解原广告策划的6M。
市场:对广告目标市场的选择,及其特征的把握,包括消费人群、年龄、性别、职业、生活,教育程度等
信息:广告的卖点,确定广告效果的正确信息
媒体:广告选择什么媒体将信息传递给消费者
活动:广告相关的促销活动
评估:对广告的数量,包括事后,事中,事前的各种评估
钱:广告投入的经费量
3、了解不同民族的传统和禁忌
比如英国人不喜欢大象,却喜欢熊猫;日本人喜欢樱花;法国人认为和他、孔雀、菊花不吉利;土耳其禁止用花色物品布置房间,认为是凶兆。
广告语言具有独特语言魅力,已成为一道亮丽风景,了解广告英语,有利于熟悉英语国家的文化,价值观念,也可有效的使产品打入国际市场,但是由于中外文化的差异,广告翻译还是一个较为复杂的问题,需要不断的探索。
第四篇:广告标语的文体特点及其翻译与写作
广告标语的文体特点及其翻译与写作
Jessie Peng
经典的广告创意
Obey your thirst.(雪碧)
服从你的渴望。
Focus on life.(奥林巴斯相机)
瞄准生活。
Make yourself heard.(爱立信手机)
理解就是沟通。
Good teeth, good health.(高露洁牙膏)
牙齿好,身体就好。
Apple thinks different.(苹果电脑)
苹果电脑,不同凡“想”。From Sharp minds, come sharp products.(夏普产品)
来自智慧的结晶。
3.purpose/impulse
广告的作用是让该知道的人尽可能地了解该产品或服务。抓住产品最主要的特征,打动消费者的心理。
Tide's in.Dirt's Out.太渍放进去,污垢洗出来。(太渍洗衣粉)
Not all cars are created equal.日本人突出其产品的卓越品质,套用 “..that all men are created equal”.)
2.pun
使用双关语可增添广告的趣味性,引起联想,帮助记忆。
Ask for More.Make your every hello a real good-buy.译文:让你的每一声问候都如实传递。
The “in” idea in business travel—Hilton Inns
译文:宾至如归—希尔顿旅馆
3.parody
仿拟是指故意模仿某一著名诗歌、文章、段落、或某一名言、警句、谚语、格调等,改动其中部分词语以达到一种新的思想内容,从而获得打动人心的艺术效果。例如:
To smoke or not, that's a question.套用莎士比亚的 “to be or not to b” 以吸引读者的注意力。
A Mars a day keeps you work, rest and play.模仿成语 “An apple a day keeps the doctor away”.5.repetition
重复词汇和语法结构可以加强语气,渲染气氛追求广告语言效果。例如:
Free hotel!Free meals!Free transfers!For free “stay-on the –way” in Amsterdam, you can rely in KIM.Whatever you're eating, drink Maeus Rose.(醒目刺激,诱导旅游)
Always light, always fresh, always chilled, always right.(一气呵成,扣人心旋)
6.压韵
压韵能使广告词富有节奏感,听起来赏心悦目,给人们一种美的享受。
Hi-fi,Hi-fix,Hi-fashion, only for Sony.(三个生造词,音、形耐人寻味)
7.Hyperbole
You name it weve got it.凡是你(顾客)所提到的或者是你想买的,我们超市都有”。
weve hidden a garden full of vegetab1e where you′d never expect in a pie.(在您意想不到的一个地力,我们珍藏了满园的蔬菜,那是在一个馅饼里)
广告口号的翻译
直译法
转译法
仿译法
直译法
“一切皆有可能”(李宁服饰)
Anything is possible.“给我一个机会,还你一个惊喜”(嘉亨印务)
Give me a chance, and you’ll have a big surprise.“拥有完美肌肤的秘诀”
The secret for perfect skin.转译法/意译法
国酒茅台,相伴辉煌。
Good and vigorous spirit.运动休闲,我行我速。
Go my own way.我有我的品质。
What we do, we do well.仿译法
爱您一辈子(绿世界化妆品)
Love me tender, love me true.一册在手,纵览全球(《全球》杂志的广告语)
With a copy of The Globe in your hand,the world unfolds before you so grand.中原之行哪里去?郑州亚细亚。(亚细亚商场)
While in Zhengzhou, do as the Zhengzhounese do---Go shopping in the Asian Supermarket.随身携带,有备无患;随身携带,有惊无险。(速效救心丸)
A friend in need is a friend indeed.“美的”牌家用电器的广告语
“美的” 家电,美的全面、美的彻底
Midea home appliances are beautiful-beautiful from head to toe, beautiful inside out.“三优”牌家具的广告语
优良的质量优惠的价格优质的服务
Unrivalled quality Unbeatable prices Unreserved service
“三包”承诺
我们实行“三包”:包修、包退、包换
We offer 3-R guarantee, namely guaranteed repair, replacement and refund.集邮杂志的广告语
方寸之间,深情无限
On these tiny postage stamps
Philatelists’ friendship “franks”
《故事会》杂志
为您提供美,为您提供乐,为您提供爱,为您提供趣。
It gives you beauty.It gives you joy.It gives you love.It gives you fun.非常可乐饮料
非常可乐,非常选择
A special cola.A Special Choice.CCTV 西部频道口号
为中国西部的腾飞加油!
Shoulders to the wheel and do our best---
for the economic take-off in China’s west!We cheer the rapid development of
West China!
某种洗衣机的广告语
她工作,你休息
She takes over the chores,So you can rest, of course.某皮鞋的广告语
皮张之厚无以复加,利润之薄无以复减
The leather we use is quite thick;
the profit we make is fairly thin.一种皮鞋油的广告语
第一流产品,为足下增光
Our shoe polish is surely of the first rate;
It shines your shoes and you look great.大宝护肤霜的广告语
“要想皮肤好,早晚用大宝”
Applying “Dabao” morning and night
Makes your skincare a real delight.青岛啤酒的广告语
“不同的肤色,共同的选择”
People’s skin colors are different--far and near, but their choice can be the same – for Qingdao Beer.Exercises
•Things go better with Coca-Cola.•饮可口可乐,万事如意
Fresh Up with seven-Up
提神醒脑,喝七喜
Coca-cola is it.可口可乐,唯一选择。
成功之路,从头开始。(飘柔洗发液)
Give a Timex to all, and to all a good time.拥有天美时,拥有好时光。
Catch that Pepsi spirit.Drink it in.喝百事饮料,振百事精神。
买电视就是买金心, 买金星就是买放心!(金星彩电)
Of all TV brands we choose to buy Jinxing,To buy Jinxing means to buy satisfaction.Create an ad slogan in English and Chinese.
第五篇:不同文体翻译
复习版笔记(3)第三部分:不同文体翻译 散文翻译
一、散文的特点
散文是文学中常见的体裁,它选材广泛,结构灵活,表现手法多样,如叙事!抒情!议论等,主要特点是:体物写志,行散神聚。―形散―是指散文运笔如风,不拘形式,清淡自然;―神聚‖指意旨明确,紧凑集中,既散得开,又收得拢;既有豪放的特色,又有清幽的特征。真正的散文是充满诗意的,就像苹果里饱含着果汁一样(巴乌斯托夫斯基语)。优美的散文艺术性在于新颖的构思,充沛的感情,丰富的想像,简洁精粹的语言和耐人寻味的意境“散文也常常被比作小而境界深邃的园林。作者运笔看似信手拈来,实则字斟句酌,环环相扣,使读者浮想联翩。文论家刘勰说道: ―情动而言行,理发而文见‖,由此可见散文贵在以巧取胜,以巧妙的语言、巧的意境来打动读者,给读者以最大审美愉悦。既然散文有丰富的艺术魅力,那么它的审美效果又如何在译文中传达呢?俄国著名翻译家吉加切奇拉泽在《文艺翻译与文学交流》一书中谈到文艺翻译的总的指导原则时认为:―理想的文艺翻译首先是在艺术上,而不是在语言上和原文一致。即使达不到这一目标,也应全力以求,离目标越近越好‖。在加氏看来,作家的思想表现在文字形象以及一定的语调和节奏结构上,每个句子由若干语调、意群或若干句素组成,它们的意义合构成句子。因此,他认为文艺翻译的过程也应当根据上面的模式进行。不过译者不能机械地重复创作过程的所有阶段,译者应努力把通过文字形象表达的原作的思想用另一种语言再现出来,当然同时要有兼顾文学文本所特有的语调、节奏和句构特点,作为文学翻译形式之一的散文翻译,自然也要求译者在传译过程中,不仅要传达出原文的语流!节奏和句子结构等语义信息,更应着重传达原文的艺术神韵,以使目标读者在读译文时可以获得和原文读者读原文时同样的语义和美学的双重享受。
二、散文英译
以张培基的《英译中国现代散文选》为例:(一)句子短小精悍,结构简单
从理论上说,英语语言与汉语语言相比,英语句子―常常是环扣相嵌,盘根错节,句中有句‖,也就是所谓的―楼房建筑法‖(architecture style)。而汉语以散句、松句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句等短句居多[4 ](P48the26)
译文句子多为简单句和并列句,译文干净、利落,通俗易懂,给人一种清爽自然之美,而没有盘根错节之迷惑。(二)用词简单、通俗
张培基先生在翻译散文时, 很少使用生僻词(bigwords),主要使用普通的形容词、副词和动词等,以达到言简意赅。例如:
1.他的脑子也不小,但他的记性却不很精明,他的思想也不很细密。———《差不多先生传》His brain is none too small ,but he is weak in memory and sloppy in thinking.2.他用两手攀着上面,两脚再向上缩;他肥胖的身子向左微倾。??过铁道时,他先将橘子散放在地上,自己慢慢爬下,再抱起橘子走。———《背影》His hands held onto the upper part of the platform ,his legs huddled up and his corpulent body tipped slightly towards the left , ??In crossing the railway track,he first put the tangerines on the ground ,climbed down slowly and then picked them up again.3.燕子去了,有再来的时候;杨柳枯了,有再青的时候;桃花谢了,有再开的时候。但是,聪明的,你告诉我,我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢? ———《匆匆》If swallows go away ,they will come back again.If willows wither,they will turn green again.If peach blossoms fade,they will flower again.But ,tell me ,you the wise ,why should our days go by never to return ?
从以上的摘录我们可以看出,张先生翻译的风格用词方面朴实无华,对保存原文风格起到至关重要的作用。(三)修辞上力求通俗易懂
一般说来,散文中修辞格用得相当少。但张培基先生在翻译中对于这一小部分语言要素也不忽略,认真处理,使译文没有生硬的感觉。例如:
1.他也说我一天不写文章第二天就没有饭吃。———《朋友》(借代)
He also says that I would have nothing to live on once I should lay down my pen.意译法处理该句符合英语表达习惯,如直译为―have no rice to eat‖,一定会引起歧义,让人费解。
2.弓儿似的新月,挂在树梢。———《笑》(明喻)
The crescent new moon looked as if hanging on the tips of the trees.译文仍然用比喻的修辞手法翻译原文的比喻,但却转移了喻体, ―弓儿似的‖如果直译成bowdecision‖等.但作为外事翻译主体,必须清楚其翻译的目的和意图,外事翻译强调翻译的程式化和庄严化,所以在翻译时可以采用的策略受到严格限制.《中英联合声明》不是一个简单的条约或者协议,因此在翻译的时候为了明确表达《中英联合声明》的内在意义及庄重性,选择的词汇是―Joint Declaration‖.同样的道理,在《联合声明》中,一个重要的内容就是表明中国政府对香港―恢复行使主权‖.但是在―恢复行使主权‖的翻译上,中英双方有很大分歧.中方最初先提议用―recover sovereignty‖,英方提议用―a transfer of sovereignty‖。很明显,由于翻译主体的不同,彼此表达的意义完全不同.中方的翻译是―收回主权‖,而英方的翻译是―主权移交‖,而且由于不定冠词―a‖有贬低―移交‖的意义,因此英方的翻译是我方不能接受的.最后,经过我国法律专家的研究后,认为使用―resume the exercise of sovereignty‖较为恰当,这一译文表明:我们国家以前对香港的主权,并不是―丧失‖,而是由于种种原因―未能行使‖,现在则是重新―恢复行使主权‖。可见,定稿后的译文就正确的反映了翻译主体的意图 2)译文的可接受性
译文的可接受性指的是译文是否符合目的语的文化和体裁惯例,是否通俗易懂.可接受性的高低直接影响翻译的效果.外事翻译与文学翻译不同的是,它并不强调语言的优美而侧重于语言的可接受性及理解性.作为传递信息的主要载体,翻译中应侧重于忠实和连贯:即要遵守外事翻译中的准确性及精确性、一致性及同一性、专业性和规范性原则.例如1999 年10 月我国外交部发言人曾就巴基斯坦局势发表看法:―我们十分关注巴基斯坦的局势发展,正在进一步了解情况.‖我国翻译人员把这句话译成―We are very much concerned about the developments in Pakistan and making further investigation into it‖.这样的翻译就不符合巴基斯坦的文化惯例.因此,巴基斯坦驻华大使在新闻发布会后,立即要求中国政府做出澄清.因为―concerned‖一词含有否定意思,即有不好的事情发生时,某人对此表示―关注‖.。巴基斯坦大使认为,中国和巴基斯坦是―全天候朋友‖,中国政府不应该用与西方国家相同的词来表达态度.因此,将原文译成―We have been watching the developments in Pakistan very closely and are waiting for further information‖,则既能表明中国政府在巴基斯坦问题上的一贯立场,又能够避免上述矛盾的产生.3)文化的特殊性
翻译目的论认为翻译不仅是语言的翻译,而且也是文化的翻译,翻译涉及两种文化的比较.文化的特殊性是指在进行两种文化对比时,存在于一种文化而不存在于另一种文化的现象.外事翻译首先就是一种跨语言、跨文化的翻译.我们不仅要掌握语言的表面形式,还要熟悉语言深层的文化内涵.如果我们不尊重和不了解外国受众的思维习惯,超越语言和文化的差异,熟练地运用贴近其信息需求和思维习惯的英语语言,我们的传播效果就会受到很大影响.例如,央视国际网站有关中国新闻的一则报道: ―Chinese leaders have joined noted intellectuals at a party to celebrate the Lantern Festival.The event took place at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.‖
分析: 对中国受众来说, 没有必要对―Lantern Festival‖加以说明,因为都知道这是元宵节,农历正月十五,是家人团聚的时刻.但这一点需要向外国受众说明,不然他们会感到困惑:为什么中国领导人要与著名知识分子一起欢度这个节日呢? 当然,在新闻里,不能提供太具体的背景知识,要恰到好处,呈现出最重要的信息.建议:―Chinese leaders have joined noted intellectuals at a party to celebrate the Lantern Festival ,an important day for a family reunion ,which marks the end of the Spring Festival celebration.3 外事翻译中的主要失误 1)语言性翻译失误
这种失误主要包括语句型和语意型两种.前者如语法误解、单词误看、短语误识等等;后者如过度意译、断章取译、逻辑混乱等等.例如,1999 年3 月朱总理在回答《时代》周刊记者时说:―我不认为我对美国的访问将要进入‗地雷阵‘,但是确实会遇到很多敌意和不友好的气氛‖.译文: I don‘t think my visit to the United States will bring me into a minefield ,but I do expect to encounter some hostile or some unfriendly at mosphere there.该译文用了―bring into‖和―I do expect to encounter‖,似乎访问美国就是进人地雷阵并确实期待敌意.若改为involve entering 和may really meet 则更贴切.改译: I don‘t think my trip to the United States involves entering a minefield ,but I may really meet with much hostility or unfriendliness there.2)文化性翻译失误
与语言性失误相比,文化性翻译失误是一种宏观与具体层次上均存在的―功能性翻译失误‖.目的论所说的文化性翻译失误指译文中与译语文化规范和惯例相冲突之处,在外事翻译中主要体现在术语的随译.例如:计划经济时代,我国提到的―外向型经济‖就是指以出口为主的经济,因此译文可以是―exportmarket-oriented economy‖.又如,对于―五讲四美三热爱‖的译文:―the movement of five stresses ,four points of beauty , and three aspects of love ,‖这就是一个存在失误的译文,很多外国人误解为―五个重点,四个美女,三个情人‖.这就是一种文化性的失误,直译导致了内容的歪曲,信息的损失,理解上的困难.因此,可以采取补加译注或解释性的翻译,使原语内容准确传递给读者.改译为:―stress on decorum ,manners ,hygiene ,discipline and morals;beauty of the mind ,language ,behavior , and the environment;love of the motherland ,socialism and the Communist Party.‖对于这种中西文化差异以及汉语表达的浓厚中国特色带来的障碍,就要求译者具备娴熟的双语基本功和广博的文化知识,能根据上下文准确理解原文习俗语的喻义并加以变通。
复习版笔记(2)第二部分常用翻译技巧
英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异,因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难,需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。
1增译法:指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或”There be…“结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词。因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外,在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译文意思的完整。总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。如:(1)What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话,你觉得如何?(增译主语和谓语)
(2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句)(3)Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词)
(4)就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词)
(5)只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。
While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps.(增译连词)
(6)这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词)(7)在人权领域,中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the
strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语)(8)三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注释性词语)
2.省译法:这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法,即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词,以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如:(1)You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。(省译物主代词)(2)I hope you will enjoy your stay here.希望您在这儿过得愉快。(省译物主代词)(3)中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。
The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection.(省译名词)
3转换法:指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说,就是在词性方面,把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词;把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词;把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面,把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语;把谓语变成主语、定语、表语;把定语变成状语、主语;把宾语变成主语。在句型方面,把并列句变成复合句,把复合句变成并列句,把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面,可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如:(1)我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。
Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government.(名词转动词)(2)Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词)(3)由于我们实行了改革开放政策,我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved.(动词转名词)(4)I'm all for you opinion.我完全赞成你的意见。(介词转动词)
(5)The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。(动词转名词)
(6)In his article the author is critical of man's negligence toward his environment.作者在文章中,对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。(形容词转名词)
(7)In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.在有些欧洲国家里,人民享受最广泛的社会福利,如医疗保险等。(被动语态转主动语态)
(8)时间不早了,我们回去吧!
We don't have much time left.Let's go back.(句型转换)(9)学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。
All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically.(名词转副词)
4.拆句法和合并法:这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子,通常用于英译汉;合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句,一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合,结构较松散,因此简单句较多;英语强调形合,结构较严密,因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句;而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处,以及意群结束处将长句切断,译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序,顺译全句,顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如:
(1)Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.同中国加强合作,符合美国的利益。(在主谓连接处拆译)
(2)I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。(在定语从句前拆译)
(3)This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britain's membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account 英联邦各国尤其如此,它们认为英国加入欧共体,将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益。(在定语从句前拆译)
(4)中国是个大国,百分之八十的人口从事农业,但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一,其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。
China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged inagriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.(合译)
5.正译法和反译法:这两种方法通常用于汉译英,偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译,是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果,但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如:(1)在美国,人人都能买到枪。
In the United States, everyone can buy a gun.(正译)
In the United States, guns are available to everyone.(反译)(2)你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。
You can obtain this information on the Internet.(正译)
This information is accessible/available on the Internet.(反译)(3)他突然想到了一个新主意。
Suddenly he had a new idea.(正译)
He suddenly thought out a new idea.(正译)
A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him.(反译)(4)他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。
He still could not understand me.(正译)
Still he failed to understand me.(反译)(5)无论如何,她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。
She can hardly be rated as a bright student.(正译)
She is anything but a bright student.(反译)(6)Please withhold the document for the time being.请暂时扣下这份文件。(正译)请暂时不要发这份文件。(反译)
6.倒置法:在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中,许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后,因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换,按意群或进行全部倒置,原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如:
(1)At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.此时此刻,通过现代通信手段的奇迹,看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。(部分倒置)
(2)I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community.我坚信,英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员,这是符合我国人民利益的。(部分倒置)
(3)改革开放以来,中国发生了巨大的变化。
Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.(全部倒置)
7.包孕法:这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时,把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前,使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长,否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。如:
(1)You are the representative of a country and of a continent to which China feels particularly close.您是一位来自于使中国倍感亲切的国家和大洲的代表。
(2)What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences.使我们走到一起的,是我们有超越这些分歧的共同利益。.插入法:指把难以处理的句子成分用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中。这种方法主要用于笔译中。偶尔也用于口译中,即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。如:
如果说宣布收回香港就会像夫人说的”带来灾难性的影响“,那我们要勇敢地面对这个灾难,做出决策。
If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as Madam put it, ”disastrous effects," we will face that disaster squarely and make a new policy decision.9.重组法:指在进行英译汉时,为了使译文流畅和更符合汉语叙事论理的习惯,在捋清英语长句的结构、弄懂英语原意的基础上,彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式,对句子进行重新组合。如:
Decision must be made very rapidly;physical endurance is tested as much as perception, because an enormous amount of time must be spent making certain that the key figures act on the basis of the same information and purpose.必须把大量时间花在确保关键人物均根据同一情报和目的行事,而这一切对身体的耐力和思维能力都是一大考验。因此,一旦考虑成熟,决策者就应迅速做出决策。
10.综合法:是指单用某种翻译技巧无法译出时,着眼篇章,以逻辑分析为基础,同时使用转换法、倒置法、增译法、省译法、拆句法等多种翻译技巧的方法。如: How can the European Union contribute to the development of a European film and television program industry which is competitive in the world market, forward-looking and capable of radiating the influence of European culture and of creating jobs in Europe? 欧洲联盟应该怎样做才能对欧洲的电影电视工业有所贡献,使它在国际市场上具有竞争能力,使它有能力发挥欧洲文化的影响,并且能够在欧洲创造更多的就业机会呢?