第一篇:动词的分类
动词的分类
实义动词
实意动词是可以独立做谓语的动词,按照他的句法可以分为及物动词(vt)和不及物动词(vi)
按照它的持续性可以分为延续性动词和非延续性动词
及物动词(ct):及物动词本身意义不完整,需要接宾语才能构成一个完整句子。
1.动词+宾语
Eg:I like this book very much我非常喜欢这本书
2.动词+宾语+宾语补足语
Eg:We call that bird Polly我们叫那只鸟波利
I saw the children play in the park yesterday昨天我看见孩子们在公园里玩 注意:带省略to 的不定式或现在分词作宾语补足语的动词有
makeofferpassteachtellwritereadreturn
3.动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
Eg:Please pass me the salt请把盐递给我注意:常见带双宾语的动词有:givebringbuygetleavelendmakeoffer passteachtellwritereadreturn
不及物动词
不及物动词本身意思完整,不需要接宾语。
Eg:Horses run fast 跑
They work in a factory(工厂)工作
1.有些动词可以做及物动词又可以做不及物动词。
We study English及物
We study hard不及物
2.有些不及物动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成短语动词,它的作用相当于一个及物动词,要注意积累。
动词+介词
动词+副词
动词+副词+介词
第二篇:动词分类讲解范文
动词:
1.(可以做谓语)谓语动词——实义动词
1)行为动词(动作)
⑴不及物动词(vi)
⑵及物动词(vt)
①单宾动词
②双宾动词
③宾补动词
2)系动词LV(状态、特征)
①be
②半系动词
2.(不可以做谓语)——助动词
助谁?
干什么?
时态、语态、否定、语气
Be 时态、语态
Do 否定、强调语气
Have 时态、否定
MV 语气
主语谓语
宾语
()定语
<> 补语
[] 状语
We should stop the river ____.A.pollutingB.pollutedC.being polluted D.pollute
A be made ofmake A of ….A be made from
A be made in
A be made into
My mother made me(to)do
It happens that……
Sb sth happen to
It turns out that…
Sb sth turn out to do
It seemsed that
Sbsth seem to
It is said that he will study is studying studied in America.Sb sth be said to do to be doing to have done
To be done to have been done
It is said that the bank was robbed last night.The bank is said to have been robbed last nigh.Steal sth(from sb sp)
Rob sb sp(of sth)
Robberrobbery
Thieftheft
Lose oneself one’s way
Be get lost, I had to ask police for help.(Because)(lose →losing 主动 lost 被动)myself my way, I had to ask police for help
Was got lost
A.losingB.lostC.IlostD.being lost
第三篇:动词的分类、考点
动词的分类和形式
动词的分类
考点一实义动词
1、定义及分类
实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。
根据动词在句子中是否可以接宾语,可以把实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。按其持续性可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。(1)及物动词
及物动词本身意义不完整,需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。①动词+宾语,如:
My brother is flying the kite on the playground.我弟弟在操场上放风筝。②动词+宾语+宾补,如:
The teacher made his students happy by doing some games.老师通过做一些游戏让学生们很开心。We call the bird Polly.我们叫这只鸟Polly。[注意] 带省略to的不定式或现在分词作宾补的动词有:make, let, see, watch, notice, hear等。③动词+双宾语,如:
My mother gives me a new bike.我妈妈给我一辆新自行车。[注意] 有些双宾语动词间接宾语(人)放在直接宾语(事物)后时,间接宾语前要加to。常用的此类词有:bring、give、hand、pass、pay、post、return、sell、show、teach、tell、throw、lend等。如:
Hand me that book, please.= Hand that book to me, please.请把那本书递给我。
有些双宾语动词间接宾语(人)放在直接宾语(事物)后时,间接宾语前要加for。常用的此类词有buy、choose、cook、draw、book、find、get、make、order等。如:
My mom bought me a nice backpack.= My mom bought a nice backpack for me.我妈妈给我买了一个很好的背包。
(2)不及物动词
不及物动词一般不可以接宾语,但是有些不及物动词与一些介词、副词等词搭配在一起构成短语动词,它的作用等于一个及物动词。如:
We arrived at the station at five.我们五点钟到达车站。
He turned off the light when he left.当他离开的时候,把灯关了。He takes pride in doing a job well.他因为做得很好,很自豪。[注意] 有些动词既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。常用的此类动词有:open、close、start、change、drive、play、meet、win、study等。如: The girl turned her head and smiled.这个女孩子转过头笑一笑。She turned and walked back to the classroom.她转过身走回教室。英语中存在着大量由两个词构成的动词短语。让许多同学感到困惑的是,为什么有的是动副短语,有的却是动介短语?区分它们到底有什么规律可循?下面就如何区分动介短语和动副短语,以及在使用上有哪些要求做一总结。
一、动介短语从构成短语的动词的角度来考虑。实意动词分为及物动词和不及物动词,其中不及物动词是不可以直接跟宾语的,如果必须跟宾语时,就需要在这个动词后加一介词,构成动介短语,此时,该短语相当于一个及物动词,后面必须加宾语(由名词、代词或动名词充当),且该宾语不能放在动介短语的中间。例如,May I come into this room?我可以进到这间屋子里来吗? come into是动介短语,宾语this room不能省略。
Look at my eyes,tell me who you are waiting for?看着我的眼睛,告诉我你在等着谁?
初中阶段的动介短语有: agree with同意......的意见(想法);符合 base on以......(为)根据
listen to听......get to到达......get off/get on 上车下车
fall off(从......)掉下
help...with...帮助(某人)做(某事)
knock at /on敲(门、窗)
laugh at嘲笑
learn...from...向......学习
live on继续存在;靠......生活
look after照顾,照看 look at看;观看
look for寻找
look like看起来像
pay for(sth.)付钱;支付
point at指示;指向
point to指向......prefer to...宁愿(选择);更喜欢
quarrel with(和某人)吵架
regard...as...把......当作......;当作
stop...from阻止......做......talk about说话;谈话;谈论
talk with与......交谈
think about考虑
think of认为;想起
二、动副短语中的动词有的是及物动词,因此,后接宾语时不需要加介词,加上副词后,该副词可以进一步说明动作的结果,从而,使得句意表达得更加准确。这些动副短语必须接宾语,但对其位置有一定的限制,如果宾语是名词,既可以放在短语的中间,又可以放在短语 的后面;如果宾语是代词,就只能放在两词的中间了。例如,You'd better pick the students up before7:00.你最好在7点前把这些学生接上车。Can you pick me up at 7:00?你能在7点时接我吗? 人称代词me做宾语要放在pick和up中间。如果动副短语中的动词是不及物动词时,则该短语不可以加宾语。
例如:May I come in?我可以进来吗?come是不及物动词,所以,come in后无宾语。
初中阶段的动副短语主要有: bring out 取出 cut down 砍倒
clean up 清扫,收拾干净 climb down/up 爬下/上
come back/go back 回来/回去 come round(走)过来 come out(花)开,出来 come over 顺便来访 eat up 吃光 fall asleep 睡着 fall behind 落后 fall down 跌倒 give back 退还 get back 取回 go out 外出 grow up 长大 hurry up 赶紧 knock down 击倒 look out 小心
look around 环顾,到处看 look up 查找
open up 开设,开放,开业 pass on 往前传递
put(sth.)down 把放下来 put away 收拾好 put on 穿上.put up 举起 run away 跑开了 rush out 冲出去
run away 逃跑,逃走 slow down 减缓,减速 set off 出发,动身 turn on/off 打开/关上 turn up/down 调大/调小 take out 取出 think over 考虑 take off 脱下,把……拿掉 take away 拿走 work out 算出 write down 记下 wash away 冲走 wake up 唤醒
(3)延续性动词
延续性动词表示动作是可持续的,如:live, stay, study, work, keep, teach等,可以和时间段连用。如:
We have lived in China since 2001.我们自从2001年起住在中国。You can keep this book for two weeks.你可以借这本书两周。
(4)非延续性动词
非延续性动词表示瞬间动作,如:buy, lend, borrow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive, join, leave, come, catch等,不能和时间段连用。如果和时间段连用,就要用其他词代替。如:
He has been here for five days.(arrive)我们已经来这五天了。
The film has been on for ten minutes.(begin)电影已经开始十分钟了。常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系如下:
1、go——be away
2、come——be here
3、come back——be back
4、leave——be away(be not here)
5、buy——have
6、borrow——keep
7、die——be dead
8、begin——be on
9、finish——be over
10、open——be open
11、close——be closed
12、lose——be lost
13、get to know——know
14、turn on——be on
15、get up——be up
16、sit down——sit/be seated
17、join——be in…或be a…member
18、become——be
考点二连系动词
1、定义
连系动词也称为系动词,连系动词有一定词义,但不完整,不能单独做谓语,必须和表语连用,构成系表结构,表示主语身份、性质、状态。如:
You are a teacher, but not a good one.你是一个老师,但不是一个好老师。We feel very happy when we know it.当我们知道的时候非常开心。
2、分类
英语经常用到的连系动词有:
(1)状态连系动词:表示主语的状态、性质、身份。(be)如: My father is very strong.我的父亲很强壮。
(2)持续连系动词:表示继续或保持一种状态或情况。(stay,remain,keep等)如: You must keep healthy.你必须保持健康。(3)表象连系动词:用来表示“看起来”的这一概念的词。appear(看起来),seem(看似),look(看起来)。如:
Your mother looks much younger than I thought.你妈妈看起来比我想象的要年轻得多。(4)感官连系动词:feel(摸起来),taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来)look(看起来)。如:
The milk tastes a little sour.牛奶尝起来有点酸。
(5)转变或结果连系动词:become(变为),get(成为),grow(长得),turn(变得),go(变得)等。如:
Our village is becoming more and more beautiful.我们村庄变得越来越美丽。
考点三助动词
助动词本身没有词意,或者意义不完全,不能单独作谓语,只能和别的动词一起在句子中作谓语,帮助动词构成各种时态、语态等及否定、疑问、强调等。
主要的助动词有:be,do,have,shall,will等。如:
Will you have a sports meeting next week?你们下周会有一个运动会吗? Is your mother cooking?你妈妈在做饭吗?
Don’t be late for class next time.下次上课别迟到了。
考点四情态动词
情态动词一般没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词连用作谓语,表示说话人的语气和情感。
主要的情态动词有:can,may,must,need,would,could,might,dare等。使用情态动词要注意以下方面:(1)含must的一般疑问句。肯定回答仍用must;
否定回答则用needn’t或don’t have to,表示“不必”。
一般不能用mustn’t,因为mustn’t表示“不可以、禁止”,语气很强。
—Must I finish my homework now?我必须现在完成我的家庭作业吗? —No, you needn’t.不,你不必。(2)may开头的一般疑问句。肯定回答用may; 否定回答用mustn’t。
—May I smoke here?我可以在这吸烟吗? —No, you mustn’t.不,你不可以。(3)表示可能性或推测时。
can多用于否定句或疑问句,can’t表示“不可能”; may多用于陈述句,may not表示“可能不”; must只用于肯定句,表示“一定、准是”。
You may be right or may not be right.你可能是对的,可能不是对的。The news can’t be true.这则消息不可能是真的。She must be angry.她一定生气了。
(4)need用作情态动词主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件句,表示“需要”; 也可以作实义动词,后跟名词、代词、不定式、动词-ing形式等。need开头的一般疑问句,肯定回答用must。You needn’t come if you are busy.你如果忙的话就不必过来了。—Need I come tomorrow? 我明天需要来吗?
—No, you needn’t./ Yes, you must.不,没必要。/ 是的,你必须来。He needs to get some sleep.他需要睡一会。
(5)have to的意思接近must,但是must强调说话者的主观意愿。have to强调客观上的必要性,常译成“不得不“。
have to可以用于多种时态,其疑问句、否定句都要借助do构成。
Do you have to leave now? 你现在必须走了吗? You don’t have to get up early.你没有必要早起。
(6)be able to表示具体的能力,与can用法相近,can只有一般现在时和一般过去时,be able to 可用更多的时态。
was / were able to侧重有能力而且成功地做成了某事,而could只表示过去具备某种能力。如:
The math problem was hard but I was able to work it out.这道数学题很难,但我做出来了。1.---I forgot to bring my e-dictionary.Could I use yours?---Yes, you.(如东一模)A.can Key:A B.must
C.could
D.should 2.Melody has a great interest in planting flowers, but her sister ______.She can’t even stay in the garden for one minute.(崇川一模)
A.can’t
Key:C A.can
Key:C B.hasn’t
C.doesn’t
D.isn’t
3.—I don’t care what the teacher thinks.— But I think you _______.(崇川一模)
B.may
C.should
D.must 4.―Why are you taking a basket with you for shopping?
―The stores don’t _______ free plastic bags for shoppers to protect the environment.(通州一模)A.sell Key:A B.support
C.collect
D.provide 5.Sorry, sir.I ______ follow you.Would you please speak slower?(通州一模)A.can’t
B.mustn’t C.shouldn’t
Key:A 6.— What is Mom cooking in the kitchen?
— Fish, I guess.How nice it _________!(通州一模)A.looks
B.sounds
C.tastes
Key:D 7.—Tony is still in bed.He may miss the school bus.—Last night he ______ late to write the report of his survey.(通州一模)A.stayed up
B.cheered up
C.got up
Key:A 8.─ I think the man over there must be Douglas.D.needn’t
D.smells
D.dressed up
─ It ______ be him.He has ______ to Australia.(如皋一模)
A.can’t, gone
B.can’t, been
C.may not, been
Key:A
D.mustn’t, gone
9.─ These three problems are too hard to ______.Will you give me some advice? ─ There are many ways.The most important is to have a careful plan.(如皋一模)A.work out Key:A
B.look out
C.hand out
D.break out 10.— There were already five people in the taxi, but the driver managed to take me as well.— I see.It ________ be an uncomfortable journey.(海安一模)A.can't
B.shouldn't Key:C
C.must
D.need
11.— When did the first plane to Hong Kong leave? — Wait a minute.I'm just__________.(海安一模)
A.turning up
B.picking up
C.catching up
D.looking up Key:D 12.— Jack, , or you will get heavier.— OK.I will take your advice.(海安一模)
A.doesn't play sports any more
B.doesn't eat so much meat C.don't play sports any more
D.don't eat so much meat Key:D 13.Why are you taking the book away? I ______ before bed every day.(海安一模)
A.used for reading
B.am used to reading
D.used to read C.am used to read
Key:B 14.— Mum, must I stay there the whole day? — No, you _______.You may come back after lunch, if you like.(启东一模)A.can’t
B.won’t
C.needn’t
D.mustn’t Key:C 15.— What great fun we had ______ in the river last Sunday!— Well, let’s go there again next weekend.(启东一模)A.to swim Key:D B.in swiming
C.swum
D.swimming 16.— What’s wrong with you, Eric? You look tired.— I ______ to prepare for the final exam last night.(启东一模)
A.picked up
B.woke up
C.stayed up
D.put up Key:C 17.The local people like that Italian restaurant because it both delicious food and good service.(启东一模)A.produces Key:D
B.prevents
C.protects
D.provides
动词的形式
考点一动词原形
1、定义
动词原形就是词典中出现的动词原来的形式。
例如:be(是),work(工作),write(写)等。
2、用法
动词原形用法很多,经常在中考考查的用法有:
(1)在一般现在时中主语不是第三人称单数形式,其谓语动词接动词原形。例如:
We often watch TV at home after supper.我们经常在晚饭后看电视。(2)感官动词和使役动词后接动词原形作宾语补足语。例如: Your words make me feel angry.你的话让我很生气。(3)在祈使句的开头用动词原形。例如: Come and buy your books at our book shop.(4)在情态动词和do、will、would等助动词后用动词原形。例如: Can you swim across this river in an hour? 你能在一小时之内游过这条河吗? Did everybody want to go there last Monday?上星期一每个人都想去那吗?(5)常见的后面用动词原形的结构:
Why not do sth.? = Why don’t you do sth.? had better do sth.Let sb.do sth.help sb.do sth.Why not go there on foot?为什么不步行去那儿?
You’d better finish your homework before supper.你最好在晚饭之前完成作业。Let’s play volleyball after school!让我们放学后打排球吧!
考点二第三人称单数形式
1、用法
动词的第三人称单数形式就是句子的主语是第三人称单数形式,并且谓语是一般现在时,谓语动词应该用第三人称单数形式。例如:
My sister often watches TV with us at home.我姐姐经常在家里和我们一起看电视。
2、构成
动词的第三人称单数形式的构成:
(1)一般情况下在动词后加字母-s。例如: work-works write-writes take-takes(2)以字母s,x,ch,sh结尾或以字母o结尾的动词加-es。例如: watch-watches pass-passes catch-catches do-does go-goes(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先把字母y变为i再加-es。例如: carry-carries try-tries
考点三现在分词
1、用法
动词的现在分词形式由动词原形+ing构成,一般和be动词连用构成现在进行时、过去进行时或用作非谓语动词。例如:
The girl is studying English at home now.这个女孩现在在家里学习英语。
I saw a boy lying on the ground.我看到了一个男孩躺在地上。
2、构成
现在分词的构成:
(1)一般情况下直接加-ing。
buy-buying drink-drinking find-finding(2)以不发音的字母-e结尾的动词,去掉字母e加-ing。take-taking come-coming become-becoming
(3)以重读闭音节结尾的单词,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写辅音字母,再加-ing。
sit-sitting stop-stopping begin-beginning forget-forgetting 类似的单词还有:Cut, put, swim, begin, get, forget, it, spit吐痰run, sit, split分开shut, win, shop, drop摔,掉plan, dig挖, prefer, let, step, set, mop拖, nod点头, fit适合, regret后悔等
(4)部分以ie结尾的单音节动词,先把ie变为y,然后加-ing。例如: die-dying tie-tying lie-lying
考点四过去式和过去分词
1、用法
动词的过去式主要用来构成一般过去时;过去分词是用来构成现在完成时、过去完成时和被动语态的,也可用作非谓语动词。
2、变化规则
规则动词的过去式和过去分词变化如下:(1)一般情况下直接加-ed。例如:
work-worked-worked help-helped-helped(2)以不发音字母e结尾的动词,直接加字母-d。例如: live-lived-lived like-liked-liked(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先把字母y变为i,再加-ed。例如: carry-carried-carried study-studied-studied try-tried-tried(4)以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写此辅音字母,然后加-ed。例如:
permit-permitted-permitted prefer-preferred-preferred(不规则的变化参见不规则动词表)单选:
1.---I didn't see you at the beginning of the party last night.Where were you?
---I on my history report at that time.(如东一模)
A.worked
Key:C
future.(如东一模)
A.will find
B.won't find
C.will be found
D.won't be found B.work
C.was working
D.am working 2.Although Flight MH370 has been missing for months, we do believe it ______ some day in the Key:C 3.Don’t waste food!all the vegetables on the plate.(如东一模)A.Wash up Key:B B.Eat up
C.Put up
D.Clean up 4.---Can I speak to Mrs Green?
---Sorry, wrong number.Please to 114 and check the number.(如东一模)A.put out Key:C
B.put off
C.put through
D.put away
5.Not only he but also his friends_______ eager to help those who lost their homes in the earthquake.(崇川一模)A.was
Key:D B.were
C.is
D.are 6.―When will Peter telephone us?
―As soon as he ______ home this afternoon.(通州一模)A.gets
Key:A B.got
C.will get
D.has got 7.Loud music and red chairs in the restaurant make people ______ fast.(如皋一模)
A.to eat
B.eating
C.eat
D.ate Key:C 8.─ There’s too much salt in the Chinese diet.─ So there is.The WHO says only 1.5 grams of salt ______ for each man every day.(如皋一模)
A.is needed
B.is needing
C.will need
D.has needed Key:A 9.─ Alice, would you mind not playing the guitar? I ______ on the phone.─ Oh, sorry, mom.(如皋一模)A.talked
B.talk
C.was talking
D.am talking Key:D 10.The girl is so helpful that she devoted all her spare time she had ______ others.(如皋一模)
A.to help
B.helping
C.to helping
D.helped Key:A 11.— I hear Sam has gone to Qingdao for his holiday.— Oh, how nice!Do you know when he ?(海安一模)
A.left
Key:A
B.was leaving
C.has left
D.had left 12.— Where is Tom? I haven’t seen him for several months.— He _______ America.He ______ there for half a year.(启东一模)
A.has gone to;has been
B.has gone to;has gone
C.has been to;has been
D.has been to;has gone Key:A 13.The rubbish near the river.Please clean it up as soon as possible.(启东一模)A.smells bad B.is smelt bad
C.smells badly
D.is smelt badly Key:A 14.The life we were used to ______ greatly in the recent ten years.(启东一模)A.has changed Key:A 词汇: B.changing
C.change
D.changed 1.(假定,料想)that you have a blog.Then you can write down anything you like and share it with your friends.(如东一模)Key:Suppose 2.My teachers often(鼓励)me not to give up when I face difficulty.(崇川一模)Key:encourage 3.---I wonder whether Brazil will win the match later tonight.---Go to bed first.I will wake you up as soon as the match.(start)(如东一模)Key:starts 4.---Haven’t you seen that sign, sir? It says “No swimming”.---Sorry, I it.(not notice)(如东一模)Key:didn’t notice
5.---Hey, Millie, you’re playing the computer game.How can you do that ?
---I all the work.Why can’t I play for a while ?(finish)(如东一模)Key:have finished 6.---Hello, this is Jim.I(call)to tell you that we’ll meet you at the airport at 4.00 pm tomorrow.---OK, thank you.(如东一模)Key:am calling 7.---Have you decided where to spend your summer holiday?
---We(discuss)it later on.(如东一模)Key:will discuss 8.My teacher(carry)over ten books out of the classroom when I came in just now.(崇川一模)
Key:was carrying
9.The rain.(stop)Let’s go out to take a walk.(崇川一模)
Key:has stopped
10.—Sam, come downstairs, please.I need your help.—Just a minute, Mum.I(sweep)the floor.(崇川一模)
Key:am sweeping 11.—Why didn’t you hand in your homework yesterday? —Sorry, I(leave)it at home.I have brought it here today.(崇川一模)
Key:left
12.His grandma(like)singing Beijing opera in her free time.(崇川一模)
Key:likes
13.The skirt __________(feel)soft as if it is made of silk.(通州一模)Key:feels 14.Last night I didn’t answer your phone because I __________(watch)an interesting TV programme.(通州一模)Key:was watching 15.—Do you know if Jack will drive to London this weekend? —Jack? Never!He __________(hate)driving so far.(通州一模)Key:has hated 16.—Where is your grandma, Ellen?
—She __________(water)the flowers in the garden.(通州一模)Key:is watering 17.The other day, a taxi driver __________(risk)his life to save the drowning pupil.(通州一模)
Key:risked 18.─ Do you know whether David will go cycling or not tomorrow? ─ David? Never!He outdoor activities.(如皋一模)Key:hates 19.─ Is your father at home, May?
─ No, he isn’t.And he back until next Friday.(如皋一模)Key:won't be
20.Mr.Wu heard from his mother yesterday and he to her at once.(如皋一模)Key:replied
21.─you the film Furious 7?(see)
─ Yes, twice.I love it very much.It’s really exciting.(如皋一模)Key:Have;seen 22.Sandy(watch)for the bus when she saw Mr.Wu.Then they went to school together.(如皋一模)
Key:was watching 23.— Do you know whether Helen will drive to Beijing this Sunday? — Helen? Completely possible!She(enjoy)driving so much.(海安一模)Key:enjoys 24Jack can’t enter the office because he(leave)his key at home.(海安一模)Key:has left
25.— the teacher(repeat)the question?
— Yes, she is.So we should listen carefully this time.(海安一模)Key:Is ;going to repeat 26.—Have the designers finished the work? — No, not yet.They(design)the whole morning.(海安一模)Key:were designing 27.My grandpa is in hospital.I(worry)about him these days.(海安一模)Key:am worrying 28.—Why didn’t you wave good-bye to Kitty just now? —Because she ________(dance)to music when I passed by her.(启东一模)Key:was dancing 29.I _______(spend)much money on fashionable clothes since 2 years ago.I can’t buy any more now.(启东一模)Key:have spent 30.He got up without saying any word and ________(hurry)away.(启东一模)Key:hurried 31.Just wait.They _______(email)you in one or two days.(启东一模)Key:will email 32.—Where’s Tom? He’s wanted on the phone.— He, with his sisters, _________(make)a plan in the next room.(启东一模)Key:is making
第四篇:日语动词分类及变形
一类动词:
1、词尾不是る结尾的,2、以る结尾,る前是あ、お、う段的,3、以る结尾,る前是い或え段,但い或え段假名在汉字上面,也就是说る前面是一个汉字,汉字上至少有两个假名。「例:入る(はいる)」
二类动词:
以る结尾,る前是い或え段.(但这只是一般情况,也有一些特别单词,是一类单词)
三类动词: する/くる
[五段动词(第一类动词)的词尾都是う段上的。
一段动词(第二类动词)都是以る结尾,它分为上一段和下一段,上一段是い段上的,和る共为词尾;下一段是お段上的和る共为词尾。
サ变和カ变动词(第三类动词)只有两个常用的:する和くる。
一类形容词和二类形容词是新版日语书中的叫法,也就是形容词和形容动词。
形容词,说明事物的性质或状态。以「い」作为词尾。如:赤(あか)い、烦(うるさ)い
形容动词,说明事物的性质或状态。从意义上说属于形容词,以だ作为词尾(但是书和字典中并不标出来)。有些语法书中也叫做「な」型词,就是以「な」接名词的形容词。形容动词在日语中的活用是动词形的,所以称为形容动词。如:赈(にぎ)やかだ、立派(りっぱ)だ。而きらい(嫌い)则属于一个特例。特殊的是要记的。这里有一个相对简单的办法,但不是适合每一个词。比如“ゆうめい”和“きれい”可以写成“有名”和“绮丽”,它们的“い”不是词尾,而词干部分,所以它们不是形容词,而是形容动词。] “基本形”是动词的基本形式。词典中的词条都是使用这一形式。
基本形----ます形
一类动词:“基本形”最后的发音为“う”段,“ます形”去掉“ます”后的发音为“い”段。
二类动词:“基本形”为“ます形”去掉“ます”后加“る”。
三类动词:“基本形”分别为“来る”和“する”,“ます形”去掉“ます”后则为“来”和“し”。
ない形变化:
一类动词:把“ます形”去掉“ます”后的最后一个音变成相应的“あ段”音,后加“ない”。
如果最后音为“い”时,把“い”变成“わ”后加“ない”。(注意:此时不能将“い”变为“あ”。)
二类动词:把“ます形”的“ます”去掉后加“ない”。
三类动词:把“来ます”变成“来ない”,把“します”变成“しない”。
て形变化:
一类动词:把“ます形”去掉“ます”后加“て”,加“て”的时候发音会有一些变化。即“き”→“いて”,“ぎ”→“いで”,“び、み、に”→“んで”,“ち、り、い”→“って”,“し”→“して”。
二类动词:把“ます形”的“ます”去掉后直接加“て”。
三类动词:把“ます形”的“ます”去掉后直接加“て”。
た形变化:
把“て形”的“て”换成“た”,把“で”换成“だ”。
ば形变化:
一类动词:把基本形的最后一个音变成相应的“え”段上的音,再加“ば”。
二类动词:把基本形的“る”变成“れば”。
三类动词:把“来る”变成“来れば”,把“する”变成“すれば”。
命令形:
一类动词:把基本形的最后一个音变成相应的“え”段上的音。
二类动词:把基本形的“る”变成“ろ”。
三类动词:把“来る”变成“来い”,把“する”变成“しろ”。
意志形:
一类动词:把基本形的最后一个音变成相应的“お”段上的音的长音。
二类动词:把基本形的“る”变成“よう”。
三类动词:把“来る”变成“来よう”,把“する”变成“しよう”。
可能形:
一类动词:把基本形的最后一个音变成相应的“え”段上的音,再加“る”。
二类动词:把基本形的“る”变成“られる”。
三类动词:把“来る”变成“来られる”,把“する”变成“できる”。
被动形:
一类动词:把“ない形”的“ない”变成“れる”。
二类动词:把“ない形”的“ない”变成“られる”。
三类动词:把“来る”变成“来られる”,把“する”变成“される”。
使役形:
一类动词:把“ない形”的“ない”变成“せる”。
二类动词:把“ない形”的“ない”变成“らせる”。
三类动词:把“来る”变成“来させる”,把“する”变成“させる”。
动词变化形式共6种——连用形、未然形、意志形、假定形、基本形和命令形。变化时,都是变结尾最后一个假名,以下是用省略说法。カ变动词在变化时发生音变。
1、连用形(ます形)
五段:う段→い段 行く→行き
一段:去掉る 寝る→寝
カ变:来る→来(音“き”)サ变:する→し 勉强する→勉强し
2、未然形(ない形)
五段:う段→あ段+ない 行く→行かない
以う结尾,う→わ+ない 言う→言わない
一段:去掉る+ない 寝る→寝ない
カ变:来る→来ない(音“こない”)
サ变:する→しない 勉强する→勉强しない
特殊的,ある→ない
3、意志形((よ)う形)
五段:う段→お段+う 行く→行こう
一段:去掉る+よう 寝る→寝よう
カ变:来る→来よう(音“こよう”)
サ变:する→しよう 勉强する→勉强しよう
4、假定形(ば形)
五段:う段→え段+ば 行く→行けば
一段:去掉る+れば 寝る→寝れば
カ变:来る→来れば(音“くれば”)
サ变:する→すれば 勉强する→勉强すれば
5、基本性
基本形就是动词的原形,也就是书上单词表给出的动词。
6、命令形
五段:う段→え段 行く→行け
一段:る→ろ 寝る→寝ろ
カ变:来る→来い(音“こい”)
サ变:する→せよ或しろ 勉强する→勉强しろ
(三)动词接续形式——て、た、たり、たら形。举例时以て形为例子,变化方法都一样。
五段:①以つ、る、う假名结尾,促音变化。立つ→立って
②以ぬ、む、ぶ假名结尾,拨音变化。死ぬ→死んで
③以く、ぐ假名结尾,イ音变化。书く→书いて、泳ぐ→泳いで。但“行く”是特例,它是促音变化,行く→行って
④以す假名结尾,す→し。贷す→贷し
一段:去掉る+て 寝る→寝て
カ变:来る→来て(音“きて”)
サ变:する→して 勉强する→勉强して
第五篇:动词的分类及基本形式
动词的分类及基本形式
动词是表示动作,状态或性质等的词。一 动词分类
根据其词义及在句中的作用可分为行为动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类,有些动词是兼类词。1 行为动词
行为动词表示动作或状态,能独立作谓语。
根据后面能否直接带宾语,行为动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词,及物动词(vt.)后面能直接跟宾语,不及物动词(vi.)不能直接跟宾语。如:
They study hard.他们勤奋学习。(study后没有宾语,是不及物动词)I know them well.我很了解他们。(know后有宾语them,是及物动词)注:有的动词既可作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。如: She sings very well.她唱得很好。(sing是不及物动词)
She sang an English song just now.她刚才唱了一首英文歌。(sing是及物动词)连系动词
连系动词是表示不完全谓语关系的动词,就是说本身有词义,但不能在句子中单独作谓语,必须和其后的一起构成谓语。常见的连系动词有be(是),become(成为),get(变成),turn(变成),remain(还是),seem(似乎是),look(看上去),feel(感觉),taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来),stay(保持)等。连系动词后的表语通常是名词和形容词,有时也可以是代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、从句等:
His English is excellent.他的英语很棒。(跟形容词)He is a famous poet.他是著名诗人。(跟名词)Money isn’t everything.金钱不是一切。(跟代词)
She was the first to arrive.她是第一个到达的人。(跟数词)Who is upstairs? 谁在楼上?(跟副词)
He is with his friends.他和朋友在一起。(跟介词短语)He seems to be ill.他似乎病了。(跟不定式)Seeing is believing.眼见为实。(跟动名词)
This is what you need.这就是你需要的。(跟从句)助动词
本身没有词义,不能单独做谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示否定、疑问、时态、语态等语法形式,用来加强语气。常用的助动词有:be, do, have, shall, will等。eg: She is doing her homework now.What have you been doing these days?
I will meet them at the station.Does anyone ever take them to school? 情态动词
情态动词就是表示说话的语气或情态的动词;表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,或表示主观设想。常见的情态动词有can, may, must, need, dare, shall, will, should, ought to, have to, used to, had better, would rather等。情态动词具有以下3个特点: 1)情态动词后面接动词原形并与动词原形一起构成谓语。
2)情态动词虽有时态的变化,但却没有人称和数的变化,即情态动词不会因为主语的人称或单复数的不同而用不同的形式。3)变为疑问句或否定句时不需要助动词,而是将情态动词移至主语前变为疑问句,直接在情态动词后加not,构成否定句。
Eg.Ask Miss Fang.She may tell you why.Need we hand in our exercise books before class? You should not do that.二 动词的基本形式
绝大多数动词都有五种基本形式:动词原形、一般现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
A.第三人称单数形式的构成
一般现在时主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词后要加s或es,其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大体相同:
1.一般情况下在动词词尾后加s,如work—works, write—writes。
2.以字母s, x, sh, ch或o结尾的动词,后加es,如guess—guesses, finish—finishes, catch—catches。
3.以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词,改y为ies,如study—studies。注:不规则变化的有have—has, be—is等。
B.现在分词的构成
1.一般情况下在动词后加ing,如study—studying, work—working。2.以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e再加ing,如write—writing, move—moving。3.以重读闭音节结尾(即一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾)的动词,要双写末尾一个辅音字母,再加ing,如get—getting, begin—beginning。
4.以ie结尾的名词,一般将ie改为y,再加ing,如lie—lying, die—dying, tie—tying。注:(A)以l结尾的动词,尾音节重读时,双写l,如control—controlling;尾音节不重读时,双不双写都可以,如travel—traveling(美)/travelling(英)。(B)特例:picnic—picnicking。
C.过去式和过去分词的构成
1.一般情况在动词原形末尾加ed,如ask—asked, work—worked。2.以不发音的e结尾,只加d,如love—loved, dance—danced。
3.以辅音字母+ y结尾,把y变为ied,如try—tried, study—studied。
4.以以重读闭音节结尾(即一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母),先双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ed,如stop—stopped, permit—permitted。
注:(A)以l结尾的动词,尾音节重读时,双写l,如control—controlled;尾音节不重读时,双不双写都可以,如travel—traveled(美)/travelled(英)。(B)特例:picnic—picnicked。另外,还有很多动词的过去式和过去分词是不合乎上述规则的,需要熟记。