美国加拿大概况要点

第一篇：美国加拿大概况要点

USA BASIC INFO

1the first settlement in North America

The first English permanent settlement was organized in 1607 by the London Company with a charter from the English King.The colonists settled in Virginia and survived by imposing strict discipline on them and by transplanting tobacco in the colony of Virginia.In 1619, the settlers elected their delegates and set up the House of Burgesses, and the same time they bought and enslaved black servants.These two greatly influenced the political and social development of the United States later.2the religion reform and leaders

In the Religious Reformation, Martin Luther, a German professor of theology, believed that sinful men could win salvation neither by good works nor through the church or the pope.And the only true guide to the will of god was the Bible.John Calvin, a Frenchman, who had fled to Switzerland, started his reform movement.In England, King Henry VIII,(8th)because of the political disputes with the Roman Catholic Church and his marital problems broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and set up the Church of England, and he became the head of the Church.3the founding father of Unite State Benjamin Franklindrafted Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson

George Washington the commander of Continental Army and Navy

4the cause of American Revolution

By the early 1760s, the 13 colonies in North America had developed a similar American pattern in politics, economy and cultural life and enjoyed the same frontier environment.As a result, they were ready to separate themselves from the old world.The American Revolution officially proclaimed the birth of a new nation of Americans.3 civilizations

Aztecs, 阿兹台克Incas, Mayas

6Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble public places, the right to own weapons and so on.7check and balance p58

Three-part national government, they often refer to what they call its system of “check and balances”.The system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by one branch or another.declaration of independence

The declaration of independence proclaimed that 13 united colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent states.But they were not clear about the future political system of the United States and the relationship between the states and the government of the new nation.united states constitution

The plan for the government was written in very simple language in a document called the constitution of the United States.1The constitution set up a federal 联邦的system with a strong central government.A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.2The constitution also called for the election of national leader.3It provided that federal laws would be made only by a congress made up of representatives elected by the people.It also provided for a national court system headed by a supreme court.10wasp =a white Anglo-Saxon Protestant

American mainstream culture was developed from what is known as “WASP” culture and that people who settled

in the 13 North American colonies that would become the United States were mostly Protestant believers.11relationship between government and religion

The United States would have no state-supported religion.In this way, those men who formulated the principle tenets of the newly established political system hoped to insure that the diversity of religious belief would never become the source of social or political injustice or disaffection.religions between USA and European

First of all, American with different religions lives together under the same law.The bill of rights in the US constitution insists that there should be no state religion.Secondly, the religious beliefs of American continue to be strong with social progress.Thirdly, in the United States every church is completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building.three faiths

By the 1095s, the 3 faiths model of American religion had developed.American was considered to come in 3 basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish.In term of numbers, the Protestant are the strongest, the Catholic is next to the Protestant and Jewish are the smallest among the 3.Mark Twain

Mark Twain is the pen name of Samuel Clemens.He was one of the greatest American writers.He captured a peculiarly American sense of humor.He represented a new American voice.His major work was The Adventures of Huckberry Finn which has been called the great novel in American literature.15The lost generation

In the aftermath of World War I, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment.Some lived in Europe.They were known as the lost generation, two of the most representative of it were Hemingway and Fitzgerald.16Hemingway

His main characters were usually tough, silent men, good at sports or war but awkward in their dealing with women.Among his best books were The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, and for whom the Bell Tolls.17nobel prize

Sinclair Lewis first one in USA /O’Neil /Saul Bellow/Isaac Bashevis Singer/

Hemingway /William Faulkner

18famous universities

California Institute of Technology 加州理工学院 Harvard University(MA)哈佛大学Massachusetts Inst.of Technology 麻省理工学院 Princeton University(NJ)普林斯顿大学Yale University(CT)耶鲁大学 Stanford University(CA)斯坦福大学 19Social separation

White and black couldn’t be together in a public place to enjoy the same right

20kkk

It was a secret organization which set up after the 1865 civil war of United States in the southern.It objected the liberation of black slavers in northern.Many years later, they came to alive to flight against the Jewish and Catholic people to keep the highest station of white.21luther King

P155 A civil right leader during the movement in 1960s gave a lot of speech, like “I have a dream”.He won the Nobel peace prize in 1964s for his achievement of raising the image of black.22Conterculture

It rejected capitalism and other American principles.They had morals different from those taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.23hippies

They sought experience through dropping out and drug taking.But it was music, rock music in particular.They had a great impact on social moral.24imagery of crime

Male, young, a member of a racial minority, and a city resident

25Cold war

By the end of WWII, the United States became the strongest country in the world.As the possessor of atomic bombs and much of the world’s gold reserve, the policy-maker of the US wanted world order, and the US encountered determined resistance from the Soviet Union.Finally the two wartime allies fell apart.26NATO北大西洋公约组织

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization members are United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland.Organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party

27Warsaw The Warsaw Treaty was the Soviet Bloc’s military response to NATO Pact.28先发制人 Preemption

Preemption is formalized in the National Security Strategy issued in September 2002.When it determines that a country which is repressive and hostile to the US has acquired or produced weapons of mass destruction or has the potential to possess such weapons.29杜鲁门主义Truman Doctrine

The Truman Doctrine was a policy set forth by U.S.President Harry S.Truman on March 12, 1947 stating that the U.S.would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere.30古巴导弹危机Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States in October 1962, during the Cold War.In September 1962, the Cuban and Soviet governments began to surreptitiously build bases in Cuba for a number of medium-and intermediate-range ballistic nuclear missiles with the ability to strike most of the continental United States.This issue was the turning point of the cold war.Can basic info(from sea to sea)

1the biggest city and the capital TorontoOttawa

210provinces and 3 territories

Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories.In turn, these may be grouped into regions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada(the latter made up of the three territories: Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut).3economy

Canadian economy is influenced by Canada’s physical geography: huge size and small population has made extracting and transporting goods to markets difficult.The second is United States, which shares the long and open border with it.The third is the government’s intervention介入in the economy, rather than the market plays a full role.4central Canada

Central Canada, consisting of Ontario安大略and Quebec, are the parts of the country that were first settled.They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provinces.They have the largest cities like Toronto and Montreal蒙特利尔.5Quebec

Quebec is a mainly French-speaking province in Canada.Here French speakers comprise 83% of the population.They feel that their linguistic and cultural heritage is threatened by the mainly English-speaking environment and that they are economically dominated by English Canada.They are keen to preserve the historic language and French-speaking culture.Canada-US relations

They are the 2 of the most open and interconnected societies in the world.They share a long and undefended border and they are in many military alliance.They also share long term interests in their economy.But sometime s there is the point where differences of opinion occur.The relations often have been rocky.Canada is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state.7political system

1Canada’s system of government is based on the British system of parliamentary democracy.Canada is monarchy and its official head of state is the Queen, who is represented by an official called a Governor General.2The federal government distinguishes from the lower level government.3The parliament is divided into the house of common and the house of senate.The MP is elected.The head of the party which wins the most seats becomes the Prime minister.The cabinet is chosen by Prime Minister, is made up of senior Mps from the governing Party.8party

加拿大自由党Liberal Party of Canada

加拿大保守党Conservative Party of Canada

加拿大新民主党New Democratic Party

英国下议院总有一个拥有绝对多数的政党，该党领袖被国王任命为首相。下议院第二大党的领袖则成为反对党领袖。

In the 2010 general election held on 6 May, the Conservatives gained a plurality多数 of seats in a hung parliament and Cameron was appointed Prime Minister on 11 May 2010, at the head of a coalition联合 between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats.At the age of 43, Cameron became the youngest British Prime Minister since the Earl of Liverpool 198 years earlier.The Cameron Ministry is the first coalition government in the United Kingdom since the Second World War.

第二篇：美国 加拿大的 社区建设概况

美国 加拿大的 社区建设概况

在美国，政府官员、社区工作者和专家、学者对社区建设的看法和认识有所不同，归纳起来主要有三种认识：一是认为社区建设是一个过程。通过这个过程，社区拟定本身的需要和目标，定下先后顺序、寻找所需要资源，并采取行动去满足这些需要和目标。

二是认为社区建设是一个有意识的社会接触过程，也是一种社会工作方法。目的在于根据需要配置资源，从而满足社区需要，协助居民解决问题，培养居民的参与、自决及合作的素质，改善决策权力的分配。

三是认为社区建设是通过组织居民，采取集体行动，控制及影响社区的一切程序、计划、决定及有关政策。虽然人们的观点不同，但他们的共同点是：使人民获得授权，提高社区居民自助、互助的能力，由社区自己寻找或开发资源，解决社区内问题，满足社区日益增长的需求，提高居民生活质量，这是社区建设的主旨。

美、加两国开展社区建设的内容主要有三项：

一、社区服务。服务内容包括对老年人和残疾人提供照顾，对学前儿童提供保育，对在校儿童组织夏令营，为失业者提供职业培训和职业介绍服务并进行家庭企业咨询，为无家可归者、单亲家庭提供住房支持，为妇女儿童提供保护服务，为低收入个人或家庭提供资助，帮助移民或难民迅速融人本地社会、实现本地化。

服务的方式有：①设施服务。②外展服务，又叫走出服务机构的服务。服务的提供者主要是由社区中介组织或非营利机构提供，也有由私人机构提供的。服务资金绝大部分来自政府拨款，部分来自服务收费。

二、社区文化。社区文化是美、加两国社区建设中普遍开展的内容，受到政府的高度重视和支持。他们认为，开展社区文化有利于促进人们的智力开发和恢复人们的活力，有助于培养自尊和力量，从而改变自己、改变环境，创造祥和的气氛，塑造社区的形象，修补和完善社区的社会结构。

两国开展社区文化的形式很多，主要是利用社区内的各种文化设施组织开展文艺、教育、科普、体育、娱乐等活动。美国的社区学院是开展社区文化教育的重要内容。它兴建于20世纪50年代初，以满足战后出生者对高等教育和职业教育的需求。

三、社区治安。社区治安是社区居民最为关注的事情，良好的社区治安，不仅有利于改善社区环境，提高居民的生活质量，而且有利于优化投资环境，吸引商业投资。在美、加两国，社区治安是一种新的警务，其功能：（1）控制犯罪。（2）向处于危难中的人提供快速援助。（3）改善警民关系。通过加强社区治安，实行群防群治，健全社区治安防范体系，以消除社区内各种不稳定因素。

社区发展在美、加两国已经走过了近半个世纪，形成了较为系统的社区发展理论和方法，积累了较为丰富的实践经验。他们的做法和经验有以下几个方面：

第一、政府高度重视社区建设规划

美、加两国的社区工作在形成和发展的初期，带有自发性质。随着社区地位、作用的突出，社区建设成为两国政府有计划、有目标地引导社会发展的重要内容。因此，两国政府每年对社区建设工作都要制定一系列的工作计划和发展规划。

目前，两国政府在社区建设中的作用与以前有很大的不同。过去，政府既要负责掌舵，又要划船，现在则只负责掌舵，不再参与划船，转而将具体事务交给社区组织或民间团体，政府只负责宏观调控。这样做既大大减轻了政府的负担，又发挥了政府在社区建设中的主导作用。

第二、政府、社区和民间组成健全的工作机制和组织体系

美、加两国的社区工作组织体系是由政府各职能部门、政府资助的社区组织和民间团体举办的非营利机构所组成，他们称之为“三大板块”，或叫做“三个部门”。

经过几十年的社区发展，两国初步形成了政府组织、指导与监控，社区组织和民间团体主办，企业在社区内通过市场机构提供优质服务，以满足不同人群特殊需求的社区发展运行机制和组织体系。三者之间相互补充，互利互惠，密切合作。这是两国社区建设的一大特色。

第三、非政府非营利组织的作用不可替代

在两国的社区建设中，非政府组织是一支重要的社会力量，发挥了不可替代的作用。一是数量多。二是分布广。三是服务领域广泛。可以说，群众有需求，他们就有服务。

两国从事专职社区工作的人员，无论是在社区管理组织中，还是非营利组织或志愿机构中担任的专职人员都要经过专业训练，一般要修完“社会工作学”课程。这些专业工作人员都能熟练掌握从社区理论、政策到组织、动员、宜传等技巧。其收人和待遇与政府工怍人员大体相同。

第四、社区参与广泛，自治和自助能力不断提高

社区参与广泛，主要体现在社区参与的结构上。不仅参与人员中有老人、中青年，还有中小学生；不仅有社区内的非营利组织和志愿组织，而且还有驻区企业单位。

两国强烈的社区参与意识，缘于三个方面的原因：（1）政府的大力提倡、鼓励。（2）社区居民争取和维护自身利益的重要途径。（3）新的经营理念所取得的成功。

美国、加拿大企业界的经验和体会是：企业在与社区居民融为一体，了解社区居民的真正需求，并通过企业自己的长处为社区居民提供服务的过程中进行经营。

从加拿大、美国社区建设的情况看，社区建设在其经济和社会发展的各个历史阶段，都发挥了不可替代的重要作用。

我国与加拿大、美国的国情不同，它们的社区建设发展道路不一定都适合我国，但它们社区建设的历史长，实践经验丰富，理论成果多，认真研究和借鉴两国社区建设的做法和经验，对我国推进社区建设非常有益。

我们从中可以得到许多启示：（1）进一步提高对社区建设重大意义的认识，加快推进力度。（2）要抓好社区组织建设，重点建设好社区党组织和社区居民委员会。（3）加强领导，发挥政府在社区建设中的推动作用。（4）发动社区居民广泛参与，大力培养发展社区中介组织。（5）多方筹集，拓宽社区建设资金渠道。

第三篇：美国概况 要点名词解释

1.the Boston Massacre：The Boston Massacre took place before the American War of

Independence.In 1768 some English troops under General Gage were sent to the colonies to help tax-collectors.The people of the colonies hated these soldiers.In the spring of 1770 in Boston, some of the English troops fired at the people.After the event, a big meeting was called，demanding that the English troops should be removed.This showed that the people in the colonies began their struggle against the British rule.2.“Winner-take-all” principle: This is a kind of principle in American Presidential election.The voters of a state have to choose between a Democratic list and a Republican list.If the candidates of a party for “eletors” in a given state receive a majority of the total vote, then the party is entitled to have all the electoral votes for that state, even though a presidential receives only slightly more than electoral votes of that state.3.the American Civil Rights Movement: It mainly refers to the American black People's struggle against the racial discrimination in 1960's.As early as in 1950's,the black people once struggled against segregation in schools.In 1960, the blacks in 20 states held a large-scale sit-in

demonstration protesting against racial segregation.In 1961 the blacks held a freedom-rides

against segregation on buses.Under the out-standing leader Martin Luther King, the Civil Rights Movement went still further in mid-1960s.There was a march on Washington for ”Jobs and

Freedom”.So in 1964 the Civil Rights Act was passed.This movement shows the American black people's bravery and confidence in their struggles for equal rights and liberty.4.Monroe Doctrine:Monroe Doctrine was a kind of American foreign policy when some European countries formed the Holy Alliance which seemed ready to put down the South America revolutions.In 1823 President James Monroe sent a massage to Congress.This is known as “Monroe Doctrice”.One of the main points says “The European Countries ought not star any new colonies in North or South American.” As a result, it stopped the Holy Alliance’s program and also revealed the United States’ desire of overseas expansion.5.The New Deal: to deal with the Great Depression.Franklin D.Roosevelt made a program known as the ”New Deal”.Roosevelt took efforts to cosolidate the old marker at abroad and also to conquer new ones.At home, many public project, were launched to create employment big industries made reforms.Roosevelt also took some measures of “social security”.The “New Deal” relaxed the economic crisis, made some concessions to the working people.6.The Muckraker: a group of reform-minded journalists, made investigations and exposed various dark sides of the seemingly prosperous society.Their publications helped stir American conscience and make the progressive movement a national one.7.Manifest Destiny: it meant that the outward was inevitable, that the United States was driven on by a divine force that should not be denied.It reflected the view that the Lord had intended the United States to control the entire North American continent.1.What important measures did Abraham Lincoln take during the Civil War? How do you evaluate them?---During American Civil War, Abraham Lincoln took two important measures, one is the “Homestead Bill”, the other is the “Emancipation Proclamation”.During the first stage of the war from 1861 to 1862, the North was in an unfavorable condition.The North army could not get much support from farmers and Negroes, because many farmers had not got enough land and Negroes had been still enslaved.So they had no interest in the war.In order to get support from the broad masses, Lincoln took these two measures.In May1862 Lincoln issued the Homestead Bill, and this stimulated the development of capitalist agriculture in the South, greatly

encouraged farmers.In September 1962, Lincoln issued the famous “Emancipation Proclamation” , freeing a great number of the slaves in the South and permitting them to join the armed forces of the North.After issuing the two measures, Lincoln”s army became much stonger and got more support from the broad masses.Finally Lincoln won the war.2.What are the three branches of the U.S.government? What are the main functions of the three branches?---In the U.S.government three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial branches.The executive branch is headed by the President, consists of eleven departments and many independent agencies.The President performs many functions.He is the head of the government and chief of state.The President can negotiate foreign treaties, appoint government officials, command the armed forces.He makes foreign policy.He may introduce legislative bill to Congress.The legislative branch refers to Congress.Only Congress has the right to make laws.It is the supreme legislative body of the nation.It is made of two houses—the senate and the House of the Representatives.The judicial branch refers to the Supreme Court and some inferior courts.The Supreme Court is the highest court of the whole land and has the sole right to interpret the Constitution and review laws to see whether they are in agreement with the Constitution.The Supreme Court is headed by a Chief Justice and eight other justices.3.Give a brief account of the U.S.overseas invasion and expansion in the 20th century.---By the end of the 19th century the United States had grown into a highly developed industrial country and reached the stage of imperialism.Then it began its overseas expansion.As early as 1899 ,the United States ,took East Samoa as her colony.And Hawaii fell into her control in 1893.In 1898 U.S.Congress declared war on Spain.In 1903 the U.S.A.grabbed a big slice of the Panama territory in the U.S.controlled canal zone.It invaded China by means of both force and culture.In 1906 it put down the Cuban uprising.During the two world wars, the U.S.also extented its economic and military influences over Far East, Europe and the Pacific Region.After the war, the U.S.started its “Cold War”, and established NATO against the Soviet Union.In 1950 it invaded Korea.In 1964 the U.S.started long year’s Vietnam War.In 1970 it cast its troops to Cambodia.In 1990s the U.S.attacked Iraq and Kosovo.In a word, the United States never stops its aggression and expansion.4.The progressive movement 进步运动A movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country./The Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social, and economic reforms./In spite of limitations of the movement, it brought about changes and improvement in many fields.

第四篇：美国概况习题

美国概况

Part One Geography

Chapter IIPopulation

Exercises

 New York is the largest state in the US.(T/F)

 Why is the U.S.A.called “Melting Pot”?

Answers

 F(Alaska)

 Because the U.S.A.is country where there are many different races, and these races mixed and assimilated after they

immigrated into this country “Melting Pot” just signifies this mixture and assimilation.Chapter VReligion in the U.S.A.Exercises

 The popular American belief is___

A.part-time working

B.self-made man

C.manual labor

D.being extravagant

 The largest religious group in America is___

A.Roman CatholicsB.Protestants

C.OrthodistsD.Presbyterians

the American spirit of “do-it-yourself”:

Answers

 BB

the American spirit of “do-it-yourself”:

People are proud of doing everything by themselves.Most of the American families seldom hire people to do housework though they are rich.They try to do what they can do, such as housework, gardening and they enjoy doing them.Part twoHistory

Chapter IColonization of North America

Exercises

 The history of the U.S.is generally agreed to have begun in the year of ____

A.1620B.1607C.1776D.1492

 The turning point of the War of Independence was the Battle of ___in 1777.A.YorktownB.Saratoga

C.Bunker HillD.Lexington

 Lexington Fire was the ___of American War of Independence

A.turning pointB.endingC.causeD.prelude

Answers

BBD

Chapter IVThe American Civil War(1861-1865)

Exercises

 Abraham Lincoln

 In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president, an anti-slavery president.He played a very important measures.One

was the Homestead Bill, the other was Emancipation Proclamation in every field.In 1864, he was reelected president.He was assassinated in April 13,1865.He saved the Union and most Americans considered him a great national hero.Homework

 Why was there the New Deal program? What was it? And how did it aid the recovery of the American economy?  What important measures did Abraham Lincoln take during the Civil War? How do you evaluate them?

Chapter VThe U.S.Imperialism and the First World War

Exercises

 The first imperialist war took place between theU.S.and ___in 1898.A.BritainB.FranceC.SpainD.Mexico

 The “Big Stick” Policy was advanced by President___.A.Theodore RooseveltB.Franklin Roosevelt

C.William MckinleyD.Thomas Woodrow Wilson

 President Franklin D.Roosevelt proposed a well-knownpolicy called___ to save the economic situation.A.the Open Door PolicyB.the New Deal

C.Good Neighbor PolicyD.the “Big Stick”

AnswersCAB

PartTheresociallife

Chapter IIICustoms and Traditions

Exercises

 Easter:

Easter falls on the first Sunday after the full moon, in March or in April.It commemorates the Resurrection of Jesus.The custom of dying eggs is very popular among children.The main meat on Easter Sunday are lamb and ham. Thanksgiving Day:

It falls on the fourth Thursday of November.It is a holiday on which God is thanked for the crops which have been safely gathered. Abraham Lincoln

 In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president, an anti-slavery president.He played a very important

measures.One was the Homestead Bill, the other was Emancipation Proclamation in every field.In 1864, he was reelected president.He was assassinated in April 13,1865.He saved the Union and most Americans considered him a great national hero.

第五篇：美国政治制度概况

美国政治制度概况

Political institution（政治制度）

1．The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world.It was draw up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，它起草于1787年，生效于1789年。

2．In 1787,Congress called for a meeting of delegate from all the states to revise the Articles of Confederation.1787年，国会召开各州代表参加的大会，主要目的是修

改有明显缺点的《联邦条款》。

3．The government is divided into three branched: the legislative ,the executive ,and the judicial.Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.美国政府

被分为3部分：立法机构，行政机构和司法机构。

4．In either case, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.有两种情可以提出修改宪法条款，但不管是哪种，修正案

必须经过3/4的批准才能生效。

5．The President of the U.S is the head of the executive branch and the head of the state elected by the whole nation.The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age.The president election was held every 4 years.宪法规定总统必须是美国本土出生的美国公民，至少年满35岁，总统选举每四年举行一次。

6． In American ,the “winner-take-all” system applies in all states expect Maine.在美国，嬴者全赢的制度适用于除缅因州外的各州。

7．The electors of all fifty states and the District of Columbia-a total of 538 persons-comprise what is known as the Electoral College.To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.50个州加上哥伦比亚特区共有

538位总统候选人，他们组成选举团，要成为美国总统，候选人则要获得270票。

8．The presidential term of 4 years begin on Jan 20 following the November election, The president publicly takes an oath of office, whichis administered by the Chief Justice of the U.S.A president can be elected to office only twice.美国总统任期为4年，每位总统任期最多只能两届，总统宣誓就职仪式是由美国首席大法官主持的。

9． Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers, a Senate and a House of

Representatives.The Senate is composed of 2 members from each state, Membership in the House is based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.国会由参议院和众议院组成，参议院由各州派出两名议员共同组成，众议院

成员数则按各州人口及大小而定，因此众义员数宪法没有具体规定。

10． The Constitution requires that U.S.Senators must be at least 30 years of age, citizens of the U.S for at least 9 years, and residents of the states from which they are elected.The senatorial term is 6 years, and every 2 years one-third of the Senate stands for re-election.宪法规定美国参议员必须是年满30岁有美国公民资格9年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的居民，参议员任期为6年，且每月年改选1/3的议员。

11． Menber of the House of Representative must be at least 25, citizens for 7 years, and residents of the states which send them to Congress.Today, the House is composed of 435 members.Since members of the House serve two-year terms, the life of a Congress is considered to be 2 years.宪法规定美国众议员必须是年满25岁有美国公民资格7年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的居民，现在，众议院由来35名议员组成，由于众议员任期为2年，所以国会任期往往被认为是2年。

12． Each hours of the Congress has the power to introduce legislation on any subject, except revenue bills which must first come from the House of Representatives.除

了税收法案必须首先由众议院提出，国会的两院各自有权就任何提议立法。

13． The Constitution provides that the Vice president shall be president of the Senate.He has no vote, except in a case of a tie.The House of Representatives choose its own presiding officer-the Speaker of the House.宪法规定由美国副总统担任参议院议长，议长不参加投票，除非出现两派票数相等的情况，众议院则选出他自己的主持官员，-众议院议长。

14． According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the U.S shall be vested in one Supreme Court.The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the Supreme Court, 11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction.U.S.judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.根据宪法规定，美国的司法权属于最高法院，司法体系结构为：最高法院，11个上诉法院，91个地方法院，3个有特殊司法权的法院，美国的法官是由总统任命并由参议院批准的。

15． The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the only organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution The Supreme Court at present consists

of a Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices.最高法院是美国最高等的法院，也是惟

一有权解释的机构，目前法院由一名首席大法官和颜悦色名助理法官组成。

16． The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: thoseinvolvingforeign dignitaries, and those to which a state in a party.高

等法院最初只对两种案件拥有司法权：涉及国外达官贵人，一个州为一方当事人。

17． In general, American has a two-party system.There are two major political parties in America: the Democrats and the Republicans.There have been four periods in the history of political parties in American.一般说来，美国实行的是两党制，两大主要政党为：民主党和共和党，美国政党的历史可分为四个时期。

18． The first period of the party system in American refer to the appearance of the Federalists and the Anti-federalists.The third phase of the two-party system ran from the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party dominating the political scene for most of the time.美国政党制的第一阶段出现了两个主要党派，联邦派各反联邦派，第三阶段从容不迫9世纪60年代到达9世纪20年代，绝大部分时间是共和党执政。

（2002，21题）

19．In the 28 terms of the House of Representativesfrom 1933 to 1989,the Democrats enjoyed a majority of 26 terms, in the Senate, the Democrats had a majority for 23 terms.从1933年到1989年的确届众议院中，民主党在于6届中拥有多数席位，在参议院中民主党在于23届中拥有多数席位。

20． After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican party split.The main faction, led by Andrew Jackson, called themselves the Democratic Party, while the faction opposed to Jackson formed the Whig party in 1834.1828年安德鲁。杰克逊当选总统后，民主共和党分裂，由安德鲁。杰克逊领导的主派自称为民

主党，反对杰克逊的一派于1834年另立辉格党 待续。。。

英国国体：以生产资料私有制为主，资产阶级掌权的资本主义国家政体：君主立宪制国家结构形式：单一制

4国家机构的组成及相互关系

①国家元首 虚伪元首 仅扮演仪式性角色

②立法机构 议会

③行政机构 内阁

④司法机构 法院

关系：

英国君主立宪制的主要机构有国王、议会和内阁。其中议会是国家最高立法机关，主要扮演立法者和监督者的角色。内阁是国家最高行政机关，从议会产生，由占议会多数席位的政党组成，并对议会负责。国王按内阁的意志行使形式上的权利，承担国家元首等礼仪性职责。国王议会和内阁三者之间，既有分权也有制约，体现了英国政体运行的特点。

5政党制度

①主要党派：主要党派有自由党, 工党, 国家党, 民主党等.其中自由党和工党为朝野的两大党派。

②政党制度类型：两党制

近代资产阶级革命后，英国逐步成为君主立宪制国家，其政治制度以议会内阁制为核心，以两党制、常任文官制以及地方自治为主要特点。它对其他资本主义国家政治制度的建立产生了很大影响。

同其他国家的宪法相比，英国的宪法有以下几个特点：

1、英国的宪法是不成文的宪法。英国宪法的最大不同之处是它从未以一部单一法典的形式出现，而是由13、14世纪以来，在各个不同时期通过的各种成文或不成文的、形式上多种多样的具有宪法性的法律构成。主要有《大宪章》、《人民公约》、《权利请愿书》、《权利法案.》等。

2、英国宪法是柔性宪法。英国的宪法性文件的制定和修改程序同普通法律一样，其法律地位也是同议会制定的其他法律一样。这一现象产生的原因是由于英国宪法的非法典化，但最主要的原因是没有任何一届议会能够约束它的继任议会，也没有任何议会不能改变它的前任议会的立法，这样，在英国的政治实践中，很难形成关于宪法限制或权限的统一模式。

3、政治习惯的作用。政治习惯是在长期的政治实践中形成的，为人们认可和接受的行为规范。在英国，政治习惯是几个世纪的有意识的努力的结果。这样的政治习惯有：国王必须委任下议院的多数党领袖组建政府，内阁必须向议会负责并向议会报告工作等等。这些习惯被政治实践者认真遵守，以至于它们成了英国宪法的重要组成部分。

英国并不是严格意义上的三权分立国家。首相可以被看作当代英国政治中最有权势的人，首相是政府的首脑，是内阁的主持人，是议会的议员，同时也是女王的最高政治顾问。首相、内阁、议会三者之间的关系是：

议会（多数党）←←←←←←←负责←←←←↑

↓领↑

↓袖↑

首相 —领导— 内阁 —领导— 政府

与其他国家相比,英国的政治制度既古老而又有鲜明的特色,这主要体现在它的君主制与民主制的结合、“议会至上”的议会内阁制。

英国选举制度是单选区相对多数票取胜，这对两大党有利。一般而言，在大选中获胜的大党，都没有得到总票数的50％，但当选的议席超过一半以上而单独执政。不论工党或保守党获胜都是如此。而自由党最吃亏，它取得不低的得票率，但所获得的国会议席很少，与得票率完全不成比例。（自由党在1988年与从工党分裂出去的社会民主党合并，改称为自由民主党）。

英国的两党制并不是铁板一块、完美无缺的，它也存在着很多弊端。首先，从两党制中产生出来的执政党不能充分代表民意。英国两党制是由英国的选举制度作保障的。英国现行选举制度是单选区出线制，以大选中获议席多少定胜负，而不是依选票情况。这就造成这样一种矛盾现象：有时反对党所得选票反而会超过执政党，其次，两党制对小党的成长、发展极为不利。小党在选举中的得票率同其在下院所得席位不成比例。第三，两党制造成英国政治上的保守。最后，两党制促进了英国公众中的政治冷淡主义倾向。两大垄断政权，使得许多对两党都不喜欢的人无从选择。在大选中，一部分这种人把选票投给了他较不讨厌的那个大党，而相当一部分选民根本就不参加投票。投票率低是英国的一个突出现象。尽管投票率在整个西方国家都有下降趋势，但英国属于最低的国家之一。

今年的英国大选，打破了两党制传统。