美国棉花生产概况

第一篇：美国棉花生产概况

美国棉花生产概况

1.植棉简史：目前世界上栽培面积最大的陆地棉品种就发源在美国边界附近。公元前500年，美国西南部的祖尼(Zuni)和霍皮(Hopi)地区的印第安人在举行宗教仪式时就开始使用棉花。1536年得克萨斯和路易斯安那州就种植了棉花；1607年开始引种陆地棉，在当时的作品中发现了弗吉尼亚移民最早栽培棉花的痕迹，随后棉花栽培逐渐发展；1784年美国的原棉从查尔斯顿(南卡罗来纳州)出发海运到英国的利物浦；1785年后引种海岛棉。1793年美国惠特尼(Whitney)发明了锯齿轧花机后，美国的棉花生产得以迅速扩大，并开始更认真地从墨西哥引种进行培育。从19世纪初到1925年左右，美国的许多州扩种了棉花，形成了“棉花带”，棉花面积达1600万公顷，总产皮棉1700万包，占世界棉花产量的60％，达到高峰。同时，各地建立了许多棉花纺织厂；1801年建立了第一座棉籽榨油厂；1879年因新法炼油技术的成功使棉籽油更受消费者欢迎，也促进了此业的飞速发展，当时，美国棉籽油产量25000吨,到1963年达到创历史的906000吨，棉籽饼产量达到2500万吨。

2.棉区分布：美国是世界产棉大国，也是棉花的主要出口国。目前，东起大西洋西岸，西到太平洋东岸，横贯美国南部的17个州均可植棉，统称“棉花带”，此带北界与纬度37°线、无霜期200天线基本相符。只在密西西比河流域和土质肥沃，植棉收益较高的弗吉尼亚州南部，以及加利福尼亚州的圣华金河谷地棉区稍北越过此界，达北纬38.2°。棉区多属河流冲积平原，土壤多为砂壤土或黑钙土，土质肥沃，气候温暖，自然条件比较适宜于棉花生产。美国棉花带划分为四个棉区：(1)西部棉区：包括加利福尼亚、亚利桑那和新墨西哥三个州。干旱少雨，棉田全部实行灌溉。棉花收获面积约占全国的18％，总产占全国棉花产量30％。皮棉单产50-99公斤。(2)西南棉区：又称高原棉区，包括得克萨斯、俄克拉何马和堪萨斯州三个州。海拔1500－3500米，属半干旱地区。棉花收获面积约占全国棉田44％，总产占全国棉花产量29％。(3)中南棉区：又称密西西比三角洲棉区，包括密西西比、路易斯安那、阿肯色、田纳西、密苏里五个州、靠自然降雨植棉。年降雨量800-1000毫米。棉花收获面积约占全国的30%，总产占32％，皮棉折合亩产为48公斤左右。(4)东部地区：包括南卡罗来纳、北卡罗来纳、佐治亚、亚拉巴马、佛罗里达、弗吉尼亚六个州。年降雨量1000-1500毫米，靠自然降雨植棉。棉田收获面积约占全国的8％，皮棉单产45公斤左右，总产占全国的9％。我们所考察的得克萨斯州是全美国棉花产量最大的州，年种植面积达550万英亩，产值达15.6亿美元，总产约占全美的三分之一。位于得克萨斯州西北部的拉伯克（LUBBOCK）地区，地势平坦，气候适宜，棉花连片种植面积达350多万英亩（2124万亩），号称是世界上最大的陆地棉区；加利福尼亚州种植面积排名第二，年植棉面积达130万英亩，产值达9亿美元。美国棉花品种以陆地棉为主，美洲比马棉（长绒棉）为辅。例如，1995年全国棉花种植总面积达1600.6万英亩，其中陆地棉面积为1579.5万英亩，美洲比马棉为21.1万英亩，1995年棉花总产量为86.51亿磅，其中陆地棉为84.78亿磅，美洲比马棉为1.73亿磅，1995年棉花总产值达65.51亿美元，其中陆地棉63.30亿美元，美洲比马棉为2.21亿美元，棉花出口占世界的21%。

3.棉花种植面积和产量：美国棉花种植面积，从1945-1953年一直稳定在13000万亩左右，50年代后逐步减少；1967年减少到4854万亩；1969年开始回升达6711万亩；1981年棉田收获面积达8401万亩； 1982年棉田又减少到5908万亩； 1983年棉田继续下降到4460万亩； 1987年开始回升；1991年棉田收获面积达到7867万亩，皮棉单产48.73公斤，总产达7670万担，年末库存1612万担。到1998年，美国棉花的收获面积达到6677万亩，总产约300万吨，平均亩产为45公斤左右。目前，有35000个农户从事棉花生产。

4.棉花生产的特点：美国棉花生产的主要特点是：(1)机械化程度高。美国人少地多，农业人口占2%，为了节省劳力，只有实行机械化。从整地、播种、灌溉、施肥、植保到收获，全部采用大型植棉机具作业，质量好，效率高，成本低。种一亩棉花投工约为3个工时(约合0.4个工作日)，用工量是全世界最少的。(2)全面推广棉花优良品种。每个地区推广的棉花优良品种应由区试委员会和美国农业部共同讨论确定，种子生产商品化，并由种子公司统一供应。目前，有60%的品种为转基因抗虫棉；(3)棉花生产规模大规范化程度高。一个植棉方或圆型灌区就有几百英亩，一个农场主就经营2000英亩左右的棉田。棉田平整，起垅种植，采用大型喷灌，虹吸灌溉和中心灌溉系统，科学施肥，棉杆还田，病虫害综合防治，棉田化除无杂草，棉株长势均衡，化学脱叶，一次性机械收获；(4)综合技术服务全面、系统。出租农业机械，出售棉花良种、化肥、农药，运输、建筑、修理、水利、农业工程以及棉花加工等都有专业公司、工厂为植棉农场服务。在植棉技术上也有技术研究与推广中心给予科学指导和服务；(5)国家对棉花生产实行扶持和保护政策，并制定每磅皮棉50美分的最低保护价，棉农每年的植棉收入低于一定数额时，国家也要给予一定的补贴，以鼓励棉农种植棉花。

5.皮棉价格和原棉外销

美棉出口市场主要面向亚洲、大洋洲、欧洲、非洲与中东地区。其中亚洲和欧洲是美棉出口的最大市场。70-80年代进口量较大的买方国家为日本、朝鲜、中国(包括台湾、香港)、印度尼西亚、泰国、德国、意大利、加拿大。90年代以来，进口量较大的买方国家仍为亚洲几国：中国(包括台湾、香港)、日本、朝鲜、印度尼西亚、泰国，其次为埃及、墨西哥、意大利、加拿大、德国等。

第二篇：美国概况习题

美国概况

Part One Geography

Chapter IIPopulation

Exercises

 New York is the largest state in the US.(T/F)

 Why is the U.S.A.called “Melting Pot”?

Answers

 F(Alaska)

 Because the U.S.A.is country where there are many different races, and these races mixed and assimilated after they

immigrated into this country “Melting Pot” just signifies this mixture and assimilation.Chapter VReligion in the U.S.A.Exercises

 The popular American belief is___

A.part-time working

B.self-made man

C.manual labor

D.being extravagant

 The largest religious group in America is___

A.Roman CatholicsB.Protestants

C.OrthodistsD.Presbyterians

the American spirit of “do-it-yourself”:

Answers

 BB

the American spirit of “do-it-yourself”:

People are proud of doing everything by themselves.Most of the American families seldom hire people to do housework though they are rich.They try to do what they can do, such as housework, gardening and they enjoy doing them.Part twoHistory

Chapter IColonization of North America

Exercises

 The history of the U.S.is generally agreed to have begun in the year of ____

A.1620B.1607C.1776D.1492

 The turning point of the War of Independence was the Battle of ___in 1777.A.YorktownB.Saratoga

C.Bunker HillD.Lexington

 Lexington Fire was the ___of American War of Independence

A.turning pointB.endingC.causeD.prelude

Answers

BBD

Chapter IVThe American Civil War(1861-1865)

Exercises

 Abraham Lincoln

 In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president, an anti-slavery president.He played a very important measures.One

was the Homestead Bill, the other was Emancipation Proclamation in every field.In 1864, he was reelected president.He was assassinated in April 13,1865.He saved the Union and most Americans considered him a great national hero.Homework

 Why was there the New Deal program? What was it? And how did it aid the recovery of the American economy?  What important measures did Abraham Lincoln take during the Civil War? How do you evaluate them?

Chapter VThe U.S.Imperialism and the First World War

Exercises

 The first imperialist war took place between theU.S.and ___in 1898.A.BritainB.FranceC.SpainD.Mexico

 The “Big Stick” Policy was advanced by President___.A.Theodore RooseveltB.Franklin Roosevelt

C.William MckinleyD.Thomas Woodrow Wilson

 President Franklin D.Roosevelt proposed a well-knownpolicy called___ to save the economic situation.A.the Open Door PolicyB.the New Deal

C.Good Neighbor PolicyD.the “Big Stick”

AnswersCAB

PartTheresociallife

Chapter IIICustoms and Traditions

Exercises

 Easter:

Easter falls on the first Sunday after the full moon, in March or in April.It commemorates the Resurrection of Jesus.The custom of dying eggs is very popular among children.The main meat on Easter Sunday are lamb and ham. Thanksgiving Day:

It falls on the fourth Thursday of November.It is a holiday on which God is thanked for the crops which have been safely gathered. Abraham Lincoln

 In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president, an anti-slavery president.He played a very important

measures.One was the Homestead Bill, the other was Emancipation Proclamation in every field.In 1864, he was reelected president.He was assassinated in April 13,1865.He saved the Union and most Americans considered him a great national hero.

第三篇：美国政治制度概况

美国政治制度概况

Political institution（政治制度）

1．The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world.It was draw up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，它起草于1787年，生效于1789年。

2．In 1787,Congress called for a meeting of delegate from all the states to revise the Articles of Confederation.1787年，国会召开各州代表参加的大会，主要目的是修

改有明显缺点的《联邦条款》。

3．The government is divided into three branched: the legislative ,the executive ,and the judicial.Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.美国政府

被分为3部分：立法机构，行政机构和司法机构。

4．In either case, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.有两种情可以提出修改宪法条款，但不管是哪种，修正案

必须经过3/4的批准才能生效。

5．The President of the U.S is the head of the executive branch and the head of the state elected by the whole nation.The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age.The president election was held every 4 years.宪法规定总统必须是美国本土出生的美国公民，至少年满35岁，总统选举每四年举行一次。

6． In American ,the “winner-take-all” system applies in all states expect Maine.在美国，嬴者全赢的制度适用于除缅因州外的各州。

7．The electors of all fifty states and the District of Columbia-a total of 538 persons-comprise what is known as the Electoral College.To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.50个州加上哥伦比亚特区共有

538位总统候选人，他们组成选举团，要成为美国总统，候选人则要获得270票。

8．The presidential term of 4 years begin on Jan 20 following the November election, The president publicly takes an oath of office, whichis administered by the Chief Justice of the U.S.A president can be elected to office only twice.美国总统任期为4年，每位总统任期最多只能两届，总统宣誓就职仪式是由美国首席大法官主持的。

9． Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers, a Senate and a House of

Representatives.The Senate is composed of 2 members from each state, Membership in the House is based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.国会由参议院和众议院组成，参议院由各州派出两名议员共同组成，众议院

成员数则按各州人口及大小而定，因此众义员数宪法没有具体规定。

10． The Constitution requires that U.S.Senators must be at least 30 years of age, citizens of the U.S for at least 9 years, and residents of the states from which they are elected.The senatorial term is 6 years, and every 2 years one-third of the Senate stands for re-election.宪法规定美国参议员必须是年满30岁有美国公民资格9年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的居民，参议员任期为6年，且每月年改选1/3的议员。

11． Menber of the House of Representative must be at least 25, citizens for 7 years, and residents of the states which send them to Congress.Today, the House is composed of 435 members.Since members of the House serve two-year terms, the life of a Congress is considered to be 2 years.宪法规定美国众议员必须是年满25岁有美国公民资格7年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的居民，现在，众议院由来35名议员组成，由于众议员任期为2年，所以国会任期往往被认为是2年。

12． Each hours of the Congress has the power to introduce legislation on any subject, except revenue bills which must first come from the House of Representatives.除

了税收法案必须首先由众议院提出，国会的两院各自有权就任何提议立法。

13． The Constitution provides that the Vice president shall be president of the Senate.He has no vote, except in a case of a tie.The House of Representatives choose its own presiding officer-the Speaker of the House.宪法规定由美国副总统担任参议院议长，议长不参加投票，除非出现两派票数相等的情况，众议院则选出他自己的主持官员，-众议院议长。

14． According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the U.S shall be vested in one Supreme Court.The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the Supreme Court, 11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction.U.S.judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.根据宪法规定，美国的司法权属于最高法院，司法体系结构为：最高法院，11个上诉法院，91个地方法院，3个有特殊司法权的法院，美国的法官是由总统任命并由参议院批准的。

15． The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the only organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution The Supreme Court at present consists

of a Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices.最高法院是美国最高等的法院，也是惟

一有权解释的机构，目前法院由一名首席大法官和颜悦色名助理法官组成。

16． The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: thoseinvolvingforeign dignitaries, and those to which a state in a party.高

等法院最初只对两种案件拥有司法权：涉及国外达官贵人，一个州为一方当事人。

17． In general, American has a two-party system.There are two major political parties in America: the Democrats and the Republicans.There have been four periods in the history of political parties in American.一般说来，美国实行的是两党制，两大主要政党为：民主党和共和党，美国政党的历史可分为四个时期。

18． The first period of the party system in American refer to the appearance of the Federalists and the Anti-federalists.The third phase of the two-party system ran from the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party dominating the political scene for most of the time.美国政党制的第一阶段出现了两个主要党派，联邦派各反联邦派，第三阶段从容不迫9世纪60年代到达9世纪20年代，绝大部分时间是共和党执政。

（2002，21题）

19．In the 28 terms of the House of Representativesfrom 1933 to 1989,the Democrats enjoyed a majority of 26 terms, in the Senate, the Democrats had a majority for 23 terms.从1933年到1989年的确届众议院中，民主党在于6届中拥有多数席位，在参议院中民主党在于23届中拥有多数席位。

20． After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican party split.The main faction, led by Andrew Jackson, called themselves the Democratic Party, while the faction opposed to Jackson formed the Whig party in 1834.1828年安德鲁。杰克逊当选总统后，民主共和党分裂，由安德鲁。杰克逊领导的主派自称为民

主党，反对杰克逊的一派于1834年另立辉格党 待续。。。

英国国体：以生产资料私有制为主，资产阶级掌权的资本主义国家政体：君主立宪制国家结构形式：单一制

4国家机构的组成及相互关系

①国家元首 虚伪元首 仅扮演仪式性角色

②立法机构 议会

③行政机构 内阁

④司法机构 法院

关系：

英国君主立宪制的主要机构有国王、议会和内阁。其中议会是国家最高立法机关，主要扮演立法者和监督者的角色。内阁是国家最高行政机关，从议会产生，由占议会多数席位的政党组成，并对议会负责。国王按内阁的意志行使形式上的权利，承担国家元首等礼仪性职责。国王议会和内阁三者之间，既有分权也有制约，体现了英国政体运行的特点。

5政党制度

①主要党派：主要党派有自由党, 工党, 国家党, 民主党等.其中自由党和工党为朝野的两大党派。

②政党制度类型：两党制

近代资产阶级革命后，英国逐步成为君主立宪制国家，其政治制度以议会内阁制为核心，以两党制、常任文官制以及地方自治为主要特点。它对其他资本主义国家政治制度的建立产生了很大影响。

同其他国家的宪法相比，英国的宪法有以下几个特点：

1、英国的宪法是不成文的宪法。英国宪法的最大不同之处是它从未以一部单一法典的形式出现，而是由13、14世纪以来，在各个不同时期通过的各种成文或不成文的、形式上多种多样的具有宪法性的法律构成。主要有《大宪章》、《人民公约》、《权利请愿书》、《权利法案.》等。

2、英国宪法是柔性宪法。英国的宪法性文件的制定和修改程序同普通法律一样，其法律地位也是同议会制定的其他法律一样。这一现象产生的原因是由于英国宪法的非法典化，但最主要的原因是没有任何一届议会能够约束它的继任议会，也没有任何议会不能改变它的前任议会的立法，这样，在英国的政治实践中，很难形成关于宪法限制或权限的统一模式。

3、政治习惯的作用。政治习惯是在长期的政治实践中形成的，为人们认可和接受的行为规范。在英国，政治习惯是几个世纪的有意识的努力的结果。这样的政治习惯有：国王必须委任下议院的多数党领袖组建政府，内阁必须向议会负责并向议会报告工作等等。这些习惯被政治实践者认真遵守，以至于它们成了英国宪法的重要组成部分。

英国并不是严格意义上的三权分立国家。首相可以被看作当代英国政治中最有权势的人，首相是政府的首脑，是内阁的主持人，是议会的议员，同时也是女王的最高政治顾问。首相、内阁、议会三者之间的关系是：

议会（多数党）←←←←←←←负责←←←←↑

↓领↑

↓袖↑

首相 —领导— 内阁 —领导— 政府

与其他国家相比,英国的政治制度既古老而又有鲜明的特色,这主要体现在它的君主制与民主制的结合、“议会至上”的议会内阁制。

英国选举制度是单选区相对多数票取胜，这对两大党有利。一般而言，在大选中获胜的大党，都没有得到总票数的50％，但当选的议席超过一半以上而单独执政。不论工党或保守党获胜都是如此。而自由党最吃亏，它取得不低的得票率，但所获得的国会议席很少，与得票率完全不成比例。（自由党在1988年与从工党分裂出去的社会民主党合并，改称为自由民主党）。

英国的两党制并不是铁板一块、完美无缺的，它也存在着很多弊端。首先，从两党制中产生出来的执政党不能充分代表民意。英国两党制是由英国的选举制度作保障的。英国现行选举制度是单选区出线制，以大选中获议席多少定胜负，而不是依选票情况。这就造成这样一种矛盾现象：有时反对党所得选票反而会超过执政党，其次，两党制对小党的成长、发展极为不利。小党在选举中的得票率同其在下院所得席位不成比例。第三，两党制造成英国政治上的保守。最后，两党制促进了英国公众中的政治冷淡主义倾向。两大垄断政权，使得许多对两党都不喜欢的人无从选择。在大选中，一部分这种人把选票投给了他较不讨厌的那个大党，而相当一部分选民根本就不参加投票。投票率低是英国的一个突出现象。尽管投票率在整个西方国家都有下降趋势，但英国属于最低的国家之一。

今年的英国大选，打破了两党制传统。

第四篇：概况试题-美国

1、Puritanism

Puritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England.They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born.Some were God's chosen people while others were damned to hell.No church nor good works could save people.The sign of being God's elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling.They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God's will and establish a direct contact with God.These beliefs had great impact on American culture.2.the American Revolution

Between 1689 and 1815, france and Britain fought Seven Years’ war, and North American was drawn into everyone of them.Britain’s victory led directly to a conflict with its American colonies.The British government argued that Britain had spent large sums of money to defend their American colonies in those wars, and that the colonists therefore should pay a part of those expenses.So the british government began to charge new taxes.But the colonists refused to obey the british laws and cry” no taxation without representation”.On April 19,1775,the first shot was fired when 700 British soldiers went to capture a colonial arms depot in a small town of Concord near Boston.The American War of Independence began.And the war came to an end in 1781 with the victory of north american.The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 and Britian had to recognize the independence of the United States.A new nation was thus born.3.the Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4,1776,when the people of 13 English colonials in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule.The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life,liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of government:the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.4.American Constitution

The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America.The Constitution is the framework for the organization of the United States government and for the relationship of the federal government with the states, citizens, and all people within the United States.The Constitution creates the three branches of the national government: a legislature, the bicameral Congress;an executive branch led by the President;and a judicial branch headed by the Supreme Court.The Constitution specifies the powers and duties of each branch.The Constitution reserves all unenumerated powers to the respective states and the people, thereby establishing the federal system of government.5.checks and balances

When Americans talk about their three-part national government, they often refer to what they call its system of “checks and balances”.This system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by legislative branch or executive branch or judicial branch.6.Federalism

Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States.American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism.In “Federalist No.46,” James Madison asserted that the states and national government “are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers.” Alexander Hamilton, writing in “Federalist No.28,” suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: “If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress.”

7.the Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech,the right to assemble in public places,the right to own weapons and so on.8.Political parties in the US

Political parties are organized groups of people who share a set of ideas about how the US should be governed and who work together to have members of their group elected in order to influence the governing of the country.today ,the US has two major political parties.one in the Democratic Party,which evolved out of Thomas Jefferson's party,formed before 1800.the symbol of the party is the donkey.the other is the Republican Party,which was formed in the 1850s,and its symbol is the elephant.9、the roots of affluence in America

No single factor is responsible for the success of American business and industry.Bountiful resources,the geographical size of the country and population trends have all contributed to these success.Religious,social and political traditions;the institutional structures of government and business;and the courage,hard work and determination of countless entrepreners and workers have also played a part.10.American industrial revolution

After independence, America was principally an agricultural country.The industrial revolution in England brought many changes to American industry between 1776 and 1860.One key development was the introduction of the factory system.A second development was the “American system” of mass production.A third development was the application of new technologies to industrial task.A fourth development was the emergence of new forms of business organization—the bank and the corporation.11.Civil Rights Movement

The civil rights movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980.In many situations it took the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change by nonviolent forms of resistance.In some situations it was accompanied, or followed, by civil unrest and armed rebellion.The process was long and tenuous in many countries, and many of these movements did not fully achieve their goals although, the efforts of these movements did lead to improvements in the legal rights of previously oppressed groups of people.12.Martin luther King

Martin Luther King, Jr.(January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968)was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.He is best known for being an iconic figure in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi.King is often presented as a heroic leader in the history of modern American liberalism.A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career.He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president.King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech.There, he expanded American values to include the vision of a color blind society, and established his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history.13.Counterculture

In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left,there appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counterculture.”the counterculture rejected capitalism and other American principles.they had morals different from those taught by their parents.some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.among the most famous were the hippies.they sought new experience through dropping out,and drug taking.but it was music,rock music in particular,that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on the traditional American society.the counterculture exerted a great influence upon people's attitudes toward social morals,marriage,career and success.14、Hippies

The hippies called themselves “the love generation.” Hippiness became their only goal in life.Their music was different from any other music, and the words they sang sounded rebellious to older people.Small groups of youth lived together in cities like San Francisco,turning their lives into one big party.They wore long hair,strange and colorful clothes and many of them used drugs.They went in huge numbers to rock music concerts, and tyey made very interesting news on TV.15.Multiculturalism in Canada

Multiculturalism in Canada was adopted as the official policy of the Canadian government during the prime ministership of Pierre Elliot Trudeau in the 1970s and 1980s.The Canadian government has often been described as the instigator of multicultural ideology because of its public emphasis on the social importance of immigration.Multiculturalism is reflected in the law through the Canadian Multiculturalism Act and section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

第五篇：生产概况

生产概况

（一）、综合能耗分析

啤酒生产中能源的消耗占生产成本比重的10%左右，因此抓好节能工作，对进一步降低生产成本、提高经济效益将提供有力保障。公司吨酒综合能耗为147公斤吨、吨啤酒用水量为12吨

吨，指标远高于国际上同行的先进水平。特别是啤酒用水方面，水是啤酒生产主要的原材料，而啤酒生产企业又是一个耗水大户，近年来，我公司的啤酒产量每年都以较大幅度增长，如果不采取 有效的节水措施，用水量将连年上升，势必造成水费支出不断增加，更严重的是，如果用水量超过公司的综合供水能力，将严重影响生产的进一步发展，如对部分或整个供水系统重新改造增容，将花费大量的时间和财力。

（二）物耗分析

在啤酒生产成本构成中，酒液成本约占60%。而我公司97年酒液总损失率（以下简称酒损）为13.28%，而国际上同行业先进水平为5%--6%，差距较大。别小看这百分之几，按年产啤酒110万吨计算，每增加1%的酒损，就相当于损失酒液11000吨。因此要降低啤酒生产成本，就要抓住酒液的损耗量这个关键因素。对于年产啤酒近百万吨、年需玻璃瓶、瓶盖各十几亿个的大企业来说，小小的玻璃瓶、瓶盖、商标纸蕴含着巨大的降耗潜力。98年以前，我公司的包装物、包装材料消耗较大，生产成本居高不下。包装材料的使用受材料质量影响较大，同时也与工艺控

制水平息息相关。如果瓶的质量差，就需要加大清洗力度，无疑会增加损耗。而商标损耗则会受标纸质量和胶水质量影响，导致贴标效果不佳，飞标严重，损耗增大

3.1酿造清酒耗粮降低啤酒生产成本 3.1.1糖化工序降低耗粮措施1.控制好麦芽、大米质量，浄出率低的麦芽不用（水分高的原料折算使用）。2.带班检查倒料是否干净，袋内不得残留麦芽、大米。3.1酿造清酒耗粮降低啤酒生产成本 3.1.1糖化工序降低耗粮措施1.控制好麦芽、大米质量，浄出率低的麦芽不用（水分高的原料折算使用）。2.带班检查倒料是否干净，袋内不得残留麦芽、大米。

1、装箱过程检查出的不合格瓶子，需及时报品控部、采购部到达现场确认。损失由采购部联系生产厂家，按合同规定处理，以降低瓶损。、装箱过程应给制定装箱规定，尽量减少因操作不规范造成的损失，损失计入装箱瓶损。、场地调运损，箱瓶在进行场地调运过程中发生的损失为仓储损失，控制进入公司的箱瓶，实施“合理物流、减少搬运”可减少损失。

面对行业竞争的日趋激烈,各厂家只有通过低价和各种空间的服务承诺等来引导消费趋势,超低的产品售价和超高的市场投人,换取了企业超薄的边际利润。然而,商品经济条件下,企业根本目的是为了赚取利润,目前,在人力难以控制产品同质化和市场竞争手段相似化的前提下,加强成本管理几乎成了使企业利润最大化的唯一途径。1成本概述1.1成本是资源的一种损失,包括制造成本和非制造成本 1)制造成本有三个主要项目: ①直接材料是指直接构成产品实体的材料。如:麦芽、大米、酒花、水、啤酒箱、啤酒瓶、瓶盖、商标等。②直接人工是指将原材料转化为制成品的生产工人的工资。③将材料转化为制成品的所有其他成本,一般统称为制造间接费用。如:a、间接人工,不直接参与制造产品而又是工厂营运所需要的工人的成本,主要指生产管理人员、维修人员以及存货保管人员。b、间接材料,不构成制成品的实体但对于制造产品来说是必需的,主要指机器润滑油、修理用件、洗涤剂、粘合剂等。、其他制造成本,厂房和设备的折旧、资产税、厂房和设备的保险费、供气、照明、动力以及为维持工厂经营所发生的类似费用。