专八文学知识美国概况

第一篇：专八文学知识美国概况

美国简介

国名：美利坚合众国（The United States of America）。

面积：9372614平方公里（本土面积）。

人口：2.703亿（1998年底）。其中白人占83.4%，黑人占12.4%，亚洲人占3.3%。

语言：英语、西班牙语（一些少数民族）

宗教：57%的居民信奉基督教新教，28%信奉天主教，2%信奉犹太教，信奉其他宗教的占4%，不属于任何教派的占9%。（1989）

首都： 华盛顿哥伦比亚特区（Washington D.C.），人口约60.7万（1990年），其中65.8%是黑人。

美国历史大事年表

1607.5 英国伦敦公司在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯敦建立第一个永久居留地。

1620.12.26 英国清教徒移民乘“五月花”号轮漂洋到达普利茅斯，在船上通过了五月花号公约。

1636.10.28 美国第一所大学——哈佛大学在马萨诸塞的坎布里奇成立。1740 丹麦人维特斯·白令受俄国人雇佣，抵达阿拉斯加进行探险。1752.6.15 本杰明·富兰克林在风暴中放风筝，证明闪电是一种电，并发明避雷针。

1765 英国颁布印花税条例。因遭到抵制而在次年3月被废除。1767 英国颁布唐森德税法。1770年废除，只保留对茶的征税。1773.12.16 波士顿发生倾茶运动，以抗议茶叶条例。

1774.9.5 第一届大陆会议在费城召开，抗议英国的行为，呼吁人民起来斗争。

1775.4.19 列克星敦和康科德人民对英军进行反抗，打响了美国独立战争的第一枪。

1776.1.9 托马斯·潘恩发表小册子《常识》。

1776.7.4 大陆会议通过杰斐逊起草的《独立宣言》草案。

1784.8.30 美国商船“中国皇后”号抵达中国的广州进行丝茶贸易，中美关系由此开始。

1784.9.21 美国第一份日报《宾夕法尼亚邮船和每日广告》开始发行。1786.12.26 马萨诸塞州爆发由丹尼尔·谢斯领导的起义。

1787.5.25 制宪会议在费城召开，草拟了新宪法。1789年3月4日，宪法正式生效。

1787.7.13 联邦国会通过西北土地法令。

1789.4.30 美国联邦政府成立，乔治·华盛顿就任第一届美国总统。1789.9.24 根据联邦政府条例，最高法院成立。1791.12.15 美国宪法增列十条修正案，即权利法案。

1792.4.2 美国国会通过造币法，在费城建造一座造币厂。1794.11.19 美国政府与英国政府签定杰伊条约。

1800.12.1 联邦政府首都从临时所在地费城迁往华盛顿特区。

1803.4.30 美国从法国拿破仑手里廉价购买路易斯安那全部土地，使美国领土面积增加一倍。

1807.8.17 罗伯特·富尔顿乘着自己设计的平底蒸汽船，由纽约市码头出发，32小时后抵达奥尔巴尼，成功地进行了首次轮船航行。

1812.6.18 美英爆发第二次战争。

1814.9.11 美国赢得尚普兰湖海战胜利，同年12月24日，美英签订根特条约。

1816.3.14 美国政府颁布关税条例及第二国家银行法案。

1819.2.22 美国和西班牙签订条约，西班牙把佛罗里达割让给美国，并放弃对俄勒冈地区的全部领土要求。

1820.3.3 国会通过密苏里妥协案，重新划分自由州和蓄奴州的边界线。1821.4.24 联邦政府颁布土地法，降低出售土地的单位面积。

1823.12.2 门罗总统在其致国会的年度咨文中正式提出门罗主义，反对欧洲干预美洲事务。

1828.4.21 诺亚·韦伯斯特的《美国英语词典》出版。1830.4.6 约瑟夫·史密斯在纽约费耶特组建摩门教会。1842.8.9 美英签订韦伯斯特-阿什伯顿条约，划定美国和加拿大在缅因州和明尼苏达州的边界。

1844.5.24 电报发明人塞缪尔·莫尔斯从华盛顿向马里兰州的巴尔的摩发出第一份电报。

1844.7.3 美国与中国签订望厦条约。

1846.5.13 美墨战争爆发，北方辉格党反对战争，南方人支持战争。1848.1.24 加利福尼亚发现金矿。

1848.2.2 美墨签订一项条约，规定墨西哥把得克萨斯、新墨西哥和加利福尼亚、亚利桑那、犹他、内华达以及科罗拉多的一部分割让给美国。

1850.9.9 美国国会通过1850年妥协案，制定逃奴追缉法，镇压废奴运动。

1852.3.20 美国女作家哈丽特·比彻·斯托发表小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》。1853.7.14 美国兵舰在海军准将马修·C·佩里率领下抵日本，次年，胁迫日本签订向美国船只开放的条约。

1858.6.18 美国强迫中国清政府订立中美天津条约。

1861.2.8 南部七个州组成美国联邦同盟，杰斐逊·戴维斯为临时总统。1861.4.15 林肯总统宣布国内存在叛乱，并召募75000名志愿者，南北战争爆发。

1862.7.7 土地赠予法获得通过，规定由政府拨地，在各州建立州立大学，以推动学业和机械技术的发展。

1863.1.1 林肯签署《解放宣言》。

1865.4.9 南部邦联军投降，美国内战结束。

1865.4.14 林肯总统在华盛顿福德剧院看戏时被剌，次日死亡。1867.3.30 美国从沙俄手中购买阿拉斯加和阿留申群岛，从而使美国边界线扩大到北冰洋。

1869.5.10 中太平洋铁路与联合太平洋铁路在犹他州的普洛蒙托莱正式接通，成为第一条横贯大陆的铁路。

1879.12.21 托马斯·爱迪生发明电灯。

1882.5.6 美国通过一项排斥华工法，规定十年内暂不接受华工移民，并且对非美国出生的所有华人后裔的国籍不予承认。

1883.1.6 旨在改革联邦文官制度的彭德尔法（又称文官改革法）获得通过。

1892 美国政府制定苛刻的排斥华人的吉尔里法。

1898.4.22 美国对西班牙宣战。同年12月，根据签订的巴黎条约，西班牙将菲律宾、波多黎各、关岛等地割让给美国，并确立古巴为主权国。

1898.7.7 麦金利总统签署一项兼并法案，宣布夏威夷为美国的一部分。1899.9.6 美国提出“门户开放”政策，使中国成为列强掠夺的开放国际市场，同时又保持国家统一。

1903.12.17 莱特兄弟首次成功地驾驶由发动机推进的飞机。1905.5 美国通过新的排华法，加紧迫害华侨，引起中国国内掀起广泛的抵制美货运动。

1906.4.8 美国历史上破坏最严重的一次地震及随后的大火，毁坏旧金山的大部分地区。

1909.3.8 芝加哥妇女举行盛大罢工和游行示威。此后，每年的3月8日为国际妇女劳动节。

1912.12.3 塔夫脱总统正式提出以金元代替枪弹的“金元外交”政策。1917.2.5 美国国会通过一项关于从美国排斥所有亚洲移民的法律。1917.4.6 美国对德国宣战，参与第一次世界大战。

1917.11.2 美国和日本签订兰辛——石井协定，美国承认日本在中国山东、东北和内蒙古的特权，以换取日本对美国的“门户开放”政策的承认。

1928.8.27 美国与其他14个国家一起签订了凯洛洛——白里安条约，又称巴黎非战条约。

1929.10.29 纽约股票行情猛跌，美国最严重的经济萧条从此开始。

1930.4.22 美国、英国、意大利、法国和日本在伦敦签订海军削减条约。1930.12.11 合众国银行在纽约歇业，此为美国历史上最大的一次银行倒闭。

1931.6.20 胡佛总统发表缓付债款宣言，即胡佛计划。

1932.1.17 美国国务卿史汀生发表对中日事件采取维护在华利益的不承认主义。

1933.3.4 富兰克林·罗斯福就任美国第32届总统。

1935.8.14 国会通过社会保障法案，规定设立老年和失业保险，救济贫苦的老年人、盲人及儿童。

1941.8.12 罗斯福总统和英国首相丘吉尔在大西洋的纽芬兰岛附近的军舰上举行会谈，发表《大西洋宪章》。

1941.12.7 日本偷袭珍珠港。次日，美国对日宣战，正式参加第二次世界大战。

1942.6.4 美日爆发中途岛之战，这是太平洋上的关键一战。1944.6.6 美国军队及盟军在诺曼底登陆。

1945.2.4 美国、英国和苏联领导人举行克里米亚会议，发表克里米亚声明，并于同月11日签订雅尔塔协定。

1945.7.16 成功地进行了世界上第一次核爆炸。

1945.7.27 美国、英国和中国在波茨坦对日本提出劝降牒文——波茨坦宣言。

1947.5.22 杜鲁门签署援助希腊、土耳其的法案，后称为“杜鲁门主义”。1947.6.5 国务卿乔治·C·马歇尔提出一项恢复欧洲经济的援助计划，即马歇尔计划。

1949.8.24 美国、加拿大和14个西欧国家在华盛顿签署一项公约，建立北大西洋公约组织。

1950.6.27 杜鲁门发表声明，宣布武装干涉朝鲜，并决定以武力阻挠中国人民解放台湾，美国第七舰队向台湾出动。

1950.9.15 美军在朝鲜中部仁川登陆。

1950.9.23 美国政府颁布麦卡伦国内安全法。

1951.9.1 美国、澳大利亚和新西兰签订一项共同防御协定，即美澳新条约。

1952.6.27 美国国会通过麦卡伦——沃尔特移民法。1952.11.1 美国在太平洋实验场爆炸一颗氢弹。1953.7.27 美国在朝鲜板门店签订朝鲜停战协议。

1954.4.22 美国参议员约瑟夫·麦卡锡开始操纵国会听证会，清洗所谓国内的共产主义影响。

1954.9.8 美国与英国、法国、新西兰、澳大利亚、菲律宾、泰国和巴基斯坦建立东南亚条约组织。

1954.12.1 美国一黑人妇女在蒙哥马利城的公共汽车上拒绝把自己的座位让给一个白人男子。联邦法院非法宣布公共汽车种族隔离命令。

1958.1.31 美国在佛罗里达的卡纳维拉尔角发射美国第一颗人造地球卫星“探险者”一号。

1959.1.3 阿拉斯加成为美国第49州。同年8月21日，夏威夷成为第50州。

1960.2.2 4名黑人学生在一家杂货店的午餐台受到冷落，以静坐表示抗议。截至1961年9月止，有7万多名黑人和白人学生加入静坐示威。

1961.4.17 美国策动猪仔湾事件，企图推翻古巴政府。1962.10.22 美国和苏联之间爆发古巴导弹危机。1963.8.28 20万美国人在首都华盛顿游行，呼吁和支持黑人的平等权利。1963.11.22 肯尼迪总统在得克萨斯州达拉斯市遇刺身亡。

1965.4.28 以保护美国公民的生命和财产为名，美国政府派遣军队1万4千人前往多米尼加。

1968.4.4 美国黑人民权领袖马丁·路德·金在田纳西州孟菲斯遭暗杀身亡。1969.7.20 “阿波罗”11号飞船登月成功，人类首次踏上月球。1969.11.15 约25万人的游行大军进入华盛顿，要求美国政府结束在越南的战争。

1972.2.21 美国总统尼克松抵达北京，对中国进行为期8天的访问，与中国领导人举行会谈。访问结束时，中美签署上海公报。

1973.1.27 越南和平协定在巴黎正式签字，美国结束越南战争。

1973.11.7 美国国会推翻尼克松总统对战争权力议案的否决。该议案旨在制约总统在没有国会的批准下对外调动武装力量的权力。

1974.8.9 尼克松因“水门事件”，辞去总统职务，由副总统吉拉尔德·福特继任总统。

1975.12.15 福特总统访问中国，并与毛泽东主席及邓小平副总理会谈。1979.1.1 美国与中华人民共和国建立全面外交关系。

1980.4.24 美国营救被伊朗扣押的美国驻德黑兰大使馆人质的行动失败，4名美国人丧生，5人受伤。

1982.12.2 在盐湖城，美国医生成功地为一患者进行人工心脏移植手术。1983.10.25 美国海军及别动队会同其他6个加勒比海国家的部队入侵格林纳达岛。

1984.4.26 美国总统里根访问中国，与中国领导人举行会谈。

1986.1.28 美国航天飞机“挑战者”号发射一分钟后爆炸，机上6名宇航员和1名教师遇难，酿成航天史上一大悲剧。

1986.4.15 美国战斗机轰炸利比亚首都的黎波里，声称是对该国恐怖主义组织的报复。

1986.7 美国以围剿毒品为由，出兵玻利维亚。

1988.7.3 美国海军战舰“文森尼斯号”发射一枚导弹，击中一架伊朗班机，机上290人全部丧生。

1989.12.20 美国军队入侵巴拿马。

1990.8.7 美国沙漠盾牌行动部队前往沙特阿拉伯，声称保护该国不受伊拉克于8月2日入侵科威特后对该国的可能进攻。

1991.1-2 在中东海湾战争中，美国及其盟国打败伊拉克，解放科威特。1993.2.26 纽约市世界贸易中心发生恶性爆炸事件，造成60人死亡，1000多人受伤。

1993.11.20 美国批准北美自由贸易区协定，该协定于1994年1月1日生效。

1993.11.30 美国政府通过布雷迪防止枪支暴力法。

1994.3.25 联合国维持和平部队中最后一批美国士兵撤出索马里，美国在该国的维和行动失败。

1994.7.30 美国入侵海地，驱逐该国军政府领导人，帮助恢复民选总统的统治。

第二篇：概况模拟题(八)美国文化

英语考研英美概况模拟题

（八）美国文化部分

Culture

I.Multiple Choice

1.In America the academic year lasts nine months, from September to _____, with winter and spring vocations.A.JulyB.JuneC.August

2.In elementary schools, courses for children include the following except _____.A.reading, writing B.social coursesC.foreign languages

D.sciences, art and musicE.cooking or other manual skills

3.The American teachers’ pay and prestige are _____ in comparison with the general standard of living.A.highB.lowC.almost the same

4.There are over _____ universities, colleges and other institutions in the United States.A.2,000B.2,500C.3,000

5.Today more than _____ of all the private colleges have some kind of church connection.A.1/3B.1/2C.1/5

6.The library in _____ was the first private library in the US.A.Harvard College B.Yale CollegeC.College of New Jersey

7.The first public library was founded in 1731 in _____.A.BostonB.PhiladelphiaC.Chicago

8.At present America has more than _____ free public libraries.A.6,000B.5,000C.7,000

9.VOA Radio Station was established in _____.A.1924B.1934C.1894

10.All the newspapers and magazines in America are _____ owned.A.publiclyB.privatelyC.locally

11._____ is the winter sport in American schools and colleges.A.FootballB.BasketballC.Baseball

12.It was the _____ immigrants in the mid-19th century who introduced skiing into the United States.A.ScandinavianB.DutchC.French

13.101 American people won the Nobel Prize after _____.A.WWIB.Civil WarC.WWII

14.At the end of WWII the art centre of the world moved from _____ to the new world.A.ParisB.LondonC.Berlin

15.The famous story _____ helps Washington Irving earn great fame in the literary world.A.“Rip Van Winkle”B.“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”

C.“The Adventures of a German Student”

16._____ is regarded as the father of detective stories.A.Mark TwainB.Edgar Allan Poe C.Herman Melville

17._____ is the first writer in America to win the Nobel Prize in literature.A.Sinclair LewisB.Saul BellowC.Ernest Hemingway

18.Yale University was founded in _____.A.1701B.1746C.1749

19.The greatest American playwright is _____.A.Arthur MillerB.Eugene O’Neil C.Robert Frost

20._____ belonged to the Lost Generation.A.Ernest Hemingway B.Wilt WhitmanC.Tennessee Williams

21.The most popular sport in America is _____.A.baseballB.basketballC.football

22.After his death a bust of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was placed in the poet’s corner of _____.A.Westminster AbbeyB.camp of Cambridge University

C.Oxford University

23.For his work, _____ was honoured “The Harlem Laureate”.A.Robert FrostB.Langston Hughs C.Walt Whitman

24.Arthur Miller’s Masterpiece is _____.A.Death of a SalesmanB.The Crucibe

C.The Price

25._____ is the earliest university in America.A.HarvardB.YaleC.Rhode Island

26._____ serves as a bridge which connects secondary schools and universities.A.Four-year college B.Two-year college C.College of arts and science

27.Junior college in America is _____.A.two yearsB.three yearsC.four yearsD.five years

28._____ is closely associated with the Rockefeller Interest Group.A.New York Times B.Washington Post C.Los Angeles Times

29.The tuition in a private college is _____.A.highB.rather highC.quite lowD.tolerable

30.In America about _____ of the universities and colleges are private.A.1/2B.1/3C.1/4D.1/5

31.Hawthorne is a famous American writer in _____ fiction.A.romanticB.realisticC.JewishD.southern

32.The most influential newspapers are the following except _____.A.New York TimesB.Washington Post

C.Los Angeles TimesD.Wall Street Journal

33.Readers’ Digest is a _____ magazine which is published in 15 languages and 39 editions.A.weeklyB.monthlyC.biweeklyD.triweekly

34.The major wire services in America are the following except _____.A.the Associated PressB.the United Press International

C.the Columbia Broadcasting System

35.From 1901 to 1978, 117 Americans won the Nobel Prize, holding _____ of the world Nobel Prize winners.A.halfB.one-thirdC.one-fourth

36.Blues is a music of strong rhythm, which was originally sung by _____.A.NegroesB.IndiansC.Europeans

37.The Father of American literature was _____.A.Mark TwainB.Washington Irving C.Walt Whitman D.Jack London

II.Fill in the Blanks

1.American children usually begin their school at the age of _____.2.An elementary school teacher must have a _____ degree of arts with a major in education.3._____, one of the most famous universities in the world, was founded in 1686.4.About _____ percent of the high school graduates can be admitted by universities or colleges.5.There are four grades in universities.They are freshmen, _____, junior and senior.6.About _____ of all the colleges and universities are private.7.A department consists of faculty members raging from full professors to _____.8.The tuition in a _____ college is very high.9.The Library of _____ is the largest public library in the U.S.10.The Franklin D.Roosevelt Library is in _____ Park, New York.11.The academic degrees in America are the Bachelor’s, the _____ and the Doctor’s degrees.12.VOA Radio Station is in the city of _____.13.In 1965 the U.S.A launched the first communication space satellite “_____ _____”.14.The major wire services in America are the _____ Press and the United Press International.15.The popular magazine _____ _____ has the largest circulation in the world.16.VOA now sends news to the whole world in _____ languages day and night.17._____ is the most popular game in autumn.18.Wrestling, boxing, horseracing are called _____ sports.19.The Dutch introduced _____ into the New York areas in the 17th century.20.In the year _____ the first satellite was launched in America.21.From 1901 to 1978 there are 117 people in America won the _____ Prize for the research of natural science.22.The Metropolitan Museum and other two museums located in the city of _____ _____.23.Gilbert Stuart is considered America’s first great _____.24._____ is the earliest and the best film studio in America.25.Gone with the Wind was the best known of all _____ films.26.In 1915 the first major feature film Birth of a _____ was made.27.Before the 1960’s many _____ had not been given the right to receive education.28.The American children usually graduate from high school at the age of _____.29.A high school teacher usually has majored in the field of his special interest and in addition, he must have a _____ arts degree in education.30.The University of _____ has more than 128,000 students.31.The students who are working for a bachelor degree are called _____.32.Today about 5 million men and more than 3 million women attend colleges and universities, of which about _____ percent are coeducational.33.Two-year college were originally called “_____ colleges”, but now they are called “_____ colleges”.34.A four-year college is often called a “_____ _____ college” or a “college of _____ and _____”.35.One of the measurements for an undergraduate in academic progress is credit or “credit hours”, or “_____”.36.VOA has _____ broadcasting stations, sending news to the whole world in _____ languages

day and night.37.The first music in the American colonies was _____ music.38.Jazz music developed out of the music of the early American _____.39._____ _____ was considered the father of American literature.40.Hawthorne’s best novel is The _____ _____.41._____ _____ is the pen name of Samuel L.Clements.42.Whitman is remembered for his poems The _____ of _____.43.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is considered _____ _____’s masterpiece.44.Ernest Hemingway belonged to the _____ generation.45.The best novel written by Theodore Dreiser is “_____ _____ _____”.46.The novel Martin Eden was written by _____ _____.47._____ _____ became pessimistic and committed suicide at the age of 40.48.The two main successful novels written by Sinclair Lewis are “_____ _____” and “_____”.49.“_____ _____ _____ _____ _____” earned Ernest Hemingway a Nobel Prize in literature.III.Define the Following Terms

1.credit

2.The Library of Congress

3.spectator sports

4.Jazz music

5.VOA

IV.Answer the Following Questions

1.What do American schools lay emphasis on?

2.What are the characteristics of American literature during the 17th and 18th centuries?

英语考研英美概况模拟题

（八）美国文化部分答案：

Part III

I.BCBABABBCBAABAABAABAAABAABAABCADCCBAB

II.1.6bachelorHarvard60sophomore1/4instructorsprivateCongressHyde Master’sWashingtonEarly BirdAssociatedReaders’ Digest41Footballspectator bowling1958NobelNew YorkartistHollywoodromanticNationNegroes18masterCaliforniaundergraduate85Junior, Communityliberal arts, arts, sciencepoints16churchNegroesWashington IrvingScarlet LetterMark Twain Leaves, GrassMark TwainlostThe American TragedyJack LondonJack LondonMain Street, BabbitThe Old Man and the Sea

第三篇：人教版语文八文学知识

三、八年级语文上学期每课知识点归纳

第一单元

一 新闻两则 毛泽东

1、《人民解放军百万大军横渡长江》导语：人民解放军百万大军从一千余华里的战线上，冲破敌阵，横渡长江。西起九江，东至江阴，均是人民解放军渡江区域。（从中可以看出人民解放军的兵力，战况，战线。）

2、《中原我军解放南阳》导语：在人民解放军伟大的胜利的攻势下，南阳守敌王凌云于四日下午弃

城南逃，我军当即占领南阳。

3、新闻常识： ①六要素（也就是记叙要素）：人物、时间、地点、事件发生的原因、经过、结果。②结构的五个部分：即标题、导语、主体、背景、结语。导语是新闻开头的第一段或第一句话，它扼要地揭示了新闻的核心内容；主体是新闻的躯干，它用充实的事实表现了主题，是对导语的进一步扩展和阐释；背景指的是新闻发生的社会环境和自然环境。背景和结语有时暗含在主体中。

4、①时间：1949年4月20日—1949年4月22日②地点：西起九江（不含），东至江阴③人物：人民解放军百万大军④原因：解放全中国⑤经过：三路大军渡江情况⑥结果：顺利渡过长江

5、①时间：1948年11月4日下午②地点：南阳③人物：中原我军

④原因：我军胜利的攻势下⑤经过：我军击败蒋军，建立了七个根据地，实行减租减息⑥结果：敌人节节败退，我军几乎解放全河南

二、芦花荡 孙犁

1、选自《孙犁文集》，本文是孙犁的“白洋淀故事之二”“之一”是他的另一篇小说《荷花淀》。孙

犁：小说家，散文家，其清新的文风被称为“荷花淀派”。

2、老头子：外貌描写，行动、语言等描写。

3、老头子：老当益壮，充满活力，精干坚韧，智勇双全，出奇制胜，爱憎分明，爱国，过于自信

和自尊（性格核心）。

4、写景的作用：渲染环境气氛，烘托人物的精神世界，加强抒情韵味。

5、重点：①景物描写②人物性格：爱国抗日，自尊自信，爱憎分明，智勇双全。

三 蜡烛 西蒙诺夫

1、西蒙诺夫(1915-1979),苏联作家。

2、主题：讴歌了南斯拉夫人民对苏联红军的深厚感情，赞美了跨越国界、情同母子的深情和战斗的友谊。

3、感动的原因：①老妇人年老体弱，掩埋烈士非常吃力②环境很危险，炮火连天 ③点在坟头的蜡烛有特殊意义④老妇人像掩埋亲人一样掩埋烈士

4、记叙的线索：炮火 为人物活动设置了一个典型环境，写出了德国人的疯狂，突出了老妇人的不顾生死、临危不惧

5、黑色大围巾 表示了沉痛哀悼的感情

6、老妇人的动作 爬 跪 说明了她年老体弱，行动不便

四 就英法联军远征中国给巴特勒上尉的信

1、选自《雨果文集》雨果（1802-1885）法国作家代表作品有小说《巴黎圣母院》《悲惨世界》《九三年》等。

2、巴特农神庙：希腊最负盛名的古建筑，位于雅典卫城之上，原为供奉雅典娜女神的神庙。

3、伏尔泰：法国思想家，著有哲理小说《老实人》《天真汉》。

4、雨果的态度、立场：谴责英法联军的强盗行径，同情中国所遭受的空前劫难。

5、课文结构：1-4段 赞美圆明园5-10段 谴责侵略者

6、更彻底，更漂亮„„丰功伟绩！收获巨大！（反语）

五亲爱的爸爸妈妈

1、萨特（1905-1980），法国哲学家，作家，评论家，有哲学著作《存在于虚无》等。

2、凄风。苦雨。天昏。地暗。（渲染氛围，无限悲哀）

3、悲哀：残酷的历史使人悲哀

4、美丽：人民不忘历史，成千上万的人来纪念死者

5、真实：眼前所见一切

6、荒缪：47年前纳粹认为种族有优劣之分，已优等民族自居，要消灭劣等民族。

7、迪桑卡的诗（对德国法西斯暴行的最深刻的控诉）

8、明赫白：真诚的忏悔

9、日本人：自私的狡辩

第二单元

六 阿长与《山海经》

1、选自《朝花夕拾》（《鲁迅全集》）。

2、本文写了：①阿长称呼的由来②“大”字睡相③元旦的古怪仪式④买《山海经》★⑤一些繁琐的道理⑥讲“长毛”的故事★

3、阿长：①对孩子倾注一片心血的人②一个不幸而又热望一生平安的劳动妇女③一个没有文化的粗人，却是民间文化的载体（如吉利文化，避讳修辞，珍惜劳动成果，讲究形象）

4、描写阿长：外貌、语言、行动、神态。

5、“我”的心理：对阿长的隔膜和轻视。

七 背影

1、选自《朱自清散文全集》。朱自清（1898-1948），字佩玄，江苏扬州人。散文家、诗人、学者。

作品收在《朱自清全集》里。

2、本文抒发了父亲对儿子的疼爱和儿子对父亲的感念之情。

3、背影的四处描写：①开门见山，有一种浓厚的感情氛围②望父买橘③父子分手④呼应开头，作

者对老夫的思念之情不能自已

4、父亲的外貌描写：穿戴→照应开头所写家境；与我的紫毛大衣形成对比。

5、“我”用自己的情感烘托父亲的背影，我的情感：激动，感激，感动，心疼，愧疚„„

6、流泪：徐州奔丧——悲哀之泪 望父买橘——感动之泪 父子分手——惆怅之泪 别后思父——伤心之泪

八 台阶

1、选自小说集《台阶》。

2、旧台阶（1-6）三级青石板地位低

新台阶（18-29）九级水泥地位高

3、父亲的性格：倔强，勤劳，坚强，俭朴，谦卑

4、作者对父亲的感情混杂了敬仰，赞叹和同情。

九 老王

1、选自《杨绛散文》杨绛散文集：《干校六记》《将饮茶》 译有《堂吉柯德》

2、镶嵌：比喻，夸张，强调了老王步履维艰，身体僵直

3、强笑：准确而含蓄，透露了老往自己变成这个样子，还送东西老谢我们，心里又说不出的辛酸和感激。

4、那是一个幸运的人对一个不幸者的愧怍：一个社会有幸运者和不幸者，幸运者有责任去帮助不

幸者，关注他们的命运，改善他们的处境，让他们过上好日子。作者之所以“愧怍”因为作者作为幸运者对老王的关心还不够。

5、生活情况：①职业，谋生手段②生理缺陷，谋生的困难③居住条件差

6、交往的事：①带送冰块②送钱先生上医院不收钱③临死前送香油和鸡蛋

7、老王：老实厚道，心地善良，知恩图报，孤苦伶仃。

8、“前任”：大词小用，用词简洁之至，且又风趣。

9、杨绛全家有人道主义思想，有平等观念。

十 信客

1、选自《秋雨散文》。信客，乡村过去没有邮局，对外通信往来主要靠从事这种特殊职业的人。

2、余秋雨著有《文化苦旅》《山居笔记》《秋雨散文》《千年一叹》《文明的碎片》。

余秋雨的写作风格：典雅，质朴，畅达

3、本文写了信客从业缘起，信客生涯，转业之后

4、信客生涯：①新老信客谈从业之苦（总领）②工作繁忙③传递噩耗，料理后事，送遗物④代写书信

5、本文概括地写了信客在谋生者死后当代理人，具体地写了一次遭诬陷的事

6、信客：诚实无私，任劳任怨，克尽职守，待人宽容，善良厚道，通达世理

7、老信客 略写 暗线写老信客一生命运 赞赏和同情

8、年轻信客 详写 明线写年轻信客生涯 赞颂和褒扬

第三单元

1、说明文分类：事物说明文、事理说明文

2、说明顺序：时间，空间，逻辑

3、说明方法及作用：①下定义：揭示„„的本质特征②分类别：条理清楚，界限分明③举例子：

具体、真切给读者留下鲜明、深刻的印象。④作比较：突出„„特征给读者留下深刻的印象⑤打比方：生动形象 ⑥列数字：准确说明⑦引用：使说明内容更充实。

十一 中国石拱桥

1、第一段中心句：石拱桥的桥洞成弧形，就像虹。

2、逻辑顺序: ①石拱桥的总体特征：形式优美，结构坚固，历史悠久②具体介绍两座桥

③我国石拱桥取得如此大成就的原因，取得的成就

3、赵州桥（逻辑顺序）：①地理位置②修建年代③结构特点（用列数字、打比方、引用、做诠释等说明方法）

4、特点：①全桥只有一个大拱，长达37.4米，像一张弓。②大拱的两肩，各有两个小拱

③大拱有28到拱圈拼成④形式优美

5、卢沟桥说明方法：列数字，引用，举例子，下定义，摹状貌，作比较

6、写卢沟桥的结构：①地理位置②修建年代③结构特点

十二 桥之美（说明性小品）

1、画之美：①画面要有点、线、面构成②和周围景物既对照又不失和谐

2、吴冠中：画家，代表作有《长江三峡》《鲁迅的故乡》《狮子林》

3、本文使用的说明方法：举例子，列数字，摹状貌

4、桥往往担任了联系形象的重叠及交错的角色

5、凡是起到构成及联系之关键作用的形象，其实也就具备了桥之美！

十三 苏州园林 叶圣陶

1、苏州四大园林：宋代沧浪亭、元代狮子林、明代拙政园、清代留园

2、说明顺序：逻辑顺序①从全文看：从整体到局部②从各部分看：由大到小，由主到次（四个讲究，三个注意）

3、说明方法：举例子，作比较，打比方，引用，分类别

4、苏州园林的特点：无论站在那个点上，眼前总是一幅完美的图画。

5、总起下面几个自然段的一句话：他们讲究亭台轩榭的布局，讲究假山池沼的配合，讲究花草树

木的映衬，讲究近景远景的层次。

6、全文总纲：他们惟愿游览者得到“如在图画中”的美感。

十四 故宫博物院

1、说明对象：故宫博物院

2、说明顺序：空间顺序（由南到北，有中间到两边）

3、说明对象故宫博物院的特征：规模宏大、形体壮丽、建筑精美、布局统一。

4、龙：突出皇帝的威严

十五 说“屏” 陈从周1、本文运用的说明方法：下定义，举例子，分类别，印用

2、屏的作用：①屏可以分隔室内室外 ②艺术点缀 ③可以挡风

3、屏的定义：屏者，障也，可以缓冲一下视线。

4、课文里多处引用古诗词的好处：做文章具有很浓厚的诗意和韵味

第四单元

十六 大自然的语言 竺可桢

1、本文说明语言：准确，周密，简洁，生动优美，典雅。

2、说明方法：举例子（最多）

3、说明顺序：逻辑顺序。由现象引出原理（由表及里）

4、大自然的语言：物候现象，更形象化

5、这样看来，花香鸟语，草长莺飞，都是大自然的语言：说明以一些普通的自然现象在农业生产

中起到了预报农时的作用。

6、草木枯荣、候鸟来去等自然现象称为物候。

7、利用物候知识来研究农业生产的科学称为物候学。

8、物候现象的来临的决定因素（由主到次，由大到小）：纬度，经度，高下的差异（空间因素），古今的差异（时间因素）。

大林寺桃花：人间四月芳菲尽，山寺桃花始盛开。长恨春归无觅处，不知转入此中来。

十七 奇妙的克隆

1、四个小标题：使得层次分明，条理清晰。

2、本文说明顺序：逻辑顺序

3、说明方法：引用，举例子，列数字，下定义，做诠释

4、一个细菌经过20分钟左右就可以一分为二；一根葡萄枝切成十段就可以变成十株葡萄„（化高深为浅显易懂）

5、生物靠自身的一分为二或自身的一小部分的扩大来繁衍后代，这就是无性繁殖。

6、凡来自一个祖先，无性繁殖出一个群体，也叫“克隆”。这种来自一个祖先的无性繁殖的后代群体也叫“无性繁殖系”。

7、克隆鲫鱼出世前后（克隆的实验）生物顺序

8、本节说明技术在不断发展，为下文作铺垫。

9、鲫鱼（鱼类）→蟾蜍（两栖类）→老鼠（哺乳类）（从低等到高等）

10、克隆绵羊“多利”标志着：○1标志着克隆技术取得了新的成就○2既是人类的福音，又是人类的噩兆。

11、克隆技术牵涉到伦理道德问题。

12、克隆技术的利：○1可以繁殖“高附加值牲畜” ○2挽救珍稀动物○3防治人类疾病，延长人类寿命 „„这也就是用克隆法为人类自身提供“配件”。拟物，强调其作用

十八 阿西莫夫短文两篇

阿西莫夫（1920-1992），美国著名科普作家和科学幻想小说家。

《恐龙无处不在》

1、说明方法：举例子，下定义，列数字，打比方

2、语言特色：①行文中放在括号里的补充说明文字多②多处运用了设问句③采用举例子，打比方的说明方法，使文章更加生动形象，明白如画。

3、不同科学领域之间是紧密相连的。在一个科学领域的新发现肯定会对其他领域产生影响。（总领

全文，是全文的逻辑基础）

4、南极发现恐龙化石（考古学、生物学）→→板块构造理论（地质学）

5、现代的两栖动物（青蛙和蟾蜍是人人皆知的现代两栖动物）：举人们熟悉的例子来使概念更浅显易懂。

6、本文的专业术语：使文章更有权威性，科学性

7、泛大陆（热带、温带）→分裂成四部分→南极大陆（其中一个）→极地

8、如果看一张地图，并假定把非洲和南美洲拼合在一起，你就会看到它们拼合的多么天衣无缝：

补充说明了大陆漂移说的一个显而易见的证据。

被压扁的沙子

1、在过去的9年里，科学家们一直对6500万年前恐龙灭绝的一个新观点争论不休，这个问题最终

也许会得到解决。“也许”表示估计“最终”表明作者的信心

2、万一哪天某个星体要撞击地球，我们也许会知道如何来避免这种撞击：强调科学研究的现实意

义，同时体现了作者的幽默。

3、因为斯石英只有在撞击下才形成，所以由被压扁的沙子（斯石英）推导出恐龙灭绝的原因（撞击说）

4、两文作比较：①说明顺序 逻辑顺序 从现象到本质（原理）②说明方法 举例子（最多）打比方、作比较、列数字③说明内容 1用南极发现鸟臀目恐龙化石证明板块构造说 2用“斯石英”证明恐龙灭绝是由撞击形成的④说明语言 逻辑性强，简明精炼，风趣幽默

十九 生物入侵者

1、事理说明文通常用逻辑顺序

2、本文说明方法：举例子，下定义，列数字，打比方。

3、专家们把这种原本生活在异国他乡、通过非自然途径迁移到新的生态环境中的“移民”称为“生

物入侵者”（生动形象的说明这一类“移民”会给人类和自然造成很大的危害）

4、生物入侵者的危害：1破坏生态系统

2造成经济损失没有天敌危害

3物种多样性遭破坏 两个因素

不受同类食物竞争

5、不同科学家的不同态度：①经过“物竞天择”，可制约生物入侵者，达到新的平衡.②任由发展，会给当地的人类和自然造成重大的危害

二十落日的幻觉

1、第2段主要运用描写的表达方式，这样写的好处是。生动、形象，使文章文学性、可读性更强。

2、第3段在全文结构上属于过渡句，在内容上起着承上启下的作用。

3、第4段中“1871年„„ 10倍以上。”的句子主要运用了举例子、作比较什么说明方法。这样写的好处是增强文章的可信度，鲜明有效地说明了短波光散射比长波光强。

4、第5段中的“这种奇妙的大气光学现象”指的是“由于地球表面„„暗弧上的亮弧。”（第5段开头部分）

5、这四段内容在解释落日的各种幻觉现象时主要遵循由现象到原理的逻辑顺序

第四篇：概况试题-美国

1、Puritanism

Puritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England.They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born.Some were God's chosen people while others were damned to hell.No church nor good works could save people.The sign of being God's elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling.They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God's will and establish a direct contact with God.These beliefs had great impact on American culture.2.the American Revolution

Between 1689 and 1815, france and Britain fought Seven Years’ war, and North American was drawn into everyone of them.Britain’s victory led directly to a conflict with its American colonies.The British government argued that Britain had spent large sums of money to defend their American colonies in those wars, and that the colonists therefore should pay a part of those expenses.So the british government began to charge new taxes.But the colonists refused to obey the british laws and cry” no taxation without representation”.On April 19,1775,the first shot was fired when 700 British soldiers went to capture a colonial arms depot in a small town of Concord near Boston.The American War of Independence began.And the war came to an end in 1781 with the victory of north american.The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 and Britian had to recognize the independence of the United States.A new nation was thus born.3.the Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4,1776,when the people of 13 English colonials in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule.The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life,liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of government:the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.4.American Constitution

The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America.The Constitution is the framework for the organization of the United States government and for the relationship of the federal government with the states, citizens, and all people within the United States.The Constitution creates the three branches of the national government: a legislature, the bicameral Congress;an executive branch led by the President;and a judicial branch headed by the Supreme Court.The Constitution specifies the powers and duties of each branch.The Constitution reserves all unenumerated powers to the respective states and the people, thereby establishing the federal system of government.5.checks and balances

When Americans talk about their three-part national government, they often refer to what they call its system of “checks and balances”.This system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by legislative branch or executive branch or judicial branch.6.Federalism

Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States.American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism.In “Federalist No.46,” James Madison asserted that the states and national government “are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers.” Alexander Hamilton, writing in “Federalist No.28,” suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: “If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress.”

7.the Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech,the right to assemble in public places,the right to own weapons and so on.8.Political parties in the US

Political parties are organized groups of people who share a set of ideas about how the US should be governed and who work together to have members of their group elected in order to influence the governing of the country.today ,the US has two major political parties.one in the Democratic Party,which evolved out of Thomas Jefferson's party,formed before 1800.the symbol of the party is the donkey.the other is the Republican Party,which was formed in the 1850s,and its symbol is the elephant.9、the roots of affluence in America

No single factor is responsible for the success of American business and industry.Bountiful resources,the geographical size of the country and population trends have all contributed to these success.Religious,social and political traditions;the institutional structures of government and business;and the courage,hard work and determination of countless entrepreners and workers have also played a part.10.American industrial revolution

After independence, America was principally an agricultural country.The industrial revolution in England brought many changes to American industry between 1776 and 1860.One key development was the introduction of the factory system.A second development was the “American system” of mass production.A third development was the application of new technologies to industrial task.A fourth development was the emergence of new forms of business organization—the bank and the corporation.11.Civil Rights Movement

The civil rights movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980.In many situations it took the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change by nonviolent forms of resistance.In some situations it was accompanied, or followed, by civil unrest and armed rebellion.The process was long and tenuous in many countries, and many of these movements did not fully achieve their goals although, the efforts of these movements did lead to improvements in the legal rights of previously oppressed groups of people.12.Martin luther King

Martin Luther King, Jr.(January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968)was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.He is best known for being an iconic figure in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi.King is often presented as a heroic leader in the history of modern American liberalism.A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career.He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president.King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech.There, he expanded American values to include the vision of a color blind society, and established his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history.13.Counterculture

In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left,there appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counterculture.”the counterculture rejected capitalism and other American principles.they had morals different from those taught by their parents.some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.among the most famous were the hippies.they sought new experience through dropping out,and drug taking.but it was music,rock music in particular,that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on the traditional American society.the counterculture exerted a great influence upon people's attitudes toward social morals,marriage,career and success.14、Hippies

The hippies called themselves “the love generation.” Hippiness became their only goal in life.Their music was different from any other music, and the words they sang sounded rebellious to older people.Small groups of youth lived together in cities like San Francisco,turning their lives into one big party.They wore long hair,strange and colorful clothes and many of them used drugs.They went in huge numbers to rock music concerts, and tyey made very interesting news on TV.15.Multiculturalism in Canada

Multiculturalism in Canada was adopted as the official policy of the Canadian government during the prime ministership of Pierre Elliot Trudeau in the 1970s and 1980s.The Canadian government has often been described as the instigator of multicultural ideology because of its public emphasis on the social importance of immigration.Multiculturalism is reflected in the law through the Canadian Multiculturalism Act and section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

第五篇：美国概况习题

美国概况

Part One Geography

Chapter IIPopulation

Exercises

 New York is the largest state in the US.(T/F)

 Why is the U.S.A.called “Melting Pot”?

Answers

 F(Alaska)

 Because the U.S.A.is country where there are many different races, and these races mixed and assimilated after they

immigrated into this country “Melting Pot” just signifies this mixture and assimilation.Chapter VReligion in the U.S.A.Exercises

 The popular American belief is___

A.part-time working

B.self-made man

C.manual labor

D.being extravagant

 The largest religious group in America is___

A.Roman CatholicsB.Protestants

C.OrthodistsD.Presbyterians

the American spirit of “do-it-yourself”:

Answers

 BB

the American spirit of “do-it-yourself”:

People are proud of doing everything by themselves.Most of the American families seldom hire people to do housework though they are rich.They try to do what they can do, such as housework, gardening and they enjoy doing them.Part twoHistory

Chapter IColonization of North America

Exercises

 The history of the U.S.is generally agreed to have begun in the year of ____

A.1620B.1607C.1776D.1492

 The turning point of the War of Independence was the Battle of ___in 1777.A.YorktownB.Saratoga

C.Bunker HillD.Lexington

 Lexington Fire was the ___of American War of Independence

A.turning pointB.endingC.causeD.prelude

Answers

BBD

Chapter IVThe American Civil War(1861-1865)

Exercises

 Abraham Lincoln

 In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president, an anti-slavery president.He played a very important measures.One

was the Homestead Bill, the other was Emancipation Proclamation in every field.In 1864, he was reelected president.He was assassinated in April 13,1865.He saved the Union and most Americans considered him a great national hero.Homework

 Why was there the New Deal program? What was it? And how did it aid the recovery of the American economy?  What important measures did Abraham Lincoln take during the Civil War? How do you evaluate them?

Chapter VThe U.S.Imperialism and the First World War

Exercises

 The first imperialist war took place between theU.S.and ___in 1898.A.BritainB.FranceC.SpainD.Mexico

 The “Big Stick” Policy was advanced by President___.A.Theodore RooseveltB.Franklin Roosevelt

C.William MckinleyD.Thomas Woodrow Wilson

 President Franklin D.Roosevelt proposed a well-knownpolicy called___ to save the economic situation.A.the Open Door PolicyB.the New Deal

C.Good Neighbor PolicyD.the “Big Stick”

AnswersCAB

PartTheresociallife

Chapter IIICustoms and Traditions

Exercises

 Easter:

Easter falls on the first Sunday after the full moon, in March or in April.It commemorates the Resurrection of Jesus.The custom of dying eggs is very popular among children.The main meat on Easter Sunday are lamb and ham. Thanksgiving Day:

It falls on the fourth Thursday of November.It is a holiday on which God is thanked for the crops which have been safely gathered. Abraham Lincoln

 In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president, an anti-slavery president.He played a very important

measures.One was the Homestead Bill, the other was Emancipation Proclamation in every field.In 1864, he was reelected president.He was assassinated in April 13,1865.He saved the Union and most Americans considered him a great national hero.