第一篇：专八作文谚语
1.Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。（培根）
2.Knowledge is the food of the soul.知识是心灵的食粮。(柏拉图)
3.Activity is the only road to knowledge.行动是通往知识的唯一道路。（萧伯纳）
4.Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it.知识是宝库，而实践是开启宝库的钥匙。
5.A free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books.一个自由的人除了从书本上获取知识外还可以从许多特别的来源获取知识。（杰斐逊）
6.a little learning is a dangerous thing.学问浅薄，如履薄冰。（pope）
7.a young idler, an old beggar.少壮不努力老大徒伤悲。8 there is no royal road to learning.学无谈坦途。
时事篇
Currency market 汇市Death toll死亡数
Diplomatic tie外交关系Economic recovery经济复苏
Ethnic groups少数民族Global economy世界经济 Hijack 劫机Nuclear weapon 核武器
Open fire开火Peace-keeping force维和部队 Rioting and looting 暴动和抢劫
Weapon inspection武器核查
United nations convention on the law of the sea 联合国海洋公约法
NATO North Atlantic treaty organization北大西洋公约组织 Document released by由。。发布的消息
Educational circles教育界Financial quarters金融界方面 Authoritative information官方消息
Foreign ministry spokesman外交部发言人
Press spokesman新闻发言人
Government official 政府官员
Government statement政府声明
Authoritative sources权威人
Diplomatic sources外交人士
Highly-placed sources高层消息灵通人士
Judicial circles司法界In-group sources圈内人士 Military sources军方人士Police sources警方人士 Reliable sources消息可靠人士
The quarters concerned有关方面
Unconfirmed report未经证实的消息
Acting president代总统Administration party执政党 Advisory body顾问团All-out ban全面禁止
Blanket ballot全面选举Censure vote不信任投票 Absolute majority绝对多数Abstain from voting弃权 Appropriate authorities 有关当局
Conservative party保守党
Construction of a clean government廉政建设
Crash program应急计划Criminal law刑法
Crude oil原油Bubble economy泡沫经济
Cabinet re-shuffle内阁改组Chartered plane包机 China’s actual conditions中国国情Assembly hall会议厅 Peaceful co-existence和平共处Reciprocal visits互访 Tenure of office任职期Knowledge economy知识经济 Accredited journalist特派记者Back alley news小道消息 Box花边新闻Cover girl封面女郎
PR man 公关先生International customs国际惯例The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress全国人民代表大会
Active trade balance 顺差Adverse trade balance逆差 Family plan 计划生育Daily necessities日用品 After-sale service 售后服务Pseudo event 假新闻
第二篇：专八作文谚语名言
1.A bad beginning makes a bad ending.恶其始者必恶其终。
2.A bad bush is better than the open field.有胜于无。
3.A bad compromise is better than a good lawsuit.吃亏的和解也比胜诉强。
4.A bad conscience is a snake in one’s heart.做贼心虚。
5.A bad custom is like a good cake, better broken than kept.坏习惯像鲜馅饼，分食要比保存好。
6.A bad padlock invites a picklock.开门揖盗。
8.A bad thing never dies.坏事传千年。
9.A bad workman quarrels with his tools.拙匠常怨工具差(人笨怨刀钝)。
10.A bargain is a bargain.达成的协议不可撕毁。
11.A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。
12.A beggar’s purse is bottomless.乞丐的钱袋是无底洞。
13.A bird is known by its note, and a man by his talk.闻其歌知其鸟，听其言知其人。
14.A bird may be known by its song.什么鸟唱什么歌。
15.A bit in the morning is better than nothing all day.略有胜于全无。
16.A blind man who leans against a wall imagines that it’s the boundary of the world.坐井观天。
17.A blind man will not thank you for a looking-glass.秋波送盲，白费痴情。
18.A book is the same today as it always was and it will never change.一本好书今天如此，将来也如此，永不改变。
19.A book that remains shut is but a block.有书闭卷不阅读，无异是一块木头。
20.A borrowed cloak does not keep one warm.借来的斗篷不暖身。
21.Absence sharpens love, presence strengthens it.相聚爱益切，离别情更深。
22.A burden of one’s choice is not felt.自己选的担子不嫌重。
23.A burnt child dreads the fire.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。
24.A candle lights others and consumes itself.蜡烛焚自身，光亮照别人。
25.A cat may look at a king.猫也有权晋见国王。
26.A cat has nine lives.猫有九条命。
27.Accidents will happen.天有不测风云。
28.A chain is no stronger than its weakest link.链条的坚固程度取决于它最薄弱的环节。
29.A change of work is as good as a rest.调换一下工作是很好的休息。
30.A cheerful wife is the joy of life.快乐的妻子是生活的乐事
真理与奋斗
1.The greatest friend of truth is time, her greatest enemy is prejudice, and her constant company is humility.真理最好的朋友是时间, 最大的敌人是偏见, 永恒的伴侣是谦逊。
-----Colton 科尔顿
2.Craft must have clothes, but truth loves to go naked.诡计定然披着外衣, 真理确不爱装饰。
3.Actions speak louder than words.行动胜于言辞。
4.Truth may be blamed, but shall never be shamed.真理可能会被责难, 但决不会受羞辱。
5.None so blind as they who will not see.不愿正视事实的人是瞎而又瞎的。
6.It is but a step from the sublime to the ridiculous.从崇高到荒谬只有一步之差。
-----Napoleon 拿破仑
7.Two wrongs do not make a right.两个错误, 加不出一个正确./用错误改正不了错误。
8.It is easier to fight for principles than to live up to them.为原则而斗争容易, 按原则的要求活着难。
-----A.E.Stevenson史蒂文森
9.Is life so dear, or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?
难道生命是如此珍贵, 和平是如此甜美, 以致于不惜为此戴锁链, 当奴隶吗?
-----P.Henry亨利
10.There is nothing permanent except change.唯有变化才是永恒的。
-----Heracleitus 赫拉克利特
11.All things are difficult before they are easy.凡事皆先难后易。
12.Those who expect to reap the blessings of freedom must undergo the fatigue of supporting it.想要收获自由之果的人, 必须承受维护自由的劳苦。
----T.Paine 潘恩
13.You never know what you can do till you try.不尝试就不知道你能做什么。
14.Better to light one candle than to curse the darkness.与其诅咒黑暗, 不如燃起蜡烛。
-----Strong 斯特朗
15.Success belongs to the persevering.成功属于不屈不挠的人。
16.Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。
17.Constant dropping wears away a stone.滴水可以穿石。
友谊与团结
1.To find friendship offer friendship.以友谊换友谊。
2.True friendship lasts forever.真正的友谊恒久不变。
3.Friendship is like wine---the older the better.友谊像美酒, 越陈越醇厚。
4.Fire is the test of gold, adversity of friendship.烈火试真金, 苦难试友情。
5.Life without a friend is death without a witness.没有朋友的生活等于孤独一人死去。
6.A man is known by the company he keeps.从其交友知其为人。
7.Write down the advice of him who loves you, though you like it not at present.忠言虽难听, 必须记在心。
8.All are not friends that speak us fair.当面说好话的并不都是朋友。
9.The man who agrees with everybody is not worth having anybody agree with him.同意所有人的意见的人,不配得到任何人的同意。
-----H.J.Palmerston 帕默斯顿
10.Friends that desert us in the hour of need are friends in name, not in reality.在困难时刻背弃我们的是有名无实的朋友。
11.Friendship is to be strengthened by truth and devotion.友谊要以真实和忠诚来巩固。
12.A little help is worth a deal of pity.一点帮助胜于一车同情。
13.Be slow in choosing a friend, slower in changing.选择朋友要慢, 换朋友更要慢。
-----Franklin 富兰克林
14.A real friend never gets in your way, unless you happen to be on the way down.真正的朋友决不会挡住你的去路, 除非你在走下坡路时。
15.Joys shared with others are more enjoyed.与众同乐, 其乐更乐。
16.It’s good to have money to buy things that money can buy, but it’s better not to lose things money cannot buy.有钱去买能买得到的东西当然不错, 但不丢失用钱买不到的东西更好。
-----G.H.Lorimer 洛里默(美国记者)
17.We shall never have friends if we expect to find them without fault.指望朋友没有缺点, 就永远不会有朋友。
18.Birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚, 人以群分。
19.He that plants trees loves others besides himself.植树的人, 不但爱己, 而且爱人。
20.United we stand, divided we fall.团结则存, 分裂则亡。
品德与修养
1.Virtue never grows old.美德不会衰老。
2.Nurture passes nature.教养胜过天性。
3.Personality is to man what perfume is to a flower.人的品格, 犹如花的香味。
4.He who would climb the ladder must begin at the bottom.欲登高梯必自平地始。
5.He is only bright that shines by himself.真正的漂亮靠自身的光彩。
6.Ambition is the germ from which all growth of nobleness proceeds.抱负是一切高尚操行的萌芽。
7.Honesty is the best policy.诚实为上策。
8.Correct the mistakes if you have committed them, and avoid them if you have not.有则改之, 无则加勉。
9.Speech is silver, silence is gold.雄辩如银, 沉默如金。
10.They are fools who adulate every decision of their leaders.对领导的每个决定一味奉承的人是蠢材。
11.An optimist sees the rose;a pessimist the thorn.乐观的人看到玫瑰，悲观的人只看到它的刺。
12.Do not do to others what you would not have them do to you.己所不欲, 勿施于人。
13.To err is human.To forgive, divine.有过失是人之常情。能原谅别人, 才是超越常人。
14.Modesty helps one progress;conceit makes one lag behind.谦虚使人进步, 骄傲使人落后。
15.Let bygones be bygones.既往不咎。
16.Every medal has two sides.每个勋章都有两面。/ 每个问题都有正反两面。
17.Call a spade a spade.是啥说啥, 难听不怕。
18.It is the careless man that will suffer;never will the prudent man fall into a trap.只有大意吃亏, 没有小心上当。
19.The overturned cart ahead is a warning to the carts behind.前车之覆, 后车之鉴。
20.Without modesty beauty is ungraceful and wit detestable.没有谦虚, 美丽就不端庄, 机智也讨人嫌
时间与青春
1.Time is the father of truth.时间是真理之父。
2.Time and tide wait for no man.时光如逝水,岁月不待人。
3.As every thread of gold is valuable, so every moment of time.一寸光阴一寸金。
4.An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.一日之计在于晨。
5.Time dresses the greatest wounds.时间能愈合最大的创伤。
6.To save time is to lengthen life.节省时间就是延长生命。
7.If you want your dreams to come true, don’t sleep.要想梦成真, 少睡多用心。
8.Punctuality is the politeness of kings.守时是最大的礼貌。
9.Make hay while the sun shines.趁着大晴天, 赶紧晒饲草。
10.Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.今日事今日毕./勿将今事待明日。
11.No hand can make the clock strike for me the hours that are passed.光阴如流水, 一去不复返。
12.Seize the day, for fleeting youth never returns.光阴勿虚度, 青春不再来。
13.I cannot afford to waste my time making money.我浪费不起时间去赚钱。
14.Those that make the best use of their time have none to spare.充分利用时间的人不会有余暇。
15.What I do today is important because I am exchanging a day of my life for it.我今天做的事情很重要, 因为我为它付了一天的代价。
16.Every flow has its ebb.潮有涨落日, 人有盛衰时。
17.A day is a miniature of eternity.一天是永恒的缩影。
18.Youth and white paper take any impression.青年犹如白纸, 可以打上任何印记。
19.Age is a matter of feeling, not of years.年纪只是感觉如何的问题, 而不是年岁的问题。
学习与工作
1.One is never too old to learn.人有老的时候, 没有老得不能学的时候。
2.Cleverness does not take the place of knowledge.聪明不能代替知识。
3.A wise man is never less alone than when alone.智者独处不寂寞。
4.Books are the ever-burning lamps of accumulated wisdom.好书乃积累智慧之长明灯。
5.That is a good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit.好书使人开卷有所求, 闭卷有所获。
6.No entertainment is so cheap as reading nor any pleasure so lasting.没有比读书更便宜的娱乐, 也没有比读书更持久的欢乐。
7.A man who knows two languages is worth two men.懂得两种语言的人抵得上两个人。
8.Wisdom is to the mind what health is to the body.智慧之于头脑, 犹如健康之于躯体。
9.Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.阅读使人渊博, 会谈使人机敏, 写作使人严谨。
10.Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.读史使人明智, 读诗使人灵秀, 数学使人周密, 科学使人深刻, 伦理学使人庄重, 逻辑修辞学使人善辩。
11.Bread nourishes the body, and books enrich the mind.面包滋养身体, 书本充实头脑。
12.The more we study, the more we discover our ignorance.读书越多, 越感到学识不足。
13.A book that is shut is but a block.有书不读如藏木
14.All readers can be divided into two classes: those who read to remember and those who read to forget.所有的读者都可以分为两类: 有人为了记住而读, 有人为了忘却而读。
15.There is a great deal of difference between an eager man who wants to read a book and the tired man who wants a book to read.一个渴望读书的人和一个累了想找本书看的人是大不相同的.16.The reading of all good books is like a conversation with the finest men of past centuries.阅读好书, 就好比是同过去多少世纪最
杰出的人们交谈。
第三篇：专八作文
【51Test.NET专业英语四级八级考试满分作文】
Ambition
Ambition is the decision one makes and the resolution with which he carries out that decision.It provides us with the required driving force to accomplish any undertakings in our life.Just as Joseph Epstein, a famous American writer put it, “And as we decide and choose, so are our lives formed.” Indeed, once we make up our minds to choose to do something, then our life becomes meaningful and specifically orientated.This notion of life, as far as I observe, is closest to truth and does apply to almost all aspects of life.First things first, ambition renders us a sense of mission.No matter what decision you make you have to be responsible for your choice.Your choice procures you a sense of orientation, or more specially a sense of mission.And only a strong mission may enable one to accomplish greatness.Caesar of the ancient Roman Empire was urged by his ambition “I came, I saw, I conquered.” And became an unrivaled empire builder in the history of Rome.John Milton, stimulated always by his ambition that aimed at writing some “mighty lines” which England would unwillingly forget, had in due time secured his position as the second Shakespeare in the history of English literature.In the second place, ambition can bring one’s potentials to the full.Ambition may well serve as a catalyst activating one’s dormant potentials.Without ambition one’s potentials will remain slumbering like a dormant volcano.A case in point is Ms Zhang Haidi, a Chinese Helen Keller.It was her ambition to be a useful person has turned the almost paralyzed Zhang Haidi into a well-accomplished figure whose achievements would dwarf those of some normal people aim at the sun, though, at worst, they may probably land on the moon.Influential as it is upon us, however, ambition must be channeled in the right direction.If wrongly directed, one’s ambition may bring havoc on him and others.Hitler, whose ambition was to conquer Europe by whattever evil means, finally turned him into a demon.It was this demon that almost cast Europe into an unfathomable abyss of anguish and suffering.Another case is Macbeth whose ambition was to become the king of Scotland.However, his ambition was materialized by the murder of King Duncan.Consequently, unbearable guilt and psychological agony drove him to his tragic doom.To sum up, ambition can benefit us tremendously if wisely and correctly channeled, otherwise it may ruin others and ourselves.A poet says: life can be bad;life can be good;life can be dirty;life can be sad,;life can even be painful.In my mind’s eye, a person can make his life beautiful, meaningful and rewarding and stand out as a respectable personage if he is motivated by a well-orientated ambition.开篇模板1【51Test.NET专业英语四级八级考试】 这篇关于英语专业八级考试翻译技巧讲解，是无忧考网特地为大家整理的，希望对大家有所帮助！
英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。
1增译法：
指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。
如：
（1）What about calling him right away？
马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语）
（2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations．
要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）
（3）Indeed，the reverse is true
实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词）
（4）
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights．
就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。（增译物主代词）
（5）While the magistrates were free to burn down house，the common people were forbidden to light lamps．
只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。
（增译连词）
（6）这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries．（增译介词）
（7）在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。
In the field of human rights，China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak．（增译暗含词语）
（8）三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind．（增译注释性词语）
2．省译法：
这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。
又如：
（1）You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing．
你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。（省译物主代词）
（2）I hope you will enjoy your stay here．
希望您在这儿过得愉快。（省译物主代词）
（3）中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。
The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection．（省译名词）
3． 转换法：
指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如：
（1）我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。
Our institute is co－administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government．（名词转动词）
（2）Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children．
孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。（名词转动词）
（3）由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。
Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy，our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved．（动词转名词）
（4）I’m all for you opinion．
我完全赞成你的意见。（介词转动词）
（5）The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people．
改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。（动词转名词）
（6）In his article the author is critical of man’s negligence toward his environment．
作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。（形容词转名词）
（7）In some of the European countries，the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance．
在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。（被动语态转主动语态）
（8）时间不早了，我们回去吧！
We don’t have much time left． Let’s go back．（句型转换）
（9）学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。
All the students should develop morally，intellectually and physically．（名词转副词）
4． 拆句法和合并法：
这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如：
（1）Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States．
同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。（在主谓连接处拆译）
（2）I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world．
我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。（在定语从句前拆译）
（3）This is paarticularly true of the countries of the commonwealth，who see Britain’s membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account
英联邦各国尤其如此，它们认为英国加入欧共体，将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益。（在定语从句前拆译）
（4）中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。
China is a large country with four－fifths of the population engaged in agriculture，but only one tenth of the land is farmland，the rest being mountains，forests and places for urban and other uses．（合译）
5．正译法和反译法：
这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如：
（1）在美国，人人都能买到枪。
In the United States，everyone can buy a gun．（正译）
In the United States，guns are available to everyone．（反译）
（2）你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。
You can obtain this information on the Internet．（正译）
This information is accessible/available on the Internet．（反译）
（3）他突然想到了一个新主意。
Suddenly he had a new idea．（正译）
He suddenly thought out a new idea．（正译）
A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him．（反译）
（4）他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。
He still could not understand me．（正译）
Still he failed to understand me．（反译）
（5）无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。
She can hardly be rated as a bright student．（正译）
She is anything but a bright student．（反译）
（6）Please withhold the document for the time being．
请暂时扣下这份文件。（正译）
请暂时不要发这份文件。（反译）
6．倒置法：
在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉，即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如：
（1）At this moment，through the wonder of telecommunications，more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world．
此时此刻，通过现代通信手段的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。（部分倒置）
（2）I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community．
我坚信，英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。（部分倒置）
（3）改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。
Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy．
写作要点 1.审题
在写作考试中要写出符合题目要求，高质量的作文，第一步是审题。所谓审题，就是通过阅读写作题目及相关信息或要求，正确领会题目的含义，了解题目要求，为构思合乎具体写作要求的文章框架打下基础。
数年来八级写作项目已形成自身的特色。这个特色就是，该项目内的几个部分（观点、情景、标题、写作要求）具有内在的联系，从而构成一个整体。因此，审题就意味着不是仅仅浏览一个标题，而是要兼顾其它部分。只有这样，学生才能真正明确写作目的，领会写作要求。
以1997年的八级考试写作项目为例。该年的标题是 SOWING THE SEEDS，NURTURING GROWTH ANDHARVESTING THEREWARDS。如果我们孤立地看题目的话，就很难领会该篇作文的具体要求和目的。但是，一旦我们把标题与前面的情景与观点部分联系起来，这个标题的含义就变得清晰了：它要求学生用标题所含的耕作过程来比拟获得大学学业成就的过程。同时，对具体语篇模式的要求（即ANALOGY）也显示在这部分中间。至于对作文修辞框架的要求，则出现在标题下面的一段文字中。
总而言之，提高审题的准确性有利于学生理解题目含义，了解写作要求，进而有针对性地构思作文内容、布局等。然而，在历年写作阅卷中我们发现，审题有误仍是学生经常犯的错误之一。归纳起来有以下几点：
1）不熟悉八级写作的设计特点，以为只看标题即可着手写作。这常常导致在文章内容上出现严重偏差。
2）对情景观点部分的理解一知半解，未经仔细斟酌就提笔写作文。这往往会造成学生采用错误的语篇模式。
3）忽略写作项目中对作文修辞框架的提示。这容易使得作文思路或结构混乱或失衡。
2.行文的统一性和连贯性
一篇优秀的作文应该具有以下两个特点。就八级写作项目而言，这主要体现在作文的内容和框架上。按照写作要求，一篇合格的作文由三个部分组成。第一部分包括作者的论点（THE SISSTATEMENT）。论点应明确、清楚。第二部分是作文的主体。这部分的要求是通过恰当、合适的语篇模式（如：CAUSE ANDEFFECT，COMPARISON ANDCONTRAST，等等）来论证前面提出的论点。论证的过程要做到结构严谨、层次分明、合乎逻辑。要做到结构严谨，就需要学生在写作中抓住中心，并围绕中心展开讨论。结构严谨的作文同时也应是层次分明的作文。为了使论证过程具有说服力，作文应采用一种层次结构。
所谓层次结构指构成语篇的句子或者各段之间在逻辑意义上存在着一种主从关系，它们或者是解释关系，或者是因果关系，或者是总分关系。书卷语体通常属于这类结构，即一个语篇往往由不同层次的语段构成。此外，作文应有逻辑性，文中观点的阐述要合乎情理，观点之间的衔接要自然、顺畅。第三部分为作文的结尾。一篇思想内容完整的作文离不开一个好的结尾。一般来说，结尾部分的内容应为前面部分的总结。因此，这部分应与前面部分保持论点上的一致性和统一性。结尾部分忌讳的是牛头不对马嘴，前后没有连贯性，因而破坏作文的完整性。
3.语言的规范性和准确性
作文的思想内容都必须通过语言形式来表达。八级作文要求语言得体、通顺，无重大语法错误。如果作文句不成句，用词不当，语法错误连篇，就很难将作者的意图表达清楚。
但是，历年来的写作项目反映出学生在作文的统一性、连贯性和语言的规范性方面还普遍存在一些问题。概括起来有以下几点：
l）作文中的论点未展开。这主要表现为没有按照要求在第一部分中阐明观点，而是东拉西扯，写了与题目有关或无关的细节或现象。比如在以 INSUPPORT OF DORMITORYPOLICIES为题的作文中，一些学生不是开门见山地点明主题思想，而是列举了一些寝室里的情况或评论一些不良现象。最后由于篇幅有限，就在结束时提一句寝室制度就草草收尾。
2）作文结构不严谨，段落没有主题句，且句际段落关系不明显。这种现象在考生的作文中中带有一定的普遍性。有些学生在写作时没有理清思路，按照一定的逻辑框架写，而是想到什么就写什么，因此文章显得松散。
3）作文首尾不一致。作文开头与结尾部分内容衔接不上，或自相矛盾。
4）作文缺乏连贯性（COHERENCE）。在对历年考生作文的分析中，我们发现以下几个现象：A.差的作文中简单句多，而好的作文中则少；
B.差的作文中从句和连词出现的频率大大低于好的作文；
C.差的作文中各种照应的使用低于好的作文；
D.差的作文中关键词和同义／近义词出现的频率低于好的作文。
以上部分简单地讨论了八级写作项目的要求、预期达到的标准以及学生作文中反映出来的一些带有共性的问题。在结束之前，我们就如何提高写作能力谈几点看法：
1、写作能力的培养要从最基本的做起，一步一个脚印，扎实地进行基本功训练。
2、就八级写作项目而言，要提高驾驭文章整体思路的能力就要加强逻辑思维训练，通过各类写作手法的操练来提高这方面的能力。此外，要提高语言的准确性，学会使用各种语篇纽带，如 LOGICAL、GRAMMATICAL、SEMANTICCONNECTORS，使作文思路清晰，论点鲜明，例证充分，语言得体，真正达到写作的要求。
英译汉注意的问题
【51Test.NET-专业英语四级八级考试】
一、不合习惯的说法
不同的民族有不同的习惯和表达方法。一句话，一个词，在一个国家表达的是好意，引起人们好的联想和情感，在另一个国家转达的可能是坏意，引起人们不好的联想和情感。如果翻译不注意，就有可能引起误解或不快。而如果我们注意这些差异，在译文中加以运用，就可以收到较好的效果。在翻译不涉及政治、经济等重要问题，只涉及生活习惯、日常用语时，可以更灵活些，按照译入语的习惯说法表达意思。
1、见面问候
中国人见面时喜欢问：吃过了吗? Have you had breakfast(lunch, supper)?到哪去?Where areyougoing?这都不是外国人在见面问候时会问的问题。如果见面就问外国人“到哪里”，人家会以为你要了解人家的私事，对你会产生反感。外国人喜欢问：“你好吗?”这句话可以有不少表达方法，如How are you? How do you do ?How have you been doing?Hello!Hey!等。用哪一句来表达你的问候，取决于你与被问候人的关系密切程度。总之，这一类的问候语，直译可能会让人感到莫名其妙，还是按外国人的习惯翻译较好。
2、对病人的问候
中国人喜欢对病人深表同情。但外国人则轻易不愿表现出其弱的一面，对他们表达过分同情的话未必会收到好的效果。例如：中国人在听说一个人生病后可能会说：得知贵体欠佳，深感不安和关切。直译：I was rather disturbed by and concerned about yourillness.但这样翻译会使感到病情很重，只能加重病人的顾虑，达不到安慰病人的目的。按照英文的表达习惯，可译为：I am sorry tohear about your illness and wish you a speedyrecovery.这样翻译既表达了讲话者的难过心情，又表达了希望病人尽快康复的愿望。
3、对待他人的表扬和感谢
在受到表扬或感谢时，中国人往往比较谦虚，会说：“这没什么。”“这是我应该做的。”或者，“哪里，哪里，我还做得很差。”如果直译：It isnothing.This is my duty.This is what I should do.Well, I have notdone very well.There is still much to beimproved.所有这些谦恭的话，在外国人听起来，都会显得做作。西方人通常会说：It’s my pleasure.Thank you for your kind words.I feel flattered.翻译这些话时，宜根据西方的习惯来译。
4、迎接外宾时
中国人迎接远道而来的客人时常常会说：“一路上辛苦了。累不累?”You must have been tired after thelongflight(journey)而外国人喜欢在别人面前显得年轻、有朝气，不喜欢被人认为体弱，或有疲劳感。因此，上述问候话直译效果不好，可译成：How was the flight? Have you had a pleasant flight?或者You have had along flight.二、不够委婉的语气
有时有人讲话比较直率、唐突，直译可能会使人感到不太客气，甚至会失礼。译员应学习委婉说法，在翻译时把握好语气。但为外交斗争需要而使用针锋相对的语言除外。
例1 中国可作为贵国资源性产品的稳定市场，同时中国的许多工业产品可满足贵国市场的需要。
直译：Your resource-based products can find a stable market in China andChinese industrial products can meet the needs of yourmarket.这么直译也许会让人担心，以为我们的工业品要去占领他们的市场。同样的意思可以翻得更客气一些。如：You may find astable market in China for your primary products and may also get anumber of industrial products from China to meet some of your needs.例2 我想向大家介绍一下你们所关心的经济问题。
直译：I wish to talk on China’s economic development in which you are interested.这样翻译，显得讲话者太肯定听众会对他所讲内容感兴趣。尽管讲话者知道听众是有兴趣的，但说得客气气一点效果更好。可译为：I would liketo brief you on China’s economic development, which might be ofinterest to you.另外，我们打交道的人大多是上层人士，我们必须学会使用礼貌文雅的语言，否则，会产生距离、反感，从而失去朋友，有损我形象。
1974年，加拿大“白求恩纪念委员会”访华代表团中有一位团员对我接待官员说，我方翻译像警察，原因是那天早晨，翻译到他房间对他说： Youhave breakfast at 8, get your luggage downstairs at 8:30 and leave herefor the airport at 9.OK?语言简单、生硬、不礼貌，给外宾留下了不好的印象。建议对外宾说：Breakfast is at8.Would you please get your luggage downstairs at 8:30?we are going toleave here for the airport at 9.曾有一位女翻译招呼外宾时，大声喊叫“Hello”而不知道说：“Excuse me”，在宣布事情时总是：Attentionplease.而不是说：Ladies and Gentlemen, may I have your attentionplease.结果一位外宾对此感到不快，说：I don’t want to talk to that wildgirl.要人帮忙时，我们时常会说：你能告诉我到×××地方怎么走吗?你能说英语吗?等。如果英文译成：Can you tell me howto get to……?Can you speakEnglish?那将是很不客气的问话。对方会以为你怀疑他的能力。因为英文字can表示能力。如果改为could,含义就不同了。可以译为：Couldyou please tell me how to get……? Do you speakEnglish?一个陌生人问你如何去某地时，你很可能传说：“最好坐公共汽车去。”如将这句话译为You’d better take abus,听起来不够礼貌。因为You’d better……这个句型含有You have a duty to do something,或Youhave an obligation to…的意思。是一种命令语气，常用于晚辈或下属。因此，这样翻译不够礼貌。这句话有许多客气的表达方法。
如：I suggest you take a bus.It might be better to take a bus.Perhaps you might like to take a bus.Why not take a bus?
I think the best way is by bus.总之，我们翻译工作者必须学会礼貌用语，委婉表达法。中国驻悉尼总领事段津在谈到对外往的沟通艺术时曾介绍了一些礼貌用语。如：在对别人的意见表示不同看法时可以说：
I have to disagree with you, but I would think…或者Well, there’s apoint in what you said, but …对某件事表示不同意见时，可以说：Would it not be betterif…请别人帮忙时，可以说：Could you do me a favour, 或者Excuse me ,I have aproblem,…等等。在绝别人要求时，可以说：I am afraid it doesn’t work.或者I wonder whetherit will work, but I’ll try my best.一些学识渊博、经验丰富的外交官非常善于使用委婉客气的语气来表达不同意见。譬如，一个外国代表团在一次国际会议上，是这样对一个国际会议领导职位侯选人的提名表示不同意见的。他说：
“As an experienced Minister with a distinguished record of service,we are confident that he has all the attributes to be an outstandingpresident of this Conference…but I have to place before you some of thereservations that we have about this nomination.If I may, I will sharewith you some of our concerns.Such a presidency will be misread bythose outside the ILO as signaling that…”
可以译为：他是一位有经验的部长，并做出了出色的成绩。我们相信，他完全具有条件，可以成为一个杰出的会议主席。但是，我不是不陈述我们对于这一提名的保留意见。请允许我向你们谈谈我们所关注的一些问题。这一主席的提名会被国际劳工组织以外的人误解为发出一个……的信号。”这位团长既清楚地表达了反对意见，但又讲得非常委婉、客气。这些表达方法很值得我们学习、借鉴。
三、动词使用不当
英语动词往往有其特定的用法。如不熟悉，就会出错。以下仅举两例来说明动词的不同形态、类型。
例1 Welcome
中文中经常会出现，“欢迎某人做某事”的句子，按中文语序翻译这样的句子，往往会出现中式英文。北京长安街两个大饭店门前大牌子上有两条表示欢迎的大标语：“北京欢迎您”、“国际饭店欢迎您”。同时又用英语书写了这两条标语的意思：
Beijing Is Waiting for You(北京正等着您)和International Hotel WelcomesYou.中国民航赠送的挎包上曾印有中、英文的欢迎词：欢迎乘坐中国民航，Welcome you to flyCAAC.英语中的“欢迎”通常使用”welcome"这个词。Welcome作动词时有两种形式可用：动词+宾语，动词+宾语+副词短语。
习惯上可以译为welcome somebody to somewhere,或welcome to aplace.显然上述译法不符合这个英文词的通常表达习惯。应译为：Welcome to Beijing, Welcome toInternational Hotel 和Welcome to fly CAAC。如要翻译“欢迎贵国工商界人士到中国去投资”，不能译为：Wewelcome people from the business community of your country to makeinvestment in China.可译为：i)People from the business community here inthis country are welcome to make investment in China.或ii)We hope thatpeople from the business community here in this country will go andinvest in China.四、禁语的译法
任何社会都会有一些要求大家遵循的行为准则。如：公共场合不准吸烟、不准乱扔果皮纸屑、不准大声喧哗等。有些单位还根据本单位情况制定一些规则。如何翻译禁语是需要注意的又一个重要问题。中文禁语比较严肃，用词直截了当，以体现其法律效力。而外国人有时以比较婉转的口吻表达同样的意思。我们应尽量以译入语禁语的习惯表达方式来翻译禁语，并力求简洁。请比较下述两例的两种译法，第一种译法是我国一些地方标出的译文。第二种译法是建议译文。
例1 禁止拍照
Forbid photograph
No Photos
例2 禁止吸烟
Forbid Smoking
No Smoking或者Thank you for not smoking.
第四篇：2012专八作文
Be ware our favorite telephone
Do you like phones? When college students are asked this question, and I suppose what they will answer.The recent survey about college student’s attitude toward phones aroused my interest.A result that what college students like phone most is that they can reach others and what they like least is that others can reach them is given by a professor.I am partially agree with the professor’s opinion as a college students and a member among the been surveygroup, what I like phone most is that I can reach others and what Ilike least is not others can reach me but it brings mepotential problems.In modern society, I can’t get by without my cell phone and I view it as a necessary tool to reach others.To begin with, I came to college and I am away from my families.Cell phones allow parental communication which can make me feel more secure.Besides, even if the crime rates are low, as a student I may find myself in situations where I feel unsafe.Phones allow me to all for help when I feel unsafe.Cell phones allow me to call for help when I feel I need an escort.In a real emergency, where I need medical attention, a cell phone could prove lifesaving, and it brings me a safe.what’s more telephones allow me to have an always –on connection to my social network.I can use short time and few words to reach others at any time.I like phones which really bring me great convenience.However, for me, what I like phone least is that it brings me potential problems.I waste lots of time on mobile phones, obsessing with the QQ zone, wrapping in the games, chatting with others and so on.These are the visible effects.I think others also have this problem.What’s worse, phone brings indifference and distance between us, and this invisible effect is more awful.when my friend sand I have no phones, we get together playing and talking, but now we talking little when we get together.Everyone has a small screen, and we prefer engraining in the virtual world rather than communicating with our friends sitting beside us.A group of people sit together and play without communication.How awful that was.It is telephone that reducing our communication and bringing a gap between us.I found the telephone is the real subtle poison which is destroying people’s relationship.but few of us has realized this.Most of us just see it’s advantages and college students are addicted into it.Beware our favorite phone which is destroying our relationship.As college students we need realizing this and using our phone properly.
第五篇：专八作文
Recently newspapers have reported that officials in a little-known mountainous area near Guiyang, Guizhou Province wanted to turn the area into a “central business district” for Guiyang and invited a foreign design company to give it an entirely new look.The design company came up with a blueprint for unconventional非传统的, super-futuristic未来主义的 buildings.This has triggered off different responses.Some appreciate of the bold innovation of the design, but others held that it failed to reflect regional characteristics or local cultural heritage.What is your view on this? Write an essay of about 400 words.You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.In the first part of your essay you should state dearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details.In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.作文参考答案：
The important role of a city’s local conditions in the urban design
Recently there is a hot debate on a report that a foreign design company invited by a little-known mountainous area in Guiyang provided a design without paying too much attention to the city’s unique characteristics.Some people appreciate the bold innovation of the design but others do not like it.In my opinion, any urban design should take the city’s original cultural heritage into account.The designers should suit their design to local conditions and try to take advantage of the local resources.<题目改写>
First, a city’s regional characteristics or local cultural heritage are its symbol, its identity.In a mountainous area, too many unconventional, super-futuristic buildings will not be compatible with the city’s landscapes.Without these landscapes, it is just another so called modern city composed of concrete and steel.Take Beijing for example.In the past few years, Beijing has been removing a large number of such alleys traditionally called hutong, in order to make it become a real international city.But without these hutongs can this city still be called Beijing, an ancient capital? The disappearance of hutongs means the disappearance of a period of history, a cordial lifestyle, and even the disappearance of Beijing itself.Then Beijing will lose its uniqueness.<总分；举例>
Second, it can help a city save a lot of money by suiting the design to local conditions and try to take advantage of the local resources.This is especially important to small cities, like this one in a mountainous area near Guiyang.We all know Guiyang is a developing city, not very rich.Unconventional, super-futuristic buildings mean large need of money input.Then more burdens may be added to this city, which will run counter to the city’s original purpose of developing itself.Instead, if connections between a city’s culture and the various urban sectors, including housing, infrastructure and governance, are well made, the maximum economic benefits will be achieved.<总分；分析题目现状>
Besides, the modernization should be a gradual process.More haste, less speed.Nonetheless, it should not be overlooked that the shortcomings of futuristic-style constructing outweigh its advantages brought.In conclusion, any urban design should take the city’s original cultural heritage into account.The designers should suit their design to local conditions and try to take advantage of the local resources.A scientific city design should be dependent on the city’s regional characteristics, on a case-by-case basis.Maybe We Have a Better Idea
Few things can add as much colors to the regional features of a city as the look of its CBD.Hence, we know Manhattan of Big Apple, Pudong of Shanghai.Indeed, they are the most typical sights projecting a skyline of a modern city.However, should a CBD in the world look all like? Who told us it should solely be made up of unconventional, super-futuristic buildings? And should they stand out from their surroundings? Answers to these questions are universally and unequivocally No.A CBD is not a detached but integral part of a city.To prevent it from being too extreme or monstrous, it supposedly goes with the general style of the rest parts of the city.In the past, we Chinese have learnt so many hard and painful lessons.We could have had a Beijing with more Chinese traditional characteristics, more valuable cultural heritage preserved and above all more integral and harmonious Tian An-men Square to present to the world.If our grand fathers had been more willing to listen to the advice of some personages, mankind could have known another Paris of a totally different style in the world.Secondly, with more and more mortals being aware of the value of eco-friendliness, those unconventional, super-futuristic buildings made especially of steel, concrete structures and other eco-unfriendly materials are being increasingly questioned, suspected and forsaken.A China southern city like GY should, perhaps, model its CBD on that of Davos rather than New York or Shanghai.Instead of erecting skyscrapers and towers, GY ought to make its CBD delicate and pleasing, offering bankers and businessmen from across the world comfortable and cozy offices.Finally, a trend that has caught on since some time ago is that regional is international.The world is world nowhere because of its unity and sameness but because of its diversity and variety.To add her own measure of colors to the world, CBD in GY should be local, regional and reflecting the distinctive features of the city.Just a look would give one familiar with her an intimacy “That’s GY all over!” The day when such a CBD is completed, she can be a resort of another sort riveting people all over the world doing business in the area while enjoying her beauty and warm comfort.Therefore, the municipal and city-developers ought to give it a serious thought before turning whatever foreign design company’s blue print to concrete and steel.Maybe we can come up with a better idea – a new type of CBD, eco-friendly, amiable and economical, might set a new precedent!
No one can have failed to notice the fact that Chinese culture has become increasingly diversified in the past decades.This can be embodied by evidences in many fields, one of which is architecture.Recently newspapers have reported that officials in a little-known mountainous area near Guiyang, Guizhou Province wanted to turn the area into a “central business district” for Guiyang and invited a foreign design company to give it an entirely new look.The design company came up with a blueprint for unconventional, super-futuristic buildings.This has aroused a heated debate.Some approve of the bold innovation of the design while others claimed that it failed to reflect regional characteristics or local cultural heritage.When asked of my opinion, I am inclined to agree with the former one, and I base my point of view on the following reasons.In the first place, an unconventional or exotic design is in accordance with the primary function of this area.As we are told, this lot of land is meant to be a “central business district”.As the name indicates, this area is intended for business, most possibly international business, which is imaginable in the context of the nation’s move of reform and opening-up to the outside world.Such being the case, an innovative and super-futuristic design of the areas is quite understandable, for it may demonstrate local people’s wish to embrace and integrate with other cultures around the world.More foreign investors might be attracted here, which is just the aim of this program.In the second place, allowing space for novel things is essential for the development of an area.The concept of ancient and modern or that of local and alien is relative.What seems ancient now used to be modern centuries ago;similarly, what looks exotic today might be deemed natural tomorrow.A person needs to accept new knowledge to grow and the same is true with an area or a country.While new things often meet with objections at first, they are mostly accepted and loved later.A number of examples can be listed, with the most striking ones being the art museum in Paris designed by Bei Luming, a Chinese architect, and the Opera House in Sydney, whose designer only received due respect years after his death.Admittedly, we should respect and treasure traditional and regional culture, inherit it and carry it on.However, preserving the old and traditional should not be the reason to refuse the new and modern.Bringing what has been discussed into conclusion, we may claim that it is understandable and acceptable for people in the above-mentioned area to adopt the foreign design.
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