第一篇:对于尼龙件用水煮的原因分析
对于尼龙件用水煮的原因分析:我们常用的尼龙是是尼龙6(PA6)、尼龙66(PA66),是一种结晶性热塑性材料;尼龙材料容易吸水,含有亲水基(酰氨基)。
对结晶性聚合物而言,在注塑加工时,很迅速的冷却使得材料无法自然结晶定型,从而使材料内部存在较强的内应力。没有经过“回火”处理的尼龙料,其内部因为在定型后,大分子仍然会趋向于自然取向、结晶的运动,这会导致材料内应力进一步加剧。因此,没有经过水煮工序的尼龙件其脆性非常大,在受到外力时,很容易崩掉或者是断裂。
那么,如果让已经成型的尼龙大分子自然取向、结晶,尽量消除内应力呢?
那就是我们说的水煮,水煮工序其实跟我们的金属“回火”处理工序的设置有异曲同工之妙。那就是让尼龙件在一定的水温浸泡,让其内部的大分子尽量的趋于自然取向和达到内部的结晶与解晶的平衡,从而消除其内部应力。表现在外面就是:尼龙件的韧性大大增强,脆性基本消除。
那么为什么要用水煮呢?
那就是因为尼龙含亲水基团——酰氨基团,它导致尼龙容易吸水,但尼龙吸收一定的水分后,有助于其内部大分子的取向和结晶运动。
尼龙件水煮的最佳温度和时间:
90-100℃,2-3小时。
低于90度,效果不好,超过3小时,也不会再有更好的结果。从性价比而言,上述工艺条件最佳。
第二篇:对于中小企业人才流失的内外部原因分析
[论文关键词]中小企业;人才流失;原因
[论文摘要]中小企业在我国的经济社会发展中占有重要地位,发挥着大企业难以取代的作用。我国现已加入世贸组织,成为世界经济共同体中的一员。中小企业作为我国国民经济的重要组成部分,同样也处在改革与发展的关键时期。但是人才流失却阻碍着我国中小企业的发展。文章试图从我国中小企业人才流失的内外部原因进行明确的梳理,以便中小企业能探寻有效控制人才流失的措施,更好地促进中小企业的健康、快速发展。
The Internal and External Reasons of Brain Drain in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises played a very important role in China’s social economic development which the large enterprises cannot replace.China has joined the WTO and become a member of the economic globalization.As an important part of China’s economy, small and medium-sized enterprises now are in their critical period of development, but brain drain is a restrain factor in development.This paper analyzes the internal and external reasons of brain drain in China’s small and medium enterprises in order to help them seek effective measures for controlling the situationand better promote these enterprises to develop in a health and high speed.Key words: small and medium-sized enterprises;brain drain;reasons
截至2005年底,我国经工商部门注册的中小企业已占全国企业总数的99.6%。中小企业创造的最终产品和服务价值占国内生产总值的59%,上缴税收占53%,吸纳了80%以上的城镇就业人员。由此可见,我国的中小企业正以其规模小、数量庞大、行业分布广泛、经营灵活等特色以及同大企业的分工协作关系,在我国的经济社会发展中发挥着不可或缺的作用,并已成为我国经济的不可缺少的重要组成部分。然而,由于各种因素的影响,人才在我国的中小企业中却往往难以发挥自己的作用,期望和结果存在的差距使得人才流失现象相当的严重。如何才能留住人才尤其是优秀的人才便成为我国中小企业目前急需解决的一个问题。每年有一定比例的人员流动有利于企业造血。一般而言,15%以内的人员流动是正常、合理的,它可以促进人才、知识的交流等等。但是,现在我国许多中小企业的人才流动并不能算是一种健康的流动。一个重要的原因就是人才流出不流进,或者不像管理者预期的那样流进,形成人才流失。对于中小企业来说,由于其规模小、经营流程简单,人才可以在各个方面得到锻炼,而且,这些人才往往能独立支撑起一个方面,企业也不会像大型企业一样拥有比较丰富的人才储备。一旦这些人才流失了,企业马上就会面临人才断档,必将影响企业的经营和发展。据不完全统计,近年来我国中小企业的人才流动率接近50%,而有一些企业竟达到了70%,其中大多数都存在不同程度的人才流失。人才流失的原因是多方面的,有内因有外因,有共性的有个性的。分析具有普遍意义的原因,将对广大中小企业解决这一个问题提供一定的帮助。
一、我国中小企业人才流失的内部原因
1.受资源、规模的限制,人才管理工作滞后或不足。中小企业在前期发展中,往往把主要精力放在资金与技术等方面,忽视人才工作。首先,表现在公司缺乏完整的人才管理规划。用人没有相应的人才梯队建设和储备计划。其次,无法建立科学的人才培训体系,只要现在能干就行,员工的成长计划仿佛与企业没有关系。有统计资料表明,在培训机会少的情况下,44%的员工会在一年之内更换工作。第三,员工缺乏必要的发展空间和成长机会。许
多中小企业受规模限制,在经营策略以及经营手段上短期行为和投机心理严重,企业发展前景不明确。企业人才的发展前景往往与企业发展前景紧密联系,融为一体。因此,一些追求自我实现的企业员工就必然选择离开。
2.企业的管理体制存在弊端。许多中小企业内部管理制度不完善、组织结构不合理,导致员工无所适从,不知道怎样做才符合企业的要求。由于没有明确的工作标准,员工即使再努力工作,也难以获得企业的认可。企业管理的方式主要还是人治,缺少成文的制度规范。还有相当一部分中小企业,实行原始的家族式管理,在企业的诸多方面实行双重标准,挫伤了人才的积极性、创造性。这种管理模式虽然在一定阶段和范围内有着其他模式所不可比拟的优势,但当企业发展到一定阶段后,弊端也就很明显的暴露了出来。企业发展的历史使得人们在聘用人才方面习惯表现为对外人不放心、过分集权、任人唯亲、选择标准欠科学、论资排辈等,对企业的发展产生巨大的局限性。由于近亲繁殖,企业形成一股无形压制外来人员正确意见,甚至欺负外来人员的歪风。担任重要职务的低素质的近亲可能用自己的喜好来指挥外来人才,致使外来人才对企业缺乏认同感,不愿与企业同舟共济,并最终导致外来人才流出企业。而且由于权力的过度集中,使得中下层管理人员的权力有限。过分依赖高层管理人员,尤其是过分看中企业主的个人能力,使得外来人才觉得没有更多的发展余地。这同时也使得高层管理人员获取信息的通道减少,信息量变小,因而决策失误的风险加大,最终可能带来严重后果。
3.企业的人才管理理念存在误区。一方面,企业往往视人力资源为人力成本,当企业处在高速发展阶段时,对人才的需求较强,人力就是企业获取利益的工具;但当企业遇到困难,甚至多项业务陷于停顿时,人力就成为企业的负担。另一方面,中小企业由于自身财力有限以及受传统观念的影响,往往认为人是雇来为企业赚钱的,通过支付工资的形式就可以给予他们应得的报酬,而较少考虑到应给予他们其他的激励,如职务的提升、富有挑战性的工作等。因而大多中小企业不愿意在人才上进行投资以使其开发增殖,至于职业生涯设计就更无从谈起,致使企业内的人才往往觉得前途渺茫、动力不足,从而最终选择离开;企业外部的人才则会认为在该企业中没有发展余地而不愿进入该企业。在人才的使用过程中,我国的中小企业对人才也往往存在着不切实际的期望,总认为一旦重用了某人,就要马上为企业带来收益,否则便没有留下来的价值。这种观念既不能发现真正的人才,也不可能给人才太多的发展余地,甚至会使人才觉得压力过大而选择离开该企业。
4.企业的人才管理策略欠科学。企业的激励机制在某种程度上决定了中小企业的人才竞争力。它分为物质和非物质激励两方面。如果中小企业一方面不能提供相对优厚的物质待遇,另一方面又不能提供满足人才精神需要的具有企业特色的非物质待遇,这样的中小企业就难以吸引和留住人才。我国的很多中小企业往往习惯于用高的薪酬来吸引人才,但同时又不能制定出一个合理的薪酬系统,没有完整的绩效考核体系。在绩效考核的实际操作过程中,只凭印象行事,过于看重企业主的个人评价而没有科学的方法体系。因而汇总出来的考核结果往往不具有真实性和科学性,对企业的指导作用也就变得微乎其微了。另外,企业不能以科学的理论来认识员工的不同需求,更无法设计出针对不同需求的员工的激励措施,将薪酬与工作的主动性和创造性生硬分离,结果使得员工的士气和忠诚度受到影响。
5.中小企业保障制度不完善。多数中小企业对于企业员工保障问题的观念意识淡薄。据相关资料调查,中小企业中只有36.3%的人在进入企业时与雇主签订了劳动合同,32%的人有过口头协议,其余的人既无文字合同又无口头协议。另外,劳动合同内容过于简单粗糙,很不规范,双方极易产生不信任感,以至于影响到企业的长期稳定发展。
6.缺乏企业文化,难以形成内部向心力。企业文化是企业在长期生产经营活动中所形成的全体员工共同认可的价值规范。优秀的企业文化对员工有很好的激励、约束和凝聚作用。而企业文化往往需要长期积淀、潜移默化才能形成,许多中小企业是没有这个时间的。有调
查研究表明,中国中小企业平均寿命大体也就在 3年左右,许多企业尚未形成自己的企业文化就倒闭了。
二、我国中小企业人才流失的外部原因
1.社会整体所持的信念和价值观会影响具体企业的行为。若整个社会对员工流动的合法性持肯定态度,认为人员流动有较强的可接受程度,则企业的人才流失率可能偏高。反之,则会较低。
2.劳动力市场的供求状况也会对企业的人才流失率产生影响。若整个劳动力市场供过于求,即相对于社会提供的职位而言,劳动力过剩,则人才不会轻易产生流动以避免失业的风险。相反,若整个劳动力市场供不应求,则人才可能能够比较轻易的找到更具有吸引力的职位,从而人才流失率会相对较高。同时,若劳动力市场已趋于完善,则对人才的随意流动的约束会加强,使得员工流动的随意性降低。反之,人才流失可能较容易发生。
3.缺乏成熟配套的人才政策。我国的人才流动市场较之计划经济时代有着巨大的进步和发展, 人才资源也可在市场上自由流动,但国家还没有一套成熟、配套的政策和制度,来规范人才流动,各地区、各部门、各单位都会使出浑身解数抢人才。有些企业缺乏竞业道德,互相之间“ 挖人才墙脚”, 员工集体“ 炒企业鱿鱼”。这在一定程度上导致了不公平竞争。如果竞争对手提出具有竞争力的举措,如更高的薪酬、更好的福利、更具有吸引力的职位、更广阔的发展前景等,则本企业的人才可能会选择离开而流入竞争对手的企业。本企业的人才流失率会相应的偏高。相反,竞争企业的人才流失率会偏高。
4.信用机制缺失。在影响人才流失的社会因素中,一个重要缺陷是信用机制的缺失。市场经济是信用经济,“重合同、守信用”是保证市场经济有效运作的前提。社会的信用建立在人的信用的基础上,诚实守信应该是做人的基本原则。然而,就全社会来看,我们还没有一套有效的信用机制,对于那些不守信用的人,社会还没有一套行之有效的处理办法。正如创维集团董事局主席黄宏生所说:“我不怕跳槽,怕的是不讲信义,没有章法”。
总之,中小企业在经营过程中只有很好的了解人才流失的具体原因才能根据自己的特点建立起有效的用人机制,因地制宜制定相应的人才策略,并在实践中不断改进、完善,才能有效防止人才流失问题,真正做到招到人才、留住人才和用好人才。
[参考文献]
[1]汗牛策划、拓维文化编著.中小企业人力资源组织与管理[M].北京:中国纺织出版社,2001.[2]齐力然,姜梅.中小企业政策巧用[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2002.[3]陈超.民营企业人才严重流失的原因及对策分析[J].经济界,2003,(2):24-
27.[4]龚建文.我国中小企业发展现状、问题和对策[J].江西社会科学,1999,(12).[5]陈乃醒,傅贤治.中国中小企业发展报告[M].中国经济出版社,2007.[6]李书治.民营中小企业人力资源管理问题探析[J].民营经济,2007,(2).
第三篇:原因分析
原因分析
1、教师压力大,首先体现在工作当中,现在社会对教育的关注越来越大,施加于教师身上的无形和有形的压力也就越来越大。同时随着学生个性化的增强,新课程改革对教师能力进一步提高,要想成为一个合格、称职的教师就需要付出更多的努力。“每天对着几十名性格各异、活泼好动的学生,既要解决可能出现的千奇百怪的问题,又要搞好教学,压力不小。”而工作上的繁忙又带来家庭生活的不愉快,每天早出晚归,很多家务活是无法指望了,有时候在学校弄了一肚子气回家,“另一半”往往成了“出气筒”。同时教师往往因为忙于教育别人的孩子而疏于对自己孩子的教育,身为老师却没有教育好自己的孩子,光这一点就足够让很多教师烦恼了。而工作和家庭的双重压力与烦恼,往往形成一种恶性循环。还有的高中教师告诉记者,学生一进入高三生活就可能产生各种心理问题,而有的高中教师却要年年“过高三”,长期处于备战高考的紧张状态,心理压力长时间得不到缓解。
2、学生家长给予的压力大
现在的学生多是独生子女,家长在教育方面对学校有强烈的期待,当学生在学校发生一些偶发事件,家长会迁怒于老师;学生学习成绩与自己愿望出现偏差时家长也要归罪于老师。为了工作,教师不得不掩饰自己的喜怒哀乐。这样日积月累多少会有心理问题,没有渠道得到专业心理辅导,老师们多靠自我心理调节,有时转移宣泄给家人,影响了家庭生活。
3、教师收入低:
首先,收入低往往使教师陷入鸡毛蒜皮的生活琐事中。收入太低,开源和节流都是老师日常需要考虑的问题,任何一项非日常的开支,都会成为老师生活中的难题,严重牵扯精力。另外,从全国范围看,农村中小学教师的住房问题始终没有得到根本解决,没有安居,难得乐业。更可怕的是,为数众多的老师长期带病工作,不是因为工作忙没时间,而是没钱!
第二,收入低已经影响到教师的公众形象。因为收入低,每一块钱对老师来说都很重要,花钱时就显得潇洒不起来,这不但没有得到公众的同情,反而成为讥笑的对象。在人们的价值观逐渐物质化的今天,经济地位甚低的教师社会地位也随之大幅降低,当教师光荣已经变成当教师无能!
第三,收入低已经使少部分教师师德水平下降。为了增加收入,乱收费者有之,乱办班者有之,索礼者有之,凡此种种。这部分教师的不良行为,被放大成了整个教师队伍的不良行为,从而使教师在公众心中的形象由可怜变为可憎,骂教师的声音不绝于耳!
第四,收入低使教师的社会地位下降,师道不再尊严。目前的中小学在校生,主要是所谓的九零后的一代,受社会大环境的影响,在他们心目中,收入是衡量一个人地位和能力的重要指标,因此,收入极低的教师无疑是没有地位的,是无能的,是不值得信任的,是不必听其教导的,甚至是可以随意侮辱的,这给教育带来的麻烦是无法估量的。
第五,收入低导致教师心理的不平衡,敬业精神严重缺乏。教师工作是一项无法量化的工作,能量化的都是表面的东西,而真正起作用的是敬业精神,这是任何培训和考核都无法触及到的。当教师发现自己的经济地位和社会地位是如此之低的时候,很难想象他们还会有很高的敬业精神。
第六,收入低直接导致了教师队伍的不稳定,从而导致了教师队伍整体素质的下降。教师不傻,一旦发现可以改变生活环境的机会,他们会不失时机的付诸实施。于是每年有大批的教师转行了,实在不能转行,农村的教师想办法调进县城,县城的教师想办法调到城市,或者干脆辞职去私立学校,于是,又有一批新的代课教师出现在农村的学校,于是,教师队伍的素质就又下降了一块!
第四篇:分析原因
分析原因查漏补缺提升质量
——针对半期测试研讨如何进一步提升教学质量的分析会
为了全面提升我年级的教育教学质量,细化常规管理,注重过程管理,认真分析教育教学工作和年级管理工作中存在的问题,拟定出下一步具体的工作措施,明确自己努力的方向,切实提高学校常规管理质量和教师专业水平。2011年5月11日半期检测质量 教研专区全新登场教学设计教学方法课题研究教育论文日常工作
分析会在平宁基点校召开。中心校郑先均校长、胥树斌老师以及我平宁片23名教师参加了此次研讨会。
会上,基点校校长杨建林对本次半期考试情况作全面的通报,并结合上期末的排名情况作对比,让教师明确了自己所教学年级、教学科目的升降情况,让教师心中要有数。
接着,各学科教师根据新的评价标准就本班教学中前半期所存在的问题,学生管理中存在的困惑以及在后半期的教学工作中各自改进的措施做了交流。在交流中可以看得出各位教师对前半期的教学工作分析是很透彻的,提升质量的措施也是很现实可行的,通过交流与探讨好的经验得到延伸,拓展,存在的问题得到了遏制,解决了我片在教学常规管理中一些不足之处。教师们对待后半期工作还是充满信心的,只要大家思想不滑坡,办法总比困难多。然后基点校杨校长就“教师方面”、“学生方面”、“学校管理”三个方面做了分析,教师根据半期排名找准自己的位置,明确奋斗的目标,重视学生的辅导,讲究辅导的策略,合理调整教学进度,务实教学工作;深信平宁片区各校教学质量会有较大提升。
最后中心学校郑校长对平宁片区各校教学质量提升给予了指导,分析、解决了学校教师管理中存在的问题,并提出解决问题的策略。要求各校教师更加透彻的剖析教学上存在问题,找准自己的价值取向,用心、用力、用时间,不为质量提升找借口;细化常规注重过程的监管,突显质量为中心,大张旗鼓抓质量。通过刚柔并济的管理促使教育教学质量稳步上升。
此次会议通过查找、分析教学常规管理方面存在的薄弱环节,课堂教学中的失足,进一步理清了后半期工作的思路,更加明确了努力的方向。
第五篇:对于大学生厌学的原因分析中英文对照(最终版)
对于大学生厌学的原因分析中英文对照
For the analysis of the causes of study-weariness in Chinese
and English
少年强,则国强,大学生是祖国未来现代化建设的接班人,肩负着实施科教兴国和中华民族复兴的历史重任。在尊重知识、尊重人才的今天,许多大学生埋头苦读,发愤图强,取得了优异的成绩。但是,如果我们仔细观察就不难发现,在我们的大学校园里,还有部分大学生学习劲头不足,存在明显的厌学现象。厌学的定义:所谓厌学是指学生对于学习感到厌倦的心理现象,是学生对学校的学习生活不能满足自己需要而产生的一种不满意、不愉快、厌烦学习生活的情绪体验,其表现为消极地对待学习、不积极主动学习等。具有厌学心理的学生是指那些对学习认识存在偏差、情感上消极、行为上远离学习活动的学生。造成大学生厌学的原因是很复杂的,因此,剖析问题的实质,改革教育教学乃是当务之急。我校自2000年开始招收第一届护理本科学生,至今为止本人具有7年护理本科学生的授课经验,在授课过程中,本人体会到护理本科生有厌学情绪,表现在在学习上态度散漫,甚至完全懈怠下来。在课堂上,这种厌学情绪表现为,学生精神萎靡不振,做一些与课程毫不相干的事情,甚至频繁逃课。在课下,则表现为,部分学生不上图书馆,不看专业书籍,不按时完成作业。就目前的研究结果显示,造成大学生厌学的原因主要有四个方面:
The young are strong, Guo-Qiang, college students are the future of our country modernization successor, shoulder the important historic task of revitalizing China through science and education and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.In the respect knowledge, respect talent today, many college students knuckled down to study, to strive for progress with determination, and achieved excellent results.However, if we are careful observation is not difficult to find, in our university campus, there are some students study strength is insufficient, existence of study-weariness obvious.Definition: the so-called weariness weariness is that students feel tired psychological phenomenon in learning, students' school life can not satisfy their needs and have a dissatisfied, unhappy, tired of learning life emotional experience, its performance is a negative attitude towards learning, not active learning.With the psychological weariness of students is far away from the learning activities of students who learning deviation in cognition, emotion, behavior of negative.Causes of study-weariness is very complicated, therefore, analyze the essence of the problem, the reform of education and teaching is a pressing matter of the moment.Our school began to enroll undergraduate nursing students from 2000, until now I have 7 years of undergraduate nursing students teaching experience, in the teaching process, I feel the baccalaureate nursing students are weary, lies in learning lax attitude, or even completely slack down.In the classroom, the weary performance, student spirit cachexia, do things and curriculum irrelevant, even frequent truancy.In the next lesson, also, some students do not go to library, do not look at the professional books, not to finish the homework on time.The present study showed, causes of study-weariness mainly has four aspects:社会因素(1)教育体制因素:我国仍以应试教育为主,十几年超负荷的运转,学生们早学够了。所以,一旦跨进了大学的门槛,学生们再也没有向前冲刺的力气了[1]。(2)一些教育管理规定、教育制度束缚了落后生、困难生的手脚。有43.6%的大学生由于高等教育招生政策的改变,原本升学无望而侥幸进入大学的学生,入学后感到学习压力大,不适应大学生活和学习[4]。由于学费昂贵,一部分来自贫困家庭的学生,为了贴补家庭经济的不
足,不得不去当家教或者去打工,这必然影响到学业的完成,学校又不允许停学一年去挣学费,这也必然影响部分学生的学习积极性[2]。(3)社会上拜金主义思潮的影响。55.79%的大学生受社会不良风气的影响和干扰,有52.44%的学生受“脑体倒挂、知识贬值”的影响,产生读书无用的想法,厌倦学习[4]。学校的培养,教师的教导对学生的影响作用越来越小,而社会环境变化对学生的负面影响与日俱增[5]。(4)大学生毕业后就业困难。86.89%的大学生认为现行的分配制度改革使就业难问题变得十分突出,成为影响大学生厌学心理的最大因素[4]。很多大学生对未来的就业形势非常担心,他们在学校的时候,特别是在毕业前一年就已经把大量的精力投入到找工作当中去:去参加各种各样的招聘会、去考各种各样的资格证书,甚至拉关系、请客送礼。在校大学生对此极为不满,对就业忧心忡忡,形成了有门路的感到学无压力,无门路的学习失去了目标和动力,从而对学习逐渐产生了厌倦心态[6]。
(5)网络对大学生的影响。沉迷于网络有时候也成为大学生厌学的原因[8]。social factors(1)education system factors: China is still dominated by the examination-oriented education, more than ten years of overload operation, early school students enough.So, once entered the threshold of the University, students are no longer sprint forward strength [1].(2)some educational regulations, education system constraints, difficult students and backward students.43.6% of the students as a result of higher education enrollment policy changes, the original school hopeless and got into university students, students feel great pressure of study, do not adapt to the university life and learning [4].Because the tuition is expensive, a part of the students from poor families, in order to supplement the family economy, have to go when the tutor or go to work, it is bound to affect the completion of school, the school is not allowed to be suspended for a year to earn my tuition, which will inevitably affect the enthusiasm of learning [2] students.(3)on the social impact of the worship of the thoughts.55.79% of the students affected by the bad social ethos and interference, 52.44% of the students are influenced by the “ cerebral body is hanged, intellectual devaluation”, produce useless thoughts, tired of learning [4].School culture, teachers' teaching effect on the students' role is more and more small, and the negative effects of social environment on students grow with each passing day [5].(4)college students after graduation employment difficulties.86.89% of the students think that the reform of current distribution system and make the difficult employment problem has become very prominent, to become the greatest impact factors for college students mental weariness [4].Many students are very worried for the future employment situation, they are in school, especially in the year before graduation has put a lot of effort into looking for work: qualifications to participate in a variety of recruitment, to test a variety of, or even pull relationship, treat or gift.College students are extremely dissatisfied, on employment heavy-hearted, forming a way to feel no pressure, no learning goals lost and power, so as to study gradually have tired psychology [6].(5)the impact of Internet on College students.Indulge in the network can sometimes become [8] causes of College Students' weariness.2 学校因素(1)课程结构设置不够合理。1/3的学生认为学校提供的学习环境一般或较差,没有良好的学习氛围也容易助长厌学情绪的弥漫[7]。有54.27%和45.12%的大学生对所选择的学校感到失望,认为学校的基础设施差、教学设备落后、图书资料少,与心目中的学校反差太大,内心失落感增强,厌倦学习;学校体制还存在一些弊端需要改善[4]。有43.29%的大学生觉得专业不理想、课程设置不合理、教学方式陈旧,是造成厌学的重要原因[4]。调查显示有近35%的学生认为教学管理还不严格,久而久之,败坏了学风[7]。(2)教材内容陈旧,学生看不到学科的发展,看不到最新的知识,认为还没有学,课本上的东西就已经落伍的了,从而难以激发其自身内在的学习主动性,产生厌学情绪。教学过程单调,教学方法单一。(3)教学方法缺乏创新,教师讲授方式的单
一、教材的陈旧、刻板、脱离现实生活也在一定程度上影响学生学习的积极性,出现厌学的现象[7]。有调查显示,目前的教学方法与学生期望的教学方法存在较大差距。目前的教学方法以“填鸭式”为主,而最能调动学生学习积极性的“启发式”教学只占教学的33.6%。这种教师讲、学生记、考试背的“三段论”教学方式,磨蚀了学生的激情和个性,使学生觉得呆板、枯燥、毫无趣味,学习的失落感便“油然”而生。(4)教师素质因素:有38.41%和36.59%的大学生认为部分授课教师道德素质不高、业务能力差、考评机制不健全,对学生的基础知识、专业知识、操作能力、创新能力、思想品德不能客观评价,严重挫伤学生对课堂学习的信心[4]。教师的“权威”不断受到“质疑”,学生找不到敬佩的为人榜样。在对教师的评价中,只有16%的学生认为老师学识很渊博,能学到很多东西,73%的学生认为老师讲课还可以,但学问一般,近6%的学生认为老师都不怎么样。学生对老师“威信”的质疑,特别是人格魅力方面的不敬佩,使学生失去学习的动力和兴趣,也是导致厌学的原因之一[7]。(5)师生之间缺乏教学互动。大班教学时,教师对学生更多的是疏远、漠然、不认识、不了解,“一把尺子量到底”致使这些学生失去学习的乐趣、教师的关爱和班集体的温暖,产生了一系列的心理疾病及相应的反常表现:如自卑自贱、自暴自弃、一蹶不振;受委屈受迫害的多疑症;在众人面前矫揉造作故作姿态以显示自己的存在;憎恨学校、班级、教师,并因此产生一些破坏性的行为;有的甚至走向精神分裂。所以,学生厌学并因此产生一系列的不良行为,大概与我们有些教师对学生缺乏爱心不无关系[2]。(6)考试形式和方法单一。大部分考试课程均采用闭卷考试的方法,这样的考试形式,导致学生普遍存在临考前抱佛脚,死记硬背的现象,不能对所学知识深入理解、灵活应用。在考试内容上多数只是局限于教材内容,重视理论知识的考核,轻视能力的考查、素质的培养和检测。而这样的考试方法产生的漏洞加上学生的厌学情绪使考试作弊成为学生应付学习和考试的重要手段。(7)高校学生评价体系不够合理。在当前的大学教育评价体系中,考试成绩仍然是衡量一名学生优劣的最主要依据。它决定着奖学金发放、三好学生评比、学位的获得、组织的发展以及毕业后的择业等一系列与学生切身利益息息相关的问题。因此,一方面尽管大学生们在中小学就已经厌倦了各种考试,但为了应付,不得不花费大量时间进行机械练习,使一部分大学生产生了厌学心理、厌学行为。另外一方面,由于个别教师不完全以学生学习的好坏而是以亲疏、好恶给分数,使一些平时学习刻苦勤奋的学生成绩反而不如贪玩的学生。为了分数,大学生们平时可以少学或者不学习,而考试时则不择手段争取高分[8]。(8)学校管理存在缺陷。46.65%的大学生认为学校宽进宽出、疏于管理,使厌学学生有可乘之机[4]。学生进校后专业思想教育、就业观教育的工作没能及时跟上,对专业前景,发展方向认识不足,使得部分学生的专业思想不明确,思想上有失落感,学习上不感兴趣。个别高校的日常管理工作也存在着不少问题,学生逃学上网、打扑克、玩麻将,夜不归宿,无人过问。上课迟到、早退,课堂上睡大觉、玩东西,任课老师听之任之。在考场上,对于学生的作弊行为,有些监考老师常常是睁一只眼闭一只眼。有些学生平时学习很认真,但期末考试成绩却不尽如人意,而另一些学生,平时根本没有用心学习,通过作弊却考出了高分,这种不正常现象对于努力学习的学生来说,无疑是一个打击。由于考试容易蒙混过关,许多学生平时也就不愿专心学习,得过且过,“当一天和尚,撞一天钟”[6]。3 家庭因素(1)家庭教育的失衡:家庭教育作为学校教育的基础和补充,起着不可替代的作用,而家庭教育的失衡又是学生产生厌学情绪的摇篮[5]。(2)家庭经济困难:29.27%的学生由于家庭经济状况差,家庭教育缺乏合理性等因素[4]。school factors(1)the curriculum structure is not reasonable.1/3 of the students that the school provides a learning environment in general or poor, no good learning atmosphere is also easy to encourage weariness pervaded [7].54.27% and 45.12% of the college students feel disappointed to the school, that school infrastructure, teaching facilities, books, and in the eyes of the school too
much contrast, inner sense of loss enhancement, tired of learning;school system also has some disadvantages to improve [4].43.29% of the students think that the professional is not ideal, the curriculum is not reasonable, the teaching method is old, is [4] important cause of weariness.Survey shows that nearly 35% of the students thought that the teaching management is not strict, in the course of time, corrupted the style of study [7].(2)the old teaching material, students not to see the development of the subject, not to see the latest knowledge, believe that there is no school, things on textbooks have been behind the times, thus making it difficult to stimulate their own learning initiative, resulting in emotional weariness.The teaching process dull, monotonous teaching methods.(3)the lack of innovation in teaching methods, teaching methods, teaching materials, the single old stereotypes, divorced from real life to a certain extent, affected the enthusiasm of the students, appear the phenomenon of weariness [7].Investigation shows, there is a big gap between the present method of teaching and student expectations.The current teaching methods mainly to “ cramming ”, but most can mobilize the enthusiasm of students “heuristic ” teaching only accounted for 33.6% of teaching.The teacher speaks, students write, test back “ syllogism ” teaching mode, the students' passion and abrasive personality, so that students feel dull, boring, no fun, learning frustration “ spontaneously ”.(4)the teacher quality factors: there are 38.41% and 36.59% of the students believe that part of teachers' moral quality is not high, business ability, evaluation mechanism is not perfect, the students' basic knowledge, professional knowledge, operation ability, innovation ability, ideology and morality is not an objective evaluation, serious contusion of students' classroom learning confidence [4].Teachers “authority ” has been “ questioned ”, students are unable to admire for example.In the evaluation of teachers, only 16% of the students think the teacher knowledge is extensive, can learn a lot of things, 73% of the students think that the teacher can also, but the knowledge in general, nearly 6% of the students think that the teacher is not how.The student questioning of teachers “ authority ”, especially the personal charm does not respect, make the students lose learning motive and interest, but also lead to “ one of the reasons [7].(5)the lack of interaction between teachers and students.Class teaching, teachers are more of students, indifference, do not know, do not understand, ” a ruler of what “ the students lose the fun of learning, caring teachers and class collective warmth, produced a series of mental diseases and abnormal expression of the corresponding: such as humbled himself, then, unable to get up after a fall;suffer persecution paranoia;in the presence of all pretentious posturing to show their existence;hate school, class, teacher, and as a result of destructive behavior;some even towards schizophrenia.Therefore, students weariness and therefore produce a series of bad behavior, probably with some of our teachers lack of love for the students is [2].(6)the examination form and method of single.Most courses are a closed book examination method, the examination form, causes the student to exist before it, the phenomenon of rote, cannot learn the knowledge of the understanding, flexible application.The examination content most is only confined to the teaching content, pay attention to theoretical knowledge examination, training and detection ability, quality.The examination method such that the resulting loopholes and students' mood to cheat in the exam has become an important means for students to study and test.(7)the evaluation system of college students is not reasonable.At the University of current education evaluation system, test scores still is a measure of a student or the main basis.It determines the scholarships, ”three good“ student assessment, degree, organizational development and after graduation employment and a series of closely linked with the vital interests of the problem.Therefore, on one hand, although the students in primary and secondary
schools have been tired of the examinations, but in order to cope with, had to spend a lot of time for mechanical practice, that a part of students have mental weariness, weariness behavior.On the other hand, because of individual teachers to students' learning is incomplete but in solidarity, likes and dislikes to score, so that some of the usual study diligent student achievement but not naughty students.For grades, students can learn or not learn at ordinary times, but when the exam is use unscrupulous divisive tactics for high score [8].(8)the school management defects.46.65% of the students think management out of school into the wide, wide, make the weary students taking advantage of [4].Students ideological education, employment education work could not keep up with the professional development direction, prospects, lack of understanding, so that part of the student's professional thinking is not clear, there is a sense of loss on the thought, learning not interested.The individual university's daily management work is facing many problems, the students play truant surfing the Internet, playing poker, playing mahjong, broken curfew, nobody.Class late, leave early, sleep, play something in class, the teacher allow someone to continue.In the exam, the students' cheating, some of the teachers are often turn a blind eye.Some students usually study very hard, but the final exam scores are not just as one wishes, while other students, usually don't study hard, cheat by earn high marks, this is not a normal phenomenon for the students who study hard, is undoubtedly a blow.Because the exam is easy to slip by, many students usually don't concentrate on learning, muddle along, ” when a monk, hit a day clock " [6].3 family factors(1)imbalance of family education: family education as the foundation and supplement for school education, plays an irreplaceable role, while the imbalance of family education and students ' School-weariness cradle [5].(2)the family economic difficulties: 29.27% students due to family economic status, family education is lack of rational factors such as [4].4 个人因素大学生产生厌学情绪,固然有着深刻的学校、社会的原因,而作为学习主体的学生个人来说,更有着许多不容忽视的个人因素在影响着他们。归纳起来有以下几个原因:(1)许多学生进入大学以后,便丧失了奋斗目标。(2)一些学生存在着重智育轻德育的心态。学习的目的不是为了国家的繁荣富强、国力的强大,而是为了自己的舒适的工作环境、较高的工作地位。考虑最多的是自己的一切,爱国心、集体主义淡薄。国家花费大量的资金培养出来的大学生,为的却是能出国定居国外。不愿在平凡的工作岗位上默默地做贡献,这给当代高校的德育教育提出了一个新的课题[2]。(3)专业与兴趣不符,学习目标不明确。厌学的原因很大一部分是由专业因素引起的,主要表现在大学生对所学专业缺乏兴趣,混学现象严重,没有明确的学习目标和动力[7]。对于上大学后该如何完成学业,自己将来应成为怎样的人,诸如此类的问题根本没有思考过,没有奋斗目标。调查显示,同学们课余时间上网的比上自习的要多出3.9个百分点,逛街和闲聊的同学也占很大比例。(4)心理不够成熟,心态容易失衡。很多大学生不能够适应从高中到大学生活、学习状态的改变,不会与其他同学交流,变得孤僻自闭;有些在恋爱、学习过程中受到挫折。(5)没有掌握正确的学习方法。大学的学习方法不同于中学,大学培养目标要求大学生具有一定的自学能力和独立分析、解决问题的能力;在要求学生学习好专业知识的同时,也提供了锻炼能力,扩充知识面所需的足够的时间和空间。而许多大学生进入大学后,不能适应这种变化,缺乏科学的学习方法,对学习产生畏难情绪,导致厌学[8]。(6)学生控制能力弱、抗挫能力差:过分强调自我意识和个人爱好,加之自我调控能力差,缺乏科学的学习方法,不能适应大学学习生活,必然会对学习产生畏拒情绪,导致学生厌学[5]。(7)学习专业兴趣不高:据调查,认为学习是一种乐趣的学生只占被调查者的13.8%。调查显示,被调查的学生中有48.6%非第一志愿录取,有44.1%的学生对自己所学的专业不很满意或不满意[3]。(8)学生自我管理
能力差,意志力薄弱。调查显示,25%的学生一天能坚持学习一到两个小时,9%的学生每天学习不到一个小时,甚至还有5%的学生回答为不清楚,没坚持学习过;还有一部分学生容易受到周围环境的影响,意志力较差,沉湎于网络等虚拟世界中不能自拔;还有一部分学生,由于抗挫能力不强,得不到老师和同学们的特别关注,因此在心理上产生不适感;也有一部分学生理想和现实的差距过大,心理上就处于消极防御的状态,把大部分时间都放在与学习无关的事上[7]。individual factors of College Students ' School-weariness, is why there is a profound school, society, and as the students individual learning subject, many more ignored personal factors affect their.There are several reasons:(1)after many students enter the University, then lost the goal.(2)some students focus on intellectual and moral light mentality.The purpose of learning is not for the country's rich, strong and prosperous, strong national strength, but to their own comfortable working environment, high working status.Consider the most is his all, patriotism, collectivism is weak.Countries spend a lot of money for students in college, is to go abroad to settle abroad.Unwilling to do contribution in ordinary jobs, it puts forward a new topic for the moral education of the contemporary college [2].(3)the professional interest and inconsistent, learning objectives are not clear.A large part of weariness was caused by major factors, mainly in the college students' studies on the lack of interest, mixed phenomenon serious, there is no clear learning objectives and dynamic [7].For the university how to complete their studies, their future should be what kind of person, and so on question no thought, no goal.Investigation shows, the students spare time surfing the Internet 3.9 percentage points more than the top self-study, shopping and gossiping students also accounted for a large proportion.(4)psychology is not mature enough, mind easy balance.Many students can not adapt to the transition from high school to university life, learning state change, the exchange will not with other students, become autism;some frustration in love, the learning process.(5)does not have the correct learning methods.Learning method in university is different from the middle school, the target requires students to have a certain ability of self-study and independent analysis, problem solving skills training in University;students are required to learn professional knowledge, but also provides the ability to exercise, expand enough required knowledge of time and space.While many college students after entering the University, they can not adapt to this change, the lack of scientific learning method, have the fear of emotions on learning, leading to learning [8].(6)the student control ability is weak, poor resistance to setbacks: too much emphasis on the sense of self and personal hobbies, and self control ability is poor, the lack of scientific learning method, meet the university life can not, will have to fear emotion on learning, leading to the students [5].(7)learn professional interest is not high: according to the survey, think learning is fun students accounted for only 13.8% of the respondents.Investigation shows, the students surveyed in 48.6% non first volunteer admission, 44.1% of the students of their own professional learning is not very satisfied or not satisfied with [3].(8)the student self-control ability is poor, weak willpower.Investigation shows, 25% of the students can learn from one to two hours a day, 9% of the students to study every day in less than an hour, or even 5% of the students answered is not clear, did not insist on learning;some students easily affected by the environment, poor willpower, indulge in the network virtual world in inextricably bogged down in;there are some students, because of anti-frustration ability is not strong, not to pay special attention to the teacher and the students, resulting in discomfort in the psychology;there is also a part of students' ideal and the reality gap is too large, the psychological defense is in negative state, spend most of their time on nothing to do with learning [7].