建设项目分类意义

第一篇：建设项目分类意义

班级：交通C092班姓名：石小英学号：096981

公路工程基本建设项目的划分及其意义？

一、建设项目是由许多部分组成的，依次可以划分为：建设项目、单项工程、单位工程、分部工程和分项工程。

1、建设项目

建设项目又称基本建设项目，能独立发挥生产功能或满足生活需要，其项目建议书经批准立项和可行性研究报告经批准的建设任务。如交通基础设施中的一条公路，一座独立大、中型桥梁或一座隧道等均为一个建设项目。

2、单项工程

单项工程又称为工程项目，它是建设项目的组成部分，是具有独立的设计文件，在竣工后能独立发挥设计规定的生产能力或效益的工程。公路建设的单项工程一般指独立的桥梁工程、隧道工程，这些工程一般包括与已有公路的接线，建成后可以独立发挥交通功能。但一条路线中的桥梁或隧道，在整个路线未修通前，并不能发挥交通功能，也就不能作为一个单项工程。

3、单位工程

单位工程是单项工程的组成部分，它是指单项工程中可单独进行设计，可以独立组织施工，并可单独作为成本计算对象的部分。公路建设项目一条公路中把一段路线作为一个单项工程，其中各个路段的路基、路面、桥梁、隧道都可作为单位工程。

4、分部工程

在公路建设工程中，分部工程的确定是在工程项目界定的范围内，以工程部位、工程结构和施工工艺为依据，并考虑在工程建设实施过程中便于进行工程结算和经济核算的方便。如按工程部位划分为路基工程、路面工程、桥涵工程等，按工程结构和施工工艺划分为土石方工程、混凝土工程、砌筑工程等。

5、分项工程

分项工程是分部工程的组成部分，是根据分部工程划分的原则，再进一步将分部工程分成若干个分项工程。它是概预算定额的基本计量单位，故也称为工程定额子目或称工程细目。如路基土石方分为松土、软石等各类土石成分，基础砌石分为片石、块石等

二、公路工程项目划分的意义

在工程施工阶段，施工单位应依据已划分好的分项工程按基本要求、实测项目和外观鉴定进行自查，按“分项工程质量检验评定表”提交真实、完整的自查资料，对工程质量进行自我评分、并及时进行分部项目工程质量评定，要完成一个分部工程就评定一个分部工程。监理单位应及时对施工单位已完成的分项工程进行抽查并检查施工单位的质量保证施工质量保证资料，及时对分项工程和分部工程进行评定，并进行计量支付。

工程竣工后，施工单位应及时进行单位工程评定和建设项目评定。监理单位应对工程整体验收后进行单位工程和建设项目的评定，要对施工自查资料进行签认和评分，写出评述报告，报监理部门备案。质量监督部门根据抽查资料和确认的施工自查资料以及监理工程师的质量管理资料对工程质量进行逐级评定，并作为交、竣工验收评定质量等级的依据。

第二篇：工程建设项目分类

工程建设项目分类

由于工程建设项目种类繁多，为了适应科学管理的需要，正确反映工程建设项目的性质、内容和规模，可从不同角度对工程建设项目进行分类。

1．按建设性质划分

基本建设项目可分为新建项目、扩建项目、迁建项目和恢复项目。

（1）新建项目。

是指根据国民经济和社会发展的近远期规划，按照规定的程序立项，从无到有、“平地起家”的建设项目。现有企、事业和行政单位一般不应有新建项目。有的单位如果原有基础薄弱需要再兴建的项目，其新增加的固定资产价值超过原有全部固定资产价值（原值）3倍以上时，才可算新建项目。

（2）扩建项目。

是指现有企业、事业单位在原有场地内或其他地点，为扩大产品的生产能力或增加经济效益而增建的生产车间、独立的生产线或分厂的项目；事业和行政单位在原有业务系统的基础上扩充规模而进行的新增固定资产投资项目。

（3）迁建项目。

是指原有企业、事业单位，根据自身生产经营和事业发展的要求，按照国家调整生产力布局的经济发展战略的需要或出于环境保护等其他特殊要求，搬迁到异地而建设的项目。

（4）恢复项目。

是指原有企业、事业和行政单位，因在自然灾害或战争中使原有固定资产遭受全部或部分报废，需要进行投资重建来恢复生产能力和业务工作条件、生活福利设施等的建设项目。这类项目，不论是按原有规模恢复建设，还是在恢复过程中同时进行扩建，都属于恢复项目。但对尚未建成投产或交付使用的项目，受到破坏后，若仍按原设计重建的，原建设性质不变；如果按新设计重建，则根据新设计内容来确定其性质。

基本建设项目按其性质分为上述四类，一个基本建设项目只能有一种性质，在项目按总体设计全部建成以前，其建设性质是始终不变的。

更新改造项目包括挖潜工程、节能工程、安全工程、环境保护工程等。

2．按投资作用划分

工程建设项目可分为生产性建设项目和非生产性建设项目。

（1）生产性建设项目。是指直接用于物质资料生产或直接为物质资料生产服务的工程建设项目。主要包括：

1）工业建设。包括工业、国防和能源建设；

2）农业建设。包括农、林、牧、渔、水利建设；

3）基础设施建设。包括交通、邮电、通信建设，地质普查、勘探建设等；

4）商业建设。包括商业、饮食、仓储、综合技术服务事业的建设。

（2）非生产性建设项目。是指用于满足人民物质和文化、福利需要的建设和非物质资料生产部门的建设。主要包括：

1）办公用房。国家各级党政机关、社会团体、企业管理机关的办公用房；

2）居住建筑。住宅、公寓、别墅等；

3）公共建筑。科学、教育、文化艺术、广播电视、卫生、博览、体育、社会福利事业、公共事业、咨询服务、宗教、金融、保险等建设；

4）其他建设。不属于上述各类的其他非生产性建设。

3．按项目规模划分

为适应对工程建设项目分级管理的需要，国家规定基本建设项目分为大型、中型、小型三类；更新改造项目分为限额以上和限额以下两类。不同等级标准的工程建设项目国家规定的审批机关和报建程序也不尽相同。划分项目等级的原则如下：

（1）按批准的可行性研究报告（初步设计）所确定的总设计能力或投资总额的大小，依据国家颁布的《基本建设项目大中小型划分标准》进行分类。

（2）凡生产单一产品的项目，一般按产品的设计生产能力划分；生产多种产品的项目，一般按其主要产品的设计生产能力划分；产品分类较多，不易分清主次、难以按产品的设计能力划分时，可按投资总额划分。

（3）对国民经济和社会发展具有特殊意义的某些项目，虽然设计能力或全部投资不够大、中型项目标准，经国家批准已列入大、中型计划或国家重点建设工程的项目，也按大、中型项目管理。

（4）更新改造项目一般只按投资额分为限额以上和限额以下项目，不再按生产能力或其他标准划分。

（5）基本建设项目的大、中、小型和更新改造项目限额的具体划分标准，根据各个时期经济发展和实际工作中的需要而有所变化。现行国家的有关规定如下：

1）按投资额划分的基本建设项目，属于生产性建设项目中的能源、交通、原材料部门的工程项目，投资额达到5000万元以上为大中型项目；其他部门和非工业建设项目，投资额达到3000万元以上为大中型建设项目；

2）按生产能力或使用效益划分的建设项目，以国家对各行各业的具体规定作为标准；

3）更新改造项目只按投资额标准划分，能源、交通、原材料部门投资额达到5000万元及其以上的工程项目和其他部门投资额达到3000万元及其以上的项目为限额以上项目，否则为限额以下项目。

（6）一部分工业、非工业建设项目，在国家统一下达的计划中，不作为大中型项目安排：

1）分散零星的江河治理、国营农场、植树造林、草原建设等；原有水库加固，并结合加高大坝、扩大溢洪道和增修灌区配套工程的项目，除国家指定者外，不作为大中型项目；

2）分段整治，施工期长，安排有较大伸缩性的航道整治疏浚工程；

3）科研、文教、卫生、广播、体育、出版、计量、标准、设计等事业的建设（包括工业、交通和其他部门所属的同类事业单位），新建工程按大中型标准划分，改、扩建工程除国家指定者外，一律不作为大中型项目；

4）城市的排水管网、污水处理、道路、立交桥梁、防洪、环保等工程城市的一般民用建筑包括集资统一建设的住宅群、办公和生活用房等；

5）名胜古迹、风景点、旅游区的恢复、修建工程；

6）施工队伍以及地质勘探单位等独立的后方基地建设（包括工矿业的农副业基地建设）；

7）采取各种形式利用外资或国内资金兴建的旅游饭店、旅馆、贸易大楼、展览馆科教馆等。

4．按行业性质和特点划分

根据工程建设项目的经济效益、社会效益和市场需求等基本特性，可将其划分为竞争性项目、基础性项目和公益性项目三种。

（1）竞争性项目。主要是指投资效益比较高、竞争性比较强的一般性建设项目。这类建设项目应以企业作为基本投资主体，由企业自主决策、自担投资风险。

（2）基础性项目。主要是指具有自然垄断性、建设周期长、投资额大而收益低的基础设施和需要政府重点扶持的一部分基础工业项目，以及直接增强国力的符合经济规模的支柱产业项目。对于这类项目，主要应由政府集中必要的财力、物力，通过经济实体进行投资。同时，还应广泛吸收地方、企业参与投资，有时还可吸收外商直接投资。

（3）公益性项目。主要包括科技、文教、卫生、体育和环保等设施，公、检、法等政权机关以及政府机关、社会团体办公设施，国防建设等。公益性项目的投资主要由政府用财政资金安排的项目。

5．按管理权限和投资规模划分

中国石油天然气股份有限责任公司，按管理权限和投资规模把建设项目分为限上项目和限下项目。以便实行对投资项目集中决策，股份公司、专业公司和地区公司分级管理。股份公司规划计划部负责限上项目的管理。主要负责组织有关专家对限上项目的项目建议书（预可研）、可行性研究报告进行评审，提出审查意见，经批准后，办理批复文件。需报国家审批的项目，负责向国家有关部门办理立项审批手续，经国家批准后下达；限下项目由专业公司和地区公司实行分级管理。其中3000万元及以上项目的前期论证材料，由专业公司报股份公司规划计划部备案。股份公司管理的限上项目包括：

（1）新申请勘查登记的勘探项目；预探发现储量（控制或预测）规模石油在5000万吨、天然气300亿立方米以上的整装油气田，需转入评价勘探的项目；

（2）动用石油可采储量400万吨（或30万吨/年产）及以上，动用天然气可采储量100亿立方米（或5亿立方米/年产）及以上的开发建设项目；

（3）投资在5000万元以上（含5000万元，下同）的新建、改扩建油气长输管道项目；

（4）新建炼化厂及现有炼油厂扩大一次加工能力的项目；投资在5000万元以上的炼油、化工、天然气化工及配套项目；

（5）油库、加油站销售网络建设总体方案；

（6）利用外资（外汇）贷款项目和合资合作项目；

（7）50万美元及以上的引进项目（含20万美元及以上软件项目）；

（8）对外投资项目和楼、堂、馆、所建设项目；

（9）按规定应上报国家计委、国家经贸委和国务院审批的建设项目。

第三篇：连接词的意义分类

连接词的意义分类

表递进 moreover, in addition, what is more，furthermore, also, then, besides, etc.表转折 however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, etc.表层次 on the one hand,...on the other hand;first,...second,...finally;表强调 firstly,...secondly,...finally...;first,...then...etc.表强调 in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, obviously, apparently, 表结果 evidently, first of all, undoubtedly, without any shadow of doubt, etc.表结尾 therefore, as a result, then, consequently, accordingly, thus, etc.表例举 in a word, in conclusion, therefore, in short, to sum up, etc.表强调 still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially.Obviously, clearly.表比较 like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally.表对比 by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast.表列举 for example, for instance, such as, take...for example.Except(for), to illustrate.表时间 later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while.first after a few days eventually at that time in the meantime meanwhile afterward from then on 表顺序 first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important.表可能 presumably, probably, perhaps.表解释 in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms.表递进 What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again.表让步 although, after all, in spite of..., despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen.表转折 however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately.whereas 表原因 for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to.表结果 as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence.表总结 on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, in short.其他类型连接词

Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case, 表空间 near to far from in the front of beside behind to the right to the left on the other side of 表举例 for example to name a few, say , such as 表递进 in addition furthermore what’s more what’s worse 表对比 whereas while as opposed to by contrast by comparison 表示时间与频率的词汇: in general, every, some, after, on the whole, usually, most, at other times, in most cases, frequently, main, finally, as a rule, rarely, before, meanwhile.表示附加的词: additionally, as well as, just as, again, along with, also, further, furthermore, likewise, in the same manner, in the same way, in addition to, 引出例子: for example, namely, for instance, as an example, that is 表示转折: although, instead, rather than, but, nevertheless, though, however, on the other hand, otherwise 得出结论: all in all, in consequence, in brief, as a result, the point is, in conclusion, therefore, hence, in sum.表示增加的过渡词：also，and，and then，too，in addition，furthermore，moreover，again，on top of that，another，first second third等。

表示时间顺序的过渡词：now，then，before，after，afterwards，earlier，later，immediately，soon，next，in a few days，gradually，suddenly，finally等。

表示空间顺序的过渡词：near（to），far（from），in front of，behind，beside，beyond，above，below，to the right（left），around，outside等。

表示比较的过渡词：in the same way，just like，just as等。

表示对照的过渡词：but，still，yet，however，on the other hand，on the contrary，in spite of，even though等。

表示结果和原因的过渡词：because，since，so，as a result，therefore，hence，thus，otherwise等。

表示目的的过渡词：for this reason，for this purpose，so that等。

表示强调的过渡词：in fact，indeed，surely，necessarily，certainly，without any doubt，truly，to repeat，above all，most important等。

表示解释说明的过渡词：for example，in fact，in this case，for actually等。

表示总结的过渡词：finally，at last，in conclusion，as I have shown，in other word，in brief，in short，in general，on the whole，as has been stated等增补(Addition)in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what’s more, similarly, next, finally.比较(Comparison)in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as 对照(Contrast)whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, on the contrary, while 因果(Cause and effect)because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus 强调(Emphasis)certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most important 6.让步(Concession)although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....7.例证(Exemplification)for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration.总结(Conclusion)to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nut shell, in summary 推断(Inference)therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise 时间和空间(Time and space)afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyond, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of 表示罗列增加（递进）

first, second, third, firstly, secondly, thirdly, first, then / next, after that / next, finally / last / last but not least, and equally important, on(the)one hand…, on the other hand…, besides / what’s more / in addition(to sth.)/ furthermore / moreover / another / also / too, plus, as well, especially / particularly / in particular 表示时间顺序

now, at present, recently, after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days, at first, at the beginning(of sth.), to begin with, to start with later, next, finally, immediately, soon, suddenly = all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, the moment…, form now on, from then on, gradually

at the same time = meanwhile, till, not…until, before, after, when, while, as, during 表示解释说明

now, in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, in fact / as a matter of fact / actually, frankly speaking, in other words, in simpler terms, that is to say, to put it differently 表示转折关系

but, however, while, though, yet, still, nevertheless, or, otherwise, on the contrary / on the other hand, in spite of… / despite the fact that…, even though, except(for), instead, in stead of, of course, after all, even so 表示并列关系

or, and, also, too, not only … but also…, as well as, both… and…, either …or…, neither…nor… 表示因果关系

原因：because, because of = thanks to… = due to… = owing to…, since = now that, as, for, 结果：so, therefore, thus, hence, as a result(of), on this / that account, so…that, such…that, in this way 表示条件关系

as(so)long as, on condition that, if, unless 表示让步关系

though，although，as，even if，even though，whether …or…，however，whoever, whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how(who, what, which, where)表示举例

for example, for instance, such as…, like…, take… for example 表示比较

be similar to, similarly, the same as, in contrast, compared with(to)…, just like 表示目的

for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order that, in order to, so as to, 表示强调

indeed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, above all 表示概括归纳

in a word, in short, in brief, in summary, on the whole, generally speaking, in general, in my opinion, as far as I am concerned, as what has been mentioned, to sum up, to conclude, in conclusion 表示“尤有进者”的意思：

Again, also, then, besides, further, furthermore, moreover, next, in addition等，如：

① Jason teaches diligently.Besides, he writes a lot.② English is a useful language.For one thing, it is an official language in the UN.Then, it is widely used in business, science and technology.表示“反意见”： But, however, still, yet, after all, for all that, in spite of, on the contrary, on the other hand等，如：

③ Jim is intelligent but lazy.④ Singapore is not a big country.On the contrary, it is very small.表示“困果关系”：

Therefore, so, hence, thus, accordingly, consequently, as a result 等，如：

⑤ Some people are over-ambitious.As a result, they are usually unhappy.⑥ Tom did not work hard;hence, he failed.表示“比较关系”：

Likewise, similarly, in a like manner 等，如：

⑦ You cannot writes without a pen.Likewise, you cannot cook without rice.⑧ No one is allowed to speak Mandarin in an English class.Similarly, no one is allowed to speak English in a Mandarin class.表示“举例示范”：

For example, in other words, for instance, that is 等，如：

⑨ There are some common errors in his composition.For instance, it is wrong to use “he” to replace “the queen”.表示“结束”：

To sum up, in brief, in short, on the whole, to conclude 等，如：

⑩ Some say Singapore is a nice place to live in.Others say it is not so nice.It is too competitive.In short, some like Singapore;some do not.并列关系

and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example 转折关系

although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite 顺序关系

first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next 因果关系

as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently, on account of 归纳关系

as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word 几个用得比较多的句子：

As far as I am concerned, the advantages of … outweigh its disadvantages.Nevertheless, the disadvantages of … is undeniable.To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ In a word, it is true that … bring about both positive and negative results.But we can try our best to reduce the negative influence to the least extent.Obviously, in every aspect, … This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and…

As to the other three, though the growth rates were not so high, they were indeed remarkable and impressive.表层进表举例表解释表总结表强调表让步表比较表转折表时间表层进 first, firstly to begin with second, secondly to start with third, thirdly what’s more also and then and equally important besides in addition further in the first place still furthermore last last but not the least next besides too moreover finally 2.表举例

for example for instance to illustrate as an illustration after all

3.表解释

as a matter of fact frankly speaking in this case namely in other words

4.表总结

in summary in a word in brief in conclusion to conclude in fact indeed in short in other words of course it is true specially namely in all that is to summarize thus as has been said altogether in other words finally in simpler terms in particular that is on the whole to put it differently therefore

5.表强调 of course indeed above all most important emphasis certainly in fact 6.表让步

still nevertheless in spite of all the same even so after all concession granted naturally of course

7.表比较

in comparison likewise similarly equally however likewise in the same way

8.表转折

by contrast although at the same time but in contrast nevertheless notwithstanding on the contrary on the other hand otherwise regardless still though yet despite the fact that even so even though for all that however in spite of instead

9.表时间

after a while afterward again also and then as long as at last at length at that time before besides earlier eventually finally formerly further furthermore in addition in the first place in the past last lately meanwhile moreover next now presently second shortly simultaneously since so far soon still subsequently then thereafter too until until now when 总结关系过渡词语

in general, to some extent, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, in brief, on the whole 比较对比关系过渡词语

similarly, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless 列举关系过渡词语

as a case in point, such as, first of all, to begin with, furthermore, besides, in addition, for one thing, for another 因果关系过渡词语

because(of), since, for, owing to, thanks to, as a result of, consequently, for the reason that, therefore, hence 让步关系过渡词语

although, even though, in spite of, despite 强调关系过渡词语

surely, obviously, particularly, in deed, needless to say, most important of all 递进关系

in addition, also, moreover, besides，what's more 时间顺序

immediately, meanwhile, presently, shortly, since, soon, temporarily, while 方式手段

as, as if, the way，by 目的关系

so that, lest，in order that 1)表层次: First ,firstly, to begin with, further, in the first place second, secondly, to start with, still, furthermore third, thirdly, what is more, last, last but not least also, and then, next, besides and equally important too moreover besides in addition finally 2)表转折；

by contrast although though yet at the same time but despite the fact that even so in contrast nevertheless even though for all that notwithstanding on the contrary however in spite of on the other hand otherwise instead still regardless 3)表因果；

therefore consequently because of for the reason thus hence due to owing to so accordingly thanks to on this account since as on that account in this way for as a result as a consequence 4）表让步：

still nevertheless concession granted naturally in spite of all the same of course despite even so after all 5)表递近：furthermore moreover likewise what is more besides also not only...but also...too in addition 6)表举例：

for example for instance for one thing that is to illustrate as an illustration a case in point 7)表解释：

as a matter of fact frankly speaking in this case namely in other words 8)表总结：

in summary in a word thus as has been said in brief in conclusion altogether in other words to conclude in fact finally in simpler terms indeed in short in particular that is in other words of course on the whole to put it differently namely in all therefore to summarize 表并列补充关系: what is more, besides, also, as well, moreover, furthermore, in addition 表转折对比关系: but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, in contrast to, despite, in spite of, whereas, un?鄄like, nevertheless, not only...but also, here...there, years ago...today, this...that, the former...the latter, then...now, the first...whereas the second, once...now, on the one hand...on the other , some...others 表因果关系: since, as, because（of）, for, so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that 表条件关系: if, on the condition（that）, as long as, unless, or else 表时间关系: when, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning/year/century, after an interval, now, after, presently, later, after?鄄ward, somewhat later, finally, at last, all of a sudden 表特定的顺序关系: above all, first of all, firstly, first, secondly, the , next, finally, in the end, at last 表换一种方式表达: in other words, that is to say, to put it another way 表举例说明: for instance, for example, like, such as 表陈述事实: in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth 表总结: on the whole, in short, all in all, general, in a word, in conclusion, in closing, in summary

第四篇：连接词的意义分类

连接词的意义分类

表递进moreover, in addition, what is morel furthermore, also, then, besides, etc.表转折however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, etc.表层次on the one hand,...on the other hand;first,...second,...finally;表强调firstly,...secondly,...finally...;first,...then...etc.表强调in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, obviously, apparently, 表结果evidently, first of all, undoubtedly, without any shadow of doubt, etc.表结尾therefore, as a result, then, consequently, accordingly, thus, etc.表例举in a word, in conclusion, therefore, in short, to sum up, etc.表强调still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially.Obviously, clearly.表比较like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally.表对比by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast.表列举for example, for instance, such as, take...for example.Except(for), to illustrate.表时间later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while.first after a few days eventually at that time in the meantime meanwhile afterward from then on

表顺序first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important.表可能presumably, probably, perhaps.表解释in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms.表递进What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again.表让步although, after all, in spite of..., despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen.表转折however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on theother hand, unfortunately.whereas 表原因for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to.表结果as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence.表总结on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to

summarize, in short.其他类型连接词

Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case，表空间near to far from in the front of beside behind to the right to the left on the other side of 表举例 for example to name a few, say , such as 表递进in addition furthermore what’s more what’s worse 表对比whereas while as opposed to by contrast by comparison

表示时间与频率的词汇:in general, every, some, after, on the whole, usually, most, at other times, in most cases, frequently, main, finally, as a rule, rarely, before, meanwhile.表示附加的词:additionally, as well as, just as, again, along with, also, further, furthermore, likewise, in the same manner, in the same way, in addition to，引出例子:for example, namely, for instance, as an example, that is

表示转折:although, instead, rather than, but, nevertheless, though, however, on the other hand, otherwise 得出结论:all in all, in consequence, in brief, as a result, the point is, in conclusion, therefore, hence, in sum.表示增加的过渡词：also，and，and then，too，in addition，furthermore，moreover，again，on top ofthat，another，first second third等。

表示时间顺序的过渡词：now，then，before，after，afterwards，earlier，lat-r，immediately，soon，next，in afew days，gradually，suddenly，finally等。

表示空间顺序的过渡词：near（to），far（from），in frontof，behind，beside，eyond，above，below，tothe right left，around，outside等。表示比较的过渡词：in thesameway，justlike，justas等。

表示对照的过渡词：but，still，yet，however，on theotherhand，onthecon-ary，in spite of，even though等。

表示结果和原因的过渡词：because，since，so，as a result，therefore，hen，thus，otherwise等。

表示目的的过渡词：forthisreason，forthispurpose，so that等。

表示强调的过渡词：in fact，indeed，surely，necessarily，certainly，withoutnydoubt，truly，torepeat，aboveall，mostimportant等。

表示解释说明的过渡词：forexample，in fact，in thiscase，foractually等。

表示总结的过渡词：finally，atlast，inconclusion，asIhaveshown，inoth-rword，in brief，in short，in general，on the whole，ashasbeen stated等增补(Addition)

in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what’s more, similarly, next, finally.比较(Comparison)in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as

对照(Contrast)whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, on the contrary, while

因果(Cause and effect)because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus

强调(Emphasis)certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most important 6.让步(Concession)although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....7.例证(Exemplification)for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration.总结(Conclusion)to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary

推断(Inference)therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise

时间和空间(Time and space)afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of 表示罗列增加（递进）first, second, third, firstly, secondly, thirdly, first, then / next, after that / next, finally / last / last but not least, and equally important, on(the)one hand…, on the other hand…, besides

what'more / in addition(to sth.)/ furthermore / moreover / another / also / too, plus, as well, especially / particularly / in particular 表示时间顺序

now, at present, recently, after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days, at first, at the beginning(of sth.), to begin with, to start with

later, next, finally, immediately, soon, suddenly = all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, the moment…, form now on, from then on, gradually