第一篇:小学新标准英语语法课——介词教案
小学英语介词总结
介词(Preposition)
一、概述
介词是英语中很活跃的词,一般置于名词之前。它常和名词或名词性词语构成介词短语。同一个介词常和不同的词语搭配形成固定搭配,表示不同意义。
二、常用介词的基本用法 at
①表示时间: I go to school at seven every day 我每天早上7点去上学。②表示在某一具体地点: He is standing at the bus stop 他站在公共汽车站。③表示动作的方向、目标: Let me have a look at the picture 让我看看这幅图。④用于某些固定搭配: at once 立刻、马上
at last 最后
at the same time 同时
at first 开始时
not at all 一点也不
about
①表示大约时间: I's about six o'clock now.现在大约6点钟了。
②表示地点;在……周围: Everthing about me is so beautiful 我周围的一切都那么美好。
③关于,对于: We are talking about the news.我们正在谈论新闻。
after
①在……之后: After dinner I watch TV.晚饭后我看电视。
②在……后面: He came into the room after me.他在我后面进了房间。
behind
①在……之后: There is a bike behind the tree.树后有一辆自行车 ②比……晚,迟于: The train is behind time.火车晚点了
by
①在……旁: He is sitting by the bed.他正坐在床边。
②到……时候: We have learned three English songs by now.到现在为止,我们已经学会了三首英文歌曲。
③以……方式: I go to school by bus.我乘公共汽车去上学。
④用于某些固定搭配: one by one 一个接一个 by the way 顺便说一句
for
①为,给,替: I'll make a card for my teacher.我要给老师做张卡片。②由于: Thank you for helping me.谢谢你帮我。
③表示给(某人)用的: There is letter for you.这儿有你一封信。
in
①在……里面: The pencil is in the desk.铅笔在课桌里。
②在一段时间里: We have four classes in the morning.我们上午有四节课。③用,以: What's this in English? 这用英语怎么说?
④在某一年份,季节,月份: in 2002, in spring, in January ⑤表示状态,服饰: Helen is in yellow.海伦身穿黄色衣服。⑥在……方面: He is weak in English.他的英语不行。⑦用于某些固定搭配: in front of
在……前面
in the end
最后
in time
及时
like
①像……样: He looks like his father.他像他的父亲。②这样,那样: Don't look at me like that.别那样看着我。③怎样: What's the weather like? 天气怎样。
near
靠近,在……附近: My bed is near the window.我的床在窗户旁。
of
①的(表示所属关系): This is a photo of my family.这是一张我家的照片。②……的(用于所有格): He is a friend of mine.他是我的一个朋友。
③表示数量(与连词连用): One of us is from Beijing.我们中有一个来自北京 ④想到,谈到: I often think of them.我常常想到他们。⑤用于某些固定搭配: of course
当然
because of
因为,由于
on
①在……上面: There are some apple on the tree.树上有些苹果。
②在(星期)天,在某天的上午(下午,晚上): They go to English class on Sunday.星期天他们去上英语课。
I left Beijing on the morning of May 1.我在5月1日早上离开北京。③用于某些固定搭配: on duty
值日
on time 准时
over
①在……正上方: There is a lamp over the table.桌子上方有一盏灯。②遍及,穿过: There is a bridge over the river.有座桥横跨那条河。③超过,不止: She is a little over 2.她两岁多了。
to
①到,往,向: He walks to the window.他走向窗户。②表示时间、数量,到……为止 Please count from ten to thirty.请从10数到30.③向,对,给: Happy New Year to you all.大家新年好。
under
What's under your desk? 你书桌底下是什么?
with
①和,写: Could you go home with me? 你能和我一起回家吗?
②表示伴随状态,带有: Who's that girl with glasses? 那位戴眼睛的女孩是谁?
三、介词的固定搭配 1)介词和名词的连用 2)动词和介词的连用 at arrive at/in 到达
at first 起初;开始 get off 下车
at last 最后 help sb.With sth.帮组某人做某事 at school 在上课,在上学 ask for 请求 at the moment 此刻 get up 起床
at home 在家;无拘束 laugh at 嘲笑 at present 现在 learn from 向……学习at work 上班,在工作 look after 照顾 at the same time 同时 look for 寻找
think for 想到
on worry about 担心 on duty 值日 listen to 听
on holiday 度假 look at 看;注视 on time 准时 talk about 交谈;谈
on the left/right 在左/右边 wait for 等候;等 on the radio 在广播中 thank for 为……而感谢 on foot 步行
on sale 出售;降价出售 3)形容词和介词连用 on TV 在电视上播放 be afraid of 害怕
on the phone 在电话中 be careful with 小心;关心 on the way 在路上 be interested in 对……感兴趣
be good at 善于
in be proud of 感到自豪
in all 总体 be crazy about 酷爱
in class 在课堂上 be late for 干某事迟到 in English 用英语 be good for 对……有利 in short 总之 4)其他
in a hurry 匆忙地 by+交通工具
in the end 最后 by bus/train/plane/air/ship/bike/sea/land… in bed 躺在床上 lots of/a lot of 许多,大量 in danger 在危险中 at most 至多 in fact 事实上 at least 至少
in time 及时地 at once 立刻;马上 in a minute 立刻 in order to 为了
介词用法
1、小学英语介词at,in与on在时间方面的用法
at表示时间的一点;in表示一个时期;on表示特殊日子。如:
He goes to school at seven o’clock in the morning.他早晨七点上学。
Can you finish the work in two days.你能在两天内完成这个工作吗?
Linda was born on the second of May.琳达五月二日出生。
1>.at后常接几点几分,天明,中午,日出,日落,开始等。如: at five o’clock(五点),at down(黎明),at daybreak(天亮),at sunrise(日出),at noon(中午),at sunset(日落),at midnight(半夜),at the beginning of the month(月初),at that time(那时),at that moment(那会儿),at this time of day(在一天的这个时候)。
2>.in后常接年,月,日期,上午,下午,晚上,白天,季节,世纪等。如:
in 2006(2006年),in May,2004(2004年五月),in the morning(早晨/上午),in the afternoon(下午),in the evening(晚上),in the night(夜晚),in the daytime(白天),in the 21st century(21世纪),in three days(weeks/month)三天(周/个月),in a week(一周),in spring(春季)。
3>.on后常接某日,星期几,某日或某周日的朝夕,节日等。如:
on Sunday(星期日),on a warm morning in April(四月的一个温暖的上午),on a December night(12月的一个夜晚),on that afternoon(那天下午),on the following night(下一个晚上),on Christmas afternoon(圣诞节下午),on October 1,1949(1949年10月1日),on New Year’s Day(新年),on New Year’s Eve(除夕),on the morning of the 15th(15日的早上)等。
介词 for 的用法小结
1.表示“当作、作为”。如:
I like some bread and milk for breakfast.我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。
What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么?
2.表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如:
Thank you for helping me with my English.谢谢你帮我学习英语。
Thank you for your last letter.谢谢你上次的来信。
Thank you for teaching us so well.感谢你如此尽心地教我们。
3.表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对……(而言)”。如:
Let me pick it up for you.让我为你捡起来。
Watching TV too much is bad for your health.看电视太多有害于你的健康。
4.表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如:
I usually do the running for an hour in the morning.我早晨通常跑步一小时。
We will stay there for two days.我们将在那里逗留两天。
5.表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如:
Let’s go for a walk.我们出去散步吧。
I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。
I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary.我花了20元买这本词典。
6.表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如:
It’s time for school.到上学的时间了。
Here is a letter for you.这儿有你的一封信。
7.表示“支持、赞成”。如:
Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划?
8.用于一些固定搭配中。如:
Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁?
For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher.比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。
第二篇:小学新标准英语语法课——代词教案
代词
代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。
一、人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:
数 单数 复数
格
主格 宾格
主格
宾格
第一人称 I
me we
us
第二人称 you
you
you
you
he
him they them
第三人称 she
her they them
it
it
they them
如:He is my friend.他是我的朋友。
It’s me.是我。
二、物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表。
数
单数
复数
人称 第一 第二 第三
第一 第二 第三
形容词性 my your his/her its
our your/their
物主代词
名词性 mine yours his/hers its
ours yours/theirs
物主代词
如:Ilikehiscar.我喜欢他的小汽车。
Ourschoolishere,andtheirsisthere.我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。
三、指示代词表示“那个”、“这个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。
如:Thatisagoodidea.那是个好主意。
四、表示“我自己”、“你自己”、“他自己”、“我们自己”、“你们自己”和“他们自己”等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为“反身代词”。
如:Shewastalkingtoherself.她自言自语。
五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有eachother和oneanother两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。
如:Theyloveeachother.他们彼此相爱。
六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody,something,noone。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。如:
---Doyouhaveacar?--你有一辆小汽车吗?
---Yes,Ihaveone.--是的,我有一辆。
---Idon’tknowanyofthem.他们,我一个也不认识。
七、疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)
如:Tellmewhoheis.告诉我他是谁。
八、关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。
如:Heisthemanwhomyouhavebeenlookingfor.他就是你要找的那个人.===============================
人称代词的用法:1,主格作主语或表语: She and Tom are good friends.It's she who wants it.2.宾格作及物动词和介词的宾语,还可作表语.Aunt Li took care of us.Who is knocking at the door It's me.物主代词的用法:
形容词性物主代词只能做定语,修饰名词,相当于形容词.My mother is a nurse in a hospital.Their teacher is coming here.名词性物主代词可以做主语,宾语和表语,相当于名词.This is my pen, yours is lost.(yours=your pen)
The best composition is hers.(hers= her composition)I can't find my ruler, I have to use hers.(hers = her ruler)反身代词的用法:
反身代词表示主语发生的动作落在主语自己身上,或用来加强名词或代词的语气.作主语:I hope he didn't hurt herself.She taught herself English.同位语: You yourself said so.You can do it yourself.常与以下动词连用:
hurt, dress, enjoy, say to, talk to, teach, wash, help
还可以与介词连用:by oneself [自己(不需要别人帮忙)] for oneself(替自己,为自己)to oneself(供自己用)不定代词及用法:
(一)可分为普 通不定代词,个体不定代词和数量不定代词:
通不定代词:some, any, no, somebody, nobody, anybody, someone, anyone, no one, something,anything, nothing, one
个体不定代词:all, every, each, other, another, either, neither, both, everybody, everyone, everything 数量不定代词:many, much, few, a few, little, a little, a lot of, lots of(二)普通不定代词的用法(部分):
some一般用于肯定句, 当预期对方作肯定回答时也用于疑问句: Could you please give me some information about ir 还用于表示要求和提供某物的句子: Would you like some tea
2.any 的用法:(1)用于否定句及含有否定意义词(hardly, never, no)的句子中: I have hardly any time.(2)用于疑问句中和条件句中: Do you see any birds in the tree
(3)some, any, no, 与 one, thing, body 构成的合成词的用法:这些代词都表示单数的概念,some, any与one, thing, body构成的合成词的区别与和的用法基本相同.There is someone looking for you outside.If you want anything, call me, please.这些代词如被定语修饰, 应放在定语前,如被else修饰,也放在else前: Is there anything new in the newspaper
I'm afraid I can't help you, you'd better ask someone else.3.other, another 的用法:
两者均可指人,也可指物,other 意为 “另外”,不确指,需要确指时前加定冠词the, the other,意为 another“另一个”:
other:(1)后跟名词(单,复),泛指 “别的,其他的”
The Great Wall is longer than any other wall in the world.I'll go swimming with other friends tomorrow.the other后跟名词单或数,或后不跟名词, 特指两者中的另一个: At last we got the other side of the river.Thirty are girls and the other students are boys in our class.I have two pens, one is blue and the other is red.(3)others 后不加名词,泛指另外一些别的人或事物;the others 特指其余所有的人或事物: Some of us like playing table-tennis, and others like playing basketball.Thirty in our class are girls, and the others are boys.(4)泛指三者以上的 “一些”不用加the, 用 “some….others”的形式: Some people like it, others not.another:
泛指另一个,不与the连用,只能跟可数名词单数: I don't like this one, will you please show me another We asked him to sing us another song.4.both, either, neither的用法:他们均用于两者之间,neither, either用做单数,both用做复数, both:肯定句中表示“两者都”,用于否定句中表示 “两者不都”,即部分否定: Both of the sisters are good at English.]
Not both of them are good at English.(One is good at English, the other isn't.)I don't know both his brothers.(I only know one of them.)Both,,and,, 连接两个主语时谓语动词用复数: Both my bothers and I are teachers.(2)neither: 表示“两个都不”, either表示“两个中的任何一个”, neither是 either的否定形式,两者均表示单数形式,做主语时谓语动词用单数形式:
Either you or he is right.Neither he nor you is right.neither是both的反义词,做形容词时与单数名词连用,不用the: Neither pen writes good.= Neither of the pens writes good.Neither…nor…, either…or….Eihter you or I am right.Nether you nor I am right.=Both you and I are right.5.(a)little, much,(a)few, many 的用法:
little “很少”表否定, a little “少许”表肯定, much= not a little: I know little about him.我不了解他.I know much about him.我对他很了解.There is little to be done, is there There is a little to be done, isn't there 在对不可数名词提问时要用how much:
I spent a lot of money on books.How much did you spend on books
as little as “尽可能少的” as much as “ 尽可能多的” as… as…结构中不用 a little
Few 表示 “很少” 表否定含义, a few “有一些”表肯定含义, many= not a few “"许多,不少, 这三个词用于修饰可数名词:
Few of us understand our teacher.A few of us understand our teacher.His book has few readers, does it His book has a few readers, doesn't it
as few as ”尽可能少“ as many as ”和……一样多" as…as….结构中不用a few
物主代词实际上是人称代词的所有格形式。根据其句法作用,物主代词可以分为形容词性和名词性两种。形容词性物主代词一定要后接名词(如:This is my book.这是我的书。),名词性物主代词可以独立使用,无需后接名词(如:This book is mine.这本书是我的。)。
5.3.1 形容词性物主代词的基本用法
形容词性物主代词一般位于名词前,用作定语,限定该名词的意义。例如:
My name is John Green.我叫约翰·格林。
Excuse me, is this your car? 对不起,这是您的车吗?
His parents are in England.他的父母在英国。
They wash their faces every day.他们每天都洗脸。(本句中的their无须译出)
5.3.2 名词性物主代词的基本用法
⑴ 名词性物主代词在句中独立使用,即不后接名词,其句法作用相当于一个名词。例如:
Ours is a great country.我们的国家是一个伟大的国家。(用作主语,一般用于正式文体)
I forgot to bring my dictionary.Could I use yours? 我忘了带词典,我可以用一下你的吗?(用作动词的宾语)
He wasn’t in my room.He might be in his.他(刚才)不在我的房间。他可能在自己的房间。(用作介词的宾语)
Whose book is this? — It’s hers.这是谁的书?——是她的。(用作表语)
Jack is a friend of mine.杰克是我的一个朋友。(用于双重所有格)
⑵ 名词性物主代词用作主语时,谓语动词的数应随所指者的数而定。例如:
Is this pencil yours or hers? — It’s mine.Hers is in her bag.(Hers = Her pencil)这支铅笔是你的还是她的?——是我的。她的铅笔在她包里。
Whose books are these? — They are his.Yours are over there.(Yours =Your books)这些是谁的书?——是他的。你的书在那边。
1)疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:
指人:who,whom,whose
指物:what
既可指人又可指物:which
2)疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what,which,whose还可作限定词。试比较:
疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?
What was the directional flow of U.S.territorial expansion?
美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
限定词:Whose books are these on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
说明1:
无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:
Which girls do you like best?
你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
What girls do you like best?
你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
说明2:
Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom,例如:
Who(m)did you meet on the street?
你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
Who(m)are you taking the book to?
你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词 后,不能用who取代。)
说明3:
疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例如:
For what do most people live and work?
大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)
What are you looking for?
你在找什么?(现代英语)
说明4:
疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:
I can’t make out what he is driving at.我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
Much of what you say I agree with,but I cannot go all the way with you.你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。
第三篇:初中英语语法介词教案
第7单元 介词
(一)表示时间的介词
1. at表示时间点,at six o'clock, at noon;
on表示特定日子,如on Children's Day;
in表示一段时间,in the morning.
『例』She'll be back in an hour.
He came back after a month.in “+”一段时间与动词将来时连用,表示过一段时间之后; after“+”一段时间用于过去时,指一段时间后。2.During表示期间的某个时期
『例』It rained several times during the night. for表示多长时间
『例』It has rained for two hours. through表示整个期间
『例』It rained all through the night.
3.till, by, before, after表示时间期限或先后 『例』I'll be here till seven. I'll be home by six.
I'll be here before seven. 4.from, since表示时间起点
『例』They have lived here since 1985. I haven't seen her from then on.
(二)at, in, on, under, behind, by, near, between可表示场所,into, out of, along.across, through可表示方向,with, in, by, like, from可表示手段、材料等 『例』She is sitting by the window.
Sam got out of the lift and ran quickly to the man. We smell with our noses.
(三)介词与动词搭配如:look at, arrive in/at etc. 介词与形容词搭配如:be interested in, be kind to, etc. 介词与名词搭配如:at least, by the way
注意几组介词的区别:on, above, over与below,under, among与between, across与through,about与on
1.on的同义词是above, over, above是指斜上方,over指正上方,其反义词是below, under;below是指位置低于某物或在某物的下方,但不一定在某物正下方,其反义词是above;under是指在某物的正下方有垂直在下的意思,其反义词是over。
2.among是指三个或三个以上之间,between是指两者之间。
3.across与through都有“穿过”之意,都可指从一定范围的一边到另一边,across的含义与on有关,表示动作是在某一物体的表面进行的;through与in有关,表示动作是在某一物体的空间里进行的。
第四篇:初中英语语法总结(六)--介词
介词
一些容易混淆的介词
1.表示时间的at、on、in的用法区别 at主要表示:
(1)在某具体时刻之前,如at seven o’ clock,at 7:30。
(2)在固定短语中,如:at noon,at night,at that time,at the age of at the weekend,at Christmas。
On用来表示“在„„天”,如:On Monday,On May lst,On Children’s Day。in用来表示:
(1)在某年、某月、某季节。
(2)在—段时间之后,如:in two hours,in a few days。
注意:在纯粹地表示在上午/下午/晚上时,用in the morning/afternoon/evening,但在某一天的上午、下午、晚上前要用介词on。如:on Monday morning,on the morning of Children’ s Day。
2.表示地点的at,in,on的用法区别(1)at通常指小地方,in一般指大地方。(2)at 所指范围不太明确,in指“在„„里”。(3)in指在内部,on指“在„„之上”。
3.表示“一段时间”的for与since的用法区别
for后面接时间段,since之后接时间点。4.表示时间的before与by的用法区别
before与by都可表示“在„„之前”,但by含有“不迟于„„”、“到„„为止”的意思。如果by后是将来的时间,则与将来时连用,若by后是过去的时间,则与过去完成时连用。
5.over与above(under与below)over,above都表示“在„„的上面”,over表示“正上方”,而above只表示“在上方”但不一定在“正上方”。above还可表示温度、水位等“高于”,over还可表示“越过„„”。over的反义词是under,above的反义词是below.例如:
There is a bridge over the river Our plane flew above the clouds.
6.表示“用”的with,by,in的用法
with多指用工具,用身体的部位或器官;by表示使用的方法、手段;in指使用某种语言。如:
We see with our eyes.We go there by bike.Please say it out in English.He cut it open with a knife.介词的省略
表示时间介词at, on, in 的省略
(1)在 next, last, this, these, today, yesterday, tomorrow, one, every, each, all等词前,一般不用 at, in, on.(2)在某些名词词组前,可以省略(也可不省)如:(on)that day,(in)the year before last 常见搭配
1.动词+介词,如:
listen to, laugh at, write to, hear from, get to, look at, shout at, shout to, knock at, look for, look at, ask for, wait for, get on, get to, put on, turn on, operate on, take off, turn off, learn from, worry about...2.形容词+介词,如:
afraid of, full of, angry with, strict with, busy with, good at, good/bad for, late for, sorry for, ready for, famous for, polite to, far from...3.名词+介词 / 介词+名词
key to, visit to, at home, in surprise, after class, for ever, on time, at last, at first, for example...例1] 用正确的介词填空。
1)The little girl is looking________ her mother.2)Thank you ________ your help.3)Don't read ________ bed.4)Tom comes ________ the USA.第1小题要填for,因为look for是一个固定词组,表示寻找的行为。第 2小题填 for,既可说 Thanks for„也可以说 Thank you for„,for后接名词。第3小题填 in。表示“在床上”in bed,一般不说 on bed。第 4小题come from一个固定短语,意思相当于be from,表示“来自„”。
[例2] China lies_______ the east of Asia and ______ the east of Japan.A.in;on B.to;to C.to;in D.in;to
解析 表示方位的介词in, on, to意义各不相同。在范围内的地方用in。China属于Asia范围内,故先用in;不在范围内的地方用to,若两地相连,则要用介词on, China和Japan不属同一范围且有海相隔,故选择to。因此答案为D
一.考点透视 知识与能力要求 重难点问题归纳 中考热点分析预测 应试策略 二.知识讲解
名词
代词
冠词 数词
形容词、副词
介词 三.典型例题
四.强化训练及答案 一.考点透视
【知识与能力要求】
1.掌握所学单词的形态变化。
2.掌握简单句的五种基本句型,四笔头练习基本正确。3.能理解不复杂的、含有状语从句或宾语从句的复合句。
4.掌握动词的五种基本时态(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时)的基本用法。
5.能理解并初步掌握过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时的基本用法。6.掌握一般现在时(包括含有情态动词的一般现在时)、一般过去时的被动语态的基本用法。7.掌握动词不定式作宾语、宾语补足语和状语的用法(作主语和定语的用法只要求理解)。【重难点问题归纳】
语法知识是在掌握一定量的单词和短语的基础上才能获得的。因此,单词的形态变化和简单句的五种基本句型是语法学习的基础之基础。五种基本时态和含有不复杂的状语从句及宾语从句的复合句是初中毕业班学生学习的重点也是语法学习的难点。五种基本时态中的一般过去时和现在完成时的基本用法及其区别是学习的难点。状语从句中的时态问题,宾语从句中的主语和谓语的语序问题是学生感到头痛的问题。被动语态是中国学生最不喜欢学习和使用的一种语态。因此,学生在学习时,时常感觉到很困难。动词不定式是初中英语语法中的一个重点。不定式在句中作宾语、宾语补足语和状语等用法均要求掌握,特别是一些动词,有些后面要求跟不定式作宾语,有些则要求跟动词一ing形式作宾语。总之,语法部分是英语学习的重点和难点。语法知识掌握得好,将大大加快英语学习的进程。【中考热点分析预测】
语法部分历年来是中考的必考内容。考试的范围广,涉及单词词形变化、基本句子结构、五种基本时态搬动语态、不定式用法以及状语从句、宾语从句,等等。近年来,在教学改革方面加大了对听说教学的力度,初中段以培养学生的交际能力为主,为高中段的英语学习打好基础,对语法知识的要求作了调整,降低了难度,但考查的范围并没有减小。单纯考语法知识的题比以前明显减少。试题往往设置一个情景,在对话中考查时态及基本句型。当然,有些语法项目设置在单句中,如:不定式、被动语态以及词语搭配。
语言学习是一个积累的过程,不记住相当数量的词语、习惯用语。句型和语法规则,是学不好英语的。因此,对词形变换、句型结构、状语从句中的时态以及常用的五种基本时态的考查仍将是中考命题的热点。【应试策略】
动词及其时态是英语学习最重要的部分,也是学习的难点。被动语态也是学习的难点。宾语从句和状语从句是复合句中最重要、最常用的结构,是初中毕业生必须掌握的从句。注意现在时、过去时和将来时及现在完成时的基本用法以及句中的副词(包括时间副词)的用法,尤其要注意过去时与现在完成时的区别。宾语从句要注意从句结构的语序(连接词+从句的主语+从句的谓语+„„)问题和时态问题(主句是过去时,从句必须用过去时的某种形式);状语从句要注意在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来时态。动词、时态与语态与从句一定要在大量课文和对话的句子中反复操练,才能真正学会。只要你在复习和应试中注意以上几点,考试就一定能取得好成绩。二.知识讲解 【名词】
1.名词的可数与不可数
可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量,它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目,来统计,都成为不可数名词。不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量,没有复数形式。要表示“一个„„”这一概念,就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词,在英语里却不可数。如:chalk,paper,bread,rice,grass,news等。2.名词的复数(1)规则变化
A.一般情况下加-s。
B.以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-es。
如:bus---buses,box---boxes,watch---watches,brush---brushes C.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es。如:city---cities,country---countries D.以f,fe结尾的,去掉f或fe,变成v再加-es。(2)不规则变化 A.元音发生变化。如:man---men,woman---women,foot---feet,tooth---teeth,mouse---mice B.词尾发生变化。如:child---children C.单、复数同形。
如:fish---fish,Japanese---Japanese,Chinese---Chinese,sheep---sheep 3.物质名词(不可数名词)量的表示方法(1)用much,a little,a lot of等表示(2)用容器表示 a bowl of rice,a glass of water,a cup of tea,a piece of,orange,two glasses of milk,two pieces of paper 4.名词的所有格
(1)名词所有格的构成法
A.单数名词词尾加’ s,复数名词词尾若没有s,也要加’ s。the worker's bike,the Children’ s ball
B.表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后’ s。如:
This is Lucy and Licy’ s room.
These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms.
C.如果是通过在词尾加—s构成的复数形式的名词,只加’。如: the students’ books,the girls’ blouses(2)名词+of+名词名词是有生命的,我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的,我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系.如: the legs of the desk,the door of the room 但在表示名词所有格时,’ s结构也常可转换成of结构。有些表示时间,距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以加’s来构成所有格.如: ten minutes' walk,today's newspaper 【代词】
人称代词,物主代词,反身代词 类别
主格宾格形容词性 物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词第一人称单数I me my mine myself复数 we us our ours ourselves第二人称单数 you you your yours yourself复数 you you your yours yourselves 第三人称单数 he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itself复数 they them their theirs themselves 1.人称代词
人称代词it的特殊用法:一般it指“它”,但在表示天气、时间、距离等时,用it来代替,此时的it并不译为“它”。
当三个人称代词(单数)同时出现时,其先后顺序为you,he,I。而复数一般采用we,you,they顺序。
2.物主代词
物主代词的用法:
形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词。
名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。3.反身代词 1)反身代词的构成分两种:第一、二人称反身代词在形容词:性物主代词后加上self或selves,第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves.
2)反身代词的用法:一种是作宾语,由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。
如:I enjoyed myself at the party.另一种是作名词或代词的同位语;用来加强语气。如:I can do it myself.
3)初中阶段由反身代词构成的常用词组有:enjoy oneself,help oneself to,learn by oneself,teach oneself,(all)by oneself,leave...by oneself,lose oneself in等,在运用反身代词时,应注意它在数、性别上与哪一个保持一致。试比较: “Help yourselves to some fish,Tom and Mike.”与I can’t leave the girl by herself. 指示代词
指示代词的特殊用法:
(1)为了避免重复,可用that,those代替前面提到过的名词,但是this,these不可以。(2)this,that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。
不定代词
主要不定代词的用法:(1)one的用法
A.one作为代词可以指人,也可以指物。
B.one,ones(one的复数形式)可用来代替前面出现过的少数名词,以避免重复。C.one的前面可用this,that,the,which等词来修饰。D.常有a+形容词+one这一形式。
it和one的用法区别:it用来指特定的东西,而one则用于替代不特定的东西。(2)some和any的用法区别
A.some,any可与单、复数可数名词和不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句,any一般用于否定句,疑问句和条件句中。
B.some,any与—thing,—body,—one构成的合成词的用法与some,any一样。
C.在疑问句中,一般不用some,只有当问句表示一种邀请或者请求,或期待一个肯定的回答时才能用some。
D.some在否定句中表示半否定,any表示全否定。
E.some用于单数可数名词前,表示“某个”而不是“一些”。(3)other,another的用法 数
种类单数复数泛指another=an otherother(boys)others特指the otherthe other(boys)the others功能作主语、宾语、定语作定语作主语、宾语 A.another=another“另一个”,泛指众多者中的另一个,在原有基础上自然增加的另一个。一般后面接单数名词,前面不能加定冠词。有时another可以用在复数名词前表示“又”“再”,如:
I want to have another two cakes.我想再吃两个蛋糕。
B.the other表示两个中的另一个,常与one连用。常见形式是“one...the other...”。
C.other+复数名词=others
D.the other+复数名词=the others(4)a11、both的用法 both表示“两者都„„”,而a11表示“三个或三个以上的人或物都„„”。a11、both在句中放在be动词,情态动词及助动词之后,放在实义动词之前。(5)each和every的用法 A.each用来指两个或两个以上的人或物中的一个。every则指两个以上的人或物中的一个。B.从含义和语法功能上看,each是“单个”的意思,侧重个体,在句中可作主语、同位语、定语和宾语。而every是“每一个”之意,侧重全体、整体、共性。在句中只能作定语,也就是说它后面必须跟着名词。而由every构成的合成词后面绝不能跟名词。(6)either,neither,both的用法
either:指两者中的任意一个。作主语谓语用单数。neither:指两者都不,全否定。作主语谓语用单数。
both:指两者都。作主语谓语用复数。
(7)many和much many只能和复数可数名词连用。much只能和不可数名词连用。注意:
a lot of/lots of / plenty of=much/many a large/great number of=many a great/good deal of=much(8)few,a few,little,a little few,little表示否定含义,“很少”“几乎没有”;a few,a little表示肯定含义,有一些”。few,a few用在可数名词前,little,a little用在不可数名词前。【冠词】
1.不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的词前,其余用不定冠词a.2.定冠词的基本用法
A.用在重新提到的人或事物前面。
B.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。
C用在单数可数名词前面,表示某一类人或事物。3.定冠词的特殊用法
A.用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。
B.用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。C用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。
D.用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。
E.用在姓氏的复数形式前面,表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。F.用在乐器名称前。
G.和某些形容词连用,表示某一类人或事物。4.名词前不用冠词的情况
A.在专有名词(包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节)、物质名词和抽象名词前—般不用冠词。但在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。B.表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。
C.名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词。
D.三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。正在有些词组中,有无冠词含义不同。(sit)at table就餐;sit at the table坐在桌边
go to school去上学;go to the school去那所学校;in hospital住院;in the hospital在那个医院里 【数词】
1.数字的表示
三位数数词要在百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and。1,000以上的数字,从后向前第三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand,第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion。
2.序数词除了first,second,third外,其余都在基数词尾加-th构成。
3.分数分子在前,分母在后,分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子大于1小时,分母序数词要变成复数。
4.Hundreds(thousands,millions)of„„用法。【形容词,副词】 形容词
1.形容词的位置
(1)形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面,但当形容词修饰不定代词something,nothing,anything时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后。如:something important,nothing serious。(2)当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时,定语或表语要后置。如: We have dug a hole two meters deep. The hole is about two metres deep. 2.形容词的比较等级
(1)单音节词和少数双音节词,在词尾加—(e)r,—(e)st来构成比较级和最高级。其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级。如: popular———more popular———most popular important—more important—most important(2)不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级 good better best well bad worse worst ill old older oldest elder eldest many more most much little less least far farther farthest further furthest
3.形容词比较级的用法
形容词比较级通常可分为原级、比较级、最高级三种基本形式,具体而言,它们分别以下列形式出现在句中:
它们分别以下列形式出现在句中:(1)as+原级+as(2)比较级+than(3)the+最高级+of(in)...
需注意的原级的用法:
(1)否定结构有A..。not as+形容词原级+as B及A...not so +形容词原级+as B两种结构。(2)表示倍数有...times as+形容词原级+as的句型。如: This garden is ten times as large as that one. This room is twice as large as that one.(3)half as+形容词原级+as表示“„„的一半”。如:This book is half as thick as that one. 需注意的比较级的用法:
(1)than后面接代词时,一般要用主格,但在口语中工也可换成me。(2)比较级前还可以用much,even,still,a little来修饰。(3)表示倍数时,试比较
Our room is twice as large as theirs. 我们的房间是他们的两倍那样大。
Our room is twice larger than theirs. 我们的房间比他们的大两倍。(4)I’ m two years older than you. 我比你大两岁。(5)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越„„”。如: He becomes fatter and fatter.
(6)”The+比较级„,the+比较级”表示“越„„,越„„”。如:The busier he is,the happier he feels.他越忙就越高兴。
需注意的最高级的用法:(1)常见结构有:“of+复数意义的词”表示“在„„之中的”,“在„„中”;“in+范围、场所”表示“在„„之中”。如: He is the tallest“all the boys”. China is the greatest in the world. 副词
1.副词比较级的构成
(1)单音节副词和个别双音节副词通过加-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。(2)绝大多数副词借助more,most来构成比较级和最高级。(3)少数副词的不规则变化: 原级 比较级 最高级 well better best badly worse worst much more most little less least far farther farthest farthest furthest late later latest(4)副词的最高级前面可以不加定冠词the。
(5)常用句型有like A better than B和like A(the)best of(in)„ 其余变化和形容词类似。2.常见副词用法(1)too, either Too 一般用于肯定句,常放在句末,否定句时用either。(2)ago,before ago 以现在为起点,和动词的过去时连用。before以过去某个时间为起点,常和过去完成时连用。当before前没有“一段时间”而单独使用时,泛指“以前”,常和完成时连用。如:I have heard the man before。我以前听说过那个人。【介词】
一些容易混淆的介词
1.表示时间的at、on、in的用法区别 at主要表示:
(1)在某具体时刻之前,如at seven o’ clock,at 7:30。
(2)在固定短语中,如:at noon,at night,at that time,at the age of at the weekend,at Christmas。
On用来表示“在„„天”,如:On Monday,On May lst,On Children’s Day。in用来表示:
(1)在某年、某月、某季节。
(2)在—段时间之后,如:in two hours,in a few days。
注意:在纯粹地表示在上午/下午/晚上时,用in the morning/afternoon/evening,但在某一天的上午、下午、晚上前要用介词on。如:on Monday morning,on the morning of Children’ s Day。
2.表示地点的at,in,on的用法区别(1)at通常指小地方,in一般指大地方。(2)at 所指范围不太明确,in指“在„„里”。(3)in指在内部,on指“在„„之上”。
3.表示“一段时间”的for与since的用法区别
for后面接时间段,since之后接时间点。4.表示时间的before与by的用法区别
before与by都可表示“在„„之前”,但by含有“不迟于„„”、“到„„为止”的意思。如果by后是将来的时间,则与将来时连用,若by后是过去的时间,则与过去完成时连用。
5.over与above(under与below)over,above都表示“在„„的上面”,over表示“正上方”,而above只表示“在上方”但不一定在“正上方”。above还可表示温度、水位等“高于”,over还可表示“越过„„”。over的反义词是under,above的反义词是below.例如:
There is a bridge over the river Our plane flew above the clouds.
6.表示“用”的with,by,in的用法
with多指用工具,用身体的部位或器官;by表示使用的方法、手段;in指使用某种语言。如:
We see with our eyes.We go there by bike.Please say it out in English.He cut it open with a knife.介词的省略
表示时间介词at, on, in 的省略
(1)在 next, last, this, these, today, yesterday, tomorrow, one, every, each, all等词前,一般不用 at, in, on.(2)在某些名词词组前,可以省略(也可不省)如:(on)that day,(in)the year before last 常见搭配
1.动词+介词,如:
listen to, laugh at, write to, hear from, get to, look at, shout at, shout to, knock at, look for, look at, ask for, wait for, get on, get to, put on, turn on, operate on, take off, turn off, learn from, worry about...2.形容词+介词,如:
afraid of, full of, angry with, strict with, busy with, good at, good/bad for, late for, sorry for, ready for, famous for, polite to, far from...3.名词+介词 / 介词+名词
key to, visit to, at home, in surprise, after class, for ever, on time, at last, at first, for example...三.典型例题 【名词】
[例1](1)—How far is your school from here? —Not very far.It's about twenty ______ walk.A.minute's B.minutes’ C.minutes D.minute
(2)It is about ______ from the school to my home.A.ten minutes walk B.ten minutes’ walk C.ten minutes’ s walk D.ten minute’s walk
分析 上述两题考查名词所有格的构成及用法。由句意可知空格处所填内容是表示距离的名词,选项中的名词minute和walk存在所有关系,因此必须用名词的所有格。名词所有格的’s也可以加在一个短语之后,若该短语最后一个名词的词尾是-s,则只加“’’。如:an hour’s ride, two weeks’ time。因而(1)、(2)小题答案均为B。[例2] Have you seen ______ at the foot of the hill?
A.any sheep B.some sheeps C.any sheeps D.some sheep 分析 此题考查名词复数的特殊例子。sheep的单复数同形;any一般用在疑问句和否定句里,some用在肯定句里。答案为A [例3]—Who is the man in the blue car? —He is ______father.A.Kate's and Mary's B.Kate and Mary's C.Kate and Mary D.of Kate and Mary 分析 本题考查名词所有格的构成及方法。两个并列的所有格,只给第二个名词加“’s”。[例4](哈尔滨市,2003)---Where is Tom?
---He’ s left a saying that he has something important to do.A.excuse B.message C.exercise D.news 分析 此题考查名词的用法,由a知道选项A、C、D不行,故选B。答案 选B 解后反思 an excuse(一个借口),an exercise(一个练习)„„,news(新闻)是不可数名词。
[例5](天津市,2003)He had something to write down and asked me for A.a paper B.some papers C.some pieces of papers D.a piece of paper 分析 此题考查不可数名词的用法。Paper作“纸”讲时是不可数名词,故A、B、C可排除。答案:选D 解后反思 paper当“试卷”、“文件”讲时是可数名词。类似的词还有:fish,chicken等。【代词】
[例1] 用所给词的适当形式填空。
1)This isn’t _______(I)book, it must be _______(you).2)Is there any milk in the bottle? Yes, there is ______(little).分析 第1小题第一空要用形容词性物主代词my,用于修饰名词book,第二空则要用名词性物主代词yours,相当于your book。第2小题应用a little表示肯定:“有一点儿”。[例2] There are many trees on________ of the road.A.both side B.each sides C.both sides D.every side
分析 此题主要考查不定代词both, each和every的用法。both为“两者”(都)”,作定语时,其后接复数名词;作主语时,要用复数谓语动词。either为“两者中间的任何一个(的)”,作定语时,后接单数可数名词;作主语时,要用单数谓语动词。every意为“每个(的)”,作定语,只用于三者或三者以上。又因马路road(rive,street等)只有两侧,所以正确答案只能是C。
[例3] 1)“Help ______ to some mooncakes”, Han Meimei said to the twins.A.you B.oneself C.yourself D.yourselves 2)—Put on your clothes when you go out.—Thank you.Mum.I can look after______.A.me B.I C.ourselves D.myself
分析 这是一组考查反身代词用法的试题。反身代词在句中可作宾语、表语和同位语,不能单独使用、不能替代主格代词,但可用在主格代词后以加强语气。还常用于某些短语中,如:by oneself独自,enjoy oneself 玩得愉快,teach oneself 自学,help oneself to„随便吃(用)„„等。因此上二题答案均为D。
例4](广东省,2003)There is with my computer.It doesn’ t work.A.nothing wrong B.anything wrong C.wrong something D.something wrong 分析 本题考查形容词与不定代词的位置关系,形容词修饰不定代词应放在不定代词之后,而anything用于否定句和疑问句,由It doesn’ t work知选D。答案:D 解后反思 考虑词的使用范围并结合语境是解决本题的关键。【冠词】
[例1] 选择填空
1)Give me_______, please.A.a cup tea B.two cup of tea C.two cup D.two cups of tea 2)The teacher passed me _____ paper.A.a piece B.a piece of C.piece of D.a pair of
第1小题主要考查学生对可数名词与不可数名词的掌握情况,tea是不可数名词,不能用数量词直接修饰,但可以用容器表示量,表容器的名词可变为复数形式,即可以说two cups of tea,此题选D。第2小题答案选B。paper一词是不可数的,要表示“一张纸”,英语应为a piece of paper,不能说a paper。
[例2] _____ delicious food you have cooked!A.How a B.How C.What a D.What 分析 不定冠词表示数量,类似“-”,修饰单数可数名词。不可数名词前不可用a、an修饰。在感叹句“What a/an+ adj.+ n.+(主+谓)!”结构中,名词必是单数可数名词。若是不可数名词应用“What+ adj.+ n.+(主+谓)!”结构。句中food是不可数名词,故答案为D。[例3](1)We always have______ rice for ______lunch.A./;/ B.the;/ C./;a D.the;the
(2)It’s half past four in the afternoon.The students are playing _____ basketball now.A./ B.an C.a D.the
分析 下列情况不用任何冠词:1)专用名词(John、England)、物质名词(food,rice,water)等前;2)一日三餐的名词前;3)在表示球类运动的名词前。因此第(1)小题正确答案应为A;第(2)小题答案为A。
[例4](天津市,2003)---What’ s the matter with you?----I caught bad cold and had to stay in bed A.a, / B.a, the C.a, a D.the, the] 分析 本题考查冠词的用法和习惯表达。躺在床上译为stay in bed,而感冒译为catch cold或catch a cold,但cold有形容词修饰时则a不可省略。答案:选A 【数词】
[例1] 1)______ books must he-produced for the children.A.Many thousands B.Many thousands of C.Many thousand of D.Many thousand 2)We've planted ______ trees in the centre of our city this year.A.hundred B.tow hundreds C.hundred of D.hundreds of 分析本题考查数词的用法。当 thousand或 hundred做数词时,前面一般加数来修饰,其本身没有数的变化,且后不跟of。当它们做名词时,其复数形式为thousands和hundreds,且构成thousands of和hundreds of,后接可数名词的复数形式。答案分别为 B、D [例2] About ____ of the workers in the clothes factory are women.A.third fifths B.third fifth C.three fifths D.three fifth
分析 此题主要考查英语的分数表示法。分子用基数词,分母用序数词。当分子大于1时,分母的序数词后需加“s”。例如:1/3 one third;2/3:two thirds.通过分析A、B、D三项均错,答案为C。
[例3] July is ________ month of the year.A.seven B.the seventh C.eight D.the eighth 序数词用来表示数目的顺序,七月份是一年中的第七个月,第七个月的正确表达为the seventh month,所以此题的正确答案为B。
例4](重庆市,2003)My favourite is getting stamps.I need before I have 2500 ones.A.more one B.any more C.one more D.more than 分析 此题考查数词与more相结合的用法,数词+more表示还有(要)„„,在此正好符合题意。答案:选C 解后反思 more than是“多于”之意,any more用于否定句表示“不再”。【形容词、副词】
[例1] In the exam, the ______ you are, the ______ mistakes you'll make.A.careful;little B.more careful;less C.more careful;few D.more careful;fewer 分析 “the+比较级„„,the+比较级„„”这个句型结构的意思是“越„„就越„„”或“愈是„„则愈是„„”。此结构中的比较级可以是形容词,也可以是副词。答案D [例2] I’m not sure whether Mary can sing ________ Mabel.A.as well as B.as good as C.so good as D.as better as 分析 此题考查了两个知识点:(1)副词和形容词用法的区别:(2)as„as句式。句中谓语动词是行为动词,应选副词。B、C项应排除.as„as中间应用副词或形容词原级,所以答案应为A。
[例3] Let’s hope the things can get______.A.better and better B.well and well C.good and good D.best and best 分析 答案为A。两个比较级并列在一起,表示“越来越„„”之意,此句主要考查比较级特殊句型“more and more”结构,该句式表示持续不断变化,其动词常是become, be, get, grew等,又如:Spring has come.It is getting warmer and warmer.[例4](甘肃省,2003)I am I want a piece of bread A.full B.hungry C.tired D.thirsty 分析 此题在语境中考查形容词的用法。由后句意“我要一块面包”说名与“饿”有关,故选B。
答案:选B。
[例5](天津市,2003)In our city,it’ s in July, nut it is even in August.A.hotter, hottest B.hot, hot C.hotter, hot D.hot, hotter 分析 此题考查形容词及比较级的用法。前空应填原级,后空有even修饰要用比较级,故选D。
答案:选D 解后反思 如下几个形容词的比较级和最高级要双写最后的辅音字母再加-er或-est。big-bigger-biggest,hot-hotter-hottest,fat-fatter-fattest,thin-thinner-thinnest,wet-wetter-wettest。简记为:大(big),热(hot),湿纸(wet),谁(肥,fat)瘦(thin)?(利用谐音记)[例6](山西省太原市,2002)The little girl likes animals.When she heard I would take her to the zoo, she looked at me.A.happy B.happily C.angry D.angrily 分析 由句意知C、D可以排除,又此句中look at是行为动词而不是连系动词,故选B 答案:B 解后反思 形容词和副词都具有修饰作用,但是各自修饰的对象不同,形容词修饰名词,作定语,或在连系动词后作表语。而副词修饰行为动词,形容词或副词作状语。【介词】
[例1] 用正确的介词填空。
1)The little girl is looking________ her mother.2)Thank you ________ your help.3)Don't read ________ bed.4)Tom comes ________ the USA.第1小题要填for,因为look for是一个固定词组,表示寻找的行为。第 2小题填 for,既可说 Thanks for„也可以说 Thank you for„,for后接名词。第3小题填 in。表示“在床上”in bed,一般不说 on bed。第 4小题come from一个固定短语,意思相当于be from,表示“来自„”。
[例2] China lies_______ the east of Asia and ______ the east of Japan.A.in;on B.to;to C.to;in D.in;to
解析 表示方位的介词in, on, to意义各不相同。在范围内的地方用in。China属于Asia范围内,故先用in;不在范围内的地方用to,若两地相连,则要用介词on, China和Japan不属同一范围且有海相隔,故选择to。因此答案为D。四.强化训练及答案 【名词】 选择正确答案
1.There are forty ______ in our school.A.women teachers B.teacher women C.woman teachers D.women teacher 2.Mr.Li is one of ______ in the hospital.A.most popular doctors B.the most popular doctors C.most popular doctor D.the most popular doctor 3.The sign “NO PHOTOS” means that you can't ______.A.take pictures B.bring in pictures C.buy any photos D.sell any photos 4.Some of the boys in ______ are afraid of maths exams.A.Class Three B.the Class Three C.Three Class D.the Three Class 5.Have you got any ______ for us this time? A.pieces of message B.piece of messages C.pieces of messages D.messages 6.______, those mountains will be covered with trees.A.In a few years time B.After a few years time C.In a few years’ time D.After a few years time
7.Hong Kong is an SAR while Macao is another.So there are ______ in China.A.both SAR B.both SARS C.two SAR D.two SARS 8.Look!There are ______ stars up there in the ______.A.thousands of;sky B.thousands of;air C.thousand of;sky D.thousand of;air 9.My father lived in ______ for some ten years.A.city Beijing B.the Beijing city C.Beijing of city D.the city of Beijing 10.Just from the ______ I know it's Liu Minjun.A.noise B.voice C.sound D.sing 11.—Where are the other two students? —They're in ______.A.teacher's office B.teachers' office C.the teacher office D.the teachers' office 12.—How many ______ have you next term? —Let me see.We'll have eight.A.lesson B.subjects C.days D.class 13.My uncle's full name is David Edward Hartpode.His family name is ______.A.Edward B.Hartpode C.David D.David Hartpode 14.He writes more carefully than ______ in his class.A.any student B.any other student C.any other students D.all students 15.This new kind ______ can do half the work.A.of tractor B.tractor C.of a tractor D.a tractor 16.John is very happy to have a ______ training.A.two weeks B.two-month C.two-weeks D.two-months 17.My brother is always careless.He always makes ____ A.mistakes B.mistake C.mistook D.some mistake 18.Mr.Green is nearly ______.A.two metres high B.two metres tall C.high two metres D.tall two metres 19.Mr.Smith is an ______.A.English B.English man C.Englishman D.Englishmen 20.A group of ______ are talking with two ______.A.Frenchmen;Germans B.Frenchmen;Germen C.German;Frenchmen D Germans;Frenchmans 【代词】 单项选择
1.______ the twins enjoyed ______ at the party yesterday.A.Both;them B.Both;themselves C.Neither;them D.All;themselves 2.—Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a cup of tea? —______, thanks.I'd like just a cup of water.A.Either B.Neither C.Both D.None 3.—Would you like ______ milk in your tea? —Yes, just ______.A.any;little B.some;a little C.much;a few D.a little;some 4.There is______ to do this evening.A.much nothing B.many nothing C.nothing much D.nothing many 5.The two friends were so pleased to see each other that they forget ______.A.anything else B.something else C.nothing else D.everything else 6.—Is this your shoe? —Yes, it is.But where is______? A.the others B.another C.other one D.the other one 7.What I want to say is ______English is a very useful language.A.it B.this C.that D.those 8.They have an English lesson ______ day, Monday, Wednesday and Friday.A.each other B.every other C.some others D.another more 9.We found______ very important to learn a foreign language well.A.this B.that C.it D.it's 10.—______ is Lily like? —Oh, she's tall and thin.A.How B.Who C.Which D.What 11.—Would you like milk or orange? —_______ I prefer water.A.Each B.Neither C.Either D.Both 12.—Oh, there is someone in the room.—______ must be my mother.A.There B.She C.This D.It
13.Betty and John have come back, but _______ students in the class aren't here yet.A.the other B.others C.another D.the others 14.______ of us has read the story.A.Some B.Both C.All D.None
15.—Which of her parents is a doctor? —________.A.Any B.Either C.Both D.All 16.I have bought a new watch because my old ______ doesn't work.A.it B.one C.that D.this
17.—Is this dictionary _______ or _______? —It's mine.A.your;hers B.your;her C.your;her D.yours;hers
18.There is ______ water in my glass.Will you please give me ______.A.little;some B.few;any C.few;some D.little;any 19.—______pencil-box is this, Patrick? —It’s ______
A.Whose;mine B.Who’s;mine C.Whose;my D.Who’s;my
20.—The pen is _______.She wrote _______ name with it _______.A.hers;her;herself B.her;hers;her C.her;hers;herself D.her;herself;hers 【冠词】
用适当的冠词填空,不需要冠词的空白处填“×”
1.Tomorrow is ______ Teachers' Day and we'll make ______ card for our English teacher.2.The bus is running about seventy miles_____ hour.3.Mary is interested in ______ science.4.Some people don't like to talk at ______ table.5.Last night I went to______ bed very late.6.Don't worry.We still have ______ little time left.7.What ______ beautiful day!And what ______ fine weather!8.In ______ winter it is cold in ______ Beijing and warm in ________Shanghai.9.John is______ cleverest boy in his class.10.We can't live without ______ water or ______ air.11.Tomorrow Mr.Smith will leave Paris, ______capital of______ France, for Washington by______ air.12.We were having______ lunch when they came in.13.This is ______ book you gave me last week.14.What did you do ______ last Saturday? 15.March 8 is ______ Women's Day.16.If ______ weather is fine tomorrow, we will go to the park.17.I prefer playing ______ piano to playing ______ basketball.18.At ______ age of five, he read a lot of books.19.Tom and Lucy are of ______ same age.20.______ harder we study, ______ more we learn.【数词】 选择填空
l.September is the ________ month of the year.A.eighth B.ninth C.tenth D.eleventh 2.The People's Republic of China was founded ________ A.on October the first, 1949 B.in October the first ,1949
C.on October one, 1949 D.on October first one, 1949 3.There are ________ days in a year.A.three hundreds and sixty-five B.three hundreds and fifty-six C.three hundreds of sixty-five D.three hundred and sixty-five 4.There are ________ days in February.A.thirty B.thirty-one C.twenty-eight D.twenty-six 5.The film begins at 4:15.The right answer of “4:15” is _______ A.four fifth B.fifteen four C.four fifteen D.a quarter to four 6.________is seventy seven.A.forty and four B.thirty-seven and forty C.forty or thirty-seven D.seventy of seven 7.What row are you in? I am in ________.A.Row One B.Row First C.Row one D.One Row 8.How many months are there in a year? There are _______ A.eleven B.twelve C.twenty D.twelfth 9.At the age of ________, he was a worker.A.twenty B.the twenty C.twentieth D.one 10.The Changjiang River is ________ longest river in China.A.the first B.the second C.the third D.the fourth 【形容词、副词】根据A句完成B句,使两句句意一致。
1.A: Their football team is much stronger than the other two.B: Their football team is ______ ______ of the _____.2.A: I prefer science to any other subject.B: I like science _____ _____ any other subject.3.A: Jane went shopping yesterday, and I went shopping, too.B: Jane went shopping yesterday and ______ _____ I.4.A: This room is not big.It can't hold a lot of people.B: This room is not big_____ ______ hold so many people.5.A: That machine doesn't work.B: There is______ ______ with that machine.6.A: The snow was very heavy last night.B: It _____ ______ last night.7.A: His uncle no longer works here.B: His uncle _____work here ______ longer.8.A: This is the most important thing at this moment.B: This thing is _____ important than anything ______ at this moment.9.A: He was so angry that he couldn't.say a word.B: He was ______ angry _______ say a word.10.A: Zhang Tao speaks English better than any other student in his class.B: ______ speaks English so _____ as Zhang Tao.【介词】
用适当的介词填空
1.You'd better not go ______ the forest.It's dangerous.2.Which room are you going to live ______? 3.The building is ______ fire.There're some people ______ the top floor.4.Before 1990 there was no airline ______ the two cities.5.It's not good to come late ______ school.6.What's wrong ______ your bike? 7.Thank you very much ______ coming to see me.8.I couldn't finish it ______ your help.9.Don't laugh ______ others’ mistakes.10.Do the twins look ______ their father? 11.—How do you usually come to school, every day? —Sometimes ______ bike, sometimes ______ foot.12.It's very kind ______ you to help me ______ my maths.13.Don't read ______ the sun.It's bad ______ your eyes.14.The teacher told us the moon travels ______ the earth.15.You must learn these words ______ heart, and answer my question______ English.16.Please meet your uncle ______ noon ______ Saturday.17.Thanks ______ your help, I finished the work before dark.18.It's cold and the temperature is ______ zero during the night.19.The teacher is writing ______ red ink ______ a piece of paper.20.The children are waiting ______ the gate ______ their mother.1.through 2.in 3.on, on 4.between 5.to 6.with 7.for 8.without 9.at 10.like 11.by;on 12.of;with 13.in;for 14.around/ round 15.by;in 16.at;on 17.to 18.below 19.in;on 20.at;for
第五篇:高中英语语法课教案
高中英语语法“虚拟语气”的教学设计
一、教材分析:
本课是结合外研社版高中英语教材选修6中有关虚拟语气的语法内容,进行高三虚拟语气的复习,教学中将语法知识的传授和语言基本技能的学习结合到一起,注重复习语法与语言的运用。采用任务型教学法和小组合作探究学习法,从而扩大课堂的语言输入量及学生的语言输出量。
二、学情分析:
在高一和高二英语学习基础上,高三学生已经掌握基本的语言结构和一定程度的听说读写能力。在高三语法复习的过程中,结合学生原有的知识掌握水平,巩固基础强化正确使用语法知识,提高学生运用语言的深度和难度.但大部分学生的基础知识仍然较为薄弱,运用英语进行交际活动的能力较差,主动学习的动力不够,然而他们学习比较认真,渴求知欲旺盛,思维比较活跃。部分学生的基础较好,能主动配合老师。只有设置使他们感兴趣的活动,因材施教,才能让他们投入到课堂活动中来。
三、教学重点:
1.复习的重点---语法虚拟语气的句型结构.2.语法虚拟语气的运用
四、教学难点:
1.结合复习的语法知识,以课堂教学为依托,全面训练学生的听、说、读、写能力,加强和提高运用英语的综合能力。
2.虚拟语气在真实的生活语境中的使用。
五、教学目标: 1.知识目标:
引导学生掌握情态动词在虚拟语气之中的使用。培养学生通读,分析,理解,综合的能力,教会学生体察语境,结合上下文,附和逻辑推理和合理的想象,结合语法和题干中的语境解决高考题。在运用语言过程中培养学生的观察力、分析力、想象力和自学能力,提高思维能力和运用英语的综合能力。2.能力目标:
利用多媒体手段营造积极和谐教学氛围,使学生进入情景之中,充分调动学生的思维活动和情感体验,规范学生运用英语知识准确表达的能力,同时,发展学生综合语言运用的能力,分析问题和解决问题的能力,培养学生自主学习。3.德育目标:
用情态动词和虚拟语气的句子结构表达思想感情和正确的世界观、人生观。
六、教学策略: 通过活动课、小组讨论等具体形式,创设有利于高中生自己自我认识、自我反省、自我调节的情境,利用他们自身较高的自我意识水平对自己的学习进行调节、监控。因此,本课采用教学方法---任务型教学法。以任务为中心,任务的设计焦点是解决某一具体的贴近学生生活的问题。教师要从学生“学”的角度来设计教学活动,使学生的学习活动具有明确的目标。在的各种“任务”中,学生能够不断地获得知识并得出结论。
七、学习策略:
非测试性评价体现新课程标准的实施效果,评价体系“正确反映外语学习的本质和过程,满足学生发展的需要。” 本课将各种活动设计成小组活动并开展小组竞赛和填写课堂自我评价表等非测试性评价手段,帮助学生养成自主学习与合作学习的能力,培养创新意识和实践能力,以及具备科学的价值观。
八、教学用具:
黑板、录音机、多媒体辅助(将本课所需要的图片、文字、音乐等制成PPT课件)
九、教学过程
Step1 Warming up(5 minutes)Discuss about the pictures together , and express their ideas freely.Such as, What would you do now, if you lost your vision or other valuable things ? You wish„„ 设计说明:
1.教师首先展示美国聋哑女作家 海伦·凯勒的影片图片和主要作品,然后请学生阅读以下片段:假如给我三天光明(节选)请学生思考一下这个问题:假如你只有三天的光明,你会怎么做?教师通过多媒体呈现图片,目的吸引学生的注意力,并激发起好奇心。
2.利用新颖和形象的图片导入,有利于学生参与教学活动,进行讨论和对话活动。帮助学生学会珍惜拥有,学会生活。Step2 Presentation(8 minutes)
Hold an English poem recital competition.Task1:Divide the whole class into a number of groups.Each group asks one student to act as the competitor with music
Living life over
If I had my life live over I would have talked less and listened more
I would have invited my friend over to dinner even if the carpet was strained and the sofa faded
„„ Task2:Choose the best group that read the poem with their deepest feeling.评价工具(选票):选出朗读最好的学生。设计说明:
1.用配乐英文诗歌朗诵的方式导入语法---虚拟语气的学习。该诗歌几乎每句都使用虚拟语气来表达思想,传递情感。
2.任务型活动:课题的引入采用诗歌朗诵竞赛的形式,学生小组活动,对英文诗歌进行翻译,激发参与学习过程的热情和竞争意识。最后由全体同学对各组参与代表投票进行非测试性评价。Step3 Revision(7 minutes)
Firstly,ask the students to answer the questions in groups to summarize the basic structure of the grammar.1.If there _______(be)no computer, the students _______(learn)much now.2.If there _______(not be)the war, people ______(live)a happier life in the future.3.If you ________(come)yesterday, you _______(see)Jackie Chen.4.If you______(attend)the concert, your oral English _______(become)better now.设计说明:
1.教师在进行语法教学的过程中把握好教学内容和教学范围的度, 适应高三复习的需要,加强语法教学的交际性,科学性和可操作性。
2.合作学习活动,学生在活动中运用语言,调动起学生的认知结构和主体意识。教师把语法规则活化为活动,把教学活动活化为交际活动。设分组竞答游戏活动,激发学生的参与意识。Step4 Consolidation(5minutes)
1.If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what ______ in science and technology.A.had discovered B.had been discovered C.has discovered D.has been discovered
2.This printer is of good quality.If it ____ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.A.would B.should C.could D.might 3.---John went to the hospital alone.---If he ____ me about it, I would have gone with him.A.should tell B.tells C.told D.had told 设计说明: 以选择题的形式,降低学习学习的难度。通过课堂测试进行反馈,进而了解学生的掌握情况,以学生的为本,注意个体差异,因材施教。Step5 Writing(20 minutes)
Task1: Summarize the grammar with the students and write down what they said on the blackboard.1.If…did/were , …would/could/should/might do… 2.If …had done , …would/could/should/might have done… 3.If…did/ were to/should do ,…would/could/should/might do…
Task 2: Discuss the sentences in groups and encourage the students to express their feelings in English as follows
1.I regret wasting the time which I should have spent on my studies playing computer games.2.I could have been good at English, but I devoted too little time and energy to it.3.If I had worked two years ago as hard as I do now, my grades would be much more satisfactory now.Task3: Ask the students to translate the sentences into English.1.我的老师建议我制定学习计划并认真的执行。
(1)My teacher suggests that I should make a study plan and carry it out very seriously.(2)It is suggested that I should make…
(3)My teacher’s suggestion is that I should make…
2.现在,我学习起来好像永不疲倦一样。我相信,坚持不懈和决心会助我成功。
At present, I am learning as if I were never tired.I believe that my perseverance and determination will lead to my success.设计说明:
1.让学生围绕该话题展开讨论,以确认可以使用虚拟语气的地方。课堂教学过程中,注重 “精讲精练,以练为主;点到为止,注重运用”。
2.在学生找到可使用的句子之后,鼓励学生灵活运用多种虚拟语气的表达方式对语言进行深层次的句法处理.调动学生参与课堂学习活动的热情,增强面对高考的自信。Step5 Assignment
Ask the students to finish the composition we have talked about or write a composition about your dream that can hardly be realized in your daily life, such as walking in the space , living under the sea, making a journey, and so on.Motivate the students to use the grammar “the subjunctive mood” to organize the sentences and form the composition.(写作训练)设计说明:
任务型活动:课外作业是课堂教学活动的延伸,学生可以互相合作完成该写作任务。该环节是本课所有教学环节的延续,通过写作的练习,使学生逐步学会运用语法知识,讨论自己感兴趣的话题,表达自己的思想,达到形成和提高写作能力与技巧的目的,完成学习的任务。让学生在反复接触和运用语言的过程中逐步体会和感知语言的规律性,从而使学生的语法知识内化成语言能力。
Blackboard design(板书设计)
Revision---the subjunctive mood
1„did/were , „would/could/should/might do„ 2„had done , „would/could/should/might have done„ 3„did/ were to/should do ,„would/could/should/might do„
If
but for
Reflection after teaching(教学反思)
本节课通过不同的任务设置,让学生在小组活动中通过合作和探究来完成各个任务。新教材要求将语言的形式与其意义、交际功能有机的结合起来,通过在实际的语言运用中内化语言规则,从而使学生达到能准确运用语言进行有效交际的目的。大多数学生离开课堂之后并没有多少听说英语的练习机会,他们十分缺少环境英语的反复刺激。导致学生的语言基础不扎实,在表达自己的看法和用英语进行讨论时,不时有学生夹杂着汉语。在学生进行小组活动时,应尽量给学生更多的帮助,主动了解学生的语言困难。学生在有限的课堂中学到的知识毕竟有限,让他们掌握语言的同时,将课堂学到的知识内化为能力,继而实现语言学习并运用的目的。同时,运用写作引导学生体验语言的用法,提升学生的能力。