第一篇：材料科学与工程专业英语1-19单元课后翻译答案
Unit 1
1.“材料科学”涉及到研究材料的结构与性能的关系。相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构与性质的关系来涉及或操控材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。2.实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学、腐蚀性。
3.除了结构与性质，材料科学与工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分，即加工与性能。
4.工程师或科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、性能之间的关系以及材料的加工技术，根据以上的原则，他或她就会越自信与熟练地对材料进行更明智的选择。5.只有在少数情况下，材料才具有最优或最理想的综合性质。因此，有时候有必要为某一性质而牺牲另一性能。
6.Interdisciplinary
dielectric constant Solid material(s)
heat capacity Mechanical property
electromagnetic radiation Material processing
elastic modulus 7.It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.8.Materials engineering is to solve the problem during the manufacturing and application of materials.9.10.Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.Unit 2
1.金属是电和热很好的导体，在可见光下不透明；擦亮的金属表面有金属光泽。2.陶瓷是典型的导热导电的绝缘体，并且比金属和聚合物具有更高的耐热温度和耐恶劣环境性能。
3.用于高科技领域的材料有时也被称为先进材料。
4.压电陶瓷在电场作用下膨胀和收缩；反之，当它们膨胀和收缩时，他们也能产生一个电场。
5.随着能够观察单个原子或者分子的扫描探针显微镜的出现，操控和移动原子和分子以形成新结构成为可能，因此，我们能通过一些简单的原子水平的构建就可以设计出新的材料。
6.advanced materials
ceramic materials high-performance materials
clay minerals alloy
implant glass fibre
carbon nanotube 7.Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons and many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.8.Many of polymeric materials are organic compounds with very large molecular structures.9.Semiconductors hace electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors(viz.metals and metal alloys)and insulators(viz.ceramics and polymers).10.Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit 3
1．金属的行为（性质）不同于陶瓷的行为（性质），陶瓷的行为（性质）不同于聚合物的行为（性质）。
2．原子结构主要影响化学性质、物理性质、热学性质、电学性能、磁性能、光学性能。微结构和宏观结构虽也能影响这些性能但是他们主要影响力学性能和化学反应速率。
3．金属的强度表明原子是通过强的键结合在一起的。
4．元素的原子序数表明该元素的原子核内带正电的质子数。而原子的原子量则表明该原子核中质子数与中子数。
5．Microstructure
macrostructure Chemical reaction
atomic weight Balanced electrical charge
positively charged proton 6.100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used to support tall buildings, 7．The facts suggests that metallic atoms are held together bu strong bonds.8.Microstructure which includes features that cannot be seen with the naked eye,but using a microscope.Macrostructure includes features that can be seen with the naked eye.9.The atomic weight is the sum of proton number and neutron number in the nucleus.Unit 4
1．当密度小于水的密度时，物体将漂浮在水面上，当密度大于水的密度时，物体会沉降。相似的，当比重小于1时，物体将漂浮在水面上，当比重大于1时，物体会沉降。
2．由于相互排斥而往相反的方向移动，导致磁通量密度比真空中小，这种材料为反磁性材料。
3．使磁通量密度提高1倍以上小于或等于10倍的材料叫顺磁性材料，使磁通量密度提高10倍以上的材料叫铁磁性材料。
4．某些铁磁性材料，特别是一些粉末状或夹层铁，钢或镍合金的相对导磁率可高达1000000。反磁性材料的相对导磁率小于1，但是到目前还没有哪种材料的相对导磁率远小于1。
5．当顺磁性或铁磁性的芯插入线圈时，其磁感应系数等于相对磁导率乘以空芯时的磁感应系数。
6．specific gravity
boiling point
magnetic induction
coefficient of thermal conductivity
glass transition temperature non-ferrous metals
linear coefficient of thermal expansion
mass per unit of volume 7.Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties.8.Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma.9.At some temperature below the melting point, polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which tesults in a soft and pliable material.10.In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute.Unit 5
1.金属的力学性能决定了材料的使用范围及期望的服役寿命。
2.因此，一般多测几次以得到力学性能，报导的数值一般是平均值或者计算的 统计最小值。
3．材料的承载方式极大地影响了材料的力学性能，也决定了材料失效形式，以及在失效前是否有预警。4．然而，受力弯曲时会产生一个应力分布，应力大小与到轴线的垂直距离有关。5．材料受到低于临界压力即屈服强度的力时，材料才会发生弹性形变。6． Test specimen
static loading
force
normal axis
Engineering strain
critical stress
yield strength stress area
Stress-strain curve 7.Temperatures below room temperature generally cause an increase in strength properties of metallic alloys;while ductility, fracture toughness, and elongation usually decrease.8.From the respective of what is happening within a material, stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it.9.Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material.10.A material with high strength and high ductility will hace more toughness than a material with low strength and high ductility.Unit 6
1.随着影响我们星球上人类生存条件的社会问题的即将出现，材料科学与工程界有责任和机遇通过解决未来世界的需求—在能量、交通、住房、饮食、回收和健康方面的需求来改变世界。
2.不发达国家的人口增长率远高于1.4%的世界平均人口增长率。
3.全球能源使用的预算在2025以前将以每年1.7%速度增长，这比世界人口增长率快多了。
4.此外，发达地区的人均能量使用量是不发达地区人均能量使用量的九倍以上。
5.gross domestic product
materials science and engineering
market economy
Societal issues
economic index
sanitation
Gross national product
popilation growth rate 6.Some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity, the engineer’s ability to address societal needs, and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering.7.We have witnessed the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that hace taken place in medicine, telecommunications, and transportantion industries.8.Eighteen percent of the world’s population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40% has no access to sanitation.9.Materials and society are interlinked, and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe.Unit 7
1.从化学角度来说，金属是一类容易失电子以形成正离子的元素，它与其他金属原子形成金属键。
2.金属键的无方向性被认为是金属具有延展性的主要原因。
3.存在着共价键的晶体只有在原子之间的键断裂的情况下变形，从而导致晶体破裂。
4.合金特别是为满足更高应用要求的合金比如喷气发动机，可能含有十种以上的元素。
5.delocalized electron
electronic structure alkaline earth metal
chemical cell nuclear charge
electric conductivity 6.Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.7.Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density, and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving.8.An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.9.Combining different ration of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics.Unit 8
1.超耐热合金的发展非常依赖于化学与加工的创新，并主要受到航空和能源工业的推动。
2.抗蠕变性能主要取决于晶体结构内位错速度的放缓。
3.超耐热合金在加工方面的发展使超耐热合金的操作温度大幅度提高。
4.单晶高温合金是运用改进的定向凝固技术而形成单晶的，因此在材料中并无晶界。
5.faced-centred cubic crystal structure
turbine entry temperature metallic materials
phase stability nuclear reactor
synthesis of nanoparticle 6.Superalloys typically hace an sustenitic faced-centered cubic crystal structure.7.Superalloys are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and
corrosion/oxidation resistance.8.Superalloys are widely used in aircraft ,submarines, nuclear reactors and military electric motors.9.At high temperatures the gaseous aluminum chloride(or fluoride)is transfereed to the surface of part and diffuseds inside.Unit 9
1.腐蚀过程从本质上说是一个电化学的过程，有着与电池相同的本质特征。2.从矿物中提炼金属所需能源的问题与后续的腐蚀和能量释放直接相关。
3.当电子与中和的正离子（如电解液中的氢离子）发生反应时，阴极处电子得 以平衡。
4．Protective film
circuit
Free electron
electron transfer
Metal cation
anode reaction 5.Some metals, such as gold and silver, can be found in the earth in their natural, metallic state, and they have little tendency to corrode.6.Oxidation is the process of stripping electrons from an atom and reduction occurs when an electron is added to an atom.7.If the surface becomes wet, corrosion may take place through ionic exchange in the surface water layer between the anode and cathode.8.Corrosion is commonly classification based on the appearance of the corroded material.Unit 10
1.我们要观察（研究）这些性能，看它们与我们所期望的陶瓷的组成有多匹配。2.在高于玻璃化转变温度的高温下，玻璃不再具有脆性行为，而表现为粘稠液 体。
3.它们显示出优异的力学性能、抗腐蚀/氧化性能，或电学、光学抑或是磁学 性能。
4.一般认为，先进是最近100年才发展起来的，而传统的基于粘土的陶瓷早 已在25000多年前就被使用了。
5.the glass transition temperature
ionic-covalent bond
Stress distribution
coefficient of thermal expansion
Glass optical fibre
materials science and engineering
Solid-oxide fuel cells
electron microscopy 6.Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material.7.Ceramic are stronger in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive strength.8.Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property.9.The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure, which determines their properties.Unit 11
1.材料科学与工程领域经常是根据四大方面—合成与加工，结构与组成，性质 与性能之间的相互联系来定义的。
2．我们不仅要考虑具有完美晶格和理想结构（的情况），我们也要考虑材料中 不可避免的结构缺陷的存在，甚至是无定形的。3.通过热压可使孔径减小从而得到高密度产品。
4.在运输时，厂方要提供关于产品危害方面的信息。
5.crystalline ceramics
grain boundary
Alkaline earth oxide
oxide additive
Triple point
saturation magnetization
Television tube
the color scale 6.To understand the behavior and properties of any material, it is essential to understand its structure.7.The grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were consolidated.8.Transparent or translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phase particles.9.Alumina ceramics are used as electrical insulators because of theie high electrical resistivity and low dielectric constant.Unit 12
1.材料的选择是任何组分设计至关重要的环节，尤其在植入体和其它医疗器 械方面是特别重要的。
2.我们能进行承载应用的三种主要材料是金属、聚合物和陶瓷。
3.高密度、高纯度的氧化铝被大量的用于植入物，特别是在需要承载压力的 髋关节修复和牙移植中。
4.在陶瓷或陶瓷复合材料中，氧化锆的磨损率远远高于氧化锆铝的磨损率。5.controlled reaction
stress shielding Total hip prosthese
strain-to-failure ratio Mechanical stress
flexural strength Martensitic transformation 6.Biomaterial is a non-viable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems.7.These repairs become necessary when the existing part becomes diseased, damaged, or just simply wears out.8.Because of its low density, cancellous bone has a lower E and higher strain-to-failure ratio than cortical bone.9.Eliminating stress shielding, by reducing E, is one of the primary motivations for the development of bioceramic composites.10.There are questions concerning the long-
Unit 13
1.聚合物的俗名叫塑料，这个词指的是一大类具有许多性质和用途的天然材料 和合成材料。
2.聚合物合成是一个把叫做单体的小分子通过共价键的结合形成链的过程。3.支化聚合物分子是由一条带有一个或多个侧基或支链的主链组成。一些特
殊的支化聚合物有星型聚合物、梳状聚合物和刷状聚合物。
4.某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的胆识结构却相关的单体组成的，例如聚核 苷酸是由核苷组成的。
5.persistence length
cross-link
Polar monomer
nucleic acid Polymerization
polyelectrolyte 6.Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, on appropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques.7.Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide sbunits.8.A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.9.In polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer.Unit 14
1.大量合成的聚合物具有碳-碳骨架，这是因为碳原子具有与其它原子形成更强 更稳定的键的优异性能。
2.它们在一定范围内软化，这与完好晶体相具有非常明确的熔点不同。3.分子量取决于其合成时的条件，因此分子量可能分布很宽或分布很窄。4.Goodyear 很偶然的发现了在橡胶中加入硫磺并加热这个混合物能使橡胶 变硬，对氧化和化学进攻能力的敏感性降低。
5.thermosetting plastic
cross-sectional area Polymerization reaction
double bond Chemical composition
carboxylic acid Melting point
degradation by oxidation 6.Polymer with different chemical composition has different physical and chemical property.7.A thermosetting plastic is shaped through irreversible chemical processes and therefore cannot be reshaped readily.8.Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and too chemically reactive.9.Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or against degradation by oxidation.Unit 15
1.逐渐增强的环境意识促使包装薄膜及其加工既要方便使用又要具有环境友 好的特点。
2.显而易见，实现这些性能对控制和改进机械性能和阻隔性能是非常重要的。3.在羧酸、醇、醛、酮的含氧生物降解过程中，由水和热引发的过氧化反应可 以使之降解成低摩尔质量的物质，这就是碳氢聚合物力学性能降低的主要原因。
4.用持久耐用的聚合物做短期使用的包装材料并不合理，另外也是因为包装材
料被食物污染后再进行物理回收是不切合实际的。
5.natural gas
packaging materials
Aroma compound
bioplastic material
Chemical structure
the life cycle of biomass 6.Bacteria , fungi, enzymes start the bioassimilation giving rise to biomass and CO2 that finally form the humus.7.The bioplastic aim is to imitate the life cycle of biomass, which includes conservation of fossil resources, water and CO2 production.8.During the oxo-degradation of carboxylic acid, molecules of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones degradable with low molar mass are produced by peroxidation initiated by heat or light.9.While most of the commercialized biopolymer materials are biodegradable, these are not fully compostable in real composting conditions, which vary with temperature and relative humidity.Unit 16
1.比如，多相金属在微观尺度上是复合材料。但一般意义上的复合材料是指通 过键的作用使两种或多种不同的材料结合在一起的材料。
2.最常见的是，复合材料有一个连续的叫基体的本体相，还有一个分散的非连 续的叫增强相的相。
3.先进材料采用了树脂与纤维的复合材料，一般为碳/石墨，凯芙拉或玻璃纤维 与环氧树脂的复合材料。纤维具有高的硬度，而聚合物树脂基体能保持复合材料的结构。
4.如果复合材料设计和制备合理的话，复合材料就既具有增强相的强度又具 有基体的韧性从而得到了性能的理想组合，这是任何一种组分单独存在时所具备的性能。
5.composite material
reinforcement material Fiberglass
matrix material
Strengthening mechanism
conventional material 6.A composite is commonly defined as a combination of two or more distinct materials, each of which retains its own distinctive properties, to create a new material with properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting alone.7.Carbon-epoxy composties are two thirds the weight of aluminum, and two and a half times as stiff.Composites are resistant to fatigue damage and harsh enviroments, and are repairable.8.According to the conception of composite , reinforced plastics, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix composites and concrete are composites.9.In fiber-reinforced composites, the fiber is the primary load-bearing component.Fiberglass and carbon fiber composites are examples of fiber-reinforced composites.Unit 17
1.震荡、撞击或者重复的周期性应力能导致两层的界面处发生薄层分离，这种 情况叫剥离。2.3.事实上，工业材料既要质轻又要牢固的要求是推动复合材料发展的主要动 力。
4.提到飞机，值得铭记的是复合材料不像金属（如铝）那样在压力的作用下会完全解体。
5.orthotropic
thermoset
Thermoplastic
Young’s Modulus
Mechanical property constants
extreme enviroment 6.In contrast, isotropic material(for example, aluminuim or steel), in standard wrought forms, typically have the same stiffness regardless of the directional orientation of the applied forces and /or moments.7.The greatest advantage of composite materials is strength and stiffness combined with lightness.8.This makes them ideal for use in products thar are exposed to extreme enviroments such as boats, chemical-handling equipments and spacecrafts.9.Composites will never totally replace tranditional materials like steel, but in many cased they are just what we need.Unit 18
1.具有相分离的聚合物共混材料经常出现纳米尺度的相。在过去几十年里研究的基于溶胶-凝胶化学的有机-无机纳米复合材料已基本淡出纳米复合材料的研究。
3.理解粒子的性质随着尺寸降低到纳米级别而发生改变，这对于优化所得到的纳米复合材料很重要。
4.廉价石墨的生产尚未实现，石墨的广泛使用呕待石墨合成技术的突破。5.electro-optical property
bactericidal property Block copolymer
interfacial phenomena Exfoliated graphene
morphology control 6.The field of nanotechnology is one of the most popular areas for current research and development in basically all technical discillines.7.Nanoscale is considered where the dimensions of the particle, platelet or fiber modification are in the range of 1～100nm.8.These improvements are key to future aircraft and wind energy turbine applications.9.Nanostructured surfaces have been noted to yield superhydrophobic character and exceptional adhesion.Unit19：
2.英译汉
纳米结构材料
制造过程 表面积/体积比(比表面积)
纳米尺度 球半径
光电器件 伯氏矢量
钉扎点
1.大多数生物分子和其他生物材料是纳米尺寸的，因此纳米尺度提供了一个研究这些生物 分子、材料和其它材料发生交互作用的最佳机会/手段。
2.不管纳米材料性质和它们的制作过程如何，纳米材料许多奇异、甚至令人兴奋的性质可 以归结为一个简单道理：如果材料/结构的尺度接近纳米时，物理性质和化学性质将发生巨大的变化。
3.这对纳米材料的光学性质产生巨大的影响：例如吸收光谱又红外向可见光区域移动。4.另外一种磁学上的纳米效应是所谓的巨磁电阻效应，已经被用来制作磁存储器件。5.根据这个方程可知：预置裂纹越小，临界应力越高。
3.汉译英
Nanotechnology
interdisplinary subject Two-dimentional nanostructure
critical length Surface tention
thermal motion Self-organization
brittle failure 1.Nanotechnololgy deals with materials with dimensions in the nanometer range.2.If the dimensions of materials approach the nanoscale, three amazing effects come to play a role.(Materials will possess three new effects/properties, which the original ones do not have.)3.Nanotechnololgy consists of nano-eletronics, nano-mechanics and nano-materials, etc..4.The hardness of nanocrystalline copper is five times higher than that of microcrystalline one.
第二篇：材料科学与工程专业英语1-18单元课后翻译答案
材料科学与工程专业英语1-18单元课后翻译答案
Unit 1Translation.1.“材料科学”涉及到研究材料的结构与性能的关系。相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构与性质的关系来涉及或操控材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。2.实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学、腐蚀性。3.除了结构与性质，材料科学与工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分，即加工与性能。4.工程师或科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、性能之间的关系以及材料的加工技术，根据以上的原则，他或她就会越自信与熟练地对材料进行更明智的选择。5.只有在少数情况下，材料才具有最优或最理想的综合性质。因此，有时候有必要为某一性质而牺牲另一性能。6.Interdisciplinary dielectric constant Solid materials heat capacity Mechanical property electromagnetic radiation Material processing elastic modulus7.It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand therelationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.8.Materials engineering is to solve the problem during the manufacturing andapplication of materials.9.10.Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.Unit 21.金属是电和热很好的导体，在可见光下不透明；擦亮的金属表面有金属光泽。2.陶瓷是典型的导热导电的绝缘体，并且比金属和聚合物具有更高的耐热温度 和耐恶劣环境性能。3.用于高科
技领域的材料有时也被称为先进材料。4.压电陶瓷在电场作用下膨胀和收缩；反之，当它们膨胀和收缩时，他们也能 产生一个电场。5.随着能够观察单个原子或者分子的扫描探针显微镜的出现，操控和移动原子 和分子以形成新结构成为可能，因此，我们能通过一些简单的原子水平的构 建就可以设计出新的材料。6.advanced materials ceramic materials high-performance materials clay minerals alloy implant glass fibre carbon nanotube7.Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons and many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.8.Many of polymeric materials are organic compounds with very large molecular structures.9.Semiconductors hace electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductorsviz.metals and metal alloys and insulatorsviz.ceramics and polymers.10.Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit 31．金属的行为（性质）不同于陶瓷的行为（性质），陶瓷的行为（性质）不同于 聚合物的行为（性质）。2．原子结构主要影响化学性质、物理性质、热学性质、电学性能、磁性能、光 学性能。微结构和宏观结构虽也能影响这些性能但是他们主要影响力学性能 和化学反应速率。3．金属的强度表明原子是通过强的键结合在一起的。4．元素的原子序数表明该元素的原子核
内带正电的质子数。而原子的原子量则 表明该原子核中质子数与中子数。5．Microstructure macrostructure Chemical reaction atomic weight Balanced electrical charge positively charged proton6.100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used to support tall buildings7．The facts suggests that metallic atoms are held together bu strong bonds.8.Microstructure which includes features that cannot be seen with the naked eyebut using a microscope.Macrostructure includes features that can be seen with the naked eye.9.The atomic weight is the sum of proton number and neutron number in the nucleus.Unit 41．当密度小于水的密度时，物体将漂浮在水面上，当密度大于水的密度时，物 体会沉降。相似的，当比重小于 1 时，物体将漂浮在水面上，当比重大于 1 时，物体会沉降。2．由于相互排斥而往相反的方向移动，导致磁通量密度比真空中小，这种材料 为反磁性材料。3．使磁通量密度提高 1 倍以上小于或等于 10 倍的材料叫顺磁性材料，使磁通量 密度提高 10 倍以上的材料叫铁磁性材料。4．某些铁磁性材料，特别是一些粉末状或夹层铁，钢或镍合金的相对导磁率可 高达 1000000。反磁性材料的相对导磁率小于 1，但是到目前还没有哪种材料 的相对导磁率远小于 1。5．当顺磁性或铁磁性的芯插入线圈时，其磁感应系数等于相对磁导率乘
以空芯 时的磁感应系数。6．specific gravity boiling point magnetic induction coefficient of thermal conductivity glass transition temperature non-ferrous metals linear coefficient of thermal expansion mass per unit of volume7.Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties.8.Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid liquid gas and plasma.9.At some temperature below the melting point polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains which tesults in a soft and pliable material.10.In engineering applications permeability is often expressed in relative rather than in absolute.Unit 5 1.金属的力学性能决定了材料的使用范围及期望的服役寿命。2.因此，一般多测几次以得到力学性能，报导的数值一般是平均值或者计算的 统计最小值。3．材料的承载方式极大地影响了材料的力学性能，也决定了材料失效形式，以及在失效前是否有预警。4．然而，受力弯曲时会产生一个应力分布，应力大小与到轴线的垂直距离有关。5．材料受到低于临界压力即屈服强度的力时，材料才会发生弹性形变。6． Test specimen static loading force normal axis Engineering strain critical stress yield strength stress area Stress-strain curve 7.Temperatures below room temperature generally cause an
increase in strength properties of metallic alloys while ductility fracture toughness and elongation usually decrease.8.From the respective of what is happening within a material stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it.9.Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material.10.A material with high strength and high ductility will hace more toughness than a material with low strength and high ductility.Unit 61.随着影响我们星球上人类生存条件的社会问题的即将出现，材料科学与工程 界有责任和机遇通过解决未来世界的需求—在能量、交通、住房、饮食、回 收和健康方面的需求来改变世界。2.不发达国家的人口增长率远高于 1.4的世界平均人口增长率。3.全球能源使用的预算在 2025 以前将以每年 1.7速度增长，这比世界人口增 长率快多了。4.此外，发达地区的人均能量使用量是不发达地区人均能量使用量的九倍以上。5.gross domestic product materials science and engineering market economy Societal issues economic index sanitation Gross national product popilation growth rate6.Some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity the engineer’s ability to address societal needs and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering.7.We have
witnessed the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that hace taken place in medicine telecommunications and transportantion industries.8.Eighteen percent of the world’s population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40 has no access to sanitation.9.Materials and society are interlinked and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe.Unit 71.从化学角度来说，金属是一类容易失电子以形成正离子的元素，它与其他金 属原子形成金属键。2.金属键的无方向性被认为是金属具有延展性的主要原因。3.存在着共价键的晶体只有在原子之间的键断裂的情况下变形，从而导致晶体 破裂。4.合金特别是为满足更高应用要求的合金比如喷气发动机，可能含有十种以上 的元素。5.delocalized electron electronic structure alkaline earth metal chemical cell nuclear charge electric conductivity6.Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.7.Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity high luster and density and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving.8.An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.9.Combining different ration of metals as
alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics.Unit 81.超耐热合金的发展非常依赖于化学与加工的创新，并主要受到航空和能源工 业的推动。2.抗蠕变性能主要取决于晶体结构内位错速度的放缓。3.超耐热合金在加工方面的发展使超耐热合金的操作温度大幅度提高。4.单晶高温合金是运用改进的定向凝固技术而形成单晶的，因此在材料中并无 晶界。5.faced-centred cubic crystal structure turbine entry temperature metallic materials phase stability nuclear reactor synthesis of nanoparticle6.Superalloys typically hace an sustenitic faced-centered cubic crystal structure.7.Superalloys are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and corrosion/oxidation resistance.8.Superalloys are widely used in aircraft submarines nuclear reactors and military electric motors.9.At high temperatures the gaseous aluminum chlorideor fluoride is transfereed to the surface of part and diffuseds inside.Unit 91.腐蚀过程从本质上说是一个电化学的过程，有着与电池相同的本质特征。2.从矿物中提炼金属所需能源的问题与后续的腐蚀和能量释放直接相关。3.当电子与中和的正离子（如电解液中的氢离子）发生反应时，阴极处电子得 以平衡。4．Protective film circuit Free electron electron transfer Metal cation anode reaction5.Some metals such as gold and silver can
be found in the earth in their natural metallic state and they have little tendency to corrode.6.Oxidation is the process of stripping electrons from an atom and reduction occurs when an electron is added to an atom.7.If the surface becomes wet corrosion may take place through ionic exchange in the surface water layer between the anode and cathode.8.Corrosion is commonly classification based on the appearance of the corroded material.Unit 101.我们要观察（研究）这些性能，看它们与我们所期望的陶瓷的组成有多匹配。2.在高于玻璃化转变温度的高温下，玻璃不再具有脆性行为，而表现为粘稠液 体。3.它们显示出优异的力学性能、抗腐蚀/氧化性能，或电学、光学抑或是磁学 性能。4.一般认为，先进是最近100 年才发展起来的，而传统的基于粘土的陶瓷早 已在 25000 多年前就被使用了。5.the glass transition temperature ionic-covalent bond Stress distribution coefficient of thermal expansion Glass optical fibre materials science and engineering Solid-oxide fuel cells electron microscopy6.Diamond which is classified as a ceramic has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material.7.Ceramic are stronger in compression than in tension whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive strength.8.Ceramics generally have low toughness although combining them in composites can dramatically
improve this property.9.The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure which determines their properties.Unit 111.材料科学与工程领域经常是根据四大方面—合成与加工，结构与组成，性质 与性能之间的相互联系来定义的。2． 我们不仅要考虑具有完美晶格和理想结构（的情况），我们也要考虑材料中 不可避免的结构缺陷的存在，甚至是无定形的。3.通过热压可使孔径减小从而得到高密度产品。4.在运输时，厂方要提供关于产品危害方面的信息。5.crystalline ceramics grain boundary Alkaline earth oxide oxide additive Triple point saturation magnetization Television tube the color scale6.To understand the behavior and properties of any material it is essential to understand its structure.7.The grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were consolidated.8.Transparent or translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phase particles.9.Alumina ceramics are used as electrical insulators because of theie high electrical resistivity and low dielectric constant.Unit 121.材料的选择是任何组分设计至关重要的环节，尤其在植入体和其它医疗器 械方面是特别重要的。2.我们能进行承载应用的三种主要材料是金属、聚合物和陶瓷。3.高密度、高纯度的氧化铝被大量的用于植入物，特别是在
需要承载压力的 髋关节修复和牙移植中。4.在陶瓷或陶瓷复合材料中，氧化锆的磨损率远远高于氧化锆铝的磨损率。5.controlled reaction stress shielding Total hip prosthese strain-to-failure ratio Mechanical stress flexural strength Martensitic transformation6.Biomaterial is a non-viable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems.7.These repairs become necessary when the existing part becomes diseased damaged or just simply wears out.8.Because of its low density cancellous bone has a lower E and higher strain-to-failure ratio than cortical bone.9.Eliminating stress shielding by reducing E is one of the primary motivations for the development of bioceramic composites.10.There are questions concerning the long-term effect of radiation emission from zirconia ceramics.Unit 131.聚合物的俗名叫塑料，这个词指的是一大类具有许多性质和用途的天然材料 和合成材料。2.聚合物合成是一个把叫做单体的小分子通过共价键的结合形成链的过程。3.支化聚合物分子是由一条带有一个或多个侧基或支链的主链组成。一些特 殊的支化聚合物有星型聚合物、梳状聚合物和刷状聚合物。4.某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的胆识结构却相关的单体组成的，例如聚核 苷酸是由核苷组成的。5.persistence length cross-link Polar monomer nucleic acid Polymerization polyelectrolyte6.Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume on appropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques.7.Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide sbunits.8.A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.9.In polymers however the molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer.Unit 141.大量合成的聚合物具有碳-碳骨架，这是因为碳原子具有与其它原子形成更强 更稳定的键的优异性能。2.它们在一定范围内软化，这与完好晶体相具有非常明确的熔点不同。3.分子量取决于其合成时的条件，因此分子量可能分布很宽或分布很窄。4.Goodyear 很偶然的发现了在橡胶中加入硫磺并加热这个混合物能使橡胶 变硬，对氧化和化学进攻能力的敏感性降低。5.thermosetting plastic cross-sectional area Polymerization reaction double bond Chemical composition carboxylic acid Melting point degradation by oxidation6.Polymer with different chemical composition has different physical and chemical property.7.A thermosetting plastic is shaped through irreversible chemical processes and therefore cannot be
reshaped readily.8.Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and too chemically reactive.9.Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or against degradation by oxidation.Unit 151.逐渐增强的环境意识促使包装薄膜及其加工既要方便使用又要具有环境友 好的特点。2.显而易见，实现这些性能对控制和改进机械性能和阻隔性能是非常重要的。3.在羧酸、醇、醛、酮的含氧生物降解过程中，由水和热引发的过氧化反应可 以使之降解成低摩尔质量的物质，这就是碳氢聚合物力学性能降低的.
第三篇：材料科学与工程专业英语1-18单元课后翻译答案
Unit 1
Translation.1.“材料科学”涉及到研究材料的结构与性能的关系。相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构与性质的关系来涉及或操控材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
2.实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学、腐蚀性。3.除了结构与性质，材料科学与工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分，即加工与性能。
4.工程师或科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、性能之间的关系以及材料的加工技术，根据以上的原则，他或她就会越自信与熟练地对材料进行更明智的选择。
5.只有在少数情况下，材料才具有最优或最理想的综合性质。因此，有时候有必要为某一性质而牺牲另一性能。
6.Interdisciplinary
dielectric constant Solid material(s)
heat capacity Mechanical property
electromagnetic radiation Material processing
elastic modulus 7.It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.8.Materials engineering is to solve the problem during the manufacturing and application of materials.9.10.Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.Unit 2 1.金属是电和热很好的导体，在可见光下不透明；擦亮的金属表面有金属光泽。
2.陶瓷是典型的导热导电的绝缘体，并且比金属和聚合物具有更高的耐热温度和耐恶劣环境性能。3.用于高科技领域的材料有时也被称为先进材料。
4.压电陶瓷在电场作用下膨胀和收缩；反之，当它们膨胀和收缩时，他们也能产生一个电场。5.随着能够观察单个原子或者分子的扫描探针显微镜的出现，操控和移动原子和分子以形成新结构成为可能，因此，我们能通过一些简单的原子水平的构建就可以设计出新的材料。6.advanced materials
ceramic materials high-performance materials
clay minerals alloy
implant glass fibre
carbon nanotube 7.Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons and many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.8.Many of polymeric materials are organic compounds with very large molecular structures.9.Semiconductors hace electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors(viz.metals and metal alloys)and insulators(viz.ceramics and polymers).10.Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit 3 1． 金属的行为（性质）不同于陶瓷的行为（性质），陶瓷的行为（性质）不同于聚合物的行为（性质）。2． 原子结构主要影响化学性质、物理性质、热学性质、电学性能、磁性能、光学性能。微结构和宏观结构虽也能影响这些性能但是他们主要影响力学性能和化学反应速率。3． 金属的强度表明原子是通过强的键结合在一起的。
4． 元素的原子序数表明该元素的原子核内带正电的质子数。而原子的原子量则表明该原子核中质子数与中子数。
5． Microstructure
macrostructure 1
Chemical reaction
atomic weight Balanced electrical charge
positively charged proton 6.100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used to support tall buildings, 7．The facts suggests that metallic atoms are held together bu strong bonds.8.Microstructure which includes features that cannot be seen with the naked eye,but using a microscope.Macrostructure includes features that can be seen with the naked eye.9.The atomic weight is the sum of proton number and neutron number in the nucleus.Unit 4 1． 当密度小于水的密度时，物体将漂浮在水面上，当密度大于水的密度时，物体会沉降。相似的，当比重小于1时，物体将漂浮在水面上，当比重大于1时，物体会沉降。
2． 由于相互排斥而往相反的方向移动，导致磁通量密度比真空中小，这种材料为反磁性材料。3． 使磁通量密度提高1倍以上小于或等于10倍的材料叫顺磁性材料，使磁通量密度提高10倍以上的材料叫铁磁性材料。
4． 某些铁磁性材料，特别是一些粉末状或夹层铁，钢或镍合金的相对导磁率可高达1000000。反磁性材料的相对导磁率小于1，但是到目前还没有哪种材料的相对导磁率远小于1。
5． 当顺磁性或铁磁性的芯插入线圈时，其磁感应系数等于相对磁导率乘以空芯时的磁感应系数。6． specific gravity
boiling point
magnetic induction
coefficient of thermal conductivity
glass transition temperature non-ferrous metals
linear coefficient of thermal expansion
mass per unit of volume 7.Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties.8.Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma.9.At some temperature below the melting point, polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which tesults in a soft and pliable material.10.In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute.Unit 5 1.金属的力学性能决定了材料的使用范围及期望的服役寿命。
2.因此，一般多测几次以得到力学性能，报导的数值一般是平均值或者计算的统计最小值。
3．材料的承载方式极大地影响了材料的力学性能，也决定了材料失效形式，以及在失效前是否有预警。4．然而，受力弯曲时会产生一个应力分布，应力大小与到轴线的垂直距离有关。5．材料受到低于临界压力即屈服强度的力时，材料才会发生弹性形变。6． Test specimen
static loading
force
normal axis
Engineering strain
critical stress
yield strength stress area
Stress-strain curve 7.Temperatures below room temperature generally cause an increase in strength properties of metallic alloys;while ductility, fracture toughness, and elongation usually decrease.8.From the respective of what is happening within a material, stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it.9.Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material.10.A material with high strength and high ductility will hace more toughness than a material with low strength and high ductility.2 Unit 6 1.随着影响我们星球上人类生存条件的社会问题的即将出现，材料科学与工程界有责任和机遇通过解决未来世界的需求—在能量、交通、住房、饮食、回收和健康方面的需求来改变世界。2.不发达国家的人口增长率远高于1.4%的世界平均人口增长率。
3.全球能源使用的预算在2025以前将以每年1.7%速度增长，这比世界人口增长率快多了。4.此外，发达地区的人均能量使用量是不发达地区人均能量使用量的九倍以上。5.gross domestic product
materials science and engineering
market economy
Societal issues
economic index
sanitation
Gross national product
popilation growth rate 6.Some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity, the engineer’s ability to address societal needs, and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering.7.We have witnessed the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that hace taken place in medicine, telecommunications, and transportantion industries.8.Eighteen percent of the world’s population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40% has no access to sanitation.9.Materials and society are interlinked, and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe.Unit 7 1.从化学角度来说，金属是一类容易失电子以形成正离子的元素，它与其他金属原子形成金属键。2.金属键的无方向性被认为是金属具有延展性的主要原因。
3.存在着共价键的晶体只有在原子之间的键断裂的情况下变形，从而导致晶体破裂。4.合金特别是为满足更高应用要求的合金比如喷气发动机，可能含有十种以上的元素。5.delocalized electron
electronic structure alkaline earth metal
chemical cell nuclear charge
electric conductivity 6.Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.7.Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density, and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving.8.An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.9.Combining different ration of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics.Unit 8 1.超耐热合金的发展非常依赖于化学与加工的创新，并主要受到航空和能源工业的推动。2.抗蠕变性能主要取决于晶体结构内位错速度的放缓。
3.超耐热合金在加工方面的发展使超耐热合金的操作温度大幅度提高。
4.单晶高温合金是运用改进的定向凝固技术而形成单晶的，因此在材料中并无晶界。5.faced-centred cubic crystal structure
turbine entry temperature metallic materials
phase stability nuclear reactor
synthesis of nanoparticle 6.Superalloys typically hace an sustenitic faced-centered cubic crystal structure.7.Superalloys are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and corrosion/oxidation resistance.8.Superalloys are widely used in aircraft ,submarines, nuclear reactors and military electric motors.9.At high temperatures the gaseous aluminum chloride(or fluoride)is transfereed to the surface of part and diffuseds inside.3 Unit 9 1.腐蚀过程从本质上说是一个电化学的过程，有着与电池相同的本质特征。2.从矿物中提炼金属所需能源的问题与后续的腐蚀和能量释放直接相关。
3.当电子与中和的正离子（如电解液中的氢离子）发生反应时，阴极处电子得以平衡。4．Protective film
circuit
Free electron
electron transfer
Metal cation
anode reaction 5.Some metals, such as gold and silver, can be found in the earth in their natural, metallic state, and they have little tendency to corrode.6.Oxidation is the process of stripping electrons from an atom and reduction occurs when an electron is added to an atom.7.If the surface becomes wet, corrosion may take place through ionic exchange in the surface water layer between the anode and cathode.8.Corrosion is commonly classification based on the appearance of the corroded material.Unit 10 1.我们要观察（研究）这些性能，看它们与我们所期望的陶瓷的组成有多匹配。2.在高于玻璃化转变温度的高温下，玻璃不再具有脆性行为，而表现为粘稠液体。3.它们显示出优异的力学性能、抗腐蚀/氧化性能，或电学、光学抑或是磁学性能。
4.一般认为，先进是最近100年才发展起来的，而传统的基于粘土的陶瓷早已在25000多年前就被使用了。
5.the glass transition temperature
ionic-covalent bond
Stress distribution
coefficient of thermal expansion
Glass optical fibre
materials science and engineering
Solid-oxide fuel cells
electron microscopy 6.Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material.7.Ceramic are stronger in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive strength.8.Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property.9.The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure, which determines their properties.Unit 11 1.材料科学与工程领域经常是根据四大方面—合成与加工，结构与组成，性质与性能之间的相互联系来定义的。
2．我们不仅要考虑具有完美晶格和理想结构（的情况），我们也要考虑材料中不可避免的结构缺陷的存在，甚至是无定形的。
3.通过热压可使孔径减小从而得到高密度产品。4.在运输时，厂方要提供关于产品危害方面的信息。
5.crystalline ceramics
grain boundary
Alkaline earth oxide
oxide additive
Triple point
saturation magnetization
Television tube
the color scale 6.7.To understand the behavior and properties of any material, it is essential to understand its structure.The grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were 4
consolidated.8.9.Transparent or translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phase particles.Alumina ceramics are used as electrical insulators because of theie high electrical resistivity and low dielectric constant.Unit 12 1.材料的选择是任何组分设计至关重要的环节，尤其在植入体和其它医疗器械方面是特别重要的。2.我们能进行承载应用的三种主要材料是金属、聚合物和陶瓷。
3.高密度、高纯度的氧化铝被大量的用于植入物，特别是在需要承载压力的髋关节修复和牙移植中。4.在陶瓷或陶瓷复合材料中，氧化锆的磨损率远远高于氧化锆铝的磨损率。5.controlled reaction
stress shielding Total hip prosthese
strain-to-failure ratio Mechanical stress
flexural strength Martensitic transformation 6.Biomaterial is a non-viable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems.7.These repairs become necessary when the existing part becomes diseased, damaged, or just simply wears out.8.Because of its low density, cancellous bone has a lower E and higher strain-to-failure ratio than cortical bone.9.Eliminating stress shielding, by reducing E, is one of the primary motivations for the development of bioceramic composites.10.There are questions concerning the long-term effect of Unit 13 1.聚合物的俗名叫塑料，这个词指的是一大类具有许多性质和用途的天然材料和合成材料。2.聚合物合成是一个把叫做单体的小分子通过共价键的结合形成链的过程。3.支化聚合物分子是由一条带有一个或多个侧基或支链的主链组成。一些特
殊的支化聚合物有星型聚合物、梳状聚合物和刷状聚合物。
4.某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的胆识结构却相关的单体组成的，例如聚核苷酸是由核苷组成的。5.persistence length
cross-link
Polar monomer
nucleic acid Polymerization
polyelectrolyte 6.7.8.9.Unit 14 1.大量合成的聚合物具有碳-碳骨架，这是因为碳原子具有与其它原子形成更强更稳定的键的优异性能。2.它们在一定范围内软化，这与完好晶体相具有非常明确的熔点不同。3.分子量取决于其合成时的条件，因此分子量可能分布很宽或分布很窄。
4.Goodyear 很偶然的发现了在橡胶中加入硫磺并加热这个混合物能使橡胶变硬，对氧化和化学进攻能力的敏感性降低。
5.thermosetting plastic
cross-sectional area Polymerization reaction
double bond Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, on appropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques.Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide sbunits.A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.In polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the number of monomer Units which comprise the polymer. radiation emission from zirconia ceramics.5
Chemical composition
carboxylic acid Melting point
degradation by oxidation 6.Polymer with different chemical composition has different physical and chemical property.7.A thermosetting plastic is shaped through irreversible chemical processes and therefore cannot be reshaped readily.8.Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and too chemically reactive.9.Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or against degradation by oxidation.Unit 15 1.逐渐增强的环境意识促使包装薄膜及其加工既要方便使用又要具有环境友好的特点。2.显而易见，实现这些性能对控制和改进机械性能和阻隔性能是非常重要的。
3.在羧酸、醇、醛、酮的含氧生物降解过程中，由水和热引发的过氧化反应可以使之降解成低摩尔质量的物质，这就是碳氢聚合物力学性能降低的主要原因。
4.用持久耐用的聚合物做短期使用的包装材料并不合理，另外也是因为包装材料被食物污染后再进行物理回收是不切合实际的。
5.natural gas
packaging materials
Aroma compound
bioplastic material
Chemical structure
the life cycle of biomass 6.Bacteria , fungi, enzymes start the bioassimilation giving rise to biomass and CO2 that finally form the humus.7.The bioplastic aim is to imitate the life cycle of biomass, which includes conservation of fossil resources, water and CO2 production.8.During the oxo-degradation of carboxylic acid, molecules of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones degradable with low molar mass are produced by peroxidation initiated by heat or light.9.While most of the commercialized biopolymer materials are biodegradable, these are not fully compostable in real composting conditions, which vary with temperature and relative humidity.Unit 16 1.比如，多相金属在微观尺度上是复合材料。但一般意义上的复合材料是指通过键的作用使两种或多种不同的材料结合在一起的材料。
2.最常见的是，复合材料有一个连续的叫基体的本体相，还有一个分散的非连续的叫增强相的相。3.先进材料采用了树脂与纤维的复合材料，一般为碳/石墨，凯芙拉或玻璃纤维与环氧树脂的复合材料。纤维具有高的硬度，而聚合物树脂基体能保持复合材料的结构。
4.如果复合材料设计和制备合理的话，复合材料就既具有增强相的强度又具有基体的韧性从而得到了性能的理想组合，这是任何一种组分单独存在时所具备的性能。
5.composite material
reinforcement material
Fiberglass
matrix material
Strengthening mechanism
conventional material 6.A composite is commonly defined as a combination of two or more distinct materials, each of which retains its own distinctive properties, to create a new material with properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting alone.7.Carbon-epoxy composties are two thirds the weight of aluminum, and two and a half times as stiff.Composites are resistant to fatigue damage and harsh enviroments, and are repairable.8.According to the conception of composite , reinforced plastics, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix composites and concrete are composites.9.In fiber-reinforced composites, the fiber is the primary load-bearing component.Fiberglass and carbon fiber 6
composites are examples of fiber-reinforced composites.Unit 17 1.震荡、撞击或者重复的周期性应力能导致两层的界面处发生薄层分离，这种情况叫剥离。2.3.事实上，工业材料既要质轻又要牢固的要求是推动复合材料发展的主要动力。
4.提到飞机，值得铭记的是复合材料不像金属（如铝）那样在压力的作用下会完全解体。5.orthotropic
thermoset
Thermoplastic
Young’s Modulus
Mechanical property constants
extreme enviroment 6.7.8.9.In contrast, isotropic material(for example, aluminuim or steel), in standard wrought forms, typically have the same stiffness regardless of the directional orientation of the applied forces and /or moments.The greatest advantage of composite materials is strength and stiffness combined with lightness.This makes them ideal for use in products thar are exposed to extreme enviroments such as boats, chemical-handling equipments and spacecrafts.Composites will never totally replace tranditional materials like steel, but in many cased they are just what we need.Unit 18 1.具有相分离的聚合物共混材料经常出现纳米尺度的相。在过去几十年里研究的基于溶胶-凝胶化学的有机-无机纳米复合材料已基本淡出纳米复合材料的研究。3.理解粒子的性质随着尺寸降低到纳米级别而发生改变，这对于优化所得到的纳米复合材料很重要。4.廉价石墨的生产尚未实现，石墨的广泛使用呕待石墨合成技术的突破。5.electro-optical property
bactericidal property Block copolymer
interfacial phenomena Exfoliated graphene
morphology control 6.7.8.9.The field of nanotechnology is one of the most popular areas for current research and development in basically all technical discillines.Nanoscale is considered where the dimensions of the particle, platelet or fiber modification are in the range of 1～100nm.These improvements are key to future aircraft and wind energy turbine applications.Nanostructured surfaces have been noted to yield superhydrophobic character and exceptional adhesion.7
第四篇：材料科学与工程专业英语匡少平课后翻译答案（定稿）
Alloy合金applied force作用力amorphous materials不定形材料artificial materials人工材料biomaterials生物材料biological synthesis生物合成biocompatibility生物相容性brittle failure脆性破坏carbon nanotube碳纳米管carboxylic acid羟酸critical stress临近应力dielectric constant介电常数clay mineral粘土矿物cross-sectional area横截面积critical shear stress临界剪切应力critical length临界长度curing agent固化剂dynamic or cyclic loading动态循环负载linear coefficient of themal expansion性膨胀系数
electromagnetic radiation电磁辐射electrodeposition 电极沉积nonlocalizedelectrons游离电子electron beam lithography电子束光刻elasticity弹性系数electrostation adsorption静电吸附elastic modulus弹性模量elastic deformation弹性形变elastomer弹性体engineering strain工程应变crystallization结晶fiber-optic光纤维Ethylene oxide环氧乙烷
fabrication process制造过程glass fiber玻璃纤维glass transition temperature玻璃化转变温度heat capacity热熔Hearing aids助听器integrated circuit 集成电路Interdisplinary交叉学科intimate contact密切接触inert substance惰性材料implant移植individual application个体应用deformation局部形变
mechanical strength 机械强度mechanical attrition机械磨损Mechanical properties力学性Materials processing材料加工质mechanical behavior力学行为magnetic permeability磁导率magnetic hybrid technique混合技术induction磁感应mass per unit of volume单位体积质量monomer identity单体种类molecular mass分子量microsphere encapsulation technique微球胶囊技术macroscopical宏观的
naked eye 肉眼nonlocalized nanoengineered materials纳米材料nanostructured materials纳米结构材料nonferrous metal有色金属线nucleic acid核酸nanoscale纳米尺度Nanotechnology纳米技术nanobiotechnology纳米生物技术nanocontact printing纳米接触印刷
optical property
光学性质optoelectronic device光电设备oxidation degradation氧化降解piezoelectric ceramics压电陶瓷Relative density相对密度
stiffnesses刚度sensor传感材料semiconductors半导体specific gravity比重shear剪切Surface tention表面张力self-organization自组装static loading静载荷stress area应力面积stress-strain curves应力应变曲线sphere radius球半径submicron technique亚微米技术substrate衬底supramolecalar超分子sol-gel method溶胶凝胶法thermal/electrical conductivity 热/点导率 thermoplastic materials热塑性材料Thermosetting plastic热固性塑料thermal motion热运动toughness test韧性试验tension张力torsion扭曲Tensile Properties拉伸性能Two-dimentional nanostructure二维纳米结构 Tissue engineering组织工程transplantation of organs器官移植the service life使用寿命the longitudinal direction纵向the initial length of the materials初始长度the acceleration gravity重力加速度the normal vertical axis垂直轴the surface to volume ratio比表面密度the burgers vector伯格丝矢量the mechanics and dynamics of tissues组织力学和动力学
phase transformation temperature相转变温度plastic deformation塑性形变Pottery陶瓷persistence length余晖长度polymer synthesis聚合物合成Polar monomer记性单体polyelectrolyte高分子电解质pinning point钉扎点plasma etching等离子腐蚀pharmacological acceptability药理接受性pyrolysis高温分解
ultrasonic treatment超射波处理 yield strength屈服强度vulcanization硫化
1-1:直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties.1-2:材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。
Materials engineering mainly deals with the use of materials and how materials are manufactured.1-3: 材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。
The materials process decided not only the structure but also the characteristic and performance of the materials.1-4:材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的变形有关。
Mechanical properties are tied to the deformation to an applied load or force.2-1:金属元素有许多游离电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons, therefore, many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.2-2:许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。Many of polymers are organic compounds and have very long molecular structures.2-3:半导体材料的电性特征介于导电材料（如金属、金属合金）与绝缘体（陶瓷材料和聚合体材料）之间。Semiconductors have eletrical properties that are intermediated between the electrical conductors(viz.metals and metal alloys)and insulator(viz.ceramics and polymers).2-4:生物材料不能产生毒性，并且必须与人体组织互相兼容。Biomaterial must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.4-1:化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质。Chemical properties are used to describe how a substance change into a completely different substance.4-2:相变是一种物理性质，并且物质存在四种相：固相，液相，气相和等离子体。Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma.4-3:当温度低于熔点时，聚合物的晶体结构破坏，但其分子仍然连接在分子链上，从而形成一种柔软和柔顺性材料。At the temperature below the melting point, the polymer start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which results in a soft and pliable material.4-4:在工程应用中，渗透率通常用相对值而不是绝对值来表示。In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute, terms.13-1:现在商业上重要的聚合物是通过有机合成技术制备的。Most commercially important polymers today are synthesized by organic synthetic techniques.13-2:某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的但是结构却是相关的单体组成的，例如：聚核苷酸是由核苷组成的。Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide subunits.13-3:具有高交联度的聚合物分子能够形成聚合物的网状结构。A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.13-4:聚合物的分子质量可以用聚合程度来表示，本质上就是组成聚合物单体的数目。The polymer molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer.14-1:不同化学结构的聚合物具有不同的物理和化学性质。Polymers of different chemical compositions provide great variety in physical and chemical properties.14-2:热固性塑料成型后，由于不能取消化学过程，因此不能重新再成型。After being shaped, the thermosetting plastic cannot be reshaped owing to the irreversible chemical processes.14-3:天然橡胶不是一种有用的聚合物，因为它太软了，并且太容易发生化学反应。Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and too chemically reactive.14-4:我们可以在聚合物中加入各种不同的化合物，使聚合物具有抗日照和抗氧化降解的性质。Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or against degradation by oxidation.19-1:纳米技术处理具有纳米尺寸的材料，例如纳米结构材料。Nanotechnology deals with materials with dimensions of nanometers, i.e.nanostructured materials.19-2:当材料的尺寸进入纳米量级时，材料就具有其原先材料所不具备的三大效应。If the dimensions of materials approach the nanoscale, the three main effects of the material take place which do no exist in normal materials.19-3:纳米技术包括纳米电子、纳米机械、纳米材料等技术领域。In the realm of techonology, nanotechnology conclude the nanoelectronics, nanomechanics and nanomaterials, etc.19-4:纳米晶体铜的硬度比通常微米级铜要高五倍。The hardness of nanocrystalline copper is 5 times higher than that of common copper in micron level.纳米药物结晶过程可提高多数难溶性药物的溶解度，因此近年来成为难溶性药物给药系统研究的热点之一。The solubility problem of the most indissoluble drugs could be improved by nano-drug crystallization procedure.本文综述了纳米药物晶体的制备技术（如沉淀法、分散法、乳化法和微乳化法、超临界流体结晶法等）及其研究进展。Therefore, the fabrication of nano-drug crystals have become one of the major points for drug delivery systems research.Based on recent literatures, this paper reviews the progress of the preparation techniques for nano-drug crystals, such as precipitation method, dispersion method, emulsification and microemulsification supercritical fluid crystallization, etc.1.材料科学指的是研究存于材料的结构和性能的相互关系。相反，材料工程指的是，在基于材料结构和性能的相互关系的基础上，开发和设计预先设定好具备若干性能的材料。Materials science involve investing the relationship that 2.实际上，固体材料的所有重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀降解性。Virtually 3.除了结构和性质，材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分：即加工和性能。In addition to structure and 4.工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的结构-性质之间的各种相互关系以及材料的加工技术，根据这些原则，他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various 5.只有在极少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。因此，有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。On only rare 1.金属是电和热的非常好的导体，对可见光不透明，一个抛光的金属表面具有光泽
2.陶瓷是典型的绝热、绝缘体，在对高温和苛刻环境的抵抗力方面，优于金属和高聚物。Ceramics are typical insulative 3.应用与高技术领域的材料有时候被称为先进材料。Materials that are utilized in high-technology 4.响应外加电场，压电陶瓷会膨胀和收缩；相反的，当尺寸改变时，压电陶瓷也会产生一个电场。Piezoelectric ceramics 5.随着扫面探针显微镜的问世，这种显微镜允许观察单个原子或者分子，使得操作和移动原子和分子形成新的结构、基于简单原子水平上设计新材料成为可能。With the advent of scanning probe microscope，which permit 1.物体密度比水轻时将漂浮在水面，密度比水大时将下沉。类似的，比重小于1的物体将漂浮，比重大于1的物体将下沉。2.使磁力线相互分开，导致磁通量比真空小，这种材料被称为反磁性材料。使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于1小于或等于10的材料被称为顺磁性材料；使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于 10的材料被称为铁磁性材料。Materials that cause 3.某些铁电材料，特别是粉末状态或者叠层状态的铁、钢、镍合金，他们的相对磁导率可以大到1000000。反磁性材料的磁导率小于1但是相对磁导率远远小于1的物质还没有被发现。Certain ferromagnrtic materials especially power 4.当顺磁性或铁磁性芯被插入到线圈中时，磁感应强度是空气芯时的μr倍。When a paramagnrtic or ferromagnrtic 1.金属的力学性质决定了材料使用范围，和服役期限。The mechanic properties of metal determine 2.因此，为了确定力学性质，一般需要做大量实验，报道的值一般是平均值或者经过计算的统计学上的最小值。T 3.材料受载方式很大程度上决定了其力学性质，同时也在很大程度上决定了零部件怎样失效或者是否失效，以及在失效发生以前，是否会给出预警信号。The way a materials is loaded greatly 4.但是，承受弯曲载荷的棒其应力分布状态与垂直法线轴的距离有关。However a bar loaded in bending will 5.低于一个被称为屈服极限的临界应力时，材料仅仅发生弹性形变。Elastic deformation only occur in a material 1.虽然聚合物习惯上一般指塑料，术语实际上包含一大类天然和合成材料，这些材料有不同的性质和用途。While polymer in 2.聚合物合成是这样一个过程：将许多被称为单体的小分子连接成以共价键结合的链状物的过程。Polymer synthesis 3.接枝聚合物分子由带有一个或者多个侧链的主链构成，特殊类型接枝聚合物包含星型形状、梳子形状、刷子形状。4.一些生物型聚合物由许多不同但结构上有联系的单体组成，如多聚核苷酸由核苷亚单体组成。A biological polymer 1.许多合成聚合物具有C-C骨架，这是因为碳原子据有非凡的彼此之间形成稳定强键的能力。A grate many of these synthesis 2.高聚物一般不是具有尖锐熔点的完美结晶体，而是在一定温度范围内软化。Rather than exhibiting a well-defined crystalline 3.依赖于形成条件，分子量可以在相当大范围内分布，也可以紧密围绕在一个平均值附近分布。Depending on the condition 4.Goodyear 偶然发现添加硫磺在橡胶中然后加热混合物可以使橡胶更硬、降低氧化和化学反应的敏感性。
1.大多数生物分子和其他生物材料是纳米尺寸的，因此纳米尺度提供了一个研究这些生物分子、材料和其它材料发生交互作用的最佳机会/手段。Most biomolecules and other bioentities 2.不管纳米材料性质和它们的制作过程如何，纳米材料许多奇异、甚至令人兴奋的性质可以归结为一个简单道理：如果材料/结构的尺度接近纳米时，物理性质和化学性质将发生巨大的变化。Irrespective of the nature of these nano-materials and 3.这对纳米材料的光学性质产生巨大的影响：例如吸收光谱又红外向可见光区域移动。This has a considerable influence 4.另外一种磁学上的纳米效应是所谓的巨磁电阻效应，已经被用来制作磁存储器件。Another magnetic nanoeffect 5.根据这个方程可知：预置裂纹越小，临界应力越高。From this equation it is evident that 1.生物材料是一种合成材料，它是以一种同活体组织密切接触的方式替换生命系统中的某一部分或者发挥功能的材料。A 2.相反，生理材料是生理系统产生的材料，例如：骨头、皮肤或动脉。By contrast，a biological material 3.如果不被取出来，暂时性植入体也会变成永久性植入体，例如用以固定骨折部位所使用的接骨板，愈合后不取出来的话，就变成了永久性植入体。Sometimes a temporary implant becomes permanent 4.器官移植可以恢复某些功能，这些功能是人造材料所不具备的，或者是天然器官所具备的更好的功能。Transplantiation 5.基于基体组织的科学知识在探索生物材料的研究和发展的各种方法中，具有很大的帮助。Fundamental-based
第五篇：材料科学与工程专业英语第二版1.2.7.10.13.16课后习题_翻译答案_
Unit1： 2.英译汉
材料科学
石器时代 肉眼
青铜器时代 光学性质
集成电路 机械(力学)强度
热导率
1.材料科学指的是研究存于材料的结构和性能的相互关系。相反，材料工程指的是，在基于材料结构和性能的相互关系的基础上，开发和设计预先设定好具备若干性能的材料。
2.实际上，固体材料的所有重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀降解性。
3.除了结构和性质，材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分：即加工和性能。
4.工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的结构-性质之间的各种相互关系以及材料的加工技术，根据这些原则，他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。
5.只有在极少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。因此，有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。3.汉译英
Interdispline
dielectric constant Solid materials
heat capacity Mechanical properties
electro-magnetic radiation Materials processing
elasticity modulus 1.直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties.2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。
Material engineering mainly solve the problems of materials processing and materials application.3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。Materials processing process determines not only their structure but also their characteristic and performance.4.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。
Material mechanical properties is relative with(relates with)its deformation coming from(resulting from, due to)outside(applied)force or load.Unit2： 2.英译汉
复合材料
游离电子 先进材料
刚度、刚性 半导体
生物材料
智能材料
纳米工程材料
1.金属导电、导热能力特别强，对可见光不透明；一个抛光的金属表面具有光泽。
2.陶瓷是典型的绝热、绝缘体，在对高温和苛刻环境的抵抗力方面，优于金属和高聚物。
3.应用与高技术领域的材料有时候被称为先进材料。
4.响应外加电场(或电压)，压电陶瓷会膨胀和收缩；相反的，当尺寸改变时，压电陶瓷也会产生一个电场。
5.随着扫面探针显微镜的问世，这种显微镜允许观察单个原子或者分子，使得操作和移动原子和分子形成新的结构、基于简单原子水平上设计新材料成为可能。3.汉译英
Advangced materials
ceramic materials High-performance materials
clay minerals Alloys
implant
Glass fiber
carbon nanotube
1、金属元素有许多有利电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons，many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.2、许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。
Many of polymers are organic compounds,and they have very large molecular structures.3、半导体材料的电性特征介于导体材料（如金属、金属合金）与绝缘体（陶瓷材料和聚合体材料）之间。
Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors(viz.metals and metal alloys)and insulators(viz.ceramics and polymers).4、生物材料不能产生毒性，并且不许与人体组织互相兼容。
Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit7： 2英译汉
导带
碱金属
原子半径
轨道能量重叠 离子晶格
固溶体
1.化学上，金属被定义为这样一种元素：容易失去电子行程正离子、容易和其他金属原子形成金属键。
2.金属键的非方向性被认为是金属延展性的主要原因。
3.共价键晶体只有打破原子间价键才能发生形变，因此导致了晶体破碎。4.为一些高性能场合应用，如喷气式发动机，特殊设计的合金可以包含10种以上元素。3 汉译英
delocalized electrons
electrical structure alkali-earth metals
electrochemical cell nuclear charge
electrical conductivity
1、金属有时被描述为由游离电子团包围的正离子晶格。
Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.2、通常地，金属具有良好的导电性和导热性，具有金属光泽，密度较大，并且具有在压力下变形而不会断裂的能力。
Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving.3、合金是指两种或两种以上的元素形成的固溶体混合物，其中主要组分为金属。An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.4、不同比率的金属结合成为合金可以改变纯金属的性质，从而产生所需要的性能。
Combining different ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produe desirable characteristics.Unit10： 2.英译汉
原材料的提纯
长链烷烃 玻璃烧杯
粘性液体 火花塞绝缘子
玻璃陶瓷 计算机辅助过程控制
表面分析方法
1.我们将审视几个性质，会看到这些性质与我们对陶瓷构成的预判是何等匹配啊。
2.高温下(高于玻璃转变温度)，玻璃不在表现出脆性行为，而是表现得像粘状液体一样。
3.它们表现出优异的力学性能、抗氧化腐蚀性能、或者电学、光学 磁学性能。4.尽管传统的粘土基陶瓷已经使用了25000多年，先进陶瓷仅仅是近100年内发展起来的。3.汉译英
Glass transiton temperature
covalent ionic bonding Stress distribution
thermal expansion coefficient Glass fiber
materials science and engineering Solid-oxide fuell cells
electron
microscope
1.Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known materials.2.Ceeramics are stronger in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive strengths.3.Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property.4.The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical compositon and microstructure, which determines their properties.Unit13： 2.英译汉
聚合物合成天然聚合物材料 单体确认
生物合成 链长
持久(余辉)长度
1.尽管聚合物这个属于在通用意义上一般指塑料，这个术语实际上也包含一大类天然和合成材料，这些材料有不同的性质和用途。
2.聚合物合成是这样一个过程：将许多被称为单体的小分子连接成以共价键结合的链状物的过程。
3.接枝聚合物分子由带有一个或者多个侧链的主链构成，特殊类型接枝聚合物包含星型形状、梳子形状、刷子形状。
4.一些生物型聚合物由许多不同但结构上有联系的单体组成，如多聚核苷酸由核苷亚单体组成。3.汉译英
Persistent length
cross bonding Polar monomer
nucleic
acid Polyreaction
polyelectrolyte
1.现在商业上重要的聚合物是通过有机合成技术制备的。
Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, on appropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques.2.某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的但是结构却是相关的单体，例如：聚核苷酸是由核苷组成的。
Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide subunits.3.具有高交联度的聚合物分子能够形成聚合物的网状结构。
A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.4.聚合物的分子质量可以用聚合成都爱表示，本质上就是组成聚合物单体的数目。
In polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed is terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer.Unit16： 2.英译汉
工程材料
结果形成的材料 增强的混凝土
金属基复合材料 陶瓷基复合材料
三明治结构
1.例如，多相金属在微观层次上是复合材料，但广义上讲，复合材料这个术语，指代的是两个或多个不同材料之间依靠机械力结合而形成的材料。
2.许多情况系下，复合材料有一个体相：它是连续的，被称为基体，还包括一个分散的、不连续相，被称为增强体。
3.先进复合材料是树脂和纤维的结合，通常是碳纤维/石墨、凯夫拉纤维、玻璃纤维和树脂。纤维保证刚度，周围的聚合物树脂基体将整个结构固定起来。
4.如果复合材料被正确地设计和加工，它具备增强体的强度、基体的韧性，获得所需要的结合的性质，这种性质是任何传统单一材料所不具备的。3.汉译英
Composite materials
reinforced
materials Glass fiber
host/matrix materials Strengthening mechanism
traditional
materials 1.复合材料既保留了各组分原有的性能，由具有每种组分单独存在时所不具备的性能。A composite retains its own distinctive properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting alone.2.碳环氧树脂复合物的重量是铝的2/3，硬度是铝的2.5倍。该材料耐老化，易修复。Carbon-epoxy composites are two thirds the weight of aluminum, and two and a half times as stiff.Composites are resistant to fatigue damage and harsh environments, and are repairable.3.由复合材料的概念可知，强化塑料、金属基复合物、陶瓷基复合物及混凝土都是复合材料。From the concept of composites, reinforced
plastic, metal-matrix composite, ceramic-matrix composite and concrete, etc, are all composites.4.在纤维增强复合材料中，纤维主要起承载负荷的作用。玻璃纤维和碳纤维就是这种复合材料中的两种。
In fiber-reinforced composites, the fiber is the primary load bearing component.Fiberglass and carbon fiber components are examples of fiber-reinforced composites.
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