山西省导游现场考试口试景点讲解：云冈石窟导游词

第一篇：山西省导游现场考试口试景点讲解：云冈石窟导游词

山西省导游现场考试口试景点讲解：云冈石窟导游词

尊敬的女士们、先生们：

今天，我们将参观举世闻名的佛教艺术宝库——云冈石窟。云冈石窟位于塞外古都、煤海之乡的大同市西约16公里处，从酒店出发需要大约30分钟的时间。利用这暂短的时间，我向大家简单地介绍一下云冈石窟。

云冈石窟是北魏王朝初期开凿的大型石窟，时间约在公元460年的北魏文成皇帝时期，迄今已有1540年的历史。它与甘肃敦煌的莫高窟、洛阳的龙门石窟，并称为中国三大石窟。云冈石窟的开凿比敦煌石窟晚94年，较龙门石窟早35年的时间。它以建筑规模之大、塑像形体之高、保存之完整，而闻名天下。又因对研究中国古代史、佛教史和艺术史有极高的价值，享誉国内外。1961年，国务院将云冈石窟列为全国重点文物保护单位。1973年，法国总统蓬皮杜访华，指名要求参观云冈石窟，9月15日，周恩来总理陪同蓬皮杜总统参观了云冈石窟。我们乘坐的汽车已驶入停车场，大家请按顺序下车，在云冈石窟门前集合。

女士们、先生们，大家现在看到的像蜂窝一样排列的许多洞窟，就是云冈石窟。石窟开凿在武周山的山崖上，武周山的最高处称云冈，故名云冈石窟，原名灵岩寺，亦称石佛寺。云冈石窟为什么开凿在武周山?这与武周山这块风水宝地密切相关。武周山坐北向南，武周川内山清水秀，可以说是“藏风得水”的好地方。武周山，又称武周塞，从北魏的旧都盛乐(内蒙古和林格尔西北)到达新都平城(大同市)均要经过这里。武周山位于内外长城之间，是北魏通向北方的咽喉要道，当时人马商队来往频繁，还驻扎了重要的军队，皇帝经常在这里议论国家大事。武周山成为北魏皇帝祈福的“神山”，他们在这里遥拜北方，祈求神灵保佑江山社稷。因此，北魏皇帝在“神山”开凿石窟，创建寺院，也在情理之中。

所谓“石窟”，就是在石壁山崖上开凿的洞窟，这里冬暖夏凉，幽静神秘。古印度佛教兴起后，佛教信徒、僧侣将石窟作为礼佛和修行的场所。因为，依山雕凿石窟、佛像，比用砖石筑建寺院经久耐用。佛教是汉代经著名的丝绸之路开始传入中国，石窟寺艺术的传人，大约在3世纪。我国新疆天山南麓的克孜尔千佛洞是最早的石窟，沿丝绸之路东行还有帕孜克里克千佛洞，进入河西走廊是著名的敦煌莫高窟，安西榆林窟、天水麦积山石窟，从甘肃继续东进则是宁夏须弥山石窟、大同云冈石窟、洛阳龙门石窟等。武周山的地层岩石属于株罗纪的长石石英砂岩，石质坚硬，结构紧密，有利于石窟和造像的雕凿。

现在，大家已随我进入云冈石窟的山门，我身后的石窟参观示意图，大致告诉我们参观路线。云冈石窟依山开凿，东西绵延1公里，现存主要洞窟45个，分为东、中、西三区，东部4窟，中部9窟，西部32窟。此外还有许多小型洞窟。共计1100多龛，大小造像51000多躯。从云冈石窟西行约3公里，武周川北有吴官苍石窟。再溯河西行，距云冈15公里的高山镇，还有焦山石窟。这么多洞窟如果要细看的话，也许你一个星期的时间也看不完，目前开放有40多个洞窟，仔细观看需要2天的时间。按传统参观路线，如果大家时间充足，先从东部第1窟开始，直到第45窟结束。如果仅参观2个小时左右，则主要游览第5、6窟、五华洞、昙曜五窟。

首先我们从东部的第1、2窟开始参观。北魏开凿石窟从公元460年开始，至524年结束，约有70年的开凿历史。从洞窟的形制和雕刻艺术，有关专家将云冈石窟的开凿年代分为早、中、晚三个阶段。第1、2窟至第13窟大致以云冈石窟中期为主，成窟的年代约公元465年至494年之间。由孝文帝迁都洛阳前夕开凿，人们习惯将这些石窟称为“孝文石窟”。大家看到的第1、2窟是一组塔庙式双窟，开凿洞窟时在中央留下一个方柱，在柱子的四面开龛，龛内塑像。第1窟中心塔柱南面下层雕释迎、多宝佛，上层雕释伽；石窟后壁的主像是弥勒菩萨。弥勒菩萨是未来佛，据佛教经典讲，弥勒菩萨将继释迎佛后成佛，广说佛法，教化众生。据说当弥勒降生人世时，世界将充满光明幸福，所以古代有些农民起义常常打着弥勒降生的旗号来组织和号召群众。释迎、多宝佛并列，佛经有这样的传说，当释迦牟尼佛说《法华经》时，忽然地下涌出安置多宝佛全身的舍利塔，现于空中。释迎听到塔中的声音，告诉听经的大众说，这是过去东方世界宝净国土的佛，号为多宝。当释迦佛开启塔门，示现多宝佛身时，宝塔内的多宝佛让出半座给释迦佛。

于是，释迦人塔，与多宝同结跏趺坐，宣讲经义。第2窟中心塔柱南面下层雕释迦、多宝，上层雕三世佛；石窟的后壁主像是释迦佛。两窟的窟门两侧都雕有维摩、文殊对坐问法像。有关维摩、文殊对坐问法是南北朝、隋唐时期流行的题材，敦煌石窟的壁画就有“维摩诘图像”。佛经中有“文殊问疾”的故事，据说有一次维摩居士“示现”病相，众人前去探访。释迦牟尼知道后，派以智慧著称的文殊菩萨带领弟子前去维摩居住处。在维摩居士的丈室里，文殊菩萨和能言善辩的维摩展开大乘佛教义的讨论，使从者心服口服，也令文殊菩萨十分赞叹。第2窟前有一泉水长年涌出，泉水清凉可口，被称为“石窟寒泉”。

女士们、先生们，大家面前是云冈石窟最大的洞窟——第3窟。它被称为云冈石窟之最。洞窟崖面高25米，开窟面宽50米，规模最大。原为大型塔庙窟设计，开凿在孝文帝迁都洛阳之前，因工程浩大，北魏一代未能完工，后室的三尊大像为初唐时期补雕而成。第3窟的前室分两层，上层左右两侧各雕一塔，中部凿方形窑室，主像为弥勒菩萨，壁面满雕干佛。后室的中部塔柱壁面属北魏时期雕凿，高约10米左右的3尊大佛，属唐代作品，分别为阿弥陀佛、观世音、大势至菩萨。据专家考证，第3窟是文献记载的“通乐寺”、“灵岩寺”，当时可居僧人达3000人。

第4窟是塔庙窟，中央雕凿方形立柱，东壁交脚弥勒像保存比较完整，据考证是云冈现存纪年最晚的造像，由北魏晚期正光年间(公元520年——524年)开凿，是第1至第13窟之间仅有的晚期大窟。

现在，大家看到几座宏伟高耸的楼阁，它们建筑在洞窟的前檐，被称为窟檐建筑。据专家考证，云冈石窟的大窟前均有窟檐，但多数因战争或其它因素毁坏，现仅存的窟檐建筑为清代以后建造。第5、6窟是一组双窟，窟檐建于清代的顺治八年(1651年)，这组建筑朱红柱栏、琉璃瓦顶、巍峨挺拔、气势非凡，是五间四层的绕廊木构楼阁。第7、8窟同样是一组双窟，辽代这里被称为护国大寺，现在的窟檐是1994年由国家拨款重新建造，对保护石窟起到了重要作用。

第5窟分前后两室，洞窟形状为椭圆形的草庐式。后室佛像布局为三世佛，中间的释迦牟尼佛为结跏趺坐像，高达17米，为云冈石窟中的第一大佛像，大佛的双腿长达15．5米，膝上可容纳120人，一只脚上可站立12人。释迎佛头顶蓝色的螺髻，面部轮廓清晰，白毫点朱，细眉长目，鼻准方直，双耳垂肩，身着褒衣搏带，通肩架裳，给人端庄、肃穆、慈祥之感觉。主佛的右侧是未来世弥勒佛，左侧为过去世迦叶佛。主佛的对面是两层高约1米的8尊佛教造像，衬托着主佛更加高大、雄伟。拱门东侧雕凿着菩提树和树下二佛对坐的造像，属北魏石窟内常见的题材。请大家注意，石窟大佛的后面有一狭长的隧道，你们猜这是做什么用的吗?对了，这是佛教信徒们礼拜绕行的诵经道。

第6窟是云冈石窟中精巧著称的一窟，称“第一伟窟”。第6窟平面呈正方形，后室为中心塔柱，塔高15米，分上下两层。请大家看，四壁和塔柱的佛像采用近似圆雕的高浮雕，佛像立体感很强。四方塔柱上层的立佛是具有极高水平的楼空雕刻法，这种立佛被称为“接引佛”。我们举目四周环视，发现整个洞窟雕饰富丽堂皇，几乎找不到一块没有雕刻的空间，佛像、菩萨、罗汉、飞天、供养人和瑞鸟神兽、花卉等等，真是一座热闹拥挤、琳琅满目的佛国世界。第6窟更具有佛教和艺术感染力的是在中心塔柱的塔腰和四壁上的释迦佛陀本生故事图，艺术家以浅浮雕和高浮雕结合的手法，用连续排列的形式，运用近40幅的雕刻，表现了释迦牟尼从诞生前后到降魔成道、初转法轮的佛传故事。请大家随我的手势来观赏这动人的画面。

(1)迦毗罗卫国是古印度的一个国家，国王是净饭王。他和摩耶夫人，年近40岁未曾生育。膝下无子的国王非常寂寞，一天夜里，摩耶夫人梦见一位菩萨乘白象而来，后来怀了身孕。王纪有喜的消息传开，各国使臣纷纷前来祝贺。

(2)按当地习俗，妇女应回娘家分娩。公元前454年，摩耶夫人带众人回娘家，在途径毗尼公园时休息。当夫人手攀无忧树时，太子从夫人右腋下降生，取名乔达摩•悉达多。太子出生，天空出现五彩样云。

(3)太子降生时，向东西南北四方各行七步，出现步步生莲花的场面。太子一手指天，一手指地，如狮子般怒吼道：“天上地下，惟我独尊。”

(4)天上九龙口吐圣水为太子洗澡，这天称为“浴佛节”。汉传佛教将农历四月初八定为释迦的生日。

(5)天人舞乐，大象眉飞色舞，大家迎接净饭王和太子还宫。

(6)国王请仙人为太子看相，太子相貌出众，不同常人。仙人回票国王说：“太子乃大圣人降世，若留家中将继承王位，若离家则必成佛道”。

(7)国王为太子建造豪华的三时殿，选来美女让太子享乐，欲使太子消除学佛之心。大家看太子却表现深思熟虑和感触人间烦恼的神情。

(8)太子年满17岁，国王为他娶善觉国公主耶输陀罗为妻。按照风俗要试力定婚，太子一箭穿七面金鼓。

(9)太子娶妻后，在宫中娱乐。

10)娶妻生子后，太子向父王提出到宫外游玩要求。

(11)一(14)太子乘车出游，分别遇到老人、病人、死人。在一位法相庄严的僧人引导下，研修解脱人生摆脱苦难之道。

15)太子向父王请求出家修行，遭到父王的拒绝。

(16)太子乘马离宫，四天神托起太子的坐骑逾越城池而去。经过5年寻访，6年苦修，太子终于在菩提树下静坐思维，7天后悟道成佛。

(17)太子成佛后，被誉为释迦牟尼，这是释迦族圣人的意思。太子本身故事中以“鹿野苑初转法轮图”雕刻精美传神而著称，图中释迦牟尼正在启齿讲经，佛身边的诸弟子面带敬意双手合十洗耳恭听，就连佛陀身边的两头小鹿也因闻佛法而面带微笑。

第6窟在总体布局、造像风格、雕刻手法等方面，代表了北魏传统石窟艺术的最高境界，尤其佛像改变了过去的服装，雕成了褒衣博带式的佛装，采用了当时南朝士大夫地主阶层的服饰，被称为“太和造像”。推测孝文帝完成第6窟开凿之后，不久便迁都洛阳。大家在第6窟前室上方的门桅上，可以见到几个牌匾的把钉，这是谁的牌匾?当年清朝的康熙皇帝平定噶尔丹叛乱之后，回北京途经云冈石窟，看到第6窟雕刻的佛像如此精美，于是留下了“庄严法相”四个大字。不知何时，牌匾已不知去向。第7、8窟是孝文帝时开凿的一组双窟，属孝文帝初任皇帝时开凿，细心的朋友会问这样一个问题：“为什么孝文帝时期开凿双窟?”双窟的开凿可能与冯太后擅政有关，冯太后是文成帝的皇后，孝文帝即位时任皇太后，一切朝政大权操纵在这位冯太后手中，这种状况一直延续到冯太后逝世。当时将冯太后和孝文帝并称为二圣或二皇，冯太后世奉佛教，开凿双窟应与冯太后主持朝政有重大关系。

第7窟的主像是三世佛，造像风化严重。后室北壁佛龛分上下两层，上龛正中为弥勒佛，两侧是倚坐佛像，下层佛龛为释迦多宝对坐讲经论法图。前后室壁面分层分段大面积布置了本生故事浮雕，以及佛传故事的佛龛，以释迦佛降伏火龙的雕刻较为精美。请大家抬头观赏窟顶，在平棋藻井图案内六格，每格以莲花为中心，环绕八身飞天。传说飞天又名香音神，以能歌善舞著称，当佛讲经说法时，飞天在天空向凡界播洒四瑞花雨。在南壁拱门的上方，并排雕刻两组相向合掌而跪的6位供养天人的造像，被专家称为“云冈六美人”，这是云冈石窟中最先出现的供养人形象。

从第7窟走到相连的第8窟，发现两窟的主要造像、造像组合及其纹饰风格均基本相近。值得注意的是供养天人行列上方雕出了仿木构屋檐，这是中国传统瓦顶建筑式样，说明孝文帝初期佛教开始融人中国传统文化。第8窟门拱东西两侧的雕像，是云冈石雕中罕见的艺术品，西侧是三头六臂的坞摩罗天乘孔雀的造像，东侧为三头八臂的摩醯首罗天骑牛的造像。两组造像中，以鸠摩罗天像著名，被认为是东西方艺术最巧妙的组合。坞摩罗天又称坞摩罗什，音译是“童寿”，他是后秦时代的高僧，是中国佛教史上著名的翻译家，译出了《妙法莲花经》、《阿弥陀经》、《金刚经》等佛教经典，人们将他尊为佛教护法之神。鸠摩罗天雕像给人智慧(三头)、力量(六臂)、安详(面善)、吉祥(手托吉祥鸟)的感觉。他乘坐的孔雀，是名为“那罗延夫”的神鸟，口衔玉珠，爪趾雄健，尾巴卷起长长的羽毛。第8窟的造像给人丰富的想象力和感染力，但又因四壁雕刻被严重风化而让人痛惜。

女士们、先生们，大家请随我参观云冈中部的“五华洞”。第9窟至第13窟，在清代晚期被施以彩绘，彩绘后的五个洞窟异常华丽，五彩斑斓，被人称为“五华洞”。“五华洞”分为两组，分别为第9、10窟和第11、12、13窟。第9、10窟是一组双窟，开凿时代略晚于7、8窟，为冯太后的阉官王遇负责设计监造，两窟初建于公元484年。第9、10窟的前室雕凿四根八角柱，每窟洞开三门，颇具汉魏以来中国建筑’“金楹(金柱)齐列，玉局(柱础)承跋”的遗风。大家看到的前室侧壁屋形龛、后室窟门上方屋形檐等雕刻，都是仿汉民族木结构的建筑形式。

第9窟后室主佛释迦像，面相方圆，右袒式的服装。西北壁下层雕凿附有榜题的分栏长卷式画面，是太子本生故事图，手法简朴。后室两侧雕护法像，显示出高超的石窟寺艺术魅力。

第10窟的主像是弥勒菩萨，壁画布置有释迦多宝并坐像。后室门楣雕饰非常精细，门楣上方的须弥山层峦叠嶂，山间二龙交首盘环，山腰间有参天的林木和奔跑的动物，山体左右雕有阿修罗天和坞摩罗天护法神。这组雕塑动静结合，虚实相问，对称均衡，别具匠心。

第9、10窟的顶部均雕有飞天造像。大家看那凌空飞舞的是歌舞神紧那罗，饰栏干圆拱龛中的伎乐神乾闼婆为她伴奏，把人们带入歌舞升平的天堂世界。飞天造像群的仙人，或吸腿跳，或倒踢，或掖腿，或双飞燕，其舞姿优美，可与敦煌的飞天造像相媲美。

第11、12、13窟是一个组合的整体形式，以第12窟为中心。第12窟是凿前后室的洞窟，前室外壁上方凿屋檐，下方雕列柱。洞开三门。后室南壁中央上凿明窗，下开窟门。两侧的11、13窟则于窟门上方各开明窗，与12窟形成左右对称的立面布局。

第11窟为塔庙窟，塔柱下层皆以立佛雕像出现，上层南面为弥勒菩萨，其他三面为倚坐佛像。窟东壁有太和七年(公元483年)邑义信士女等造95驱石庙形象铭，西壁有太和二十年(公元496年)铭龛和七佛立像。第11窟的题记是云冈石窟研究的重要资料，太和七年是现存最早的题记。

第12窟为佛殿窟，主像下龛为释迦多宝，上龛是弥勒菩萨。前室雕交脚坐佛像。第12窟是云冈石窟中著名的音乐窟，也叫佛籁洞。后室的雕像分上下两层，布局庄严肃穆

第二篇：山西省导游现场考试口试景点讲解：悬空寺导游词

山西省导游现场考试口试景点讲解：悬空寺导游词

各位朋友：

大家好！欢迎您在这个吉祥美好的日子，光临中华五岳之一的北岳恒山。

莽莽苍苍蜿蜒起伏的北岳恒山，有许多奇特的景观，古有“恒山十八景”之说，其中最负盛名的便是建于北魏后期距今已有1500多年历史的悬空寺。

悬空寺始建于北魏太和十五年（公元491年），金、明、清均有重修，现为明清建筑风格，是国家级重点文物保护单位。整个建筑具有险、奇、巧的特点，共有楼阁40余间，从低到高三层迭起，最高处三教殿距峡谷深处的高度曾为90余米，由于1500余年峡谷河床沙石沉积，现高度仅为45米，但站在三教殿仍有身临险境的感觉。这座纯木构建筑，瞩目远望，仿佛是一幅玲珑剔透的浮雕，大有凌空欲飞之势，鬼斧神工，令人叹为观止。民间道：“悬空寺，半天高，三尺马尾空中吊”，大诗人李白则用“危楼高百尺，手可摘星辰，不敢高声语，恐惊天上人”来形容之。据史料记载，初建时，寺院高出地面近百米，而支撑寺院的仅仅是十几根碗口粗的柱子。悬空寺为什么建在这悬崖峭壁之上而不与地相接？据史料记载，南北朝时期，随着政治势力的分裂，道教也分为南北天师道场。北魏时期，太武帝拓跋焘崇信道教，曾一度灭佛兴道，并且迎请嵩山道士寇谦之来京都平城设立道坛。太和十五年（公元491年），孝文帝拓跋宏下诏将天师道场移到恒山，就在当年，按照寇谦之道长“上延霄客，下绝嚣浮”的遗训修建了“崇虚寺”，后来人们根据崇虚寺建筑悬空的特点，改称如今的“悬空寺”。

悬空寺以西为正，大门朝南，整个建筑由南向北扩建而成，越往北走地势相对越高越狭窄。寺院由三部分组成，每部分都有一座三层式的楼阁，内设悬梯连接。第一部分是一个标准的寺院布局，由于建于悬崖峭壁之间，所以将一个平面的寺院布局立体化了。第一层是禅堂；第二层是大雄宝殿的两个配殿，为比肩式楼阁。真正体现“悬”的地方是第二部分和第三部分。两座楼之间飞架悬空栈道连接，半插飞梁为基，巧借岩石暗托。插入岩石里的横梁使用当地产铁杉，事先用桐油浸过，起到防虫防腐作用。之前先将木楔置于洞内，后将横梁插入，因石洞口小肚大，外边用力越大里边咬合就越紧，这样固定的横梁就把压力传到了岩石上。在横梁的下面用木柱支撑，这些木柱长短不一，有的着力，有的则虚设，甚至可以晃动，根本不受力，悬空寺像这样形似虚设、可以晃动的支柱有十多根。当然，这些虚柱不仅仅是作为装饰用的，一般情况下并不吃力，一旦承重压力增大，就起到一柱顶千斤的作用，从而使悬空寺形成一座似虚而实、似危而安、危中见俏的奇特建筑

悬空寺的选址充分显示出它的合理性，没有花费巨大的劳力去改造地貌，而是因地制宜，巧妙地利用峭壁的凹凸部分依势造殿，显示出各殿阁的主次错落和强烈的节奏感。寺庙建筑半藏绝壁之中，上有巨崖掩护，两旁又有突出的石壁遮挡，下雨时雨水顺崖而下，正好滴在寺庙前檐流入峡谷，避开了雨水对殿宇的侵蚀；山风吹来两旁突出的石壁减缓了风势，减少了对寺庙的威胁。另外，对面高耸的恒山主峰天峰岭遮挡太阳，相对缩短了寺庙的光照时间，就是日照时间最长的夏至时节，每天也只有三四个小时。这些因素是悬空寺巍然屹立1500多年，仍然保持原有风采的重要原因。

悬空寺不仅以建筑奇巧著称于世，最主要的就是反映了“三教合一”的宗教思想。全寺共有大小殿宇40间，其中最著名的就是“三教殿”。三教殿是体现“三教合一”的典型殿阁，位于悬空寺第三部分的最上层。三位教主共聚一堂，中间为佛教创始人释迦牟尼，左边为儒家创始人孔子，右边为道家鼻祖老子，三教供于一殿，在全国各地寺庙建筑中极为罕见。集中体现了中华民族民族共融，世界大同的崇高境界。

悬空寺不仅外形美观，转折升降的木梯上也同样具有艺术价值。木梯上用铁钉组成数十种莲花状的图案，如繁星灿烂，似铁水迸溅，令人赏心悦目，堪称古寺一绝。既起到保护木板和装饰的作用，又赋予了深刻的寓意。香客进寺，踏步而上，可谓“步步登莲，吉祥如意”。集实用、装饰、宗教价值于一身，可见古代建筑工匠的良苦用心。

全寺共有铜铸、铁铸、木雕、石刻、脱纱等塑像80余尊，其中最突出的是大雄宝殿内的3尊脱纱佛像。其做法先用胶泥塑成泥胎，再用南方生产的麻（也叫夏布）一层层地裹，裹到一定成型的厚度，再磨光、油漆、上彩、贴金。塑完后把里边的泥胎从底部掏出，整个塑像形成空壳，高度达50厘米的塑像，净重不超过3公斤，为悬空寺塑像中的一绝。

古往今来，悬空寺以它独特的魅力吸引了不少文人墨客。公元735年，大诗人李白云游至此，挥毫书写了“壮观”两个大字；公元1633年，大旅行家徐霞客游历悬空寺后，在他的游记当中留下了“天下巨观”的赞誉；英国的一位建筑学家曾无限感慨地说过这样一段话：“中国的悬空寺把美学、力学、宗教巧妙地融为一体，达到了尽善尽美，我真正懂得了毕加索所说‘世界上真正的艺术在东方’这句话的含义，悬空寺不仅是中国人民的骄傲，而且是全人类的骄傲。”

第三篇：陕西省导游口试景点讲解：华清池导游词

陕西省导游口试景点讲解：华清池导游词

华清池位于西安市城东30公里处的临潼区内，南依骄山，北临渭水，内有自然造化的天然温泉。优越的地理条件和自然环境适于原始人类在此繁衍生息，更吸引了在陕西建都的历代帝王在此修建离宫别苑，自古以来就是我国著名的沐浴游览胜地。

华清池历史沿革

根据历史文献和考古发掘的资料证明，华清池已有6000年的温泉使用史和3000年的皇家园林建筑史。近年来，考古工作者在温泉总源北侧基建时挖掘出大量的泥质夹沙红陶片，其纹饰、火候、陶质、陶色均与原始社会仰韶文化时期的“姜寨遗址”出土的陶器完全相同。这表明早在6000多年以前，原始先民便在这天赐之水的滋润下，繁衍生息，创造出灿烂的史前文明。早在3000年前的西周时，周幽王就在此修有“骊宫”，周以后经历了秦始皇的“骊山汤”、汉武帝的“汉骊宫”、唐太宗的“汤泉宫”、唐高宗的“温泉宫”，到了唐代第七位皇帝唐玄宗李隆基时期，在以前宫殿的基础上充分发挥地理上的优势，依骊山的山势而筑，环山列宫殿，宫周筑罗城，并修有登山的夹道和通往长安的复道，把这里同长安的“大明宫”、“兴庆宫”连为一体。公元747年，新宫落成，李隆基赐名华清宫，后因宫内多温泉浴池，又名“华清池”，并一直沿用至今。唐华清宫为富丽宏大的建筑群，从山顶至山下，宫殿林立，楼阁相属。既合理地利用了温泉，又体现了宫内严谨的布局。宫内置百宫衙署及公卿府第，新修有玄宗皇帝专用的“御汤九龙殿”、杨贵妃沫浴的“海棠汤”及供百官公卿沐浴的“尚食汤”、“少阳汤”、“长汤十六所”等。除此之外，还修有专供唐玄宗与杨贵妃寻欢作乐的“斗鸡殿”、“按歌台”、“大小马球汤”、“舞马台”等。至此，华清池达到了它历史上的鼎盛时期，出现了“高高骊山上有宫，朱楼紫殿三四重”的壮观景象。

华清池是唐玄宗与杨贵妃爱情罗曼史的历史见证。杨贵妃原名杨玉环，生于公元718年，唐代蒲州永乐(今山西永济)人。从小随叔父在河南长大。她天资聪颖、通音律、善歌舞，与西施、昭君、貂蝉并称中国古代四大美女。公元735年，杨玉环被册封为唐玄宗第十八子寿王李瑁妃。公元737年，唐玄宗的宠妃武惠妃去世，玄宗悼惜不已，整日闷闷不乐，后宫美女数千，竟无一人中意，洞知玄宗心思的高力士便暗搜外宫，于公元740年发现寿王妃，并被玄宗看中，为避人耳目，将寿王妃召入道观，赐道号太真，这样一来就解除了李瑁与杨贵妃的夫妻关系。公元745年八月初六唐玄宗正式册封杨玉环为贵妃。因唐玄宗通音律，而杨玉环善歌舞，两人在感情志趣上情投意合，使得玄宗对杨玉环宠爱有加，宫中呼为“娘子”，礼仪皆如皇后，真是“后宫佳丽三千人，三千宠爱在一身”。

据史载，公元750年，唐玄宗与杨贵妃在骊山半山腰的长生殿前相依而立，他仰望星空，因羡慕牛郎织女的多情，伤感人世间的多变，便双双跪地对天盟誓，愿生生世世为夫妻。《长恨歌》中“七月七日长生殿，夜半无人私语时。在天愿作比翼鸟，在地愿为连理枝”就是对此情景的描写。

“门外千宫罢早朝，三郎沉醉不知晓”，从公元747年至公元755年，每年十月，玄宗便携贵妃姊妹及亲信大臣，从京都长安来华清宫淋浴温泉，号称“避寒”，直到第二年暮春三月才返回京师长安。“十月一日天子来，青绳御路无尘埃”，他们在这里度七夕，避夏暑，处理朝政并接受万国使臣的朝拜。所以华清宫又有“第二都城”、“第二长安”之称。他们整日饮酒作乐，由梨园弟子奏乐助兴，打马球、观斗鸡、看舞马。由于唐玄宗在执政后期整日过着“春宵苦短日高起，从此君王不朝”的奢靡生活，终于导致公元755年的“安史之乱”。“西出都门百余里，六军不发无奈何”。士兵们杀了宰相杨国忠，并逼玄宗赐缔杨贵妃于马嵬坡(今陕西兴平)。从此，华清宫失去了往日的辉煌。后晋时这里被赐为道观。宋、元、明、清还曾有多位皇帝游幸至此，但都未能达到唐华清宫的盛大规模。

好了，请各位跟随我一同去领略这座千年皇家园林的魁力。

飞霜殿

我们首先来到的是以九龙湖为中心的风景游览区。映人眼帘的这座宏伟的仿古建筑，便是飞霜殿。唐时的飞霜殿，是唐玄宗与杨贵妃游幸骊山使用的寝殿。相传此殿落成之时，正适冬季，雪花漫天飞舞，还没落及地面就被大殿四周温泉的热气蒸腾到空中，落雪为霜，故称 “飞霜殿”。现在已成为华清池的贵宾接待室。

御汤遗址博物馆

接下来我们去参观华清宫御汤遗址博物馆：唐御汤遗址发现于1982年4月，经考古工作者8年的发掘考证，在4000多平方米的遗址内清理出“海棠汤”,“莲花汤”,“星辰汤”,“尚食汤”、“太子汤”5组汤池遗址和众多的文物遗迹，引起史学界的高度重视。1990年9月，建成了我国目前唯一的汤池遗址博物馆，1996年11月华清宫御汤遗址被国务院正式公布为全国第四批重点文物保护单位。

“海棠汤”又名“芙蓉汤”，俗称“贵妃汤”。始建于公元747年，因汤池平面呈一朵盛开的海棠花而得名。唐人的构思超俗，设计新颖，一方面用海棠花的艳丽衬托贵妃的娇美；另一方面用海棠花的造型形象比喻杨贵妃丰腆的形体。汤池的池壁由四块墨玉(即青石，经打磨后，通体釉黑，为皇家上等贡品)拼砌而成，汤池东西长3.6米，南北宽2.9米，东西两侧分别设有一组踏步便于上下，充分体现出唐代建筑艺术中对称协调的美学观念。不仅如此，汤池的供水系统也设计得非常科学合理，池底正中有一直径为10厘米的进水口，进水口上装莲花喷头，寓意为海棠花的花蕊，下接陶制水管道，与温泉总源相通。温泉因自然压力从花蕊中自动喷洒而出，喷出的形式与喷泉相似，而洒下来的形质，不正是今天生活中的淋浴吗？

“回眸一笑百媚生，六宫粉熏无颜色”的杨贵妃在海棠汤中淋浴了近八个春秋。淋浴时为增加情趣，池中洒有鲜花的花瓣和具有美容养颜功效的中药材及价值昂贵的香料(如紫檀、多摩罗香、沉香、丁香、麝香等)，享受香汤沐浴。“骊山飞泉泛暖香，九龙呵护玉莲房”，贵妃在这里荡涤尘垢，也在这里享受着温泉赐给她的尊贵、温暖与舒适。她沐浴时宛如海棠初睡的娇媚姿态不仅深受玄宗皇帝的宠爱，也成为历代文人墨客吟诗作画的素材，创作出无数流传千古的诗词歌赋。白居易的《长恨歌》中“春寒赐浴华清池，温泉水滑洗凝脂。侍儿扶起娇无力，始是新承恩泽时。”便是对此情景的绝妙写照。

莲花汤是专供唐玄宗李隆基沐浴的，是唐华清宫御汤遗址中最有气势、最具代表性的汤池，也称“御汤九龙殿”。当您第一眼看到它，一定会为它的气势所震撼。宫殿建筑面积达400多平方米，有内外殿之分。御汤可储水近l00立方米，俨然是一座庞大的室内游泳池，充分显示出唐代追求恢弘大气的社会风尚及皇权神授的至高无上和唯我独尊。

莲花汤造型奇特，上下两层台阶不同的造型是唐代工匠创造性审美取向的结晶，上平面四角有一定的曲线变化，呈写实的莲花状;下平面为规则的八边形，“八边”代表着大地的八个方位，取“普天之下，莫非王土”之意，而莲花设计在大地八极之上，完全合乎于根植于大地土壤之中而花浮于水的特殊生长规律;水、土、花三者紧密关联不可分割，这是自然与宗教观念的整合，是将沐浴看作是与自然的沟通，最终实现“天人合一”的理念，这也就是唐人心目中沐浴的最高境界。李隆基是狂热的道教徒，他希望通过淋浴与天相连，在清泉、莲花的护佑下，求得一种解脱，一种升华，从而达到延年益寿、长生不老的目的。这座汤池无疑是唐代礼制宫设计师煞费苦心的创作，也深刻反映出玄宗皇帝对人间现实的肯定和感受、憧憬和执著。

星辰汤是唐太宗李世民“汤泉宫”的文化遗存。建于公元644年，专供唐太宗李世民所用，原名“御汤”，占地面积100多平方米，是目前国内发现的最大的御用汤池。整个汤池的设计是阎立德根据唐代礼制规定，再结合天空星象、二十四节气，即天、地、人三位一体的理念设计建造的。古代人相信天上有天帝主宰宇宙，地上有皇帝统治人民，星座的位移、明暗、陨落，反映着皇权的变化。信奉“天人合一”说的唐玄宗便将酷像北斗七星的“御汤”，更名为“星辰汤”。很显然，这些用意就是想企求苍天北斗保佑李氏王朝，永固帝位。当然也有企求皇天赐福，得道成仙，长生不老的内心秘密。星辰汤离温泉水源最近，水质最好，地理位置最优越。泉水因自然漫溢涌人汤池形成了现代的自流水及冲浪浴的沐浴方式，更吸引了多位皇帝在此修建汤池。在1982年修复过程中，考古工作者又考证在星辰汤的底部叠压着秦始皇的“骊山汤”和汉武帝的“汉离宫”文化遗存，并在文化层中发现了中国历史上最早的皇室配套浴具——陶瓮、陶鉴和我国考古界目前发掘的唯一的木门，为研究秦代汉淋浴文化提供了佐证材料。

尚食汤，形制小，工艺简单，并无奇特造型，相对于前面的御用汤池，显然沐浴者的地位不及前者。曾有人解释:尚食汤是专供尚食局官员沐浴的。然而根据考古学家多年的考证，只定位尚食官员不太准确。古文献记载，“尚”字还包括“赏赐、给予”的含义，而唐代除尚食局外，随皇帝出行的还有尚药、尚衣、尚社、尚乘、尚擎五局官员。就汤池的整体结构分析，汤池中间设有石隔墙，东、南、北三面修砌有入池石台阶，池中并无固定的坐向位置，充分说明尚食汤面积虽小，但在此沫浴的人较多，使用率较高，身份也较复杂。所以推断得出，尚食汤在华清宫可解释为皇帝赏赐给等级较高的随行内侍官员的沐浴场所，在此沐浴常沐皇恩，知圣心之苦衷，为唐王朝的江山社稷效忠。由于史记记载较少，有关此汤池的诸多疑问(如：台阶下的百坑以及石隔墙的用途)，还有待于考古专家进一步的探讨和论证。太子汤的沐浴者，顾名思义就是东宫的皇太子，建于公元644年，先后共经历80余年。沐浴的皇太子有李承乾、李治、李忠、李弘、李贤、李宪、李旦、李崇君、李隆基、李瑛共10人，其中仅有4位君临天下，其他的几位都成了皇权斗争的牺牲品。由此可见，唐宫廷内部争夺皇位是何等的激烈和残酷。

太子汤采用“星辰汤”排水道供水，即摆正了皇帝与皇太子之间的尊卑关系，解决了礼制犯忌的问题，又寓意着来自“星辰汤”的温泉能使皇太子常沐父皇恩泽。由于太子汤的四壁及池底遭到较严重的破坏，唐时的青石板大多已不复存在，再考虑到整个博物馆的建筑格局，所以太子汤以露天的形式陈设。

以上介绍的五组汤池，它们大小不一，形制各异，各具风格与特色，为研究中国古代沐浴史、唐宫廷建筑史、封建社会的等级制度、中国古代利用地热资源史均提供了翔实的史料依据，也极大地丰富了华清池的历史文化内涵。

温泉水源

我们眼前这座拱形的建筑便是温泉池的总源。我国有温泉2700多处，是世界上温泉最多的国家之一。而华清池的骊山温泉因开发利用早，并且受历代帝王青睐而名冠诸泉之首，享有“天下第一御泉”的美称。

温泉，大多含有对人体有益的矿物质和微量元素。沐浴温泉，不仅可以消除疲劳，还具有治疗多种疾病的功效。骊山温泉水温常年在43C，水质纯净，具有医疗价值的矿物质和微量元素的含量较高。根据科学检测，骊山温泉水质属低矿化、弱碱性、中等放射性泉水，故又称硅水、氟水和放射性氨水。这些均达到了医疗用水的标准，故有“自然之经方，天地之元气”的美称。由于温泉神奇的功效，赢得帝王们的特别喜好，并形成了一种专供帝王享用的传统特权。

骊山温泉可疗疾起源于2000年前的秦代，《三秦》记载：秦始皇幸游骊山时遇见一位神女，遂有调戏之举，神女一气之下唾于始皇面部，始皇脸部遂即生疮，病久治不愈。始皇追悔莫及，向神女表示仟悔，神女见其有悔改之意，便说：“此有温汤，何不一洗”，始皇就用骊山温泉治疗了毒疮。秦始皇汤戏神女的传说虽不足信，但却印证了温泉可治愈疾病的历史。

骊山温泉除其特有的医疗作用和得天独厚的自然条件外，还可改变植物的生长习性。相传秦始皇在冬季命人在骊山温谷中种西瓜，引起了儒生们的怀疑而被秦始皇坑杀，酿成了著名的“焚书坑儒”事件。当然这只是传说而已，不足为凭。数百年后的唐代，唐华清宫内辟有西瓜园。王建有“酒幔高楼一百家，宫前杨柳寺开花，内园分得温泉水，二月中旬已进瓜”的佳句，证明了古代劳动人民能巧妙地利用温泉进行农业技术革新。

“西安事变”旧址——环园

华清池不仅在中国古代史上享有盛名，中国近代史上震惊中外的“西安事变”也发生在这里。我们现在就来到了“西安事变”旧址——环园。

环园是1878年临潼县令沈家祯主持营建并题名的，总占地面积6000平方米。园内风貌既具有江南园林优雅别致的风格，又有北方园林殿宇宏伟的特色。主要建筑有望湖楼、飞霞阁、飞虹桥、荷花阁、五间厅、三间厅等。

1900年八国联军攻陷北京，慈禧太后西逃曾驻于此。1936年10月、12月蒋介石两次来陕督战，都以环园为临时行辕，坚持“攘外必先安内”的错误主张，在此布置“剿共”事宜。1936年12月12日，这里爆发了震惊中外的“西安事变”。1982年2月，五间厅、三间厅被国务院公布为全国第二批重点文物保护单位。

五间厅是“西安事变”时蒋介石的下榻之处，由西向东依次为:秘书室、蒋介石卧室、办公室、会议室、侍从室。

“西安事变”爆发于1936年12月12日，所以历史上也称“双十二事变”。它是由国民党内部主张抗日的爱国将领张学良和杨虎城发动的。1931年，日本帝国主义用刺刀和大炮制造了骇人听闻的“九一八”事变，中国面临民族灭亡的紧急关头。野蛮的侵略，激起了全国人民的愤怒，抗日的呼声响彻大江南北、黄河两岸。在民族存亡日益加重的紧要关头，中国共产党于1935年12月在陕北召开了“瓦窑堡会议”，毛泽东根据我国当时的形势，提出了建立民族统一战线的策略，全国各阶层爱国人士积极响应，投身于抗日救国的洪流之中，而蒋介石却置民族安危于不顾，顽固推行“攘外必先安内”的错误政策，他移师西北，把大本营置于西安。

1936年12月4日，蒋介石乘专列第二次来西安，以华清池为临时行辕，下榻于五间厅，准备在此布置实施“剿共”事宜。他一到行辕，便迫不及待地召见了东北军和十七路军师以上的军官，要他们服从命令，进攻陕北红军。蒋介石于12月6日召见了张学良、杨虎城，并向他们摊牌，提出两种方案供其选择：要么全面进攻陕北红军，要么让出陕西，由中央军进剿。12月7日，张学良赴临潼晋见蒋介石并和其“诤谏”，他至诚大义地规劝蒋介石放弃“剿共”内战，却遭到蒋介石的严词训斥。12月8日，张、杨两位将军大义凛然地苦谏，声泪俱下地哭谏，都无济于事。从国家和民族利益出发，两位将军在西安止园商定，以武装形势逼蒋介石停止内战、一致抗日。12月9日凌晨，古城学生举行纪念“一二.九”运动一周年请愿游行，准备步行来临潼向蒋介石请愿。蒋介石听到消息后大发雷霆，命令张学良前去制止学生闹事，并声称：“如不听者，格杀勿论。”游行队伍行至灞桥时，被张学良驱车阻止，学生们声泪俱下地讲述了各种理由，说明一定要到行辕请愿。面对热血沸腾的爱国学生，张学良恳切地说：“同胞们!同学们!我张学良是国家的军人，我绝不辜负你们救国的心愿，绝不欺骗大家，一星期之内，我用事实答复你们。”学生们报以热烈的掌声，在张学良将军的劝阻下，学生们陆续返回西安。而此时的蒋介石正在行辕内的宴会厅宴请东北军和十七路军的部分高级将领，加紧分化收买工作。张学良深夜赴临潼华清池见蒋，向蒋转达了学生们的请求，而蒋介石却置之不理。张学良无奈地离开五间厅后，蒋介石取出纸章，给陕西省政府主席邵力子写了一纸手谕，欲解除张学良和杨虎城的兵权。

12月10日，张学良、杨虎城决心对蒋介石实行兵谏。12月12日凌晨3时左右，东北军外线部队的两个团迅速进入骊山附近，包围了华清池，解除了驻华清池附近的宪兵武装，在骊山脚下打响了“西安事变”的第一枪。蒋介石听到枪声，因不知敌情，未及穿衣，便和侍卫官及随从仓皇而逃，在翻越后门时，不小心摔伤了脊梁，还丢了一只鞋子，由随从扶掖向山上逃去。

党卫队冲入第二道门，冲人五间厅，闯进蒋介石卧室时，发现室内空无一人，而蒋介石的衣帽、斗篷、假牙尚在，伸手摸摸被窝仍有余温，推测蒋介石并未逃远，于是开始大规模搜山，发现骊山半山腰虎斑石处的夹缝中躲藏有人，立即间：“什么人，还不出来，要开枪了。”蒋介石终于从夹缝中走出，却意外地发现，搜山的并不是红军而是东北军，连声问：“张副司令在哪里，在哪里。”此时的蒋介石身穿古铜色睡袍，浑身是土，冻得瑟瑟发抖，在士兵的扶掖下，被护送至西安。

在临潼发生激烈枪战的同时，杨虎城将军的官兵也迅速行动，解除了中央宪兵团的武装，扣押了随蒋来陕北的要员陈诚、卫立煌等，占领了飞机场、火车站，很快控制了西安的局势。1陕西导游资格证考试2陕西省导游资格考试3陕西导游资格考试4陕西省导游资格证5陕西导游网6陕西导游词7陕西导游8陕西导游考试9陕西导游考试试题10陕西英语导游词11陕西八大景点导游词12陕西导游试题13陕西省导游考试14陕西英文导游词15陕西导游论坛16陕西华清池导游词17陕西导游证182007陕西导游考试19陕西导游培训学校20陕西导游考试网21陕西英语导游考试题22陕西省导游232007年陕西导游考试24陕西导游证考试25陕西导游考试真题26陕西省导游网27陕西导游证考试题28陕西导游学校29陕西导游社区30陕西导游培训31陕西导游考试时间3207陕西导游考试3307年陕西导游考试34陕西导游讲解视频35陕西导游培训学院36陕西英语导游37陕西兵马俑导游词38陕西导游考试导游词39陕西导游大赛视频40陕西省导游证考试41陕西红色旅游导游词42陕西延安导游词43陕西导游考试口试44陕西导游考试模拟题45陕西省导游考试时间46陕西乾陵导游词47陕西大雁塔导游词48陕西导游欢迎词49陕西导游讲解词50陕西省英语导游词

“西安事变”爆发后，中国共产党派出了以周恩来、秦邦宪、叶剑英为首的代表团抵达西安，为“西安事变”的和平解决作出了多方面努力，终于迫使蒋介石答应“停止内战，一致抗日”的要求，遂于12月25日释放蒋介石回南京。“西安事变”的和平解决，结束了长达10年之久的国共内战，促进了抗日民族统一战线的形成，使抗日战争得到了广泛发动。华清池五间厅的墙壁上、玻璃窗上的累累弹痕将永远铭记着中国现代革命史上的重大事件——“西安事变”。华清池也因承载着这一段历史而名载史册。

昔日的皇宫禁苑，天子御汤，今日已成为融风景园林、文物遗址、温泉沫浴于一体的综合性的旅游胜地。1982年华清池被列入全国第一批全国风景名胜区，1998年被建设部授予“中国名园”，2000年被评为全国首批“AAAA”级旅游景区。正如郭沫若吟诗所咏：“华清池水色清苍，此日规模越盛唐。不仅宫池依旧制，而今民庶尽天王。”

第四篇：陕西省导游口试考试景点讲解：华山英文导游词

陕西省导游口试考试景点讲解：华山英文导游词Hua Shan is the highest of China’s five sacred mountains.It is 120 kilometers east of Xian.It has five peaks that resemble the petals of a flower.The highest peak is 2180 meters(7085 feet).We had had discussions about going to Hua Shan with some graduate students from Computer Science.That didn’t work out due to changes in schedules on both sides.Also, they were planning to do the climb at night to be able to reach the peak at sunrise.That did not appeal to us.We wanted to spend a night on the mountain.Fran’s department arranged a trip for us, making reservations at the simple hotel on the North Peak.They sent two graduate students to accompany us, though they had not been to Hua Shan before.We met them at 8:00 on Saturday morning and took a taxi to the train station.There we asked around and located a mini-bus.The bus made a couple of stops.One was to see a presentation about the traditional medicines grown on the mountain and a chance to buy some of them.It probably would have been interesting if we understood Chinese.Our guides gave us the general outline about what was said.The other stop was a quick lunch stop.There are two approaches to Hua Shan.[Chinese proverb: “There is one road and only one road to Hua Shan,” meaning that sometimes the hard way is the only way.] The west entrance involves 10 kilometers of walking on a road before you start climbing.We went with the east entrance, where the bus brings you to the base of a cable car that goes up to the 1500 meter North Peak.Our plan was to walk up to the North Peak, then climb to the four other peaks the next day and take the cable car down.We started the climb in the early afternoon.The path consists of stone steps with rough chain link handrails in the narrowest areas(we wore our bicycling gloves for hand protection).Physically, it is more like climbing the steps of a skyscraper than trails at home.However, the temperature was about 95 degrees and there was not much shade.We brought lots of water, including some bottles that we froze and some Gatorade that we got at the fancy department store in downtown Xian.There are plenty of refreshment stands along the way where you can buy bottled water, the Chinese equivalent of Gatorade, and other drinks or snacks at a premium price.We reached the North Peak before 4:00 PM and rested at the hotel.Our room was basic, but comfortable and clean enough.Because water is scarce on the mountain, there were neither showers nor sinks available for washing.In that sense the experience felt like camping, but we were sleeping in a big tent!

After dinner at the hotel restaurant, we spent some time talking with our guides.We were a bit surprised to find that they both think of Japan negatively, but like the U.S.It seems that Japan’s WWII behavior in China has not been forgotten, and is emphasized in school.We saw a beautiful sunset and watched the sky become resplendent with thousands of stars, including the Milky Way galaxy.This was the clearest sky that we have seen in China.The fresh air at Hua Shan is a treat!

Our guides had both been planning to get up at 4:00 AM to watch the sunrise.Fran and I made sleep a priority.We did happen to wake up a bit before sunrise(our room faced east)and went outside to watch the sky become rosy.Ironically, our guides missed the sunrise because they had stayed up late watching the European soccer championships on the television in their room The plan for the day was to climb the other four peaks, but we reserved the right to shorten the route.The first part was a steep climb to Middle Peak.After the low North Peak, all the others are at roughly 2000 meters.There were crowds on the way to Middle Peak – mostly Chinese hikers but we did see a few other wai guo(foreigners)as well.We visited two Taoist temples en route to Middle Peak.Each one had an altar with incense and offerings of fruit.The friendly monks invited us to say a prayer or to send blessings to loved ones.Fran accepted their invitation.At the first temple, she lit incense sticks and knelt on a cushion in front of the altar saying a silent prayer for our safe journey to the various summits of Hua Shan(the prayer was answered).At the second temple, she knelt on a cushion in front of the altar and sent silent blessings to several friends who are experiencing challenging situations in their lives at present.After each blessing, she leaned forward and the monk struck a drum.After Middle Peak, the crowds got much thinner.The next was East Peak, which had a steep ladder climbing rock.Fran was dubious about this ascent, but realized that the ladder wasn’t so bad and went for it.That was a good decision because we were then able to do a loop and the trails got almost empty at this point.After skirting the top of a cliff with a steep dropoff on both sides, we had a pleasant walk to South Peak and West Peak.There was even a small amount of dirt trail!The summit of South Peak was the highest point on Hua Shan, so of course we asked another hiker to take a photo of our guides and us.The views from the tops of each peak were beautiful.Hua Shan and the surrounding mountains are very rugged and remind us somewhat of hiking in the southwestern United States or the Sierras.We took a route that eventually brought us to the main line returning down from Middle to North Peak.We were happy to have ascended each of the five peaks(petals)of Flower Mountain.By cable car(the longest in Asia), it was just 7 minutes down to the park entrance.We caught a shuttle bus into town, then transferred to a bus for Xian.Our guides told us that we had walked up and down a total of 4000 stairs!We were glad that we did not have this information when we started.For three days after returning home, our sore leg muscles instructed us to take the elevator to our fifth floor apartment rather than climbing the stairs.

第五篇：陕西省导游口试考试景点讲解：秦兵马俑英文导游词

陕西省导游口试考试景点讲解：秦兵马俑英文导游词

Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum

Emperor Qin Shihuang(259-210B.C.)had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name.He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22.By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s history.In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor.He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system.Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system.He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures.To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats.Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built.All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture.They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field.As a result, China’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy.Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive.Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.”

Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain.These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other.Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated.What looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened.However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum was.No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum.In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey.The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum.This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad.In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council.The museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979.No.1 Pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and 5m deep , covering a total area of 14,260 square meters.It is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel.There are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively.The pit is divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks.Thick rafters were placed onto the walls(but now one can only see their remains), which were covered with mats and then fine soil and earth.The battle formation of the Qin dynasty, facing east.In the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces.They are supposed to be the van of the formation.Immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chariots in the corridors, each being 180m long.They are probably the main body of the formation.There is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends respectively, facing outwards.They are probably the flanks and the rear.There are altogether 27 trial trench, it is assumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and horses could be unearthed from No.1 Pit.No.2 Pit sis about half the size of No.1 Pit, covering about 6,000 square meters Trail diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed.The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten.But their shafts, cross yokes, and wheels, etc.left clear impressions on the earth bed.The copper parts of the chariots still remain.Each chariot is pulled by four horses which are one and half meters high and two metres long.According to textual research, these clay horses were sculptures after the breed in the area of Hexi Corridor.The horses for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.No.3 Pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses, one chariot and 68 warriors, supposed to be the command post of the battle formation.Now, No.2 and 3 Pits have been refilled, but visitors can see some clay figures and weapons displayed in the exhibition halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits.The floors of both No.1 and 2 Pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick.In these pits, one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken.Analysis shows that the pits were burned down by Xiang Yu, leader of a peasant army.All of the clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east, showing Emperor Qin Shihuang’s strong determination of wiping out the six states and unifying the whole country.The height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m, the shortest, to 1.97m, the tallest.They look healthy and strong and have different facial expressions.Probably they were sculpted by craftsmen according to real soldiers of the Qin dynasy.They organically combined the skills of round engraving, bas-relief and linear engraving, and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, sticking, cutting, painting and so on.The clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted.As the terra-cotta figures have beeb burnt and have gone through the natural process of decay, we can’t see their original gorgeous colours.However, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new.They are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green, powder green, purple, blue, orange, black and white colours.Thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, bows, crossbows and arrowheads.These weapons were exquisitely made.Some of theme are still very sharp, analyses show that they are made of alloys of copper and tin, containing more than ten kinds of other metals.Since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as new, though buried underground for more than 2,000 years.This indicates that Qin dynasty’s metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing technique already reached quite a high level.In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum.These single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy.The four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall.The restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.The chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white background.They have been fitted with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful.Probably they were meant for the use of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s soul to go on inspection.The bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology.For instance, the tortoise-shell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is only 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation.According to a preliminary study, the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling.The excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique, the mechanism of the chariot and technological modeling of the Qin dynasty.No.2 bronze chariot and horses now on display were found broken into 1,555 pieces when excavated.After two-and-half years’ careful and painstaking restoration by archaeologists and various specialists, they were formally exhibited in the museum on October 1, 1983.No.1 bronze chariot hand horses are on display from 1988.The museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning, Today, we are going to visit the Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses.This museum is located at the foot of mountain Li Shan, about 35 kilometers east of Xi’an.First, I will give you a brief introduction about the master of this underground army---the First Qin Emperor, Yingzheng.He came to the throne at the age of 13 and seized the power at the age of 22.By 221BC, he had annexed all the six independent states and established the first centralized autocratic feudal empire in the long history of China.After the unification of the whole country, he styled himself the First Emperor and standardized the coinage, weights and measures, the legal codes, the written scripts and so on.He also ordered the linkage of the original Great Wall.All these exerted an everlasting influence on the long feudal history of China.But the First Qin Emperor was very ambitious.As soon as he came to the throne, he ordered that a magnificent mausoleum should be built for him.It took 37 years to complete this great project.Actually, the site of those terracotta warriors and horses we now see is just a small part of his mausoleum.Ok, everyone, now we are standing at the front gate of the Eighth Wonder of the world---the Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses.As one of the top ten places of historical interest in China, it was also listed as a world heritage site.So next, let’s go to uncover the veil of this miraculous work.In March 1974,when several farmers were sinking a well about 1.5km east of the First Qin Emperor’s Maosolem, they came upon many fragments of the terracotta figures.The results of archaeological excavation showed that is two more pits were discovered respectively.They were then named pit1，pit2, and pit3 by the order of discovery.The new discovery stirred up a sensation all over the world.In order to provide the historical artifacts with adequate protection, a musem was set up on the site of Pit 1 in 1975 upon the approval of the state council.Pit 1,covers an area of 16,300 square meters, is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel.The terra cotta armies in pit 1 were arranged in battle formation.In the front of this formation, there are 210warriors in 3 lines facing forward.Armed with bows and arrows, they constitute the so-called vanguard.Meanwhile, there is one row of warriors on each of the borders of this pit, facing outward---they are the flanks and the rear guard.Holding long-distance shooting weapons, they took up the job of defending the whole army.Then, this way please.We may find ten partition walls which divided this pit into 11 corridors.The warriors standing inside them with horse-drawn chariots represent the principal military force of this battle formation.According to the density, there are over 6000 terracotta warriors and horses, and most of them are infantrymen.Ok, Here now we arrived at Pit 2.we can see that Pit 2 is still under cover, that’s because we want to preserve them.Pit 2 consists of 4 different mixed military forces in four arrays, they are infantrymen, cavalrymen, archers and charioteers.And pit 2 also include many chariots and horses.They can be divided to act independently, capable of attacking, and defending with a quick response.As you see, those worriors, their feet, legs, bodies, necks, hands and heads, all with different faces, were all made separately and joined together.we may find they are all vivid and true to life.And also as we can see, here are some actual weapons unearthed in those pits.The most attractive one is a bronze sword.Although it was buried over thousands of years, it is still very sharp.It can cat through 20 pieces of paper put together.Now we come to pit 3.Pit 3 covers an area of about 520 square meters.There are only 68 warriors and 4 clay horses.The warriors were arranged opposite to each other in two rows, and only one kind of weapon called “SHU” had been discovered.This kind of weapon has no blade, and is believed to be used by the guards of honor.We have found many animal bones in the north side, and it is supposed to be “Prayer Hall”, and “Commander’s office” is on the south side.This suggests pit 3 is the headquarters directing the whole underground army.Then we have arrived at the exhibition hall of Bronze Chariots and Horses.In 1980, two sets of large painted bronze chariots and horses were found.They broke into thousands of pieces when we found them and after 8 years’ careful restoration;they were rebuilt and open to the public.The first one was named “High Chariot” and the second one was called “Security Chariot”.They were the eariliest and most exquisitely and intricately made bronze valuables,and also the largest bronze wares discovered in the history of world archaeology.It provides extremlyvaluable material and data for the research of the metallurgical technique and technological modeling og the Qin Dynasty.So now we will finish our journey in the museum today, I believe that you must be very astonished at this world wonder.So it’s your time,you can work around and take some pictures.thank you for listening.