西方历史学经典名著选读读书笔记1

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第一篇:西方历史学经典名著选读读书笔记1

The History

1、重点词汇(1)、remembrance:纪念品;提醒者;提示者;the ability to recall past occurrences;a recognition of meritorious service(2)、dwelt on:详述;细述(3)、freight: 运送;装货 使充满(v.)transport commercially as cargo;load with goods for transportation; 货运;运费;船货(n.)goods carried by a large vehicle;transporting goods commercially at rates cheaper than express rates;the charge for transporting something by common carrier

freighting: 海上运送契约

(4)、carry off: 夺去;获得;使丧命;

(5)、restitution:恢复;赔偿;归还(n.)

a sum of money paid in compensation for loss or injury;the act of restoring something to its original state;getting something back again(7)、seizure: 没收;夺取;捕获(n.)

a sudden occurrence(or recurrence)of a disease;the act of forcibly dispossessing an owner of property;the act of taking of a person by force;the taking possession of something by legal process(8)、sovereignty:主权;主权国家;君主;独立国

government free from external control;

royal authority;the dominion of a monarch; the authority of a state to govern another state(9)、endeavor:竭力做到,试图或力图(做某事)(v.)

attempt by employing effort(10)、perish:死亡;毁灭;腐烂;枯萎(v.)pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life(11)、prophecy:预言;预言书;预言能力

knowledge of the future(usually said to be obtained from a divine source); a prediction uttered under divine inspiration(12)、exploit:开发,开拓;剥削;开采(v.)use or manipulate to one's advantage;draw from;make good use of;work excessively hard

勋绩;功绩(n.)a notable achievement(13)、plunder:抢夺;战利品;掠夺品(n.)goods or money obtained illegally 掠夺;抢劫;侵吞(v.)take illegally;of intellectual property;plunder(a town)after capture;steal goods;take as spoils;destroy and strip of its possession(14)、despatch:派遣;发送;(n.v.)send away towards a designated goal(v.)an official report(usually sent in haste);killing a person or animal;the act of sending off something

2、精彩摘抄

(1)、Candaules was in love with his own wife;and not only so, but thought her the fairest woman in the whole world.This fancy had strange consequences.There was in his bodyguard a man whom he specially favoured Gyges, the son of Dascylus.All affairs of greatest moment were entrusted by Candaules to this person, and to him he was wont to extol the surpassing beauty of his wife.So matters went on for a while.At length, one day, Candaules, who was fated to end ill, thus addressed his follower: “I see thou dost not credit what I tell thee of my lady's loveliness;but come now, since men's ears are less credulous than their eyes, contrive some means whereby thou mayest behold her naked.” At this the other loudly exclaimed, saying, “What most unwise speech is this, master, which thou hast uttered? Wouldst thou have me behold my mistress when she is naked? Bethink thee that a woman, with her clothes, puts off her bashfulness.Our fathers, in time past, distinguished right and wrong plainly enough, and it is our wisdom to submit to be taught by them.There is an old saying, Let each look on his own.' I hold thy wife for the fairest of all women.Only, I beseech they, ask me not to do wickedly.”(2)、On the death of Alyattes, Croesus, his son, who was thirty-five years old, succeeded to the throne.Of the Greek cities, Ephesus was the first that he attacked.The Ephesians, when he laid siege to the place, made an offering of their city to Diana, by stretching a rope from the town wall to the temple of the goddess, which was distant from the ancient city, then besieged by Croesus, a space of seven furlongs.They were, as I said, the first Greeks whom he attacked.Afterwards, on some pretext or other, he made war in turn upon every Ionian and Aeolian state, bringing forward, where he could, a substantial ground of complaint;where such failed him, advancing some poor excuse.In this way he made himself master of all the Greek cities in Asia, and forced them to become his tributaries。(3)、At the end of this time the grief of Croesus was interrupted by intelligence from abroad.He learnt that Cyrus, the son of Cambyses, had destroyed the empire of Astyages, the son of Cyaxares;and that the Persians were becoming daily more powerful.This led him to consider with himself whether it were possible to check the growing power of that people before it came to a head.The messengers who were despatched to make trial of the oracles were given the following instructions: they were to keep count of the days from the time of their leaving Sardis, and, reckoning from that date, on the hundredth day they were to consult the oracles, and to inquire of them what Croesus the son of Alyattes, king of Lydia, was doing at that moment.The answers given them were to be taken down in writing, and brought back to him.None of the replies remain on record except that of the oracle at Delphi.There, the moment that the Lydians entered the sanctuary, and before they put their questions, the Pythoness thus answered them in hexameter verse:-

I can count the sands, and I can measure the ocean;

I have ears for the silent, and know what the dumb man meaneth;Lo!on my sense there striketh the smell of a shell-covered tortoise, Boiling now on a fire, with the flesh of a lamb, in a cauldron-Brass is the vessel below, and brass the cover above it

3、背景

(1)希罗多德:生活在公元前5世纪,青年时期的希罗多德曾参与城邦政治斗争,反对僭主吕格达米斯,失败后遭放逐。他的这一政治经历似乎决定了他对希腊政体的价值评估。在他的《历史》中始终对民主制持肯定态度,对自由充满感情。这样的政治立场在古希腊思想家中并不多见,因为大多数思想家是古希腊民主政体的批评者和贵族共和制的拥护者。可能在放逐时期,也可能在此前后,希罗多德进行过广泛的旅游,到过埃及、巴勒斯坦、两河流域、南俄、希腊半岛等地,并长期在雅典居住,同雅典著名民主派政治家伯利克里过从密。

希罗多德选择了希波战争为自己调查研究的课题,他的整个少年和青年时期都处在那场战争的巨大漩锅之中。战争旷日持久,影响到东地中海地区整整两代以上的希腊人,形成他们一生难以解脱的情结。因此经历过战争的早期希腊史家都对战争表现了浓厚兴趣,相当多的选题围绕着这一重大历史事件。在希波战争问题上,他站在希腊的立场,斥责波斯王的侵略行动,指出其蹂躏他国领土的不义之举。在希腊各邦中,他尽力讴歌的是雅典。他十分推崇雅典的民主政治,热忱歌颂它的民主自由与权利平等。

希罗多德在欧洲史坛最先对史料采取了一定程度的分析批判态度。他创造了叙述历史的新方法,把记载史实和加以阐释有机地结合起来。对于历史事件的原因的分析,诉诸神的意志和命运,取决于个别人物的才能,借助于对历史或地理情况的分析。

(2)、Lydia:ancient land of western Anatolia, extending east from the Aegean Sea and occupying the valleys of the Hermus and Cayster rivers.The Lydians were said to be the originators of gold and silver coins.During their brief hegemony over Asia Minor from the middle of the 7th to the middle of the 6th century bc, the Lydians profoundly influenced the Ionian Greeks to their west.Croesus:last king of Lydia,He conquered the Greeks of mainland Ionia(on the west coast of Anatolia)and was in turn subjugated by the Persians.After a battle with Persian at Pteria, Cyrus pursued him, caught him completely by surprise, and stormed the city.Herodotus claims that the King, condemned by Cyrus to be burned alive, was saved by the god Apollo and eventually accompanied Cyrus’ successor, Cambyses II, to Egypt.Candaules and Gyges: Candaules bragged of his wife's incredible beauty to his favorite bodyguard Gyges.Gyges had no choice but to obey.Candaules detailed a plan by which Gyges would hide behind a door in the royal bedroom to observe the Queen disrobing before bed.Gyges would then leave the room while the Queen's back was turned.However, the Queen saw Gyges as he left the room, recognized that she had been betrayed and shamed by her own husband.She silently swore to have her revenge.The next day, the Queen summoned Gyges to her chamber, she confronted him immediately with her knowledge of his misdeed and her husband's.“One of you must die,” she declared.Eventually Gyges chose to betray the King so that he should live.He killed the king in his sleep.Gyges married the Queen and became King, and father to the Mermnad Dynasty.4、感悟

有文章可以看出希罗多德对历史的描述更多是建立在主观的认识之上,史料来源也多为露头资料,对于许多事件的介绍也多与神话、传奇相联系,当然,这是由当时的落后信息采集的条件决定,希罗多德的贡献不在于,用书籍记录了当时的场景,而是开创了一种记录历史的传统,开创了一套系统的历史著作的写作方法。

第二篇:西方历史学经典名著选读读书笔记4

Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas

Historians of ideas focus on two types of meaning – literal and intended meaning.Quentin Skinner makes two key distinctions: between literal and intended meaning, and between text and contexts.These distinctions should be considere considered separately.A statement‘s intended meaning may differ from its literal meaning – ‗the sense and reference of the terms used to express it.Skinner‘s first example is irony.Taken literally, Defoe‘s The Shortest-Way With the Dissenters argues that dissenters should be executed.Taken ironically, as Defoe actually intended, the argument is for toleration, not persecution.To conclude that Defoe meant to defend persecution would be to confuse literal and intended meanings, to confuse what the words say and what Defoe meant by them.Irony is the ‗textbook case‘ of ‗a divergence between what a person says and what she means‘.Skinner‘s second example is ambiguity.We should look to intended meanings when literal meanings are unclear – when ‗the speaker fails to make clear how exactly the utterance is to be taken or understood‘.Ambiguity is ‗rampant‘ in natural

languages, and perhaps no statement is ever entirely unambiguous.Much more could be said about speech-act theory.The basic point is that intended and literal meanings diverge, and we usually prioritise intended meanings.This

view is standard for philosophers of language, although they differ from each other in many details.Of course, my brief account cannot fully justify this position.But three points are briefly worth emphasising.The value of textual analysis should be briefly highlighted.We do not need contextual analysis to reject obvious misreadings, like Geoffrey Hill‘s bizarre claim that Hobbes believed in intrinsic value.Indeed, the Cambridge school‘s huge contribution to intellectual history partly reflects high-quality textual analysis.Reading a text carefully is necessary – but not sufficient.Ultimately, the combination of textual and contextual analysis is crucial, as in Skinner‘s superlative analysis of Hobbes‘s changing account of liberty.In summary, for many intellectual historians the aim is to uncover intended meanings, and the means to that end are textual and/or contextual analysis, both of which may involve analysing literal meaning.斯金纳

斯金纳是行为主义学派最负盛名的代表人物——被称为―彻底的行为主义者‖。也是世界心理学史上最为著名的心理学家之一.在哈佛大学攻读心理学硕士的时候,他受到了行为主义心理学的吸引,成为了一名彻头彻尾的行为主义者,从此开始了他一生的心理学家生涯。他在华生等人的基础上向前迈进了一大步,提出了有别于巴甫洛夫的条件反射的另一种条件反射行为,并将二者做了区分,在此基础上提出了自己的行为主义理论——操作性条件反射理论。他长期致力于研究鸽子和老鼠的操作性条件反射行为,提出了―及时强化‖的概念以及强化的时间规律,形成了自己的一套理论。斯金纳还将操作性条件反射理论应用于对人的研究,他认为,人是没有尊严和自由的,人们作出某种行为,不做出某种行为,只取决于一个影响因素,那就是行为的后果。人并不能自由选择自己的行为,而是根据奖惩来决定自己以何种方式行动,因此,人既没有选择自己行为的自由,也没有任何的尊严,人和动物没有什么两样。

The Historical Text as Literary Artifact

White applies theories of fiction to historical writing(ie historiography).His essay raises questions about the disciplinary boundaries between HISTORY and

LITERATURE.He coins the term ―meta-history ‖,stories about history.This theory attempts to blur the disciplinary

distinctions between Historiography and Literature.He argues strongly that historians employ the

― historical imagination ‖ when depicting the past.In other words the historian relies on the

narrative strategies of a literary writer.His idea is that HISTORY is narrative prose shaped by literary conventions and the historian‘s imagination.Perhaps historical

narrative even employs types of ―plots ‖ or ―emplotments ‖ of tragic, comic, romantic, satiric.Hayden White returns to age-old considerations;like Aristotle who in the

POETICS questioned the fundamental differences between ―history‖ and ‗poetry‘: ―Poetry tends to express the

universal, history the particular.‖ Notion of a truly scientific historical representation has its origins in the mid-19th century;postwar theory questions the objectivity of the historiography.海登•怀特

怀特的历史诗学在研究历史修撰及历史研究本身的方法的同时,始终不离文学和文学批评的理论基础,特别在转义、虚构、话语、叙事和文本性等方面清楚地勾勒了历史修撰与文学创作、历史研究与文学批评之间的相关性,对于文学的历史主义批评尤其具有借鉴意义。

新历史主义(New Historicism)是诞生于80年代的英美文化界和文学界的―新‖的文学批评方法,一种对历史本文加以重新阐释和政治解读的―文化诗学‖。新历史主义对旧历史主义和形式主义文学批评方法加以批判,在张扬―主体‖、―历史‖和―意识形态‖中,使―本文的历史性‖与―历史的本文性‖成为文学批评的主要范畴。新历史主义的主将是格林布拉特(Stephen Greenblatt)和海登·怀特(Hayden White)。

怀特强调,历史的预想形式可用弗莱关于诗的四种语言转义(即隐喻、转喻、提喻和讽喻)来表示,这正是历史意识的四种主要方式。这样一来,怀特就将历史事实、历史意识和历史阐释的差异填平了。他坚持认为,人不可能去找到―历史‖,因为那是业已逝去不可重现和复原的,而只能找到关于历史的叙述,或仅仅找到被阐释和编织过的―历史‖。因此,历史意识就显得尤为重要了。在怀特看来,不可能有什么真的历史,历史的思辨哲学编纂使历史呈现出历史哲学形态,并带有诗人看世界的想象虚构性。这样,历史就不是一种,而是有多少理论的阐释就有多少种。人们只选择自己认同的被阐释过的―历史‖。这种选择往往不是认

识论的,而是审美的或道德的。经过这一番阐释,使人注意到怀特对历史意识、阐释框架和语言,以及诗意的想象和合理的虚构的特别强调,因为这正是怀特元历史理论的核心思想。

他认为解决本文与历史的关系是新历史主义研究的关键,要解决好这一问题,主要应选择语言叙事理论,在文学本文研究中采用历史本文研究法,在历史本文研究中采用文学研究法,使文学本文与历史本文在元历史的理论框架中恢复叙述(return to narrative),使文史哲和社会科学的界限淡化并打通边界。这种重叙事结构、重意义想象、重语言阐释的―元历史‖,是获得意义之―真‖的唯一途径。因为,历史事实不是―真实‖,事实漂流在历史中并可以与任何观念结合,而历史―真实‖只能出现在追求真实的话语阐释和观念构造之中。因此,怀特所理解的新历史主义就必然是一种诗意直觉的、印象主义的、本文细读式而非理论式的,因为―新‖历史主义仍然是一种历史主义,仍受制于元历史的理论框架规约。

Questions raised:

• Can events ― value neutral‖ ? does the historian ―emplot ‖ historical events and to give them meaning?

• What are the possible modes of historical REPRESENTATION?

• Where lies the balance between factual reconstruction and imagination recreation? We often question the ―realism ‖ of literature;Hayden White inverts this old question and questions the ― fiction ‖ in history!Can we make use of this idea in our study of literary texts and histories dealing with the WWII-period in the Nordic/Baltic region.

第三篇:西方经典名著选读

challenge-and-response(挑战与应战)

 With the civilizations as units identified, he presented the history of each in terms of challenge-and-response.Civilizations arose in response to some set of challenges of extreme difficulty, when “creative minorities” devised solutions that reoriented their entire society. Challenges and responses were physical, as when the Sumerians exploited the intractable swamps of southern Iraq by organizing the Neolithic inhabitants into a society capable of carrying out large-scale irrigation projects;or social, as when the Catholic Church resolved the chaos of post-Roman Europe by enrolling the new Germanic kingdoms in a single religious community. When a civilization responds to challenges, it grows.Civilizations declined when their leaders stopped responding creatively, and the civilizations then sank owing to nationalism, militarism, and the tyranny of a despotic minority. Toynbee argued that “Civilizations die from suicide, not by murder.” For Toynbee, civilizations were not intangible or unalterable machines but a network of social relationships within the border and therefore subject to both wise and unwise decisions they made.Karl Jaspers and the Axial Age(轴心时代)Axial Age or Axial Period(Achsenzeit, “axis time”)is a term coined by German philosopher Karl Jaspers to describe the period from 800 to 200 BC, during which, according to Jaspers, similar revolutionary thinking appeared in Persia, India, China and the Occident.The period is also

sometimes referred to as the Axis Age.Jaspers, in his The Origin and Goal of History, identified a number of key Axial Age thinkers as having had a profound influence on future philosophies and religions, and identified characteristics common to each area from which those thinkers emerged.Jaspers saw in these developments in religion and philosophy a striking parallel without any obvious direct transmission of ideas from one region to the other, having found no recorded proof

of any extensive intercommunication between Ancient Greece, the Middle East, India, and China.Jaspers held up this age as unique, and one to which the rest of the history of human thought might be compared.Jaspers' approach to the culture of the middle of the first millennium BC has been adopted by other scholars and academics, and has become a point of discussion in the history of

religion.

第四篇:西方法学名著选读

从19世纪末开始,随着垄断资本主义的出现和各种社会矛盾的激化,西方资产阶级法学领域的一个重大特征,是出现了所谓“法的社会化”(亦称“私法的公法化”)理论。这个理论认为法不应以维护个人权利,而应以维护“社会利益”为基础,社会化的新法律原则代替了个人权利的旧法律原则,于是各种“社会立法”纷纷出现,形成了诸如劳工法、社会保障法(社会福利法)、环境保护法以及经济管制法等新的法律部门。

进入20世纪后,西方法学的分派比以前更加繁多。但所有这些派别多半是从19世纪甚至更早的法律思想或法学派别发展而来的。大体上可分为四大派:社会学法学派(其中又有许多支派),分析实证主义法学派(又包括纯粹法学派和新分析法学派),新自然法学派(包括非神学的新自然法学和神学的即新托马斯主义法学派)和新康德主义法学派、新黑格尔主义法学派。它们的共同特点是:强调阶级调和与阶级合作,强调社会利益或社会利益同个人利益的结合,即强调法的社会化,等等。20世纪二三十年代,在德、意等国建立了法西斯政权,对内实行赤裸裸的暴力统治,对外肆无忌惮地进行武装侵略,将原有的资本主义法制摧毁殆尽。新黑格尔主义法学的绝对精神、社会连带主义法学派的组合国思想,成为他们的理论根据,为种族主义、国家主义、“元首至上”等法西斯思想辩护。

第二次世界大战后,由于法西斯政权的崩溃,一时盛行于德、意等国的新黑格尔主义和新康德主义法学已趋衰落,新自然法学复兴。在以美国为主的西方其他各国,新自然法学更为得势。20世纪五六十年代,由于所谓第三次技术大革命的刺激,西方各国的经济有了较大的发展;在这种新的历史条件下,这些国家的法制又有发展。目前,社会学法学、分析实证主义法学和新自然法学呈现三足鼎立之势,但彼此观点又日益靠拢。与此同时,由于国际交往的剧增,国际法学和比较法学的研究也迅速发展。这为法学的发展带来了许多新的课题。

近现代西方法学对西方国家以外地区,如亚、非、拉美地区许多第三世界国家有重大影响。这些国家在取得国家独立和民族解放前,一般是西方帝国主义国家的殖民地、半殖民地,所以在取得独立后所建立的法律制度,基本上仍是以西方国家的法律传统为范本,并在不同形式下和本地区或本民族的习惯法或宗教规范相互并存。当然,有些国家在取得独立后,为了维护民族独立,发展民族经济,争取彻底的政治独立和经济独立,也进行了法律改革,制定了许多适合本国国情的法律,并且有了自己的法。

从中世纪中期开始,随着资本主义经济在封建社会内部出现和成长,同时出现了以恢复和研究罗马法为核心的新的法学,即自12至16世纪相继出现的意大利的前期和后期注释法学派和法国的人文主义法学派。这三派法学虽各有特点且相互对立,但通过它们,使罗马法在西欧大陆广为传播,从而为资本主义法律的出现和法律的统一化创造了有利条件。那时研究罗马法的法学家又一次形成了一个职业法学家集团。他们是代表市民等级,与僧侣法学家相对立的世俗法学家。这种新的法学家与近代大学的出现也是不可分的。前后期注释法学派以12世纪初创立的、欧洲第一所大学,即意大利博洛尼亚大学为基地,这所学校最初就是传授罗马法的。

与西欧大陆不同,英国中世纪的法基本上是在罗马法之外独立地发展起来的,英国中世纪法学主要是研究英国的普通法,从大量的判例来阐述公民的权利、商品交换和其他的法律问题,但也吸收了若干罗马法的原则,以补充和丰富英国法学。

近代资产阶级法学的出现,意味着一种与中世纪神学世界观相对立的法学世界观的出现。这是建立在资本主义雇佣劳动制基础上的唯心主义世界观。资产阶级的自由、平等和人权同这一世界观是不可分的。当时这种世界观的集中体现是17、18世纪的古典自然法学派提出的“社会契约论”或“天赋人权论”,其代表人物主要有荷兰的H.格劳秀斯、英国的T.霍布斯和J.洛克、法国的孟德斯鸠和卢梭、德国的S.von普芬多夫、意大利的C.B.贝卡里亚等人。尽管他们各自的政治纲领和学说有很大差别,但总的来说,他们的自然法学说同中世纪神学法律思想根本对立,是当时新兴资产阶级反对封建压迫、争取民族独立的思想纲领。这为1776年美国《独立宣言》、1789年法国《人权宣言》以及近代资产阶级民主和法制提供了理论基础,使法学摆脱了神学的束缚,倡导了权利平等、契约自由、罪刑法定等一系列新的法律原则,创立了宪法、国际法以及象《法国民法典》那样典型的资本主义法典。古典自然法学固然不可能超出当时时代的限制,但它起过重大的历史进步作用。

从19世纪初开始,西方国家展开了广泛的立法活动,都在不同程度上建立了较完备的资产阶级法律体制。西方法律的两大传统,即通常所讲的英国法系(或称英美法系或普通法法系)和大陆法系(或称罗马法系或民法法系),也是这一世纪在世界范围内形成的。这些现象意味着资产阶级法治的确立。与此相应,在法学领域中,古典自然法学派衰落了,代之而起的是19世纪的三大法学派别:历史法学派、分析法学派和德国古典唯心主义哲学家的法律思想(在有的法学著作中被称为形而上学法学派或哲理法学派)。

从19世纪末开始,随着垄断资本主义的出现和各种社会矛盾的激化,西方资产阶级法学领域的一个重大特征,是出现了所谓“法的社会化”(亦称“私法的公法化”)理论。这个理论认为法不应以维护个人权利,而应以维护“社会利益”为基础,社会化的新法律原则代替了个人权利的旧法律原则,于是各种“社会立法”纷纷出现,形成了诸如劳工法、社会保障法(社会福利法)、环境保护法以及经济管制法等新的法律部门。

进入20世纪后,西方法学的分派比以前更加繁多。但所有这些派别多半是从19世纪甚至更早的法律思想或法学派别发展而来的。大体上可分为四大派:社会学法学派(其中又有许多支派),分析实证主义法学派(又包括纯粹法学派和新分析法学派),新自然法学派(包括非神学的新自然法学和神学的即新托马斯主义法学派)和新康德主义法学派、新黑格尔主义法学派。它们的共同特点是:强调阶级调和与阶级合作,强调社会利益或社会利益同个人利益的结合,即强调法的社会化,等等。20世纪二三十年代,在德、意等国建立了法西斯政权,对内实行赤裸裸的暴力统治,对外肆无忌惮地进行武装侵略,将原有的资本主义法制摧毁殆尽。新黑格尔主义法学的绝对精神、社会连带主义法学派的组合国思想,成为他们的理论根据,为种族主义、国家主义、“元首至上”等法西斯思想辩护。

第二次世界大战后,由于法西斯政权的崩溃,一时盛行于德、意等国的新黑格尔主义和新康德主义法学已趋衰落,新自然法学复兴。在以美国为主的西方其他各国,新自然法学更为得势。20世纪五六十年代,由于所谓第三次技术大革命的刺激,西方各国的经济有了较大的发展;在这种新的历史条件下,这些国家的法制又有发展。目前,社会学法学、分析实证主义法学和新自然法学呈现三足鼎立之势,但彼此观点又日益靠拢。与此同时,由于国际交往的剧增,国际法学和比较法学的研究也迅速发展。这为法学的发展带来了许多新的课题。

近现代西方法学对西方国家以外地区,如亚、非、拉美地区许多第三世界国家有重大影响。这些国家在取得国家独立和民族解放前,一般是西方帝国主义国家的殖民地、半殖民地,所以在取得独立后所建立的法律制度,基本上仍是以西方国家的法律传统为范本,并在不同形式下和本地区或本民族的习惯法或宗教规范相互并存。当然,有些国家在取得独立后,为了维护民族独立,发展民族经济,争取彻底的政治独立和经济独立,也进行了法律改革,制定了许多适合本国国情的法律,并且有了自己的法律学说。

第五篇:西方管理学名著选读读后感

西方管理学名著选读

课程论文

班级:10医美本 姓名:杨雪

学号:106130

42《经理人员的职能》读后感

本学期我班选读了西方管理学名著选读这门课程,在课堂上学习了许多管理学大师的生平及著作,受益匪浅,课下我也研读了《经理人员的职能》这本书,对课堂上所学的知识有了更深层的理解。《经理人员的职能》是巴纳德毕生从事企业管理工作的经验总结,他将社会学概念用于分析经理人员的职能和工作过程,提出了一套组织的理论,建立了现代组织理论的基本框架。巴纳德认为所有的组织都包含三个要素:合作的意愿、共同的目标和沟通。《经理人员的职能》是一本完整、系统的管理学著作,巴纳德从系统的角度全面的分析了“组织”这一社会构成,我认为本书可以分为三个主题:对“组织”的理论分析、对组织人员的管理、经理人员的职能。在对“组织”的理论分析中,巴纳德首先从“人”开始,对组织中的人予以了充分的重视,认为“人是一切组织研究的起点”。在此之前,巴纳德之前的关于人性假设的理论把人看作“经济人”“机械人”,他们认为人的行为都是受到利己的动机所支配,或者说,人都是受个人经济利益的驱使而采取某种行为。如泰勒的科学管理和法约尔的管理职能理论,都只偏重于专业分工和结构效率。但在巴纳德看来,个人是有着自我选择能力和意愿的,他有着自己的动机和目的,人们追求的特定目的有两种:物的和社会的。我认为这一假设是非常合理的,分析一个人的心理和行动,首先要分析他的价值观,即他存在的价值是什么,他生命的追求是什么,不同的人价值观有所不同,但对物的和社会的目的的追求,却是普遍存在于每一个人身上的。但巴纳德同时也

指出,个人只是具有了“有限的选择能力”,而“克服这些限制的最有效的办法是协作”,当人们为了克服生物的不足,“有意识的协调两个以上的人得活动和力量”从而组成一个系统时,组织就产生了。这样一种抽象的组织概念使得巴纳德剥离了物的因素(因为在他看来,决定组织“正式组织不稳定获短命的根本原因来自于外界力量”,这是无法改变的先天条件),使组织更偏向于一个人的协作关系的集合体,这使得他的研究更加具有广泛性,使得他能够考量社会中组织的一般原则,也使得他的研究更具有实际的操作意义,而不是飘渺的大纲原则。

《经理人员的职能》是巴纳德毕生从事企业管理工作的经验总结,他将社会学概念用于分析经理人员的职能和工作过程,提出了一套组织的理论,建立了现代组织理论的基本框架。巴纳德认为所有的组织都包含三个要素:合作的意愿、共同的目标和沟通。他的贡献就在于,从最简单的人类协作入手,揭示了组织的本质及其最普遍的规律。这本书博大精深、内容丰富,被视为管理的一座丰碑,它在出版后的半个多世纪重印了18次,其影响和发行量不断地增加,所有论及组织方面的问题都绕不开这座丰碑。

在看这本书以前,我天真的以为类似经理人这类职业是特别简单的工作,大部分工作都交给他们的助理秘书之类的下属,看了下这本书才明白当好经理人是一件非常难的事,需要各方面的努力。需要 体力。特别是精神方面的活力和坚持力。这当然要有一定的身体健康为基础,但两者不能等同起来。主要还在于领导者精神和心理上的品

质。领导者有了高度的活力和坚持力,才能承担繁重的领导工作,取得丰富的知识和经验,并表现出吸引群众的个人魅力。决断力。做决策是领导者的主要职能,做决策必须看准时机,当机立断,不能犹豫不决,耽误时机,而且决策还要正确。处理人际关系的能力。领导者的主要职能之一是同人打交道。这首先就需要了解人,理解对方的思想、心理和需求,这样才能做好说服工作,使人愿意参加组织并发挥积极性。他们要善于同各种不同的人打交道,善于上下沟通。高度的责任心。领导者的权力很大,职责也很重,这些都要求领导者有高度的责任心,才能正确地使用权力,圆满地完成职责。高度的智力。领导者要指引整个组织前进和处理各种重大的事务,所以,必须有高度的智力才能胜任。巴纳德把智力放在领导者基本品质的最后,这是他在《经理人员的职能》一书中反复强调的重视心理活动过程的必然表现。但放在最后,这并不意味着智力因素不重要,而是说首先要具备心理上的必要条件以后,再拥有高度的智力,才能做好领导。

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