第一篇：大学英语提高课程总结
The united kingdom of great Britain and north Ireland is made up of great Britain ,north Ireland and a number of smaller islands around them.The total area of the country is some 24000 square kilometers with a population of about 59.6 million.great Britain is traditionally divided into three countries ,or political regions.England in the south,Scotland in the north,and wales in the southwest.England is the largest and most developed of all the three.the same is true of the custom of speaking of the British people as the English.Parliament The British system of parliamentary government was often referred to as the Westminster model.most legislatures around the world follow the so-called Westminster model.parliament ,meaning a place for argument and debate,is the nation’s supreme legislative organ.the British parliament consists of three branches :the monarch(queen or king),the house of lords ,and the house of commons.parliament has the power to make ,unmake ,or change any laws.members of the house of lords were mostly descendent of these feudal lords.the full membership of the lords id only about 660 at present.all the members of the house of commons are directly elected by British people over the age of 18 through general elections.the house of commons now consists of 659 seats.Primogeniture Primogeniture thus promoted social mobility and limited the growth of the English noble class.this helped to mitigate contradictions between the broad masses and the noble class because the latter was not too large for society to sustain.Compulsory education Britain's first act providing for state-financed primary education was pass in 1870.ministry of education established free compulsory education for all children up to age 16.parents are required by the law to ensure that their children receive full-time education between the ages of 5 and 16.going or not going to school has become a matter of the law.local education authorities are mainly responsible for providing primary and secondary education for school-ages.they employ the teaching staff,provide and maintain school buildings,supply equipment ,and give financial assistance to students.Individualism Individualism believe that society is an artificial organization ,existing only for the sake of its members as individuals.individualism claims that the goal of social,political and economic organization should be the greatest good for the greatest member of the society.Individualism is in opposition to autocratic.Individualism is not selfishness.It is a kind of value that attaches great importance to the interests of individuals.If one goes not pay ,other people must pay for it.The Middle class The Middle class, which originally referred to the gentry only, expanded rapidly with the development of economy members of the middle class, who relied on their knowledge and skills to make money,placed freedom and the education of their children.Today the middle class is the largest and most important class in Britain.The middle class plays the major role because its members are the best educated and most skilled.Independent Schools These school are neither controlled nor financed by local or central government.Many of these schools are not private,they are not allowed to run for profit and surplus income must be put back into the school.Compared with state schools.independent schools achieve higher academic standards.About two--thirds of independent schools admit both boys and girls,with the remainder still practicing separate education, with some only admitting boys and others for girls，Influence of the Norman conquest The Norman conquest sped up the development of feudalism in England.William built the tower of London as a military fortress.he put the administration of justice under the control of the king.William sent his clerks to make investigations.these clerks finally compiled a property record known as Domesday Book in 1805.the general relation between the Normans and the Anglo-Saxons was that of master and servant.the Norman culture flowered on the English soil.the conquest start a bi-linguistic period in English history.the Normans and the Anglo-Saxons,however became intermingled.the Norman conquest was last invasion of England by foreigners.The black death During the hundred year’s war.England was struck by another disaster ,the black death,between 1348-1349.in started in Italy and soon spread to other country.those who were stricken with it usually died in two or three days.a careful estimate shows that in England about one half of the population died of this disease.the death of so many people resulted in the shortage of labor and much land was left untended.the surviving peasants had better bargaining power and they began to demand better working conditions and high wages.the government intervened because it wanted to keep down wages by preserving serfdom.these statutes combined with poll taxes levied to fund the hundred year’s war,caused widespread discontent among the peasants.James I have the word 'no bishop,no king'.The reign of James I was full of religious controversy and other troubles.The Catholics engineered a number of plots to get rid of him.One of the major Catholic conspiracies against James I was Gunpowder Plot of 1605.James I continued to cling to the outdated doctrine of the 'Divine Right of Kings'.He would have preferred no Parliament at all and actually did without one for seven years.The result was that he could get no pounds from Parliament.He was called the wisest fool in Europe because he was foolish in terms of politics.James I continued to cling to the outdated doctrine of the 'Divine Right of Kings'.He would have preferred no Parliament at all and actually did without one for seven years.The result was that he could get no pounds from Parliament.He was called the wisest fool in Europe because he was foolish in terms of politics.Henry VIII Henry, the second son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, was born on 28 June 1491 at Greenwich Palace.After the death of his elder brother Arthur in 1502, Henry became heir to the English throne.When Henry VII died in 1509, this popular eighteen-year-old prince, known for his love of hunting and dancing, became King Henry VIII.Henry VIII's early military campaigns began when he joined Pope Julius II's Holy League against France in 1511.However war with France ultimately proved expensive and unsuccessful.Henry VIII is known as the 'father of the Royal Navy.' When he became king there were five royal warships.By his death he had built up a navy of around 50 ships.Henry also built the first naval dock in Britain at Portsmouth and in 1546 he established the Navy Board.This set up the administrative machinery for the control of the fleet.Henry was acutely aware of the importance of securing a male heir during his reign.He was worried that he had only one surviving child, Mary, to show for his marriage to Catherine, who was now in her 40s.So the king asked Cardinal Wolsey to appeal to Pope Clement VII for an annulment and it soon became clear he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, who had been a lady-in-waiting to his first wife.Henry's third marriage, this time to lady-in-waiting, Jane Seymour, finally produced the son he so desperately desired with the birth of Edward in 1537.Jane Seymour died after childbirth and Henry ordered that she be granted a queen's funeral.In an attempt to establish ties with the German Protestant alliance, Thomas Cromwell arranged a marriage between the king and German princess Anne of Cleves.The marriage was a disaster and Henry divorced Anne a few months later.Henry blamed Cromwell for this mismatch and soon afterwards had him executed for treason.I have done the PPT is about the background of the British bourgeois revolution.Many factors contributed the outbreak of the English Civil War in the 17th century.For example,the wars of the roses, the enclosure movement, and the extension of foreign trade and capital.With the development of the British capitalist economy, the bourgeoisie and new nobility is growing stronger, they seek not only the political rights, but also for economic development of capitalism.Because of the stuarts dictatorship prevented the development of the society, harm the interests of the bourgeoisie, the new aristocracy, and intensified some new social contradictions.With the development of capitalism and the bourgeoisie strength enhancement, the contradiction between the monarchy and the bourgeoisie will become more and more serious.For the above reason eventually led to the British bourgeois revolution
第二篇：现代大学英语-课程情况汇总
现代大学英语--课程情况汇总
课程名称：现代大学英语
任课教师：
授课班级：级商务英语3、4班
教师简介：
教师：张梅毕业院校：学位：硕士专业：外国语言学及应用语言学参加工作时间：2007年7月 教师教学能力:
英语精读课是大学英语专业教学的重点，也是大学英语教学比较难以处理与把握的一个重要环节。本人能够独立承担本课程的教学任务, 在备课的过程中能够做到认真、仔细，在充分理解教材的基础上认真备好每一堂课。能够熟练驾驭课堂，清楚讲解每堂课的内容，做到有条理、层次清楚，便于学生对单词、重点短语以及课文的理解的掌握。针对一年级学生应首先以打基础为最终教学目的，在阅读的基础上以语音、语调、词汇、语法结构为讲解的出发点，对主要的语法结构有规律地循环练习。精读的阅读材料一般都具有大量启发式口、笔头练习；在每个单元中通过练习题的讲解也使得学生对英语的语音语调、语言结构、情节和语言功能有一定的认识。
学生情况：
级商务专业的大部分的学生学习热情高,课堂上能够做到全神贯注,积极思考 问题。
教材选用:
《现代大学英语精读》
第三篇：大学课程总结
大学课程学习总结
目录
一、C语言...........................................................................................................................-1学习心得...............................................................................................................................-2学习过程...............................................................................................................................-4
三、高等数学.......................................................................................................................-6学习心得...............................................................................................................................-9101016学习过程.............................................................................................................................-***92930323236
一、C语言
学习过程
C语言是一门最基础的程序设计语言，刚接触它时比较讨厌，因为什么都不会，不过后来慢慢体会到了它的乐趣所在。开始慢慢喜欢上C语言。
在《C语言大学教程》第一章里面，初步认识到了什么是C语言、C语言和其它程序设计语言有什么不同以及它的发展史。程序：实际上是用计算机语言描述的某一问题的解决，是符合一定语法规则的符号序列。二三两章都是自己看书进行学习，学习到了C最基本的东西，运算符、数据类型、变量的使用等，同时也学会了C程序的基本结构，能够参照书上的简单例子写一些简单程序。不过到此刻仍然对C有点糊涂，不懂C语言具体有什么用，不懂简单的几个语句能干什么，还不明白它在我们生活中又有什么用，和我们的专业有什么用„„第四章，我们学习了程序的控制结构，掌握了while、do while、for、go to循环语句同时也能够用这些结构写一些简单的程序，如素数的判断、数字的排序、阶乘运算等，认识到C语言的简单用途，开始对C产生兴趣。第五章学习了子函数，虽然学习时间不长，但通过后来的学习知道
询问同学和老师都能解决问题。的确，学习C语言是一个耐心的过程，同时还要仔细。以后我会更加仔细细心的学习C语言。
C语言是一门最基础的程序设计语言，只有学习好了C，才能更好的学习其它程序设计语言，如C++、Java。才能更好的学习之后的专业课。通过C语言的学习，也学会了一些学习方法，应该是验证了一些学习方法，课前预习，课上认真听讲，课后仔细复习，同时，实验课上将老师讲授的知识认真实践，只有这样才能将课程学习好，这也是学习每门课程最基本的学习方法。
C语言是一门实用性的课程，学校在安排课程表时应该将实验课和理论课交叉着安排，这样就可以将之前学习的课程进行复习一下，更好的掌握知识。虽然说拷贝别人的程序是不好的，不过我认为对于我们这些初学者而言，对于老师上课写的经典的程序可以选择性的拷贝给我们。模仿学习是最计本的方法之一，对于我们初学者而言也是比较有效的。
C语言课程到现在就结束了，在之后的学习中我会更加努力。同时也会继续学习C语言。我对C语言感兴趣，我相信我能够学好。
程，做了一段时间这个，这个过程也是很有意义的，也是为进一步的学习积累感性认识。
所谓完整的linux系统包括哪些部分呢？三部分：bootloader、linux kernel（linux内核）、rootfile（根文件系统）。
那么这3部分是怎么相互协作来构成这个系统的呢？各自有什么用呢？三者有什么联系？怎么联系？系统的执行流程又是怎么样的呢？搞清楚这个问题后对整个系统的运行就很清楚了，对于下一步制作这个linux系统就打下了另一个重要的根基。
在这个过程中如果你很有研究精神的话你必然会想到看源代码。很多书介绍怎么阅读linux源代码。
网上盗用阿基米德的一句话：“给我一根网线，我能将linux搞定”。我觉得很经典！
学习嵌入式Linux是一个长久的过程，并不是一两个月就能搞定的事，所以我一直坚持、坚持、再坚持。最后我明白一个道理，问题是学习的最好机会。
是事实，但是或多或少有些夸张了吧。让我们知道高数难，虽然会让我们对它更加重视，但是这无疑也增加了大家对它的畏惧感，觉得自己很可能学不好它，从而失去了信心，有些人甚至把难学当做自己不去学好它的借口。事实上，当我们抛掉那些畏难的情绪，心无旁骛地去学习高数时，它并不是那么难，至少不是那种难到学不下去的。所以，我觉得要学好高数，一定不能有畏难的情绪。当我们有信心去学好它时，就走好了第一步。
坚持做好习题。做题是必要的，但像高中那样搞题海战术就不必要了。就我的体会而言，如果只是想考试考好，不想去深入研究它的话，做好教材上的课后题和习题册就足够了，当然，前提是认真地做好了。对于每一道题，有疑问的地方就要解决，不能不求甚解，尽量把每一个细节都理解好，这样的话做好一道题就能解决很多同类型的题了。同时，做题不能只是自己一个人冥思苦想，有时候自己的思维走进了死胡同是很难走出来的，当自己做不出来的时候，不妨问问老师或者同学，也许就能豁然开朗了。对于做完的题目，觉得很有价值的，最好是把它摘抄到笔记本上，然后记录一下解题的要点，分析一下题目所体现的思维方式等等，平时有时间就翻看一下，加深一下记忆。
高等数学的学习目的不是为了应付考试，因此，我们的
础，经济学中的许多问题都无法解决。
当我亲身学习了高等数学，并试图把它运用到经济问题的分析中时，才真正体会到了数学方法是经济学中最重要的方法之一，是经济理论取得突破性发展的重要工具。这也坚定了我努力学好高等数学的决心。希望未来自己可以凭借扎实的数理基础，在经济领域里大展鸿图。
高等数学作为大学的一门课程，自然与其它课程有着共同之处，那就是讲课速度快。刚开始，我非常不适应。上一题还没有消化，老师已经讲完下一题了。带着几分焦虑，我向老师请教学习经验，才明白大学学习的重点不仅仅是课堂，课下的预习与复习是学好高数的必要条件。于是，每节课前我都认真预习，把不懂的地方作上记号。课堂上有选择、有计划地听讲。课后及时复习，归纳总结。逐渐地，我便感到高数课变得轻松有趣。只要肯努力，高等数学并不会太难。学习心得
很多人害怕高数，高数学习起来确实是不太轻松。其实，只要有心，高数并不像想象中的那么难。经过将近一年的学习，我们对高数进行了系统性的学习，不仅在知识方面得到了充实，在思想方面也得到了提高，就我个人而言，我认为高等数学有以下几个显著特点：1）识记的知识相对减少，理解的知识点相对增加；2）不仅要求会运用所学的知识解
CPU的接脚和插孔的位置是对应的，这就标明了CPU的安装方向。安装CPU时先拉起插座的手柄，把 CPU按正确方向放进插座，使每个接脚插到相应的孔里，注意要放到底，但不必用力给CPU施压，然后把手柄按下，这样，CPU就被牢牢地固定在主板上了，然后安装上CPU风扇，风扇是用一个弹性铁架固定在插座上的。当取下CPU时，先取下风扇；然后要先把手柄拉起来，再取下CPU。
安装内存要小心不要太用力，以免掰坏线路，内存条上金属接脚端有两个凹槽，对应内存插槽上的两个凸棱，所以方向容易确定。安装时把内存条对准插槽，均匀用力插到底就可以了。同时插槽两端的卡子会自动卡住内存条。取下时，只要用力按下插槽两端的卡子，内存就会被推出插槽了。机箱的准备：打开机箱的外包装，看，随机箱会有许多附件，螺丝、档片等，在安装过程中，我们会一一用到它们的。大的铁板用来固定主板，我们在此称之为底板，上面的这些铜柱是用来固定主板的，现在的机箱在出厂时就已经将固定柱安装好了；
安装电源比较简单，把电源放在电源固定架上，使电源后的螺丝孔和机箱上的螺丝孔一一对应，然后拧上螺丝。安装软驱、硬盘和光驱：先从面板上取下一个3寸槽口和一个5寸槽口的档板，用来安装软驱和光驱。把光驱安装在5“固定架上，保持光驱的前面和机箱面板齐平，在光驱的每一侧
线，而是在主板上，由主板控制。ATX电源有三种输出接头，这个比较大的是主板电源插头，并且是单独的一个，其中一侧的插头有卡子，安装时不会弄反。连接时只要将插头对准主板上的插座插到底就可以了。
新型的ATX主板上有一个软驱接口、两个IDE口。IDE口是用来连接IDE设备的，一般是硬盘和光驱。主板上的两个IDE口，一个是主接口，一个是副接口。每个IDE口可以连接两个IDE设备，所以，一台电脑最多可连接四个IDE设备。连接的时候要注意，不仅两个IDE口之间有主次关系，接在同一个IDE口上的两个IDE设备之间也有主次关系；主硬盘，也就是启动硬盘必须作为主设备接到主IDE口上。比较新的主板没有这样严格的要求。在主板上，主IDE口一般用”Primary IDE“或”IDE 1“来表示。另一个用”Secondary IDE“或”IDE 2“表示。在主板的各个接口附近都标明了第一根针的位置，在接线之前先要弄清楚。我们用到的连接线有软驱线、硬盘线、鼠标连接口和打印机连接口。硬盘数据线是40芯的，有3个接头，它们不分顺序。其中两个接头连接硬盘和光驱，第三个接头接到主板的主IDE接口上，不要接到副IDE口上。数据线上都有一根色线，一般为红线，接线原则是色线对应接口上第一根针，主板上的接口和设备接口都是这样。先接好主板这头，再接光驱，再接硬盘。现在的主板上都给这些接口加了一个带有缺口的插座，正好和数据线接头
标记，通常为Speaker。在连接时，注意红线对应1的位置。
下面要把剩余的槽口用挡片封好。然后要仔细检查一下各部分的连接情况，确保无误后，把机箱盖盖好，安装好螺丝，这样，主机的安装过程就基本完成了。
计算机维护是提高计算机使用效率和延长计算机使用寿命的重要措施。因此做好计算机维护工作变得尤为重要。计算机维护主要体现在两个方面：一是硬件的维护；二是软件的维护。
计算机硬件的维护主要有以下几点：
（1）计算机应经常处于运动状态，避免长期闲置不用；（2）定期清洗软盘驱动器的磁头（如三个月、半年等）；（3）任何时候都应保证电源线与信号线的连接牢固可靠；
（4）开机时应先给外部设备加电，后给主机加电；关机时应先关主机，后关各外部设备，开机后不能立即关机，关机后也不能立即开机，中间应间隔10秒以上；
（5）软盘驱动器正在读写时，不能强行取出软盘，平时不要触摸裸露的盘面；
（6）在进行键盘操作时，击键不要用力过猛，否则会影响键盘的寿命；
（7）打印机的色带应及时便换，当色带颜色已很浅，特别是发现色带有破损时，应立即更换，以免杂质沾污打印
运算器、控制器、存储器、输入设备、输出设备；软件系统一般分为系统软件和应用软件两大类。而硬件是计算机的“躯干”，软件则是计算机的“灵魂”，两者是一个有机的结合体，是计算机系统不可分割的组成部分，缺一不可。了解了这些知识以后，对于计算机的组装以及日后的维护很有帮助。总之，计算机的使用是与组装维护分不开的，既要注意硬件的维护，又要注意软件的维护。
五、马克思主义基本原理概论
学习过程
马克思主义是一个博大精深的理论体系，马克思主义是人阶级的世界观，是工人阶级认识世界和改造世界的思想武器，是工人阶级争取阶级解放和人类解放的科学理论，它是人类优秀文化成果特别是19世纪欧洲重大社会科学成果和工人运动相结合的产物。为我们提供了科学的世界观和方法论，马克思主义是时代精神的升华。
通过以一个阶段的学习，让我对马克思产生了极大的崇拜敬仰，从学习中我的得知马克思主义是一个博大精深的理论体系，马克思主义是工人阶级的世界观，是工人阶级认识世界和改造世界的思想武器，是工人阶级争取阶级解放和人类解放的科学理论，它是人类优秀文化成果特别是19世纪
求真善美，作为我们明辨是非，为人形事的座右铭。社会主义荣辱观作为时代的马克思主义，对我们的指引作用是巨大的。我们以社会主义荣辱贡作为行动指南也是将马克思主义作为行动指南。学习心得
我们大学生是一个非常不独立的群体，这主要体现在经济上的不独立。我们的开支几乎全来自父母和其他亲属。所以，这也就对我们的消费有了很大的限制，我们应该提倡艰苦奋斗，坚决抵制奢侈浪费。马克思主义对于这一点有非常经典的论述，那就是质变和量变的关系。任何事物发展都采取质变和量变的形式。度，是保持事物稳定性的数量和界限，全体事物的发展都是量与质的统一，量和质统一在度中得到体现。量变是质变的必要准备，质变是量变的必然结果，量变和质量是相互渗透的。大学生在消费过程中一定要注意度的概念。由俭入奢易，由奢入俭难。每每看到电视剧中落魄公子的形象，这应该给我们有些启发，对我们的行动有点指导。我们的校园里，看到的教授不是银装素裹，而最受到同学们的尊敬；教授骑自行车上课不被同学笑话，而是被我们在课堂上的风采所折服。一个民族也是这样，如果人人都奢侈浪费，不注意量入为出，毫无风险意识，那么这个民族也就危险了。
作,做一名大学生.其次，从家庭来讲，对于自己能解决的问题，父母可以不过问。但是对于关乎孩子命运前途问题上父母可以做出自己的见解。虽然有的时候我们会不耐其烦，但是有一天我们会发现你们的话很有用，至少作为父母的孩子和老师的学生我是这么认为的。对于父母的教训我都接受，我相信我们是有理由的。在当父母看到孩子接受了我们的观点时，我们也是高兴的。这不是一个权威在起作用，而是感到我们活出来的权威得到了别人的信服。
上面，从学校，家庭和个人方面做了阐明。虽然这三个方面对学生的作用不尽相同，但是我们之间也不是相互独立的。大学生作为学校家庭联系的枢纽，更应该处理好与我们的关系。我们要将个人的成长与社会的发展，学校制度的改进融合起来，增强自己对学校和家庭的不以人们的主观意志为责任感，努力学习，提高本领。自我反省，学校教育，家庭教育是我们能健康成长的保证，而我认为自我的反省是其中的关键。“吾日而省吾身”，“行年六十而知五十年之非”的警句和感慨都是自己我反省的结果。从原始的图腾崇拜到道教，再到西方人以上中的God,都是自我寻求的一种约束力和信仰。连布热津斯基也说：对主义享乐至上作为生活的指南，是构不成社会坚实的基础的。在大学生的成长过程中，学生本身就是构成自我坚实基础的一种约束力和信仰，而马
是像外人看来很神奇。作为计算机专业的学生，这样的专业术语或者专业知识是最基本的。
学习的时候没有想象中的那么难，只要上课能听懂就基本还可以。但是问题还是出在书本有点厚，有的时候上课的内容都要找很久才能找到，甚至有的时候老师讲的知识书本上是找不到的，是另外补充而且是相当重要的内容。有的时候开小差，没有听到老师讲的知识点，这就导致了以后的学习无法顺利进行，使得学习起来十分困难。所以在数据库这门课的学习中，上课一定要听牢，就像老师说的那样，这样的专业课如果想凭考试前几天突击是行不通的，必须是日积月累的知识才能取得好成绩。
通过对数据库的学习，我也明白了各行各业都离不开数据库，就算是一个小型的超市也离不开它。可见数据库这门课的广泛性，如果能够认真学好它将来必有成就。我就是抱着这种信念去学习数据库的。第一次接触数据库，第一次接触SQL语言，虽然陌生，但是可以让我从头开始学，就算没有基础的人也可以学得很好。刚开始练习SQL语言的时候，并不是很难，基本上都是按照老师的步骤来做，还很有成就感。后来学了单表查询和连接查询后，就慢慢发现越学越困难了，每个题目都要思考很久，并且每个题目基本上不止一个答案，所以必须找出最优的答案。后面的删除、插入、修改这些题目都变化蛮大的，书本上的例题根本无法满足我3
重要的知识点，即数据库系统DBS、数据库管理系统DBMS的概念以及数据库管理员DBA的职责。此外本章还介绍了数据库发展的三个阶段：人工管理阶段、文件系统阶段和数据库系统阶段。
第二章
介绍了数据模型和三层模式数据库。本章要求我们理解实体-联系方法，并学会绘制E-R图。此外还应掌握概念数据模型的意义和传统的三大数据模型，以及数据独立性和数据库三层模式结构。
接着开始着重讲述现在普遍使用的关系数据库。包括关系数据模型的数据结构和基本术语，关系模型的完整性约束和关系代数运算。重点是关系模式完整性的分类和功能，以及关系代数中集合运算和关系运算。最后介绍了关系数据库系统的三层模式结构。
第五章
系统讲述关系数据库的标准语言SQL的定义功能、查询功能、操作和控制功能。重点在于数据查询功能。另外还介绍了视图的用法和动态SQL中定义、操作和查询功能。
第六章
知识点有：存储过程的创建和执行过程、修改和删除；触发器的基本概念，建立，插入和删除视图，插入、删除和更新类触发器。最后介绍了数据完整性。
究。
第十二章
“数据库应用的结构和开发环境”并非重点，而第十三章的内容在软件工程课程中就已经掌握，所以这两章的知识点就略过了。
第十四章
章分布式数据库与分布式数据管理：概念；分布式数据库的分布方式；分布式数据库特点和目标——更新传播、分布式查询处理、目录表管理、分布式事务管理；SQLServer的复制及其术语、复制模型。
第十五章
数据仓库：概念；结构；数据仓库系统；建立数据仓库系统；实现数据仓库的数据库模型；数据仓库与决策支持。学习心得
面向对象的分析OOA、面向对象的设计OOD、面向对象的编程OOP，根据表的关系，用窗体和子窗体、报表和子报表，仿真面向对象，这样可以增加程序的可读性和可维护性。
用查询时，通常一步做不出来，可以分几步做，本人通常是这么做的(1)有些是SQL语言的限制，没办法一步做出来，逼的；(2)可以检查每一步查询的结果，容易调试；(3)增加可读性，便于日后维护。
七、Flash动画设计
学习过程
近几年来，Flash动画发展迅速。它以图、文、声一体的动态表现能力，极强的交互性，而深得人们喜爱。而我却赶不上时代潮流的发展，今天才在老师的指导之下迈出了这比较难迈的一步。
通过这几天来的学习，我了解动画原理，了解帧与层的概念。通过十个简单的动画制作实例，为我以后的学习打下基础。
Flash提供了功能齐全的绘图和编辑图形工具。可以直接在编辑区里绘画，编辑修改非常灵活。使我逐渐掌握了这些工具的功能和使用方法。
首先从简单的小球运动学起，逐渐学习画蝴蝶等。让我在绘制过程中逐渐掌握电脑调色的基本原理。学会了制作的元件或导入的素材保存在元件库里，要让元件登台表演，还要从元件库导入到工作区（舞台）中。通过落雨、水波效果等实例，理解了元件小舞台动作与主场景中动作的关系。
我还发现Flash动画的一大特点是“交互性”强。在动画播放时，可以用鼠标或键盘对动画的播放进行控制。这些
令我郁闷了好长一段时间。其实，任何的软件都只是一种工具而已，最终发光的还是你的大脑。一件好作品，最能打动人的是它的内在，它的创意。就算你画面再精美，内容的空洞还是会使观众觉得索然无味。之所以这么多的人热衷于Flash创作，就是喜欢用它做出天马行空、不拘一格的动画作品。所以，只有创意才能深深打动人，特别在这个日新月异的时代，人们太希望看到不同的面孔，听处不同的声音。创意是设计的灵魂，我想也应该是动画的灵魂吧！因此学习时不要沦为工具的奴隶，而忽略了你聪明的大脑，而应该驾驭它，让它为你服务。
看着人家漂亮的场景，精致的角色造形，常常艳羡不已。但是脑海中构想的画面，手却无法表达，这就是绘画功底的问题。由于不是学美术出身，所以画画成了学习路上的一只拦路虎。因为创意再好，配上十分粗糙的人物和画面，观众对这件作品的印象也不会深，当然，有些作品由于需要而故意做成粗糙的效果另当别论。要解决绘画的问题不是一两天的事，而是需要一个练习的过程，在这一点上没有速成可言，还是老老实实的画吧！
一提到”AS“，我的头就大了，十分不情愿与它”亲密接触"，它却像一道阴影跟随左右。当初差点被它拦在Flash的大门外，不过终于是熬过来了。
移动工具，可以对PHOTOSHOP里的图层进行移动图层。
矩形选择工具，可以对图像选一个矩形的选择范围，一般对规则的选择用多。
裁切工具，可以对图像进行剪裁，前裁选择后一般出现八个节点框，用户用鼠标对着节点进行缩放，用鼠标对着框外可以对选择框进行旋转，用鼠标对着选择框双击或打回车键即可以结束裁切。
套索工具，可任意按住鼠标不放并拖动进行选择一个不规则的选择范围，一般对于一些马虎的选择可用。
多边形套索工具，可用鼠标在图像上某点定一点，然后进行多线选中要选择的范围，没有圆弧的图像勾边可以用这个工具，但不能勾出弧度
磁性套索工具，这个工具似乎有磁力一样，不须按鼠标左键而直接移动鼠标，在工具头处会出现自动跟踪的线，这条线总是走向颜色与颜色边界处，边界越明显磁力越强，将首尾连接后可完成选择。
画笔工具，上色用的，也是用来对图像进行改色。橡皮擦工具，主要用来擦除不必要的像素。
铅笔工具，主要是模拟平时画画所用的铅笔一样，选用这工具后，在图像内按住鼠标左键不放并拖动，即可以进行画线
排除：效果会柔和些。
背后：仅作用于透明图层的透明部分相当于在一张透明纸的背面作图。
色相：将前景色调于原图像中而不改变其亮度和饱和度。
饱和度：将前景色的饱和度用于原图像中而不改变其亮度和色调。
颜色：仅将前景色的饱和度用于原图像而不改变其亮度。
亮度：仅将前景色的亮度用于原图像而不改变其色调和饱和度。
蒙版
蒙板是玻璃板，改动的时候很有用，不改变原来的东西，但是可以使效果变化，相当于是可以恢复的橡皮擦。
我在图层上建了一个蒙板，填充黑色时，蒙板下的图层将不可见。而蒙板填充白色时相当于透明的，不起作用。
比如一个图层，我要将左边一部分擦除，那么我可以给该图层添加一个蒙板，在蒙板左边部分用画笔描黑色，则左边将不可见（相当于擦除了）。区别于橡皮擦的是，橡皮擦擦了就没了，而蒙板上在黑色部分涂白色，则该处又能显示出来。
第四篇：《大学英语写作》课程教学大纲
《大学英语写作》课程教学大纲
一、课程的性质和任务
课程性质：大学英语写作是国际商务 / 商贸英语双专业的一门专业实践课。
主要任务：本课程涵盖cet-4应试作文的写作技巧，内容涉及词、句、段、篇诸多方面，从易到难，循序渐进，理论与实践相结合，旨在提高该专业学生的四级作文得分率。
二、课时分配
三、课程教学内容
第一章、cet-4 作文简介
重点：四级写作的基本要求、评分原则及标准
难点：作文命题形式及常考题型分析
第二章、写作技巧之遣词
重点：遣词的准确性、简洁性与生动性
难点：遣词的生动性
第三章、写作技巧之炼句
重点：炼句的统一性、连贯性与简洁性
难点：病句分析
第四章、写作技巧之组段——段落结构
重点：主题句、扩展句与结论句的写作
难点：主题句在段落中的位置
第五章、写作技巧之组段——展开段落的方法
重点：列举法、举例法、比较法、对比法、程序法、因果法、分类法、定义法、时空法 难点：举例法、对比法、因果法、分类法
第六章、写作技巧之组段——如何写好段落
重点：中心明确、内容充实、转合自然
难点：段落的起承转合 第七章、cet-4 常用文体解析
重点：描写文、记叙文、说明文、议论文
难点：议论文
第八章、应试对策
重点：审题和构思、列提纲、动笔、修改
难点：列提纲
第九章、cet-4 写作惯用表达及实践
重点：cet-4 写作惯用表达及实践
难点：cet-4 真题命题归类
第十章、文化教育
重点：范文解析
难点：真题练笔
第十一章、工作与家庭
重点：范文解析
难点：真题练笔
第十二章、兴趣爱好
重点：范文解析
难点：真题练笔
第十三章、人生观与价值观
重点：范文解析
难点：真题练笔
第十四章、科学与技术
重点：范文解析
难点：真题练笔
第十五章、社会问题
重点：范文解析
难点：真题练笔
第十六章、人类环境
重点：范文解析
难点：真题练笔
第十七章、运动与健康
重点：范文解析
难点：真题练笔
1问题的能力；引导学
教学环节。
3四、课程教学的基本要求 教学环节包括：课堂讲授及习题课、课外作业、考试考查等。、课堂讲授：采用启发式教学，培养学生思考问题、分析问题和解决生通过实践和自学获得知识，同时增加讨论课、现场课及质疑答疑等、教学辅助资料：cet-4全真/模拟卷（作文部分）。、实践课安排：本课程教学中安排有8课时作为实践课。
五、建议教材与教学参考书
王蕾、徐江主编，《作文应试技巧》，天津科技翻译出版公司，2002年9月
六、说明
1、本教学大纲适用于四年制的国际商务 / 商贸英语双专业。
2、本课程在该专业第二学期开设，每周2课时，共计36课时。
陆 霞编
徐仁凤审
第五篇：大学英语《英语教学法》课程论文
Essay of English Language Teaching
Abstract Much of human behaviours is influences by their experiences.The way language teachers teach in the classroom is to some extent influences by the way they learned language.This is especially true in foreign language teaching.Before we discuss language learning theories,let us first reflect on our own language learning experiences.Key Words Curriculum,management,pronunciation,grammar,vocabulary
Introduction One of the largest inhibitors for students is often mental block.While listening, a student suddenly decides that he or she doesn't understand what is being said.At this point, many students just tune out or get caught up in an internal dialogue trying translate a specific word.Some students convince themselves that they are not able to understand spoken English well and create problems for themselves.Body
1、Language and language learning The question that all approaches to language teaching should answer is,“What is language?” The answer to this question is the basis for syllabus design,teaching methodology,teaching and assessment procedures in the classroom.Different views on language generate different teaching methodologies.2、Communicative principles and task-based language teaching The ultimate goal of foreign language teaching is to enable is to enable students to use the foreign language in work or life when necessary.Thus we should teach that part of the language that will be used(rather than all parts of the language);and we should teach language in the way it is used in the real world.However this is not always the case in foreign language teaching.Very often there is a big gap between the language used in real life and the language learned in classroom.3、The national English curriculum Foreign language teaching in schools has enjoyed a long history in China.Since the early 1900s,the study of a foreign language has been regarded as one of the fundamental subjects in the curriculum of middle schools.However,due to political and social unrest,and the low living standards of the majority of the working people during the first half of the century,foreign language teaching had not achieved very much.4、Lesson planning Proper lesson planing is essential for both novice and experienced teachers.Although preparation does not guarantee successful lessons,walking into a classroom unprepared is more often than not the beginning of a disastrous lesson,Besides,students can immediately notice if their teacher is prepared or not.Unprepared teachers receive much less trust and cooperation from the students.A lesson plan is a framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decisions about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve it.In other words,teachers need to think about the aims to be achieved,materials to be covered,activities to be organised,and techniques and resources to be used in order to achieve the aims of the lesson.5、Classroom management Classroom management is the way teachers organised what goes in the classroom.It contributes directly to the efficiency of teaching and learning as the most effective activities can be made almost useless if the teacher does not organise them efficiently(Harmer,1983:200).Good managerial skills on the teacher are a very essential component of good teaching(Richard,1900),as the goal of classroom management is to create an atmosphere conductive to interacting in English in meaningful ways(Gebhard,1996).Efficient classroom management can be achieved.6、Teaching grammar In the teaching of English as a foreign language,discussions on pronunciation are not so much around the value of teaching pronunciation because pronunciation will take care of itself as the students develop overall language ability.However,there are people who assert that failure in pronunciation is a great hindrance to language learning.7、Teaching Vocabulary The value of grammar in foreign language teaching has been a focus of debate for decades and the focus of the debate has been on(1)the role of grammar in language teaching(2)the method in which grammar should be presented and practised grammar before we discuss methods for teaching grammar.8、Teaching listening Teaching listening skills is one of the most difficult tasks for any ESL teacher.This is because successful listening skills are acquired over time and with lots of practice.It's frustrating for students because there are no rules as in grammar teaching.Speaking and writing also have very specific exercises that can lead to improved skills.This is not to say that there are not ways of improving listening skills, however they are difficult to quantify.The key to helping students improve their listening skills is to convince them that not understanding is OK.This is more of an attitude adjustment than anything else, and it is easier for some students to accept than others.Another important point that I try to teach my students(with differing amounts of success)is that they need to listen to English as often as possible, but for short periods of time.9、Teaching speaking When we talk about speaking in class it is important to differentiate between the kind of speaking which occurs in mechanical drills and repetition, on the one hand, and situations where students use as much language as they can and where getting their message across is just as important as grammatical accuracy, on the other.In this article it is the latter kind of speaking that we are going to look at.There are three main reasons why it is important to encourage students to speak as fluently as possible.In the first place, speaking activities give them a chance for rehearsal-practising the real skill of speaking as a preparation for using it outside the classroom.Secondly, when students speak using all and any language they know, it provides valuable feedback about their language knowledge, for both them and their teachers.How well can they perform in spontaneous conversational situations? What do they seem to know? What are they finding difficult to achieve? Lastly, good speaking activities provoke genuine student engagement where they really get involved with the process of language learning in class.10、Teaching reading To accomplish this goal, instructors focus on the process of reading rather than on its product.They develop students' awareness of the reading process and reading strategies by asking students to think and talk about how they read in their native language.They allow students to practice the full repertoire of reading strategies by using authentic reading tasks.They encourage students to read to learn(and have an authentic purpose for reading)by giving students some choice of reading material.When working with reading tasks in class, they show students the strategies that will work best for the reading purpose and the type of text.They explain how and why students should use the strategies.They have students practice reading strategies in class and ask them to practice outside of class in their reading assignments.They encourage students to be conscious of what they're doing while they complete reading assignments.They encourage students to evaluate their comprehension and self-report their use of strategies.They build comprehension checks into in-class and out-of-class reading assignments, and periodically review how and when to use particular strategies.They encourage the development of reading skills and the use of reading strategies by using the target language to convey instructions and course-related information in written form: office hours, homework assignments, test content.They do not assume that students will transfer strategy use from one task to another.They explicitly mention how a particular strategy can be used in a different type of reading task or with another skill.By raising students' awareness of reading as a skill that requires active engagement, and by explicitly teaching reading strategies, instructors help their students develop both the ability and the ?confidence to handle communication situations they may encounter beyond the classroom.In this way they give their students the foundation for communicative competence in the new language.11、Teaching writing The most important factor in writing exercises is that students need to be personally involved in order to make the learning experience of lasting value.Encouraging student participation in the exercise, while at the same time refining and expanding writing skills, requires a certain pragmatic approach.The teacher should be clear on what skills he/she is trying to develop.Next, the teacher needs to decide on which means(or type of exercise)can facilitate learning of the target area.Once the target skill areas and means of implmentation are defined, the teacher can then proceed to focus on what topic can be employed to ensure student participation.By pragmatically combing these objectives, the teacher can expect both enthusiasm and effective learning.Choosing the target area depends on many factors;What level are the students?, What is the average age of the students, Why are the students learning English, Are there any specific future intentions for the writing(i.e school tests or job application letters etc.).Other important questions to ask oneself are: What should the students be able to produce at the end of this exercise?(a well written letter, basic communication of ideas, etc.)What is the focus of the exercise?(structure, tense usage, creative writing).Once these factors are clear in the mind of the teacher, the teacher can begin to focus on how to involve the students in the activity thus promoting a positive, long-term learning experience.12、Integrated skills One image for teaching English as a second or foreign language(ESL/EFL)is that of a tapestry.The tapestry is woven from many strands, such as the characteristics of the teacher, the learner, the setting, and the relevant languages(i.e., English and the native languages of the learners and the teacher).For the instructional loom to produce a large, strong, beautiful, colorful tapestry, all of these strands must be interwoven in positive ways.For example, the instructor's teaching style must address the learning style of the learner, the learner must be motivated, and the setting must provide resources and values that strongly support the teaching of the language.However, if the strands are not woven together effectively, the instructional loom is likely to produce something small, weak, ragged, and pale梟ot recognizable as a tapestry at all.13、Moral learning the coursework and the extended assignment, presentation and use of English are important.Care should be taken with punctuation, spelling and layout.Emphasizes principles and procedures of assessment that are of primary importance to educational practitioners.Includes construction of classroom tests, observation techniques, and performance measures;integration of assessment and instruction;norm-and criterion-referenced assessment;uses of standardized tests, current issues and controversies
14、Assessment in language teaching Teaching materials are any resources(traditional, electronic or digital)used for language learning and teaching purposes, including coursebooks, newspapers, recordings and videos.The following principles underlie the selection of materials.15、Learner differences and learner training
16、Using and creating resources To speak of the audio-visual method would be incorrect.Also in this case ,we are again dealing with a conglomeration of approaches which differ on from the other, and which have as their most important commons element that they all attend a great deal of important to the use of visual elements.As for as the objectives of FLT are concerned, these approaches also have a common interest.namely the fact that they reserve first place for oral skill.17、Evaluating and adapting textbooks
Conclusion As teachers, many of us have had the responsibility of evaluating textbooks.Often, we have not been confident about what to base our judgements on, how to qualify our decisions, and how to report the results of our assessment.It seems to us that to date textbook selection has been made in haste and with a lack of systematically applied criteria.Teachers, students, and administers are all consumers of textbooks.All these groups, of course, may have conflicting views about what a good/standard textbook is.However, the question is where they can turn to for reliable advice on how to make an informed decision and select a suitable textbook.The literature on textbook selection and/or textbook evaluation procedure is vast.Various scholars have suggested different ways to help teachers become more systematic and objective in their approach They have often offered checklists based on supposedly generalizable criteria.These sometimes detailed check-sheets use a variety of methods to assess how well a particular textbook under scrutiny measures up.Reference material
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