GPS中英文参考文献

第一篇：GPS中英文参考文献

参考文献：

[1] 刘基余.GPS卫星导航定位原理与方法.北京：科学出版社，2003

[2] 刘基余，李征航.全球定位系统原理及其应用.北京：测绘出版社，1993

[3] 王惠南，GPS导航原理与应用.北京：科学出版社，2003

[4] 贾金玲.微型计算机原理与接口技术课程设计指导.重庆：重庆大学出版社，2001.12

[5] 潘永雄.新编单片机原理与应用.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2003

[6] 张鹏.单片机原理及应用.成都：电子科技大学出版社，2004.8

[7] 白雪，徐雷钧，刘围海，黄振跃．基于单片机的GPS定位信息采集系统[J]．微计算机信息，2008，24(8—1)：228—229．

[8]黄凌．基于单片机的GPS信息处理系统[J]．现代电了技术，2007，(21)：60一61．

[9]赵建玲．51系列单片机开发宗典[M]．北京：电了工业出版社，2007．

[10]刘一杰，施一民，过静君．全球定位系统(GPS)的原理与数据处理[M]．上海：同济大学出版社，1996．

[11]Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite.Version.2007.01.00.000000000 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.2007.01 [8] GS1100 Seriers Operational manual.Verison1.0.Serf Company.2004.11

[12] MAX220-MAX249+5V供电、多通道RS-232驱动器/接收器.Rev15.Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.2006.01

[13] NMEA Protocol Specification.Verison1.31.Fastrax Oy.2003.06

第二篇：GPS中英文对照

Acquisition Time: 初始定位时间 Active Leg: 激活航线

Adapter: 转接器、拾音器、接合器

Airborne: 空运的、空降的、机载的、通过无线电传播的 Alkaline: 碱性的、碱性 Almanac: 历书、概略星历 Anti-Spoofing: 反电子欺骗

Artwork: 工艺、工艺图、原图ss Atomic Clock: 原子钟

Auto-controlling: 自动控制

Avionics: 航空电子工学;电子设备

Azimuth: 方位角、方位(从当前位置到目的地的方向)Beacon: 信标

Bearing: 方向，方位(从当前位置到目的地的方向)Bug: 故障、缺陷、干扰、雷达位置测定器、窃听器 Built-in: 内置的、嵌入的

Cellular: 单元的、格网的、蜂窝的、网眼的 Cinderella: 水晶鞋、灰姑娘

Coarse Acquisition Code(C/A): 粗捕获码 Cold Start: 冷启动

Connector: 接头、插头、转接器 Constellation: 星座

Control Segment: 控制部分

Converter: 转换器、交换器、换能器、变频管、变频器、转换反应堆 Coordinate: 坐标 Co-pilot: 飞机副驾驶

Cost-effective: 成本低，收效大的 Course: 路线、路程、航线

Course Deviation Indicator(CDI): 航线偏航指示

Course Made Good(CMG): 从起点到当前位置的方位 Course Over Ground(COG): 对地航向

Course To Steer(CTS): 到目的地的最佳行驶方向 Crosstrack Error(XTE/XTK): 偏航 De-emphasis: 去矫、去加重 Definition: 清晰度

Diagonal: 对角线、斜的、对角线的 Distinguishability: 分辨率

Dropping resistors: 减压电阻器、将压电阻器 Datum: 基准

Desired Track(DTK): 期望航线(从起点到终点的路线)Differential GPS(DGPS): 差分GPS Dilution of Precision(DOP): 精度衰减因子

Elevation: 海拔、标高、高度、仰角、垂直切面、正观图 Enroute: 在航线上、航线飞行 Ephemeris: 星历

Estimated Position Error(EPE): 估计位置误差

Estimated Time Enroute(ETE): 估计在途时间(已当前速度计算)Estimated Time of Arrival(ETA): 估计到达时间 Front-loading data cartridges: 前载数据卡 Geodesy: 大地测量学

Global Positioning System(GPS): 全球定位系统 GLONASS: 俄国全球定位系统

GOTO: 从当前位置到另一航路点的航线 Greenwich Mean Time: 格林威治时间 Grid: 格网坐标 Heading: 航向

Headphone: 戴在头上的收话器、双耳式耳机 Headset amplifier: 头戴式放大器 High-contrast: 高对比度

Intercom: 内部通信联络系统、联络用对讲电话装置 Intersection: 空域交界

Interface Option(I/O): 界面接口选项 Initialization: 初始化 Invert Route: 航线反转 Jack: 插座、插孔 Keypad: 键盘、按键 Kinematic: 动态的

L1 Frequency: GPS信号频率之一(1575.42 MHz)L2 Frequency: GPS信号频率之一(1227.6 MHz)Latitude: 纬度、纬线

Leg(route): 航段，航线的一段

Liquid Crystal Display(LCD): 液晶显示器

Local Area Augmentation System(LAAS): 局域增强系统 Localizer: 定位器、定位发射机、定位信标 Longitude: 经度、经线

Long Range Radio Direction Finding System(LORAN): 罗兰导航系统 Magnetic North: 磁北

Magnetic Variation: 磁偏角 Map Display: 地图显示 Meter: 米

Mount: 安装、支架、装配、管脚、固定件 Multiplexing Receiver: 多路复用接收机 Multipath: 多路径

Nautical Mile: 海里(1海里=1.852米).Navigation: 导航

Navigation Message: 导航电文

NAVigation Satellite Timing and Ranging(NAVSTAR)Global Positioning System: GPS系统的全称 National Marine Electronics Association(NMEA):(美国)国家航海电子协会 NMEA 0183: GPS接收机和其他航海电子产品的导航数据输出格式 North-Up Display: GPS屏幕显示真北向上 Observatory: 观象台、天文台 Offset: 偏移量

Omnidirectional: 全向的、无定向的

Orientation: 方位、方向、定位、倾向性、向东性 Panel: 仪表盘、面板

Panel-mount: 配电盘装配

Parallel Channel Receiver: 并行通道接收机 P-Code: P码

Photocell: 光电管、光电池、光电元件

Pinpoint: 极精确的、准确定位、准确测定、针尖 Pixel: 象素 Position: 位置 Position Fix: 定位

Position Format: 位置格式

Power-on: 接通电源

Pre-amplifier: 前置放大器 Prime Meridian: 本初子午线

Pseudo-Random Noise Code: 伪随机噪声码 Pseudorange: 伪距

Rack: 齿条、支架、座、导轨 Resolution: 分辨率 Route: 航线

RS-232: 数据通信串口协议

Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services(RTCM): 航海无线电技术委员会，差分信号格式

Selective Availability(SA): 选择可用性 Sidetone: 侧音

Source: 信号源、辐射体 Space Segment: 空间部分

Speed Over Ground(SOG): 对地航速

Specifcation: 详述、说明书、规格、规范、特性 Split Comm: 分瓣通信

Squelch:静噪音、静噪电路、静噪抑制电路 Statute Mile: 英里(1英里=1,609米)Straight Line Navigation: 直线导航

Strobe: 闸门、起滤波作用、选通脉冲、读取脉冲 TracBack航向向上显示 Track(TRK): 航向

Transceiver:步话机、收发两用机

Transponder: 雷达应答机、（卫星通讯的）转发器、脉冲转发机 Transducer: 渔探用探头、传感器 Triangulation: 三角测量 True North: 真北

Turn(TRN): 现时航向和目的地之间的夹角 Two-way: 双向的、双路的、双通的

Universal Time Coordinated(UTC): 世界协调时间

Universal Transverse Mercator(UTM): 通用横轴墨卡托投影 U.S.C.G.: 美国海岸警卫队

User Interface: 用户自定义界面 User Segment: 用户部分

Velocity Made Good(VMG): 沿计划航线上的航速 Viewing angles: 视角 Waypoint: 航路点

Wide Area Augmentation System(WAAS): 广域差分系统

World Geodetic System-1984(WGS-84): 1984年世界大地坐标系 Windshield: 防风玻璃、防风罩 Y-Code: 加密的P码

Yoke: 架、座、轭、磁轭、磁头组、偏转线圈

第三篇：建设部文献(中英文对照)

贯彻落实科学发展观大力发展节能与绿色建筑

（2005年2月23日）

中华人民共和国建设部

节能建筑是按节能设计标准进行设计和建造、使其在使用过程中降低能耗的建筑。

绿色建筑是指为人们提供健康、舒适、安全的居住、工作和活动的空间，同时在建筑全生命周期（物料生产，建筑规划、设计、施工、运营维护及拆除过程）中实现高效率地利用资源（能源、土地、水资源、材料）、最低限度地影响环境的建筑物。绿色建筑也有人称之为生态建筑、可持续建筑。

一、发展节能与绿色建筑的重要意义

建筑作为人工环境，是满足人类物质和精神生活需要的重要组成部分。然而，人类对感官享受的过度追求，以及不加节制的开发与建设，使现代建筑不仅疏离了人与自然的天然联系和交流，也给环境和资源带来了沉重的负担。据统计，人类从自然界所获得的50％以上的物质原料用来建造各类建筑及其附属设施，这些建筑在建造与使用过程中又消耗了全球能源的50％左右；在环境总体污染中，与建筑有关的空气污染、光污染、电磁污染等就占了34％；建筑垃圾则占人类活动产生垃圾总量的40％；在发展中国家，剧增的建筑量还造成侵占土地、破坏生态环境等现象日益严重。中国正处于工业化和城镇化快速发展阶段，要在未来15年保持GDP年均增长7％以上，将面临巨大的资源约束瓶颈和环境恶化压力。严峻的事实告诉我们，中国要走可持续发展道路，发展节能与绿色建筑刻不容缓。

绿色建筑通过科学的整体设计，集成绿色配置、自然通风、自然采光、低能耗围护结构、新能源利用、中水回用、绿色建材和智能控制等高新技术，具有选址规划合理、资源利用高效循环、节能措施综合有效、建筑环境健康舒适、废物排放减量无害、建筑功能灵活适宜等六大特点。它不仅可以满足人们的生理和心理需求，而且能源和资源的消耗最为经济合理，对环境的影响最小。

胡锦涛同志指出：要大力发展节能省地型住宅，全面推广节能技术，制定并强制执行节能、节材、节水标准，按照减量化、再利用、资源化的原则，搞好资源综合利用，实现经济社会的可持续发展。温家宝和曾培炎同志也多次指出，建筑节能不仅是经济问题，而且是重要的战略问题。

发展节能与绿色建筑是建设领域贯彻“三个代表”重要思想和十六大精神，认真落实以人为本，全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观，统筹经济社会发展、人与自然和谐发展的重要举措；是调整房地产业结构和转变建筑业增长方式，转变经济增长方式，促进经济结构调整的迫切需要；是按照减量化、再利用、资源化的原则，促进资源综合利用，建设节约型社会，发展循环经济的必然要求；是坚持走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路的重要体现；是节约能源，保障国家能源安全的关键环节；是探索解决建设行业高投入、高消耗、高污染、低效益的根本途径；是改造和提升传统的建筑业、建材业，实现建设事业健康、协调、可持续发展的重大战略性工作。

二、我国在发展节能与绿色建筑方面所做的主要工作

我国抓建筑节能是以1986年颁布北方地区居住建筑节能设计标准为标志启动的。经过近二十年的努力，建筑节能工作得到了逐步推进，取得了较大成绩，主要体现在以下几个方面：一是已初步建立起以节能50％为目标的建筑节能设计标准体系；二是初步形成了以《民用建筑节能管理规定》为主体的法规体系；三是初步形成了建筑节能的技术支撑体系；四是通过建筑节能试点示范工程，有效带动了建筑节能工作的发展；五是通过国际合作项目，引入了国外先进的技术和管理经验。据不完全统计，到2002年，全国城镇共建成节能建筑面积3.2亿平方米，实现节能1094万吨标准煤，减排CO22326万吨。

与此同时，伴随着可持续发展思想在国际社会的认同，绿色建筑理念在中国也逐渐受到了重视。1999年在北京召开的国际建筑师协会第二十届世界建筑师大会发布的《北京宪章》明确要求将可持续发展作为建筑师和工程师在新世纪中的工作准则。中国在绿色建筑发展上做了大量的工作，开展了绿色建筑关键技术研究，设立了“全国绿色建筑创新奖”，在办公建筑、高等院校图书馆、城市住宅小区、农村住宅等建筑类型进行了绿色建筑的实践。

三、目前存在的主要问题

（一）认识不到位

尚未将节能与绿色建筑工作放到贯彻科学发展观、全面建设小康社会、保证国家能源安全、实施可持续发展的战略高度来认识。

（二）缺乏有效的激励政策和强有力的法律法规

长期以来，国家对能源的管理偏重工业和交通节能，缺乏有效的激励政策引导和扶植节能与绿色建筑。我国现行的法律法规对能源、土地、水资源、材料的节约也没有可操作的奖惩方法来强制各方利益主体必须积极参与；而我部颁发的《民用建筑节能管理规定》，作为一个部门规章，力度远远不够。

（三）缺乏行之有效的新技术、新材料、新配件和新的设计及管理模式的推广交流平台

在西方发达国家，节能与绿色建筑已经有几十年的成功发展史。有的国家甚至已经取得经济发展和能耗持续下降的突出成就。及时、系统、广泛地引进它们的成功经验和技术，对引导我国刚起步的节能与绿色建筑的发展尤为重要。这对于我们少走弯路，加快节能与绿色建筑的新技术、新产品和管理经验的推广是不可替代的。

（四）标准规范体系还未形成虽然已先后颁布实施针对三个气候区的节能50％的设计标准，初步形成了比较完善的民用建筑节能标准体系；但针对公共建筑、工业建筑的节能标准尚未出台；关于建筑节能、节地、节水、节材和环境保护的综合性的标准体系还没有建立。

（五）缺乏有效的行政监管体系

对节能与绿色建筑工作相关的行政管理职能尚未予以高度的重视，缺乏有效的行政监管体系，管理薄弱，个别地方甚至放任自流。

（六）城市能源结构不合理，资源浪费现象严重

目前我国还是以煤为主要燃料，城市能源结构不合理，天然气等优质能源和太阳能、地热、风能等清洁可再生能源在建筑中利用率还很低。目前我国每年城乡新建房屋建筑面积近20亿m2，其中80％以上为高耗能建筑；既有建筑近400亿m2，95％以上是高能耗建筑。我国单位建筑面积能耗是发达国家的二至三倍，对社会造成了沉重的能源负担和严重的环境污染，已成为制约我国可持续发展的突出问题。同时建设中还存在土地资源利用率低、水污染严重、建筑耗材高等问题。

四、发展节能与绿色建筑的主要工作

发展节能与绿色建筑的指导思想是贯彻落实科学发展观，大力开展节能、节地、节水、节材等资源节约和环境保护工作，努力推进节能与绿色建筑的发展，实现建设事业可持续发展。

工作思路：一是全方位推进，包括在法规政策、标准规范、推广措施、科技攻关等方面开展工作；二是全过程监管，包括在立项、规划、设计、审图、施工、监理、检测、竣工验收、核准销售、维护使用等环节加强监管；三是全面展开，制定并强制执行包括节能、节地、节水、节材和环境保护标准；四是实行分类指导、区域统筹、整体推进、分阶段实施的工作方法；五是全社会参与，从政府到设计单位、施工图审查机构、施工单位、监理单位、质量监督机构、房地产开发企业、物业管理企业以至广大人民群众都要积极参与。

工作目标是：通过全面推

广节能与绿色建筑工作，争取到2020年，大部分既有建筑实现节能改造，新建建筑完全实现建筑节能65％的总目标，东部地区要争取实现更高的节能水平；基本实现新增建筑占地与整体节约用地的动态平衡；实现建筑建造和使用过程中节水率在现有基础上提高30％以上；新建建筑对不可再生资源的总消耗比现在下降30％以上；到2020年，我国建筑的资源节约水平接近或达到现阶段中等发达国家的水平，节能、节地、节水、节材和环境保护的经济和社会效益显著，转变经济的增长方式的成效突出。

主要措施为：

1、建立健全发展节能与绿色建筑的政策与法规体系；

2、完善节能与绿色建筑的技术标准支撑体系；

3、建立有效的发展节能与绿色建筑的行政监管体系；

4、加强节能与绿色建筑领域的国际交流与合作和培训宣传工作。

当前，构筑节能与绿色建筑先进技术与管理经验交流平台已经迫在眉睫。将于今年3月份召开的“首届国际智能与绿色建筑技术研讨会”暨“首届国际智能与绿色建筑技术与产品展览会”即是我部为加强国内外绿色建筑领域的交流与合作，促进我国绿色建筑技术与管理水平的提高，推动我国绿色建筑的发展而与国内外有关部门共同设立的一个交流平台。我们将把这个研讨会打造成为一年一度具有权威性、前沿性、广泛性的国际盛会。我部部长汪光焘同志任大会组委会主任，我任执行主任，我部原副部长、两院院士周干峙先生为大会学术指导委员会主任。本届大会的主办单位是中国建设部、科技部、英国贸易投资总署、加拿大住房署、新加坡建设局、印度建筑业发展委员会等。共有五大主题：一是智能、绿色建筑整体设计理论、方法和实例；二是建筑智能化技术；三是建筑节能技术及产品；四是绿色生态技术；五是绿色建材技术与设备。现在大会各项准备工作已基本就绪，预计将有近2000名来自国内外的智能和绿色建筑方面的政府官员、企业家、专家和学者参与技术交流和合作，这不仅对中国的建筑节能和绿色建筑发展有着积极的促进作用，而且对全球的可持续发展也将产生深远的影响。

Adhering to the Scientific View of Development & Promoting the Development of Energy Efficient and Green Buildings

Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of China February, 2005

Energy efficient buildings refer to those meeting energy efficient standards during design and building process and thus consuming less energy in use.Green buildings refer to those providing occupants with healthy, comfortable and safe living, working and leisure space, achieving high efficiency in utilizing resources(including energy, land, water, and materials)during the life cycle of buildings(including building materials production, planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance, and demolition), and minimizing the buildings' impact on the environment.Green buildings are also labeled as “Eco-Buildings” or “Sustainable Buildings”.I.The significance of promoting the energy efficient and green buildings.As a man-made environment, buildings play an integral part in physically and spiritually satisfying the demand of human being.However, due to the excessive pursuing of physical pleasure plus the over-exploitation of the natural resources, modern buildings have not only segregated the connection and communication between human beings and the nature, but also produced heavy burden on the natural environment and resources.According to statistics, more than 50％ of the materials man gathered from the nature are used for the construction of all kinds of buildings and their attached utilities, and another 50％ of the world energy are consumed during the construction and utilization of those buildings.Among environmental pollutions, construction-related air pollution, light pollution and electromagnetic pollution accounts for 34％;construction waste makes up 40％ of the trash produced by human.In the developing countries, the skyrocketing construction aggravates the misuse of land and the destruction of the ecological environment.China, in its process of industrialization and urbanization and with the objective of maintaining 7％-above annual growth rate of GDP in the next 15 years, will be faced with serious bottleneck of resource limitation and environmental deterioration.The situation shows that it is imperative for China to promote energy efficient and green buildings in the process of sustainable development.Through the scientific and systematic design, incorporated with such new and high technologies as green fittings, natural ventilation, natural lighting, low energy exterior protection system, new energy, water reuse, green building materials, intelligent control and so on, green buildings have with it six features: calculated site planning, efficient energy circulation, effective and comprehensive energy saving, healthy and comfortable building environment, innocuous and small amount of waste discharge, and flexible and convenient in functions.It could not only satisfy the physical and mental need of human beings, but also reduce the impact on the natural environment with its efficient energy consumption.Mr.President, Hu Jintao has pointed out that we shall develop land-saving housing, popularize energy efficient technology, and establish energy saving, material saving and water saving code;we shall utilize the resources in a thrifty way and apply the recycling methods in order to pursue the sustainable development of the economic society.Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and Vice-Premier Zeng Peiyan has reaffirmed that construction energy saving is not only an economic issue but also an important strategy.The development of energy saving technology and green buildings is an important approach in the construction field for pursuing the essential thought of “Three Represents” and the spirit of the 16th National Congress.It carries out the comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable scientific view of development, emphasizes the value of human beings, integrates the development of the economy and the society, and promotes the harmonization between the human beings and the nature.The purpose of this approach is to adjust the real estate structure, transform the mode of increase in the building and economy sector and promote the adjustment of economic structure.The principle lies in the thrifty utilization and recycling of the energy, thus facilitating the comprehensive utilization of the resources, building the saving-type society and developing the cyclic economy.It reflects that China is now sticking to its healthy developing path towards production development, wealthy life and sound environment.As a critical link in the process of energy saving and safeguarding national energy safety, this approach constitutes an essential method to solve such problems in the construction field as high investment, high consumption, heavy pollution and low profit, and it is the strategic work for the reform and upgrading of the traditional construction and construction material industry, facilitating the healthy, coordinated and sustainable development of the construction cause.II.Works have been done relating to energy efficient and green buildings

The Designing Standard for Energy Conservation in Civil Building of the Northern Areas 1986 was the landmark of Chinese energy efficient work.After almost two decades, great achievements have been made in the following aspects:

(1).Energy efficient design standard system with the goal of saving 50％ of the energy has been set up;

(2).Law system with The Regulations for the Administration of Energy Conservation in Civil Buildings as the principle has been set up;

(3).Technology supporting system of energy efficient building has been set up;

(4).Several pilot projects of energy efficient building has played the leading role of Chinese energy efficient building construction;

(5).Through international cooperation, advanced technologies and management experience have been introduced in China.According to incomplete statistics，there were 320 million square meters of energy efficient buildings in urban China, saving 10.94 million tons of standard coal, discharging CO2 223.26 million tons.At the same time, the ideology of sustainable development has been widely accepted by the international community, and green architecture has been more and more attached importance to.Beijing Charter, which had been issued in the 20th World Architect Convention Beijing 1999 of World Architect Association, clearly required that the sustainable development would be the working standard of all architects and engineers in the new century.China has done great job in the development of green buildings: the key tech-research of green architecture has been developed;“National for Green Buildings Innovation Award” has been set;many practices have been made in office buildings, libraries of colleges and institutions, urban residential communities, rural housing and other types of building.III.Problems to be addressed

(1)The lack of acquaintanceship

We shall place energy conservation and green buildings at the strategic level as implementing the scientific view of development, building a well-off society in an all-round way, safeguarding national energy and promoting the sustainable development.(2).The lack of efficient incentive policies and powerful law and regulations

The national policies have long laid particular stress on the energy efficient of industry and traffic, while energy efficient and green buildings lacks efficient encouragement policies and powerful laws and regulations.There are no existing laws and regulations in China with operational rewards and punishment methods to force all benefit parties to participate in the saving of energy, land, water and materials.The Designing Standard for Energy Conservation in Civil Buildings issued by Ministry of Construction as a ministry regulation has far less strength.(3).The lack of the communication platform of new technology, new material, new fittings and new design and management patterns.In the western developing countries, the energy efficient and green architecture has decades of histories.In some country, great achievement of economic development and lower the energy consumption has been made.To systematically introduce those successful experience and technology into China would help China to promote energy efficient and green architecture and spreading the relating new technology, new product and new management patterns.(4).The system of standards and norms has not been formed.The comparatively improved standard system of energy efficiency for residential buildings has preliminarily been shaped up, which enforces the designing standard for energy saving as 50％ for three climate areas one after another, but the standards for public and industrial buildings have not yet been promulgated and the comprehensive standard system for the building energy saving, the land, water and material efficiency and the environmental protection has not been set up.(5).The effective administrative regulatory framework is not in place.Importance has not been attached to the administrative functions related to energy efficiency and green buildings.Present administrative system is not effective with weak regulation.In some localities, management is even out of control.(6).The energy structure in cities is not reasonable and resources are wasted severely.Nowadays, by maintaining coal as the major energy source, the Chinese cities still remain unreasonable energy structure.The high quality energy such as natural gas and other clean renewable resources such as solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy etc.are slimly utilized in buildings.At present, 2 billion square meters of new housing are built annually in urban and rural areas in China, over 80％ of which are the ones with high-energy consumption.Among 40 billion square meters of existing buildings, over 95％ are the ones with high-energy consumption.The energy consumption per construction unit area in China is twice to three times the one in the developed countries.This caused heavy energy burden and serious environmental pollution that become the outstanding problem constraining the sustainable development of China.Meanwhile, during the construction, there exist problems such as low utilizing rate of land resources, serious water pollution and high consumption of building materials.IV.The main tasks of developing energy efficient and green buildings

The guiding ideas to develop energy efficient and green buildings are, with a view to adhering to the scientific view of development and fulfilling the sustainable development of construction sector, to make major efforts to launch the campaigns of resource conservation and environmental protection including the efficiency of energy, land, water and materials and promote the development of energy efficient and green buildings.The train of thought:

1.To push the work on from all aspects including regulations and policies, norms and standards, disseminating measures, and tackling hard-nut problems in science and technology, etc.2.To regulating the overall process from setting-up a project, planning, designing, examining drawings, construction, supervising, checking up, checking upon completion, approving the selling to maintenance.3.To promulgate and enforce the standards of energy, land, water and material efficiency as well as environmental protection.4.To use work methods featured by guiding according to classifications, regional coordination, promoting comprehensively and implementing by dividing different stages.5.To encourage the involvement of the whole society, besides the governments, designing units, organizations for examining drawings, constructors, supervisors, quality supervision organizations, developers, property management enterprises and the broad masses of the people.The objectives:

Through overall promotion, by 2020 the general objective will be fulfilled, i.e.upgrading projects to improve the energy efficiency of most existing buildings will be finished and all the new buildings will save 65％ energy.At the same time, the eastern areas are encouraged to reach a higher level of energy saving;the dynamic equilibrium between newly-constructed areas and overall saved lands is expected sustained basically;the water saving rate in the process of construction and utilization can be improved by more than 30％ comparing with the present level;and the total consumption of irrenewable resources by new buildings can be dropped by over 30％ nowadays amount.By the year 2020, the level of resource saving in construction sector in China is expected to approach or reach the one in the moderately developed countries at present.The remarkable economic and social effect will be achieved which can change the way of economic growth notably.Major measures:

1.To establish and improve the policies and regulation framework of developing intelligent and green buildings;

2.To perfect the technical standard supporting system of intelligent and green buildings;

3.To set up the effective administrative regulatory system for developing intelligent and green buildings;

4.To intensify the international exchanges and cooperation, training and publicity campaign as well.At present, to put up a platform for exchanging advanced technology and management experience of intelligent and green buildings is extremely urgent.“The 1st International Conference on Technologies of Intelligent and Green Buildings & the 1st International Expo on Technologies and Products of Intelligent and Green Buildings” which will be held in this March is such a platform jointly put up by our Ministry and relevant departments home and abroad in order to enhance the international exchanges and cooperation and improve the technical and management level of green buildings in China.We are doing efforts to make the Conference an annual great international event with authoritative, forward-looking and wide-ranging characteristics.Mr.Wang Guangtao, our Minister is the chairman of organizing committee, I am the executive director, Mr.Zhou Ganzhi, our former vice minister and members for the two Academies is the director of academic guiding committee of the Conferece.The sponsors are the Ministry of Construction, the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Department of Trade and Industry of the United Kingdom, Housing Department of Canada, Construction Department of Singapore, and the Construction Development Commission of India.The five themes of the Conference are as follows:

1.The overall designing theory, methods and cases of intelligent and green buildings;

2.The intelligent technology for buildings;

3.The technology and products of energy efficiency;

4.The technology of green ecology;

5.The technology and equipment of green building materials.Up to now, the preparation work has been already finished.2,000 participants including government officials, entrepreneurs, experts and scholars devoting to the field of energy efficient and green buildings from all over the world will attend the conference.It will not only give a strong impetus to the development of intelligent and green buildings in China, but also exert a great influence to the global sustainable development.

第四篇：市场营销毕业论文中英文文献

Ten Lessons for Improving Service QualityLeonard Berry, A.Parasuraman, and Valarie Zeithaml, 2003 [03-104]

Between 1983 and 1993, Berry, Parasuraman, and Zeithaml conducted a comprehensive, five-phase study of service quality in America under the sponsorship of the Marketing Science Institute.They have published a series of MSI monographs, journal articles, and several books based on this research.They reflected on their research journey in an MSI commentary that was published in 1993 and republished in 1994 by the Academy of Management Executive, and is now reprinted here.In the preface below they re-visit their reflections of ten years ago.Preface

Quality service helps a company to maximize benefits and minimize burdens for customers—the essence of delivering value.Because it is important to most customers and defies imitation by competitors, quality service offers a key competitive advantage.Indeed, firms in every industry have demonstrated the differentiating power of excellent service.Yet, despite this, price competition seems to dominate company efforts to provide value.The meteoric growth of Wal-Mart Stores—and the tendency of many firms to lower prices as a first response to softening demand—has focused so much marketing energy on price competition that it has become difficult not to assume that customers care only about price.A singular focus on price competition means that the firm is competing only on the “burden” component of value and ignoring the “benefit” component.Rather than investing in quality service to “decommoditize” the business, firms are emphasizing low price which serves to further “commoditize” the business.Service in America would be much improved if managers would embrace one central operating principle: the tougher the price competition in our industry, the more important quality service is to our company—because superb service gives customers non-price reasons to do business with us.In 1993, our purpose in writing a commentary was to consider our research findings and experience holistically as a foundation for offering guidelines to managers on improving service.We presented our guidance in the form of service quality “lessons,” identifying ten that applied across service industries and were essential to service improvement.They are as follows:

1.Lesson of listening －understand what customers really want through continuous learning about the expectations and perceptions of customers and noncustomers(e.g...by means of a service quality information system).2.Lesson of reliability－reliability is the single most important dimension of service quality and must be a service priority.3.Lesson of basic service－service companies must deliver the basics and do what they are supposed to do¬－keep promises, use common sense, listen to customers informed, and be determined to deliver value to customers.4.Lesson of service design－develop a holistic view of the service while managing its many details.5.Lesson of recovery－to satisfy customers who encounter a service problem, service companies should encourage customers to complain(and make it easy for them to do so), respond quickly and personality, and develop a problem resolution system.6.Lesson of surprising customers－although reliability is the most important dimension in meeting customers’ service expectations, process dimensions(e.g..assurance responsiveness, and empathy)are most important in exceeding customer expectations, for example, by surprising them with uncommon swiftness, grace, courtesy, competence, commitment, and understanding.7.Lesson of fair play －service companies must make special efforts to be fair and to demonstrate fairness to customers and employees.8.Lesson of teamwork－teamwork is what enable large organizations to deliver service with care and attentiveness by improving employee motivation and capabilities.9.Lesson of employee research－conduct research with employees to reveal why service problems occur and what companies must do to solve problems.10.Lesson of servant leadership－quality service comes from inspired leadership throughout the organization;from the effective use of information and technology;and from a slow-to-change, invisible, all-powerful, internal force called corporate culture.In our view, these ten lessons represented the foundation for service improvement.The potential for service improvement is diminished if even one of these ten essentials is missing.In our view, these ten lessons represented the foundation for service improvement.The potential for service improvement is diminished if even one of these ten essentials is missing.After ten years, the question of course is, Are the lessons still relevant? Do they still apply to American firms? We believe they do and wish more businesses had heeded them during the past ten years.Indeed, these lessons have stood the test of time;our regret is that so many firms have ignored them.Read, for example, the “Fair Play” section and ask yourself, Would the major airlines be in such financial distress today had they paid more attention to fundamental fairness? Many point to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack as the beginning of the airline industry’s troubles.In fact, the airlines began alienating frequent business travelers long before that, with anti-consumer policies that took advantage of business travelers’ inability to plan their travel weeks in advance.An industry that charges one customer $300 and another $1,300 for seats in the same class on the same flight—with the only difference the timing of the reservation—cannot and will not earn the confidence and loyalty of customers.As we write in the paper, “Customers expect service companies to play fair, and they become resentful and mistrustful when they perceive unfairness.”

If we were rewriting our paper today, we would emphasize the significance of quality service to all companies.We would argue that all companies are service companies in that all companies create customer value through services.Some firms

create value strictly through services and others through goods and services, but all stake their future on the quality of their service.We would stress even more than we did the importance of service reliability to earn the customers’ confidence and the importance of pleasant surprise to exceed customers’ expectations and establish strong relationships.We would stress the role of service quality in creating a differentiated brand;in services, the company is the brand and nothing is more powerful than customers’ actual experiences with the service in creating the brand.We also would stress the role of quality service in improving the quality of work life.Service excellence requires building an achievement culture in the organization, and achieving in one’s work is energizing and satisfying.Excellence is more fun than mediocrity for employees as well as customers.Yes, the ten service quality lessons still ring true ten years later.Indeed, in this post-Enron business climate, they seem to apply more than ever.The lessons remind us that excellent companies are excellent in the fundamentals.They listen to their customers and employees.They stand behind what they sell.They keep their promises.They invest in service “extras” that competitors ignore.They play fair and they play together.They view quality as a journey, not a destination—as a mission, not a program.提高服务质量的十项建议

里奥纳德·贝利，A·帕拉休拉曼，V·齐塞尔.2003 [03-104]

从1983年到1993年之间，贝利，帕拉休拉曼和齐塞尔等学者在美国营销科学协会的资助下对服务质量的五种差异进行了全面的研究，并且据此在MSI专栏、专业杂志和许多著作上发表文章。他们把自己的研究过程发表在MSI 1993年的一期专栏评论里，并且在1994年由美国行政管理协会再版。现在，它再次出版，下面让我们从序言中简单重访一下他们十年前的思考吧。

序言

优质的服务可以帮助企业实现利益的最大化和顾客成本的最小化，即实现价值传递的本质回归。优质的服务是竞争的关键，它对于大部分顾客和防止竞争对手的仿效有着重要的作用。事实上，每个行业中都有公司展现出优质的差异化服务所特有的魅力。然而，尽管如此，价格竞争仍然是个公司向顾客提供价值的有效主导。随着沃尔玛的迅速崛起和近年来更多的公司对于疲软的需求所采取的低价竞争策略使得越来越多的营销资源向价格的竞争策略倾斜，然而，很难说人们目前只考虑价格了。

对价格竞争的特别关注，意味着公司仅仅在顾客负担的价值部分进行竞争，而忽略了价值链中的利益部分。公司为了提升专业化往往强调进行降价而不是在服务质量上进行投资以改善其专业业务。如果管理人员都接受一个以如下为中心的经营主旨，那么美国的服务行业将大大的改善。这个主旨就是：更为激烈的价格竞争是我们的行业，我们公司的优质服务却更为重要。这因为一流的服务可以使顾客因为非价格因素而和我们合作。

1993年，我们在写评论的目的是考虑到我们的研究成果和经验可以给管理者提供从整体上改善服务的指导方针打下良好的理论基础。

我们根据服务质量差距的形式简述我们对于在整个服务行业以及服务改善的十个建议，它们是：

1.倾听— 通过不断的了解顾客以及非顾客群的期望来了解顾客的真正需求（例如：通过服务质量信息系统）。

2.可靠—可靠是衡量服务质量的重要标准，是优质服务的体现。

3.基本服务— 服务公司必须以此为基础并且做他们应该做的。例如：保持承诺，运用常识，倾听顾客需求，让用户获得必要消息，并且保证让用户体验的价值。

4.服务设计—在管理服务的众多细节的同时发展整体服务观念。

5.意见反馈— 为了使那些遇到服务问题的顾客满意，服务公司应该鼓励顾客多提意见（并且要让顾客能够方便的提出意见），并且快速而且人性化的回应顾客的意见以及建立一套意见反馈系统。

6.使顾客惊讶— 尽管在顾客的服务期望中可靠是最重要的衡量标准，而要超越顾客需求（例如：服务承诺，响应性以及人性化）就需要分析那些顾客的满意标准。例如：通过迅速的反馈速度、额外的优惠、礼貌服务、承诺以及对顾客的了解，使顾客感到惊讶。

7.公正— 服务公司必须采取特殊措施来保证顾客与员工的公平。

8.团队合作— 团队合作能够使得大集团通过改进员工工作动力和能力来提升服务。

9.员工研究— 对员工进行研究揭示了服务问题为什么发生以及公司为解决问题应该做什么。

10.领导的作用— 高品质服务来源于组织中领导的激励，良好的服务系统设计，信息和技术的有效运用，以及长期的、无形的、有力的、全面的力量即企业文化。

我们认为，这十个方面是改善服务的基础。如果连这十个要素都没有完全做好的话，那么改善服务质量的空间将会大大减少。

十年过去了，我们不禁会问这些建议还有用吗？它们是否仍然适用于美国公司呢？我们坚信，它们仍然可以，并且希望在过去的十年里有更多的企业听取了他们的建议。事实上，这些建议都经受住了时间的考验，令我们遗憾的是，许多的企业都忽略了他们。

举个例子，阅读本书“公平竞争”一章，并问自己如果各大航空公司能够更注重其本的公正，他们能有今天这样的财务危机吗？许多观点认为，2001年9.11的恐怖袭击事件是航空公司麻烦的开始。然而事实上，在那之前航空公司就开始忽略经常出差的顾客群体的利益。他们利用商务旅客不能提前数周安排行程的特点制定了不利于消费者的政策。同一航班上相同座位对一个顾客收费300美元，而对于另外一个顾客收费1300美元的唯一区别是他不能确定具体时间。这样的航空公司是不会赢得顾客的信任和忠诚的。当顾客感觉到不公平时，它就会产生不满和不信任。因此，我们在撰文时认为顾客期望企业能够在服务中予以公平。

如果今天要我们重写我们的著作，我们仍要强调优质服务的意义。我们认为，所公司都是服务公司，所有公司都是通过服务为顾客创造价值。一些公司通过建立严格的服务体系，一些是通过货物和服务为他人提供价值，但这都是其评价服务质量的一部分。我们要强调的不仅仅是我们通过获得顾客的信任以建立服务的可靠性，努力超越顾客的期望以创造顾客惊喜以及建立牢固的关系的重要性，我们更要强调服务质量在创造差异化品牌的作用。在服务方面，公司是品牌，没有什么比让顾客在创建品牌过程中的实际经验更有说服力。我们也将强调优质的服务在提高工作生活质量的作用。卓越服务的建立与优秀的组织文化，实践中不断的激励和满足是密不可分的。我们相信，对于员工和顾客来说，卓越比平庸更有吸引力。

是的，回头看看过去的十年，这些关于改善服务质量的建议仍然应用不广。但是，在这个后安然时代的商业环境，他们似乎比以往有更多的应用。这些建议告诉我们，在优秀的公司里往往是它们的基本层次做的优秀。他们能够倾听他们的顾客和员工，他们站在所卖的商品的深层次进行经营，他们信守承诺，他们投资于竞争对手忽视的 “额外”服务，他们公平经营，和平相处。在这些企业看来，质量是一个旅程，不是一个目标；是一种使命，而不是一个方案。

第五篇：关于现代工业机械手外文文献翻译@中英文翻译@外文翻译

附录

About Modenr Industrial Manipulayor Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on.With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being.The practicality use of robot not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program.Modern industrial robots are true marvels of engineering.A robot the size of a person can easily carry a load over one hundred pounds and move it very quickly with a repeatability of 0.006inches.Furthermore these robots can do that 24hours a day for years on end with no failures whatsoever.Though they are reprogrammable, in many applications they are programmed once and then repeat that exact same task for years.At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use.To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development.With he rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly;with the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal.Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal.The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for plastic producing with automation and high productivity.Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding.With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic

holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration, electronic, software and hardware.In this article, the mechanical configuration combines the character of direction coordinate which can improve the stability and operation flexibility of the system.The main function of the transmission mechanism is to transmit power to implement department and complete the necessary movement.In this transmission structure, the screw transmission mechanism transmits the rotary motion into linear motion.Worm gear can give vary transmission ratio.Both of the transmission mechanisms have a characteristic of compact structure.The design of drive system often is limited by the environment condition and the factor of cost and technical lever.The step motor can receive digital signal directly and has the ability to response outer environment immediately and has no accumulation error, which often is used in driving system.In this driving system, open-loop control system is composed of stepping motor, which can satisfy the demand not only for control precision but also for the target of economic and practicality.On this basis, the analysis of stepping motor in power calculating and style selecting is also given.The analysis of kinematics and dynamics for object holding manipulator is given in completing the design of mechanical structure and drive system.Current industrial approaches to robot arm control treat each joint of the robot arm as a simple joint servomechanism.The servomechanism approach models the varying dynamics of a manipulator inadequately because it neglects the motion and configuration of the whole arm mechanism.These changes in the parameters of the controlled system sometimes are significant enough to render conventional feedback control strategies ineffective.The result is reduced servo response speed and damping, limiting the precision and speed of the end-effecter and making it appropriate only for limited-precision tasks.Manipulators controlled in this manner move at slow speeds with unnecessary vibrations.Any significant performance gain in this and other areas of robot arm control require the consideration of more efficient dynamic models, sophisticated control approaches, and the use of dedicated computer architectures and parallel processing techniques.In the industrial production and other fields, people often endangered by such factors as high temperature, corrode, poisonous gas and so forth at work, which have increased labor intensity and even jeopardized the life sometimes.The corresponding problems are solved since the robot arm comes out.The arms can catch, put and carry objects, and its movements are flexible and diversified.It applies to medium and small-scale automated production in which production varieties can be switched.And it is widely used on soft automatic line.The robot arms are generally made by withstand high temperatures, resist corrosion of materials to adapt to the harsh environment.So they reduced the labor intensity of the workers significantly and raised work efficiency.The robot arm is an important component of industrial robot, and it can be called industrial robots on many occasions.Industrial robot is set machinery, electronics, control, computers, sensors, artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies in the integration of multidisciplinary important modern manufacturing equipment.Widely using industrial robots, not only can improve product quality and production, but also is of great significance for physical security protection, improvement of the environment for labor, reducing labor intensity, improvement of labor productivity, raw material consumption savings and lowering production costs.There are such mechanical components as ball footbridge, slides, air control mechanical hand and so on in the design.A programmable controller, a programming device, stepping motors, stepping motors drives, direct current motors, sensors, switch power supply, an electromagnetism valve and control desk are used in electrical connection.Robot is the automated production of a kind used in the process of crawling and moving piece features automatic device, which is mechanized and automated production process developed a new type of device.In recent years, as electronic technology, especially computer extensive use of robot development and production of hightech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the development of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and automation.Robot can replace humans completed the risk of duplication of boring work, to reduce human labor intensity and improve labor productivity.Manipulator has been applied more and more widely, in the machinery industry, it can be used for parts assembly, work piece handling, loading and unloading, particularly in the automation of CNC machine tools, modular machine tools more commonly used.At present, the robot has developed into a FMS flexible manufacturing systems and flexible manufacturing cell in an important component of the FMC.The machine tool equipment and machinery in hand together constitute a flexible manufacturing system or a flexible manufacturing cell, it was adapted to small and medium volume production, you can save a huge amount of the work piece conveyor device, compact, and adaptable.When the work piece changes, flexible production system is very easy to change will help enterprises to continuously update the marketable variety, improve product quality, and better adapt to market competition.At present, China's industrial robot technology and its engineering application level and comparable to foreign countries there is a certain distance, application and industrialization of the size of the low level of robot research and development of a direct impact on raising the level of automation in China, from the economy, technical considerations are very necessary.Therefore, the study of mechanical hand design is very meaningful.关于现代工业机械手

机器人是典型的机电一体化装置，它综合运用了机械与精密机械、微电子与计算机、自动控制与驱动、传感器与信息处理以及人工智能等多学科的最新研究成果，随着经济技术的发展和各行各业对自动化程度要求的提高，机器人技术得到了迅速发展，出现了各种各样的机器人产品。现代工业机器人是人类真正的奇迹工程。一个像人那么大的机器人可以轻松地抬起超过一百磅并可以在误差0.006英寸内重复运动。更重要的是这些机器人可以每天24小时不停止地工作。在许多应用中他们是通过编程控制的，但是他们一旦编程一次，他们可以重复地做同一个工作许多年。机器人产品的实用化，既解决了许多单靠人力难以解决的实际问题，又促进了工业自动化的进程。

目前，由于机器人的研制和开发涉及多方面的技术，系统结构复杂，开发和研制的成本普遍较高，在某种程度上限制了该项技术的广泛应用，因此，研制经济型、实用化、高可靠性机器人系统具有广泛的社会现实意义和经济价值。由于我国经济建设和城市化的快速发展，城市污染排水放量增长很快，污水处理已经摆在了人们的议事日程上来。随着科学技术的发展和人类知识水平的提高，人们越来越认识到污水处理的重要性和迫切性，科学家和研究人员发现塑料制品在水中时用于污水处理的很有效地污泥菌群的附着体。塑料制品的大量需求，使得塑料制品生产的自动化和高效率要求成为经济发展的必然。本文结合塑料一次挤出成型机和塑料抓取机械手的研制过程中出现的问题，综述近几年机器人技术研究和发展的状况，在从分发挥机、电、软、硬件各自特点和优势互补的基础上，对物料抓取机械手整体机械结构、传动系统、驱动装置和控制系统进行了分析和设计，提出了一套经济型设计方案。采用直角坐标和关节坐标相结合的框架式机械结构形式，这种方式能够提高系统的稳定性和操作灵活性。传动装置的作用是将驱动元件的动力传递给机器人机械手相应的执行机构，以实现各种必要的运动，传动方式上采用结构紧凑、传动比答得蜗轮蜗杆传动和将旋转运动转换为直线运动的螺旋传动。机械手驱动系统的设计往往受到作业环境条件的限制，同时也要考虑价格因素的影响以及能够达到的技术水平。由于步进电机能都直接接收数字量，响应速度快而且工作可靠并无累计误差，常用作数字控制系统驱动机构的动力元件，因此，在驱动装置中采用由步进电机构成的环控制方式，这种方式技能满足控制精度的要求，又能达到经济型、实用化目的。

目前的工业机械臂控制将每一个机械臂的联合看做一个简单的联合伺服。伺服方法不能从分地模仿不同的动力学机械手，因为它忽略了机械手整体的运动和配置。这些控制系统的参数的变化有时是足够重要，以至于使常规的反馈控制方法失效。其结果是减少了伺服相应的速度和阻尼，限制了京都和最终效应的速度，使系统仅适用于有限精度的工作。机械手以这种方式控制速度降低而没有不必要的震动。任何在这一领域和其它领域的机械臂性能增益要求更有效率的动态模型、精密的控制方法、专门的计算机架构和并行处理技术。

在工业生产和其它领域内，由于工作的需要，人们经常受到高温、腐蚀及有毒气体等因素的危害，增加了工人的劳动强度，甚至于危及生命。自从机械手问世以来，相应的各种难题迎刃而解。机械手可在空间抓、放、搬运物体，动作灵活多样，适用于可变换生产品种的中、小批量自动化生产，广泛应用于柔性自动线。机械手一般由耐高温，抗腐蚀的材料制成，以适应现场恶劣环境，大大降低了工人的劳动强度，提高了工作效率。机械手是工业机器人的重要组成部分，在很多情况下它就可以称为工业机器人。工业机器人集机械、电子、控制、计算机、传感器、人工智能等多学科先进技术于一体化的现代制造业重要的自动化装备。广泛采用工业机器人，不仅可以提高产品的质量与产量，而且对保障人身安全，改善劳动环境，减轻劳动强度，提高劳动生产率，节约原材料消耗以及降低生产成本，有着十分重要的意义。

工业机械手是工业机器人的一个重要分支。它的特点是可通过编程来完成各种预期的作业任务，在构造和性能上兼有人和机器各自的优点，尤其体现了人的智能和适应性。机械手作业的准确性和各种环境中完成作业的能力，在国民经济各领域有着广阔的发展前景。随着工业自动化的发展, 出现了数控加工中心,它在减轻工人的劳动强度的同时, 大大提高了劳动生产率。但数控加工中常见的上下料工序, 通常仍采用人工操作或传统继电器控制的半自动化装置。前者费时费工、效率低;后者因设计复杂, 需较多继电器,接线繁杂, 易受车体振动干扰,而存在可靠性差、故障多、维修困难等问题。可编程序控制器PLC控制的上下料机械手控制系统动作简便、线路设计合理、具有较强的抗干扰能力, 保证了系统运行的可靠性,降低了维修率, 提高了工作效率。机械手技术涉及到力学、机械学、电气液压技术、自动控制技术、传感器技术和计算机技术等科学领域，是一门跨学科综合技术。

机械手主要由手部和运动机构组成。手部是用来抓持工件（或工具）的部件，根据被抓持物件的形状、尺寸、重量、材料和作业要求而有多种结构形式，如夹持型、托持型和吸附型等。运动机构，使手部完成各种转动（摆动）、移动或复合运动来实现规定的动作，改变被抓持物件的位置和姿势......机械手是在自动化生产过程中使用的一种具有抓取和移动工件功能的自动化装置，它是在机械化、自动化生产过程中发展起来的一种新型装置。近年来，随着电子技术特别是电子计算机的广泛应用，机器人的研制和生产已成为高技术领域内迅速发展起来的一门新兴技术，它更加促进了机械手的发展，使得机械手能更好地实现与机械化和自动化的有机结合。机械手能代替人类完成危险、重复枯燥的工作，减轻人类劳动强度，提高劳动生产力。机械手越来越广泛的得到了应用，在机械行业中它可用于零部件组装，加工工件的搬运、装卸，特别是在自动化数控机床、组合机床上使用更普遍。目前，机械手已发展成为柔性制造系统FMS和柔性制造单元FMC中一个重要组成部分。把机床设备和机械手共同构成一个柔性加工系统或柔性制造单元，它适应于中、小批量生产，可以节省庞大的工件输送装置，结构紧凑，而且适应性很强。当工件变更时，柔性生产系统很容易改变，有利于企业不断更新适销对路的品种，提高产品质量，更好地适应市场竞争的需要。而目前我国的工业机器人技术及其工程应用的水平和国外比还有一定的距离，应用规模和产业化水平低，机械手的研究和开发直接影响到我国自动化生产水平的提高，从经济上、技术上考虑都是十分必要的。因此，进行机械手的研究设计是非常有意义的。