如何写英文摘要

第一篇：如何写英文摘要

Ei数据库文摘要求

Ei数据库文摘要求 : 对于科技期刊的文章，文摘主要由三部分组成，即：研究的问题、过程和方法、结果。

文摘只有写得正确，写的好, 才能起到帮助读者了解原文的作用。因此必须对文献进行认真的主题分析，找出文献的主题概念，正确地组织好这些主题内容，简明准确完整地写出文摘来。文摘长度一般不超过150 words。少数情况下允许例外，视原始文献而定。在不遗漏主题概念的前提下，文摘应尽量简洁。

1.缩短文摘方法

(1)取消不必要的字句：如

It is reported..Extensive investigations show that..The author discusses..This paper concerned with..文摘开头的“In this paper,”

(2)对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化；

(3)取消或减少背景信息(Background Information)；以下是一篇不成功的文摘：

根据传统光学干涉原理研制出的相位调制型光纤传感器，其突出的优点是灵敏度高，但却只能进行相对测量，因此本文介绍了能实现绝对测量的全光纤白光干涉型光纤传感器及其检测技术，该技术基于白光干涉的绝对测量原理。

该文摘用一半的篇幅介绍了背景信息，对自己的工作却只做了泛泛的介绍。限制文摘只表示新情况, 新内容, 过去的研究细节可以取消；

(4)不说无用的话，如:

·本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老工艺的一个极大的改进，·本工作首次实现了..，·经检索尚未发现与本文类似的文献

等词句切不可进入文摘；

(6)作者在文献中谈及的未来计划不纳入文摘；

(7)尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元，如：

不用 at a temperature of 250 ℃ to 300℃

而用 at 250℃-300℃

不用 at a high pressure of 2000 psig

而用 at 2000 psig

不用 at a high temperature of 1500 ℃

而用 at 1500℃

不用 discussed and stu1died in detail

而用 discussed

(8)文摘第一句应避免与题目(Title)重复。

2.文体风格

(1)文摘叙述要完整，清楚，简明；

(2)尽量用短句子并避免句形单调；

(3)用过去时态叙述作者工作, 用现在时态叙述作者结论；如: The structure of dislocation cores in GaP was investigated by

weak-beam electron microscopy.The disloca-tions are dissociated into two Shokley partials with separations of 80 ± 10 and 40 ± 10 A

in the pure edge and screw cases respectively.The results show that...”

(4)可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式；例如:

用 Thickness of plastic sheets was measured.不用Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made.(5)注意冠词用法，不要误用，滥用或随便省略冠词。

(6)避免使用一长串形容词或名词来修饰名词，可以将这些词分成几个前置短语，用连字符连接名词组，作为单位形容词（一个形容词）。

如应用The chlorine-containing propylene-based polymer of high meld index.代替 The chlorine containing high melt index propylene based polymer.(7)不使用俚语外语表达概念, 应用标准英语；

(8)量用主动语态代替被动语态；

(9)尽量用简短、词义清楚并为人熟知的词；

(10)慎用行话和俗语；

(11)语言要简练，但不得使用电报型语言;如:

Adsorption nitrobenzene on copper chromite investiga-tion.应为 Adsorption of nitrobenzene on copper chromite was investigated.(12)文词要纯朴无华, 不多姿多态的文学性描述手法；

(13)组织好句子, 使动词尽量靠近主语;例如：

不用：The decolorization in solutions of the pigment in dioxane, which were exposed to 10 hr of UV irradiation, was no longer irreversible.而用：When the pigment was dissolved in dioxane, decolorization was irreversible after 10 hr of UV irradiation.(14)删繁从简;如用increased 代替 has been found to increase

(15)文摘中涉及其他人的工作或研究成果时，尽量列出他们的名字；

(16)文摘词语拼写，用英美拼法都可以，但在每篇文章中须保持一致。

(17)文摘中不能出现“图××”、“方程××”和“参考文献××”等句子。

3.文摘中的特殊字符

特殊字符主要指各种数学符号、上下脚标及希腊字母，它们无法直接输入计算机，因此都需转成键盘上有的字母和符号。

Ei对此有专门规定。希望在文摘中尽量少用特殊字符及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式。因为它们的输入极为麻烦，而且极易出错，影响文摘本身的准确性和可读性，应尽量不用，改用文字表达或文字叙述.更复杂的表达式几乎难以输入, 应设法取消。

4.缩写字及首字母缩写词(Abbreviations and Acronyms)

对那些已经为大众所熟悉的缩写词，如radar、laser、CAD等，可以直接使用。对于那些仅为同行所熟悉的缩略语，应在题目、文摘或键词中至少出现一次全称。

第二篇：英文摘要

谈谈英文摘要的书写技巧

随着科学技术的发展，为满足对外交流的需要，国家统一规定，公开发表的学术论文应附有英文摘要。

英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样，包括目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。但是，英文有其自身特点，最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长，同样内容的一段文字，若用英文来描述，其占用的版面可能比中文多一倍。因此，撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了，力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。第一，对所掌握的资料进行精心筛选，不属于上述“四部分”的内容不必写入摘要。第二，对属于“四部分”的内容，也应适当取舍，做到简明扼要，不能包罗万象。比如“目的”，在多数标题中就已初步阐明，若无更深一层的目的，摘要完全不必重复叙述；再如“方法”，有些在国外可能早已成为常规的方法，在撰写英文摘要时就可仅写出方法名称，而不必一一描述其操作步骤。

中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性，目前对这个问题的认识存在两个误区，一是认为两个摘要的内容“差不多就行”，因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容，或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容，这样很容易造成文摘重心转移，甚至偏离主题；二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏，这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复，显得拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容，不能随意增删，但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动，具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则，符合英文专业术语规范，并照顾到英文的表达习惯。

选择适当的时态和语态，是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。通常情况下，摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的，而应根据具体内容而有所变化，否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循，其中存在着如下一些规律：

1、时态：大体可概括为以下几点。

1）叙述研究过程，多采用一般过去时。

2）在采用一般过去时叙述研究过程当中提及在此过程之前发生的事，宜采用过去完成时。

3）说明某课题现已取得的成果，宜采用现在完成时。

4）摘要开头表示本文所“报告”或“描述”的内容，以及摘要结尾表示作者所“认为”的观点和“建议”的做法时，可采用一般现在时。

2、语态：在多数情况下可采用被动语态。但在某些情况下，特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时，又常用主动语态，其优点是鲜明有力。

掌握一定的遣词造句技巧的目的是便于简单、准确的表达作者的观点，减少读者的误解。

1、用词力求简单，在表达同样意思时，尽量用短词代替长词，以常用词代替生僻词。但是当描述方法、步骤时，应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如，英文中有不少动词，do,run,get,take等，虽简单常用，但其意义少则十几个，多则几十个，用这类词来描述研究过程，读者难免产生误解，甚至会不知所云，这就要求根据具体情况，选择意义相对明确的词，诸如perform,achieve等，以便于读者理解。

2、造句

1）熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：尽管英文的句型种类繁多，丰富多彩，但摘要的常用句型却很有限，而且形成了一定的规律，大体可归纳为

a）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首In order to……This paper describes…, …The purpose of this study is……

b）表示研究的对象与方法The [curative effect/sensitivity/function] of certain [drug/kit/organ….] was [observed/detected/studied…]

c）表示研究的结果：[The result showed/It proved/The authors found] that……

d）表示结论、观点或建议：The authors [suggest/conclude/consider] that…

2）尽量采用-ing 分词和-ed 分词作定语，少用关系代词 which , who 等引导的定语从句。由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时，使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变的复杂，而且容易造成时态混乱（因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的“时间差”，而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定）。采用-ing 分词和-ed 分词作定语，在简化语句的同时，还可以减少时态判定的失误。

以上所述只是撰写英文摘要时应注意的问题中的一小部分，尚有许多问题，需要进一步探讨。总之，英文摘要作为论文的重要组成部分，其修改和完善是永无止境的。

第三篇：摘要英文

摘要

温度是生产过程中常见和重要的物理参数。在日常生活和工业生产中，人们对温度测量的要求越来越高，主要表现在测量的精度、可靠性、稳定性等方面。温度的测量直接关系到产品的质量、生产效率以及生产安全等重大技术指标。同时，测温系统的成本和便携性也越来越受到人们的关注。传统的温度测量系统中，温度测量环节是由模拟温度传感器加上高性能的运放和A/D转换器构成，然后通过单片机进行控制，因而，所需的外围器件较多，硬件成本开销很大。基于片上可编程系统PSoC因在其芯片内部集成了丰富的模拟和数字模块，使一系列的控制任务大部分都可以在芯片内部完成，而且其可动态编程配置的功能，使其具有很高的灵活性，使得控制方便且生产成本比较低，所以在工业生产控制中得到了广泛的应用。本文设计了一种以Pt1000作为温度传感器，以可编程片上系统PSoC作为核心芯片，采用片内的模拟和数字IP核资源，利用Modbus协议进行上位机通信的温度测量系统。系统拟采用公司自主研发的温度采集器，集成为高密度温度采集系统，是针对高密度、高精度的监控，以及对于存在众多热电阻的场合设计的温度测量系统。

本文首先介绍了课题研究的背景和意义，并分析了当前温度测量技术和可编程片上系统PSoC的研究现状。以可编程片上系统芯片CY8C5868AXI-LP032作为系统核心，设计了硬件电路整体结构，系统分为四个子模块，温度采集模块、放大模块、A/D转换模块、通信模块。选取铂电阻Pt1000作为温度传感器，铂电阻采用三线制接法。温度信号输入电路采用独特的电桥电路测量技术，具有没有引线电阻影响，抗干扰能力强，电桥电路与测量电路完全隔离等优点。电桥电路中输出的模拟电压经过放大后，输入至AD转换器中变为数字信号，再由处理器换算出相应温度，在硬件电路设计中对各部分子电路进行了原理和功能的介绍，其中在对Δ-ΣADC配置时，根据系统要求对其分辨率、采样率进行相关参数配置。在系统硬件设计平台的基础上，使用PSoC Creator2.0集成开发环境进行了系统软件的设计，其中包括温度信号采集、AD值与温度值的转换、温度补偿、Modbus通信协议和信息帧格式等。设计中主要针对的是实际温度值获取、温度误差补偿的设计，其中采用的主要方法是分段线性化和线性标度变换相结合的方

法。为满足PSoC与计算机的通信加入了基于Modbus的通信协议，采用RS485接口标准来完成两者之间的数据发送和接收，在PSoC内部配置了全双工通信UART的各个参数，采用CRC循环冗余的校验方式。最后对系统进行调试，以测试工程的运行情况，首先使用PSoC的专用下载工具PSoC MiniProg对系统进行下载烧写接口调试，通过Visual Basic进行通信测试，然后通过电阻箱模拟铂电阻温度测试。最后对本文的的工作进行了总结，同时对其作出进一步展望。

关键词：温度检测；PSoC；

；通信PT1000 Modbus

Abstract

Temperature is a common and important physical parameter in the production process.In daily life and industrial production, people have become increasingly demanding of temperature measurement, mainly performances in the measurement accuracy, reliability, stability and so on.Temperature measurement is directly related to the major technical indicators such as product quality, production efficiency production safety.In the meanwhile, more and more attention is paid to the cost and portability of the temperature measurement system.In Conventional temperature measuring system, the unit of temperature measurement is composed of analog temperature sensor, a high performance amplifier, A/D converter and controlled by the Single-Chip Microcomputer, Therefore, it not only needs more peripheral device, but also the hardware cost is expensive.PSoC programmable system on a chip have integrated so many analog and digital blocks that plenty of control tasks can be completed in the chip, and the capability of programming configured dynamically make it more flexible, because of controlled easily and relatively low production costs, so it is widely used in industrial production control.This paper designs a temperature measurement system with PSoC programmable system on chip as the core, which use Pt1000 as temperature sensor, make use of the analog and digital IP core resources and communication with the host computer adopting the modbus protocol.The design uses the collector temperature produced by their company, integrated as a measurement collector system of high density.It aims at a high density and high precision monitor, and can be applied to the condition with a number of thermal resistors.First, this paper introduces the background and significance of the research, and analyzes the research status of the temperature measurement technology and the PSoC programmable system on chip.The hardware which uses the programmable system on chip-CY8C5868AXI-LP032 as the core of the system designs of the entire circuit configuration.There are four subsystems, including temperature acquisition module,amplifier module, A/D converter module, communication module.Select the Pt1000 platinum resistance using three-wire connection as temperature sensors.The signal input uses a unique bridge circuit as measurement technology which has its advantages in anti-jamming capability, the impact of lead resistance, the bridge and measuring circuit isolated completely.Analog voltage from the bridge circuit is amplified and converted into digital signal, then acquire corresponding temperature through the processor, and introduce the principle and function of each subsystem in the design of hardware circuit.According to system requirements, Δ-ΣADC is configured the relevant parameters, such as resolution, sampling rate.On the basis of the system hardware design platform, using PSoC Creator2.0 integrated software development environment for the design of the system, including the temperature signal acquisition, AD value and temperature value, temperature compensation, Modbus communication protocol and message frame format.Design is mainly aimed at the actual temperature acquisition, temperature error compensation, the main method of which combines the piecewise and linear scale transformation.To meet the communication with the computer, the communication protocol based on Modbus is joined in PSoC, adapting RS485 interface standards to complete the sending and receiving data between the two, and configuring each parameter of UART of full-duplex communication inside the PSoC, using CRC cyclic redundancy check.Finally, the system is tested to check the operation of the project.Firstly, using the special download tools, PSoC MiniProg to debug the download programming interfaces, visual basic is for communication test, then the resistance box simulate platinum resistance temperature test.Finally, summarizing the work of this paper, at the same time, the further prospects are made.Keywords: Temperature measure;PT1000;PSoC;Modbus communication

第四篇：英文摘要（推荐）

Abstract

With the rapid development of market economy in China, China's capital market has undergone tremendous changes.The number of listed companies is increasing, more and more large scale of capital, the demand is also growing, so how to obtain the capital, that is how to determine the company's financing of listed companies has become the primary problem to be considered, the capital is a company's survival foundation, therefore, how to minimize the cost of access to enterprise required capital and does not influence the enterprise own development will not bring any negative influence to become a difficult problem to solve.Along with our country market economy system 's development and perfection, but also will have more enterprises through listing financing, therefore, in-depth study of China's listed companies financing structure, to understand how to minimize the cost of establishing the best capital structure in order to achieve the maximization of enterprise value, to achieve the objectives of financial management has important theoretical and practical significance.This article takes the modern capital theory as theoretical background, analysis western listed companies financing preference and the present condition of listed companies, the China's listed companies financing tendency to exist, from the factors of the cost of capital, corporate governance, capital market and other aspects of verification, the financing structure of Chinese listed companies and financing cost exist issues discussed and put forward the corresponding suggestions.随着我国市场经济体制的发展与完善，还将有更多的企业通过上市来融资，因此，深入研究我国上市公司的融资结构，了解如何以最小的代价建立最佳资本结构以便达到企业价值最大化，实现财务管理的目标具有重要的理论和现实意义。

本文以现代资本理论为背景，分析西方上市公司的融资偏好与我国上市公司的现状，得出我国上市公司的融资倾向，对存在的成因从资本成本、公司治理结构、资本市场等方面进行论证，

第五篇：完整英文摘要

lee's culture is located in the west of Long shan mountain, WeiShui river of the ancient county, is one of the cradles of Chinese ancient civilization, and also the birthplace of The lee.With Dunhuang culture, Tianshui fuxi culture, LaBuLengSi Tibetan Buddhism culture is one of four culture of Gansu province.But at present, the cultural development of West gansu is lagging behind, a lot of development and utilization of resources is difficult to get, it has to do withWest gansu geographical position relatively closed, human resources development has a close relationship.Lee's culture as an important form about culture, also suffered a bottleneck in its development, lee's cultural history and contemporary development not well together, especially in the promotion and development of invested is not enough, lead to lee's culture has been difficult to familiar to the general public.Local economic backward culture is difficult to promote the development process.Fully realize the importance of West gansu lee culture, reasonable and effective development of lee's culture, make its internal value have spread wider, deeper reach to culture to promote economic and cultural development dual goal.Cultural characteristicscountermeasuresThe economic

development