法律英语教程第2单元text a翻译[最终版]

第一篇：法律英语教程第2单元text a翻译[最终版]

例如，在重申了其1973年的堕胎裁定的1992年裁定中，最高法院以“一种强烈地分裂的争议”的方式谈及了堕胎案，这种争议“有寻常案件的判决所不具有的维度”。这种“罕见的有先例的力量”在“最高法院对宪法的解释要求国家级争议中争先的一方通过接受一项普通的指令来停止其国家分裂行为，这一指令通常是有碍的而且有先例的会产生寻常非宪法案件中产生的司法裁定。（？）”

第二，尝试都没有考虑“测试性的个案”诉讼，这种诉讼现在在最高法院以及下级的联邦法院例行公事地考虑。许多讼案都是超越了任何一方的私人利益的真正地“公开法律诉讼”。在整体上，焦点反而几乎只在被提起的议题以及他们对公众的影响上。一个例子就是集体诉讼案，在其中，最初的原告以及他/她的问题可能就是全部，但却有可能被遗忘，但是诉讼无论如何会代表着处于相似境遇的待定的一群人继续下去。

最终，一如将要在下一部分被讨论和在案件中被展示的，宪法条款的解释将远异于法庭将涉及的“寻常”颁布的法律的解释。确实，一些人暗示美国的宪法审查根本就不是司法的，它被更准确地描述为被“小心地隐藏”在法庭终止法律的“谎言”背后的。我们早已看到“司法的哲学”是怎样被感受到/在司法决策中发挥着重要的作用的。许多“司法哲学”的元素都触及了基本的政治价值这一点是很清楚的。如果这一点需要证据，那只需要看一看司法选举的过程即可，尤其是在最高法院级别的，它们作为一种党派选举运动是最政治化和最怀恶意的。

第二篇：大学英语口译教程答案第2单元

Unit 2 Passage 1 英国女王2009 圣诞致词

过去每年似乎都各具特点。一些年份让我们心满意足，一些年份则最好忘却。2009 年对很多人来说都是艰难的一年，尤其是那些深受经济衰退之苦的人们。

我相信，我们所有人都受到阿富汗战事影响，为英军士兵伤亡感到悲伤。我们向这些 士兵的家人和朋友表示慰问，他们面对巨大个人损失表现得无比高尚。

但我们应该为我们的士兵与盟友一道作出的积极贡献而感到骄傲。英国和包括加拿

大、澳大利亚、新西兰和新加坡在内的英联邦国家眼下共有超过1.3 万名士兵在阿富汗服 役。我们对这些年轻士兵以及先前在阿富汗服役过的士兵表示深深感激。

今年是英联邦成立60 周年，今天其成员国25 岁以下人口超过10 亿，为它保持长 久的强大和实力提供了力量源泉。

最近我刚刚参加了在特立尼达和多巴哥举行的英联邦政府首脑会议，听到联邦对年轻

人是多么重要。新的通讯技术使他们能够接触到更广阔的世界，分享他们的经验和观点。对于许多人来说，英联邦的实际援助与网络可以提供技能，给予意见和鼓励进取。令人鼓舞的是，我了解到一些年轻人正在做着一些事情，他们面对挑战，富于创造力 和创新精神。

对关系到我们所有人的问题保持讨论很重要，它让我们的大家庭产生更大的价值。在 英联邦成立以来的大部分时间里，我都同它联系紧密。

我珍视同各国领袖、人民之间在个人和生活上的紧密联系，这不单是象征意义上的，也能促进我们的团结。

英联邦并非只是一个具有某种使命的组织，更是一个让各国人民合作、解决实际困难 的平台。在涉及我们生活的许多方面，不论是体育、环境、商业或文化，英联邦国家之间 的联系生动活泼而且丰富多彩。在很多方面这展现未来的前景。随着不断的支持和贡献，我相信多元化的英联邦国家之间能加强超越政治、宗教、种族和经济环境的凝聚力。众所周知，圣诞节是欢庆与家人团聚的时候，但我们也可以借这个时机反思那些国内 外不幸者面临的困境。

基督徒接受的教义是要爱他们的邻居，有同情心，乐于慈善和志愿工作，以减轻贫困 和弱势者的负担。

我们自己会面临一连串的困难和挑战，这些困难和挑战会令我们感到困惑，但我们绝 不能停下脚步，而应该继续努力，为自己和他人创造更美好的未来。不论你们现时身在何处，我都祝愿你们圣诞快乐！Passage 2 美国第一夫人米歇尔· 奥巴马在英国伦敦伊斯灵顿伊丽莎白· 安德森女校的演讲（节选）这是我的第一次出访，作为第一夫人的第一次外事出访。你们能相信吗？虽然这不是 我第一次来英国，但我得说很高兴我的首次官方访问是来英国。美国和英国之间的特殊关 系，不只是基于政府间的关系，还基于我们有共同的语言和价值观。看见你们大家就使我 想到这一点。在访问期间我特别荣幸地会见了英国一些最出色的女性，她们在为你们所有 女孩子铺路。

我也很荣幸见到你们这些英国和世界未来的领导者，尽管我们的生活背景好像相差很 远，我是作为美国第一夫人站在这里，而你们还正在上学。

但我想让你们了解我们其实有很多共同之处。因为在我生命历程中没有任何东西曾经

预示我会作为美利坚合众国的第一位非洲裔第一夫人站在这里。我的资历里没有什么东西 能使我站在这个位置上。我不是被财富和资源养大的，也谈不上有什么社会地位。我生长 在芝加哥市的南部，那个地方是真正的芝加哥。我出身于工人阶级。父亲一辈子是个市政 工人，母亲是个家庭妇女。她待在家里照顾我和我哥哥。我父母都没上过大学。我爸爸正 值壮年的时候被诊断患有多种硬化症。但就在他难以行走，而且早上难以穿衣的时候—— 我看着他挣扎得越来越厉害——我父亲却从来没有抱怨过他的困难。他对于自己拥有的一 切心存感激。他只是起得更早一点，工作得更努力一点。哥哥和我在成长过程中得到了人 生真正需要的一切：爱，强有力的价值观：以及一个信念：就是靠着良好的教育，还有大 量的辛勤工作，没有什么是我们做不到的。

我个人的例子表明女孩子能创造奇迹，只要她们从生命最开始的时候，就受到周围人 的爱护和教养。非凡的女性围绕着我的生活：祖母，老师，姨妈，表姐妹，邻居，她们教 会我沉默的力量和尊严。还有我母亲，她是我生命中最重要的榜样，她和我们住在白宫帮 着照顾我们的两个小女儿，玛丽娅和萨莎。她在孩子们和我的生活中都很活跃，并正在给 她们灌输那些她曾教给我和我哥哥的价值观：同情心、正直、自信和坚定。所有这些都包 含在无条件的爱之中，那是只有一个祖母才能给予的爱。

我也很幸运地从一些男性榜样那里得到珍爱和鼓励，包括我父亲、哥哥、叔伯和祖

父。我生命中的男人们也教会我一些重要的东西。他们教会我互相尊重的男女关系应该是 什么样子的。拥有一个牢固的婚姻是什么感觉：那是建立在信念和承诺之上，以及对彼此 独特天赋的赞赏。他们教我怎样为人父母、养育家人；不仅要关注自己的家庭也要伸手去 帮助养育更广泛的社区里的孩子。

我也在自己的丈夫身上寻找到同样的品质，他就是巴拉克· 奥巴马。在我们最初相识 的时候，我记得，他带我出去约会，而约会内容是和他一起去开一个社区会议。是啊，够 浪漫的吧。我们相识的时候，巴拉克是一个社区组织者。他的工作是帮助人家找工作，以 及努力把资源带给有困难的邻里。当他同那个社区中心里的居民交谈的时候他谈到两个概 念：“现实世界”和“理想世界”。我在竞选的整个过程中也谈到这些。他说，我们常常接 受了这两种观念之间的差距；有的时侯我们满足于现实世界，即使它没有反映我们的价值 14 观和愿望。但是那天巴拉克提醒了我们，包括在那间屋子里的所有人，我们都知道世界应 该是什么样子的。我们都知道公平、正义和机会是什么样子的，我们全都知道。他敦促到 会的人们，那个社区里的人们，使他们献身于缩小那两种观念之间的差距，一起努力把现 实世界变成和理想世界一样。

我今天想起这些是因为我确信，在这所学校里，你们所有人都是缩小这差距非常重要 的因素。你们是要建立理想世界的女性。你们将写出历史的下一个篇章，不只是为你们自 己，而且是为你们这一代人以及未来的几代人。这就是为什么得到良好的教育是这么的重 要。这就是为什么你们正在这经历的所有这一切—— 一切的成功与失败，所有的老师，无 论你喜欢与否——都很重要，因为社区和国家，还有归根结底这个世界，它们的强大取决 于其中女性的健康。记住这一点很重要。我们知道你们能做到。我们爱你们。谢谢大家。Passage 3 在“2009 金融与重庆可持续发展研讨会”上的开幕致词 伦敦金融城市长陆毅安先生

尊敬的副市长先生，总领事先生，女生们、先生们：

今天很高兴跟各位一道启动“2009 金融与重庆可持续发展研讨会”。非常感谢重庆 市金融办和诺实公司的曹平先生对本次研讨会的赞助！

几周前，我与全国人大外事委员会的几位委员进行了会晤，并聆听了全国人大环资委 的资深委员杨庚宇先生讲述中国正在采取的节能减排措施。在实现可持续的低碳复苏方 面，我们一致认为经济滑坡给了我们大家投资绿色技术并出台相应政策的机会，同时，我 还要指出，这次机遇也肯定会给中国和英国创造大量的就业。将这一切变为现实的诸多政策已经到位。这些政策包括： ●“英中可持续城市行动计划”，该计划是去年温家宝总理访问英国的时候签订的； ● 2009 年英中峰会达成的在气候变化、低碳示范区和气候变化技术转让方面的协议； ● 中国“十二五”规划中的环境目标；

● 最近英国政府和重庆市政府签署的备忘录；

● 同时，英国政府还致力于跟中国政府紧密合作，解决任何突出的知识产权问题。因此，我们非常希望利用这个契机让重庆成为21 世纪世界版图上致力于环保的中心 城市。

我们知道，一个重视提高能效和推广可再生技术的绿色财政刺激方案，在全球愈发 认识到我们必须走向绿色的时候，肯定能有效地推动就业、刺激经济，并带来竞争优势。正如英国外务大臣几周前指出的一样：“绿色不再是议事日程上的一项议题，它就是整个 议程。”

虽然接下来要采取的措施需要这次研讨会讨论决定，但这里我想说，英国非常愿意尽 可能地为重庆提供必要的融资和技术上的支持，并且已经在这么做了。渣打银行与亚洲开 发银行的能效提升计划就是诸多例子之一。另一个案例则是诺实公司力推的极富想象力的“两河技术产业园”项目。根据其企划

案，该项目在吸引高科技企业入园的同时，将帮助重庆实现在最近双方签署的“重庆－英 国可持续城市备忘录”中提出的城乡协调发展的目标。当然，“两河技术产业园”项目还需要重庆市政府的最终批准，而且，我们很高兴看 到该项目迅速得到了重视。这是好消息！

女士们，先生们，我们任重而道远！双方的良好意愿已经以备忘录和政策的形式得以 体现，现在需要的就是具体落实！谢谢大家！

Passage 4 斐济总理沃雷恩盖· 姆拜尼马拉马上海世博会电视致词 致2010 年中国上海世博会：

很高兴斐济可以和其他太平洋国家一同参加2010 年上海世博会。2010 年上海世界 贸易博览会是一个极好的机会，它将227 个参加这次世界文化盛会的国家聚集在一起，探索并分享各国的宝贵创新与经验。毫无疑问，今天世界正见证着一个巨大的成功，一个 至少会吸引全球七千多万访客的盛大博览活动，一个以视觉、嗅觉、味觉、听觉、感觉来 呈现各国文化魅力的展示平台。

此次博览会首次由一个发展中国家举办，而且规模如此宏大，体现了中国政府在筹备

组织的带领指导下，奉献、担当与勤勉的精神。在此，我谨代表斐济，向为此次盛会成功 筹备和举办而付出了不懈努力的中华人民共和国表示感谢与祝贺，代表我们代表团，向中 国政府世博会的主办机构及辛勤努力的工作人员，表示最诚挚的感谢，感谢你们的帮助和 奉献。我要祝贺你们团队，并保证太平洋国家馆将会尽展我们的祝愿和我们这个地区的独 特之处，而斐济展台更将是一份独特的体验。我还想感谢中国主办机构提供的财政帮助。这是一个让世界了解中国的有利时机，是发展并加强与各参展国之间合作关系的绝佳契 机，斐济非常荣幸可以成为其中的一员。

这次博览会为我们提供的跨文化对话的创新和互动，集中体现了今年的主题“城市，让生活更美好”。这一主题体现了我们要改善身处其中的社会环境的追求，而科学技术的 发展以及此次博览会的质量则反映了这一主题，并且提醒我们在提供人类基本需求的同时 还应改善和丰富城市人民的生活。

能够参加2010 年上海世博会是斐济以及其他太平洋岛国的骄傲，我们觉得我们也为

此次博览会的成功作出了贡献。我相信2010 上海世博会必将长久地留存于我们的记忆。预祝博览会圆满成功，谢谢你们。

Passage 5 奥巴马总统在欢迎胡锦涛主席访美仪式上的致词

各位早上好！胡主席、中国代表团的各位成员：我谨代表米歇尔，并以我个人的名 义，欢迎你们光临白宫。我还要代表美国人民，欢迎你们访问美国。年前，也是在一月的一天，另外一位美国总统曾经站在这里，欢迎另外一位中国 16 领导人，共同庆祝美国和中华人民共和国关系正常化这一历史事件。那一天，邓小平在讲 话中谈到了我们两国展开合作的伟大前景。

如今回首1979 年的那个冬日，就可以明显地看出，在那之前的30 年里，我们两国 彼此隔绝疏远；而其后的30 年，是我们不断交流和理解增长的年代；这次访问可以为今 后30 年打下基础。

当前，有些人对美中合作所带来的好处持怀疑态度，而这次访问也是展示一个简单

真理的时机，那就是，对方的成功，对我们本方的利益是事关重大的。在一个相互关联 的世界里，在全球经济中，各个国家，包括我们两国在内，齐心协力就会更加繁荣、更 加安全。

美国欢迎中国作为国际社会强大、繁荣和成功的一员而崛起。的确，中国的成功给我 们两国人民都带来了经济实惠，而我们在一系列问题上的合作也推进了亚太地区乃至世界 的稳定。

我们也知道这一点：历史表明，当所有国家和人民的权利和责任，包括每一个人所

享有的普世的权利得到维护时，社会就会更加和谐，国家就会更加成功，世界就会更加 公正。

主席先生，我们可以向我们的人民学习，中国和美国的学生和教育家、企业界人士、游客、研究人员和科学家，包括今天在场的华裔美国人，每天都在并肩合作，共同努力。他们知道，即使我们两国在某些领域彼此竞争，我们还可以在许多其他领域本着相互尊重 的精神，为了我们共同的利益进行合作。

邓小平先生多年前说过的话仍然符合实际，我们两国合作的可能性依然十分广阔。

胡主席，中国代表团的成员，让我们共同抓住这些可能性吧。欢迎来到美利坚合众国。欢迎！Passage 6 Minister Cheng Deming’s Opening Address at the 6th China-ASEAN Expo Your Excellency Vice Premier Li Keqiang, Ladies and gentlemen, Today, we are gathered in the beautiful city of Naning to welcome a magnificent exposition, to enjoy the fruits of our partnerships and envision a promising common future.On behalf of the Ministry of Commerce of China, I would like to extend a warm welcome and heartfelt gratitude to the many old and new friends who have been supporting and participating in the 6th China-ASEAN Expo.China and the ASEAN are good friends, good neighbors and good partners.Recent years have seen our bilateral economic and trade ties breaking successive new grounds.We have worked together to build this 17 platform of the China-ASEAN Expo, bringing benefits of investment and trade facilitation to the enterprises and people of this region and accelerating construction of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area.We shall be very happy to see the launching of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area as scheduled in the beginning of next year.This FTA, as one of the largest of its kind in the world and benefiting 1.9 billion people, will push the China-ASEAN partnership to new heights.This year’s Expo, taking advantage of this strategic timing, will be more pragmatic in contents, more in-depth in cooperation and more wide-ranging in communication.It will surely contribute to the efforts of all parties to deal with the international financial crisis, promote investment and trade facilitation, tide over current difficulties and achieve mutual win-wins.I wish the 6th China-ASEAN Expo a full success and thank you all very much!Passage 7 Governor Jiang Jufeng’s Remarks at the Welcoming Banquet for the South Asia-Sichuan Regional Business Promotion Seminar Your Excellency Vice Chairman Yu Ping of CCPIT, Your Excellency President Annisul Huq of SAARC Chamber of Commerce, Ladies and gentlemen, Good evening!The Sichuan Provincial People’s government is hosting a reception banquet here tonight to welcome the distinguished leaders and guests attending the South Asia-Sichuan Regional Business Promotion Seminar.As a major province in West China, we in Sichuan will spare no efforts in promoting the friendly exchanges and common development between Sichuan and South Asian countries.I am convinced that the ever more wideranging and sincere and mutually beneficial cooperation between our two sides will be conducive to the regional common development, bringing more rewards to the people in Sichuan and South Asia.Presented at tonight’s welcoming banquet are leaders of the chambers of

commerce of the eight South Asian countries, diplomats from your embassies and consulates and representatives of the business communities.May I wish you all pleasant conversations and new friendships at the banquet, and a wonderful stay in our beautiful province!18 To conclude, may I wish the South Asia-Sichuan Regional Business Promotion Seminar a great success, and all the guests here great health and good appetite!Thank you!Passage 8 Chief Executive Ho Hau Wah’s Toast at the Dinner Marking the 10th Anniversary of the Establishment of the Macao SAR Your Excellency President Hu Jintao and Madame Liu Yongqing, Distinguished guests, friends, Ladies and gentlemen, On the eve of the 10th anniversary of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China, I am honoured to welcome again our leader President Hu Jintao to Macao and join us here tonight.First of all, on behalf of the Government and the citizens of the Macao Special Administrative Region, I would like to extend our warmest welcome and highest respect to President Hu and Madame Liu, as well as all leaders from the Central Government’s delegation.At the same time, let me extend our cordial greetings and heartfelt gratitude to all guests and friends present.In the past ten years, under the leadership and support of the Central Government, and with the coordinated efforts of our citizens, the Macao SAR Government rigorously upheld the Basic Law of Macao in the course of our governance, and was fully committed to the implementation of the principle of “one country, two systems”.Today, the stability of our society in Macao is ensured.Overall strength of our city is raised.The livelihood of our residents continues to improve.The building of our institution is gradually enhanced.The tradition of patriotism is passed on through generations.The successful implementation of “one country, two systems”, “Macao people governing Macao” and a high degree of autonomy has achieved early results.This has demonstrated the objective correctness and ample vitality of these principles.Dear guests, ladies and gentlemen, On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the Macao Special Administrative Region, we deeply feel the wisdom and bold vision of Mr.Deng Xiaoping who founded the great cause of “one country, two systems”.We also remember the encouragement entrusted to us by President Jiang Zemin on the first anniversary of Macao’s return to our Motherland.We will also never forget the arrival to Macao of President Hu Jintao on the fifth 19 anniversary of the Macao SAR and his important four-point suggestion which has been giving us fundamental guidance.The ten-year course of development of the Macao SAR vividly shows that the successful implementation of “one country, two systems” in Macao relies on the unswerving concern and support from the Central Government and people all over the country.Here, I would like to extend our profound appreciation to President Hu Jintao, the Central Government and all Chinese people.I would also like to take this opportunity to thank President Hu and the Central Government for the trust and support bestowed on me.At the same time, allow me to extend my heartfelt gratitude to all citizens and civil servants in Macao for their understanding and support.The history of the Macao SAR will turn a new page tomorrow.I truly believe that under the leadership and support of the Central Government, our third term Chief Executive, Mr.Chui Sai On, will lead the new administration and the people in Macao to uphold the Basic Law and strive in unity in order to create a new wave of prosperity and harmony in Macao, and to bring the successful implementation of “one country, two systems” to the next new level.Ladies and gentlemen, May I now propose a toast, to the health of President Hu and Madame Liu, to the health of all guests and friends, to the prosperity of our motherland and the bright future of Macao.Cheers!Passage 9 President Xie Heping’s Introductory Speech Before Pakistan

Prime Minister Aziz’s Talk at Sichuan University

Your Excellency Prime Minister Aziz of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Your Excellency Vice Governor Huang Xiaoxiang of the Sichuan Provincial People’s Government，Your Excellency Mr.Luo Zhaohui, ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Faculties, students, Ladies and gentlemen, Today, we are extremely honored to have with us His Excellency Mr.Shaukat Aziz, Prime Minister of Pakistan and an old friend of the Chinese people.On behalf of Sichuan University, I would like to extend our most 20 sincere gratitude and warmest welcome to Prime Minister Aziz and the other distinguished guests presenting here.Mr.Shaukat Aziz is a legend in both political and financial circles.He spent over 30 years in banking and finance in a number of countries including Jordan, the Phillipines, Malaysia, the United States and the UK.Since 1992 he served as Vice President of Citibank of America for 7 years.He was appointed as Pakistan’s Minister of Finance and in 2004, he became the Prime Minister of Pakistan.His rich experience and great wisdom in handling complicated problems have played a critical and profound role in promoting Pakistan’s social and economic development.During his tenure of office, Pakistan has enjoyed basic social stability.Pakistan’s industrial growth soared from 3.8 percent in 2001 to 14 percent in 2004.With an unprecedented annual economic growth rate of 8.4 percent, Pakistan ranks second in Asia, next only to China.With the new strategy of “open and moderate development” implemented in recent years, the Pakistani government has also made significant contributions to the international anti-terrorist campaign, world peace and stability and regional economic advancement.China-Pakistan friendship dates far back and runs a long course.The two countries have been treating each other with all sincerity and cooperating in a mutually beneficial manner, and this has set a good example to the stateto-state relations in the world.We are proud of our friendship, and cherish every moment of the communication and cooperation between the two countries.I believe Mr.Aziz’s speech today will open our eyes and broaden our minds, and will be of great significance to promoting our opening-up and regional social and economic cooperation.Now ladies and gentlemen, please join me in welcoming our honorable guest, His Excellency Prime Minister Aziz.Passage 10 Remarks by President Hu Jintao at the White House at the Official Arrival Ceremony Mr.President, Mrs.Obama, ladies and gentlemen, dear friends, it gives me great pleasure to come to Washington and pay a state visit to the United States at the beginning of the new year, at the invitation of President Obama.At this point in time, let me extend, on behalf of the 1.3 billion Chinese people, sincere greetings and best wishes to the people of the United States.I have come to the United States to increase mutual trust, enhance 21 friendship, deepen cooperation, and push forward the positive, cooperative, and comprehensive China-U.S.relationship for the 21st century.Over the past 32 years, since the establishment of diplomatic ties, the China-U.S.relationship has grown into one with strategic significance and global influence.Since President Obama took office, with concerted efforts of the two sides, our cooperation in various fields has produced fruitful results and our relations have achieved new progress.This has brought real benefits to our two peoples, and contributed greatly to world peace and development.As we enter the second decade of the 21st century, the people of both China and the United States want to see further progress in our relations and people around the globe want to see greater prosperity in the world.Under the new circumstances, and in the face of new challenges, China and the United States share broad common interests and important common responsibilities.We should adopt a long-term perspective, seek common ground while resolving differences, and work together to achieve sustained, sound, and steady development of our relations.I hope that through this visit, our two countries will advance the positive, cooperative, and comprehensive relationship, and open a new chapter in our cooperation as partners.Ladies and gent lemen, our wor ld today is undergoing major development, major changes and major adjustments.To pursue peace, development and cooperation is the irresistible trend of our time.Let us seize the opportunity to forge ahead, hand in hand, and work together to enhance cooperation as partners, and let us work with all other countries to build a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity.Thank you once again, Mr.President, for your warm welcome.22

第三篇：研究生英语教程《法律英语》译文2

在11世纪末,博洛尼亚大学开始教授罗马法,尤其是《法律大全》。这在一开始是一项单纯的学术活动，因为罗马法在西欧任何一个地方不再是法律。这标志着之后被认为三罗马法渊源的开端。之后其他西欧大学紧跟博洛尼亚的领导，几世纪后由于一些复杂的原因这里就不再赘述，罗马法在欧洲大陆几乎任何一个地方都被接受。它成为欧洲大陆的“普通法”。

罗马法事实上被接受限于我们所称的“私法”（所有权，侵权，合同等）。那是为什么民法学家把我们所说的私法简单的称为“民法”。（公民权，物权和债权）。

尽管现在大部分民法国家都有一部民法典，但事实上法典化是近期的一种现象。第一部民法典仅仅可以追溯到1804年，而第一部日耳曼民法典可以追溯到1896年。

法国和日耳曼法典是两个主要的民法类型。拿破仑把他的法典带到了他和他的军队所到达的任何一寸土地。法国民法典类型在拉丁语国家包括欧洲和美洲都有深远影响。在苏维埃政权（苏联）占领之前，它也深深影响了前欧洲国家。日耳曼法已被日本接纳。

2，法律方法——比较

你一定了解民法法律方法教程和你所学的会完全不一样。在你法律职业生涯的开端，你意识到在不同的社会形态和文化形态中法律会扮演着不同的角色，这点相当重要。在美国，你将学习的不是应然法而是实然法。下面是关于民法与普通法的一些区别。

首先，在普通法国家，判例通常被认为是主要的法律渊源。法律方法教程是以判例教学为起点的。在罗马法国家，判例至少在理论上不会被简单的看作是一种法律的渊源。现实更可能是这样的：在普通法国家立法变得更加重要，在罗马法国家判例变得越来越重要。但是，罗马法学家和普通法学家对立法和判例的态度却截然不同。

罗马法学家倾向于把民法典看作为一部包罗万象的文书。他们愿意对其进行大量的解释，使为了让其达到调节整个司法的目的。该部法典适用于这种解释是因为它的条款通常被制定的相当笼统抽象。

相对而言，在普通法管辖区立法更倾向于被认为是判例法的一种例外。因而法院倾向于更严格的解释法律。结果，法院和立法者为了解决相当特殊的问题，就要倾向于用特殊条文来阐述法律规则。一般情况下，判例和立法不应该运用抽象条款或者阐述一般原则。

民法学生将研习“法律学说”而不是案例。“法律学说”是法学教授对法律是什么和应该是什么的文章的汇集。在民法中，“法律学说”被认为是法源的一种并享有很高的赞誉。你应该记得的是：是高等学府，而不是法院，将民法再次引入了欧洲大陆。因而后不意外的是法学专家在给法律下定义的时候仍扮演着重要的角色。普通法专家一般在他们自己管辖区内没有同等的地位，法官享有最高声望。

每个国家的法学教育不尽相同，但可以很直接的说，美国法学教育很新颖并且在很多方面是独一无二的。案例法或问答法对于美国是很独特的。你一定很清楚的是，在民法国家“判和例”不被予以考虑。在那些国家（正如英国的案例中）法律就是学士学位。法学教育比在美国更悠久。教育方式具有权威性——教授讲法律知识传授给他或者她的那些做笔记并且不干扰课堂的学生。

第四篇：大学英语综合教程2翻译

To improve our English, it is critical to do more reading, writing, listening and speaking.Besides, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important.Without an enormous store of good English writing in your head you cannot express yourself freely in English.It is also helpful to summarize our experience as we go along, for in so doing, we can figure out which way of learning is more effective and will produce the most desirable result.As long as we keep working hard on it, we will in due course accomplish the task of mastering English.With more and more donations coming in, our university will be much better off financially next year.We will thus be able to focus on the most important task that we, educators, must take on: to encourage students to attain their scholarly/academic goals, to train them to be dependable and responsible individuals, to prepare them for the life ahead, and to guide them in their pursuit of spiritual as well as material satisfaction.George, the son of Mr.Johnson, liked listening to heavy metal music in the evenings, which made it hard for other residents in the community to fall asleep.Eventually the exhausted neighbors lost their patience and decided on direct interference.They called Mr.Johnson to tell him in a frank manner what they were thinking.Mr.Johnson assured them that he would certainly settle the issue.As soon as he put down the phone he scolded his son, “What has come over you? You should know better than to disturb others for your own amusement.” In the end George traded his CDs for computer games software from his classmates.Perhaps you envy me for being able to work from home on the computer.I agree that the Internet has made my job a lot easier.I can write, subm it and edit articles via email, chat with my colleagues on line and discuss work with my boss.With a click of the mouse, I can get all the data I need and keep up with the latest news.But then, communicating through the Net can be frustrating at times.The system may crash.Worse still, without the emotional cues of face-to-face communication, the typed words sometimes seem difficult to interpret

Numerous facts bear out the argument/statement/claim that in order to recover speedily from negative emotion, you should allow yourself to cry.You needn’t/don’t have to be ashamed of crying.Anxiety and sorrow can flow out of the body along with tears.Consider the case of /Take Donna.Her son unfortunately died in a car accident.The intensity of the blow made her unable to cry.She said, “It was not until two weeks later that I began to cry.And then I felt as if a big stone had been lifted from my shoulders.It was the tears that brought me back to earth and helped me survive the crisis.”

Nancy Hopkins is a biology professor at MIT.She craves knowledge and works hard.However, as a scientist, she could not help noticing all kinds of indications of gender inequality on campus.Men and women professors did the same work, but when it came to promotion the administrators were rather selective.It is ironic that after so much cultural progress, women were still at a disadvantage in institutions of higher education.When her request for more lab space was refused, she knew she had to fight.So she gritted her teeth and complained to the President.The fight ended in victory and Nancy was converted into a gender-equity advocate.Though how the English language came into existence remains a mystery to many people, linguists believe

that English and most other European languages have descended from a common source: the Indo-European parent language.English was first spoken by the Anglo-Saxons who invaded England in the fifth century.They passed onto us the basic vocabulary of English.In over fifteen centuries of its development, English has enriched itself by massive borrowing.As British immigrants landed in America and established the United States as an independent nation, a new variety was added to the English language: American English.Though some people worry that the language is running out of control, many native speakers of English take pride in the tolerance of their language

第五篇：大学英语综合教程2翻译

To improve our English, it is critical to do more reading, writing, listening and speaking.Besides, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important.Without an enormous store of good English writing in your head you cannot express yourself freely in English.It is also helpful to summarize our experience as we go along, for in so doing, we can figure out which way of learning is more effective and will produce the most desirable result.As long as we keep working hard on it, we will in due course accomplish the task of mastering English.With more and more donations coming in, our university will be much better off financially next year.We will thus be able to focus on the most important task that we, educators, must take on: to encourage students to attain their scholarly/academic goals, to train them to be dependable and responsible individuals, to prepare them for the life ahead, and to guide them in their pursuit of spiritual as well as material satisfaction.George, the son of Mr.Johnson, liked listening to heavy metal music in the evenings, which made it hard for other residents in the community to fall asleep.Eventually the exhausted neighbors lost their patience and decided on direct interference.They called Mr.Johnson to tell him in a frank manner what they were thinking.Mr.Johnson assured them that he would certainly settle the issue.As soon as he put down the phone he scolded his son, “What has come over you? You should know better than to disturb others for your own amusement.” In the end George traded his CDs for computer games software from his classmates.Perhaps you envy me for being able to work from home on the computer.I agree that the Internet has made my job a lot easier.I can write, subm it and edit articles via email, chat with my colleagues on line and discuss work with my boss.With a click of the mouse, I can get all the data I need and keep up with the latest news.But then, communicating through the Net can be frustrating at times.The system may crash.Worse still, without the emotional cues of face-to-face communication, the typed words sometimes seem difficult to interpret

Numerous facts bear out the argument/statement/claim that in order to recover speedily from negative emotion, you should allow yourself to cry.You needn’t/don’t have to be ashamed of crying.Anxiety and sorrow can flow out of the body along with tears.Consider the case of /Take Donna.Her son unfortunately died in a car accident.The intensity of the blow made her unable to cry.She said, “It was not until two weeks later that I began to cry.And then I felt as if a big stone had been lifted from my shoulders.It was the tears that brought me back to earth and helped me survive the crisis.”

Nancy Hopkins is a biology professor at MIT.She craves knowledge and works hard.However, as a scientist, she could not help noticing all kinds of indications of gender inequality on campus.Men and womenprofessors did the same work, but when it came to promotion the administrators were rather selective.It is ironic that after so much cultural progress, women were still at a disadvantage in institutions of higher education.When her request for more lab space was refused, she knew she had to fight.So she gritted her teeth and complained to the President.The fight ended in victory and Nancy was converted into a gender-equity advocate.Though how the English language came into existence remains a mystery to many people, linguists believe

that English and most other European languages have descended from a common source: theIndo-European parent language.English was first spoken by the Anglo-Saxons who invaded England in the fifth century.They passed onto us the basic vocabulary of English.In over fifteen centuries of itsdevelopment, English has enriched itself by massive borrowing.As British immigrants landed in America and established the United States as an independent nation, a new variety was added to the Englishlanguage: American English.Though some people worry that the language is running out of control, many native speakers of English take pride in the tolerance of their language