中英文演讲之差异

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第一篇:中英文演讲之差异

中英文演讲之差异

中西方人在思想文化上有着众多不谋而合的地方,然而差异的存在是勿容置疑的。

一、结构布局

一般说来,英文演讲的结构比中文的要清晰。英文演讲往往开宗明义地提出主题,并且提得简单明了,紧接着喜欢用一些具体事实加以论述。一些观点常常在讲故事般的形式中自然而然地被听众接受了。不用说一些普通演讲,即便是非常正式的政治性演讲也会摆出许多事实,援引许多例证。例如里根总统的就职演说在开始简单得体地表示要尽最大努力不负众望的决心后,就运用实例,他回顾到华盛顿年代,从十三州到现在的五十州,从四百万人口到现在的两亿几千万人口,伟大的发明创造还有登月探索等。他没有枯燥无味地高呼口号以示决心,而是缅怀过去,对比当今,让事实说话,有信心让美国继续繁荣。相比而言,中文演讲所用的事例没有英文演讲用的多,而且主题的位置不像英文的那么固定。中文演讲的主题常会有许多修饰语和大篇想要振奋人心的宣传性的话。在英美人看来,把事实摆得早一点可以很快吸引听众,如果一开始就是一大堆的口号,听众的胃口还没开就够了。在论述过程中,英文讲稿往往论点简单,重视“让事实说话”。在结尾,英文讲稿常是对全篇的简要概括,重申主题,这时候的重申有着深化的作用,并且提出希望或留下令人深思的问题。中文讲稿的结尾有与英文相同之处,但可能有很多一连串的呼吁口号。以上结构布局上的主要差异与中西方人的思维方式、文字习惯的不同都有关系,我在此并不是说哪个好,哪个不好。

二、遣词造句

一篇中文讲稿常会有许多成语、引语。听众则常会为演讲者引经据典而深感他知识渊博,惊讶他词藻华丽。在英美人的眼里,他们并不赞赏多用成语、谚语等,因为他们一方面觉得这些用多了成了陈词滥调,毫无新意,另一方面演讲者为什么不能用自己的话摆事实讲道理而要鹦鹉学舌似的借别人的话说自己的理呢?在造句上英文演讲善用比喻、联想。例如马丁·路德·金在他著名的演说中曾讲道:“当这个国家的创建者写下堂皇的宪法和独立宣言文句时,他们是在开一张期票,每个美国人都要继承。这张期票是不仅对白人而且包括黑人的所有

人的承诺,所有人都有不可剥夺的生存、自由和追求幸福的权利。”他从宪法、宣言这样政治领域的东西联想到经济领域的期票,非常接近美国人民的生活。而且在听众的脑海里会立刻浮现出期票的影子,有了画面的动感。这样的生动形象的比喻即使在演讲过后还能给人以回味。再如他又说:“我有一个梦想,有一天在佐治亚州的红土小丘上,从前奴隶与地主的子孙们能够一起围坐在友爱的桌旁。”这时听众的脑海里不可能不出现一幅彩色的美好画面。多少天甚至多少年过去了,演讲的大部分内容都会被淡忘,尤其是口号之类忘得最快,唯独那些生动的画面包容着演讲的“灵魂”会永远留在人们的脑海里,达到持久的效果。

三、语气态度

中国一向崇尚谦虚的美德,所以有的演讲者往往自谦地说:“我没有什么口才”、“献丑了”之类的话,这在西方人看来觉得虚假多余:确实有演说能力为什么要讲没有口才?如果真是没有口才又何必再站出来献丑?所以价值道德观的不同,说话的语气态度也不一样。在中文演讲时常可以听到“我们应该”“我们一定要”“我们必须”之类的说法,这在英文中是越来越被冷落了。因为人们厌烦管教式的口吻,越是说“必须”“一定要”越会造成逆反心理。再者听众会怀疑演讲者没有真凭实据,只会空喊口号,缺乏可信度。所以在英文中即使是说服性的演讲都很少用“We should”“We must”„„

在这里有一点中英文基本相同,因为它很重要,所以在此也顺便一提,即称呼亲切,说话方式得当,拉近与听众的距离。做为听众,他们是按照自己的知识、经历、经验、价值观、感情等来理解演讲者的。为了避免疏远感,演讲者多用“朋友们”、“我们大家”之类,与听众站在一条线上。演讲者在思想上接触听众、相容听众进而影响听众,使听众无形中接受了演讲者的观点。

四、表情动作

无论是中文还是英文,演讲时都很注意声音洪亮,把握轻重缓急、抑扬顿挫。表情随着所讲内容的变化而自然地变化。(对于用母语演讲的人来说很容易理解句子的感情色彩,而用外语演讲的人恐怕就较难深刻体会词句的感情色彩了。因而有的人用外语演讲时表情麻木甚至与内容不一致。如讲到悲痛的时候表情漠然,讲到幽默的地方表情迷惘。)演讲不仅仅是语言的表达,还可以借助于非语言的方式,像刚才所说的表情,还有动作,甚至用图表、音乐等灵活的方式。这

样既帮助演讲人表达了思想,又让听众更容易接受。在这一方面英文演讲者可能用的多一些。当然这个方法不要滥用,否则会削弱主题,观众觉得像在看戏,忽视了演讲本身的内容。

研究中、英文演讲的不同之处,对我们不无益处,一是可以相互借鉴,二是当用外语演讲时应掌握外语演讲的特点,不至于非驴非马,贻笑大方。以上是我的一点初步分析和实践体会,很不深刻,希望有兴趣在此方面研究的人提出更好更深的见解。

第二篇:中英文差异

首先是“静态与动态”,英语倾向于多用名词,因此呈静态,汉语倾向于多用动词,因而呈动态。英语的静态特征具体说来有四点。

第一,名词化是英语常见的现象,换句话说,本来在汉语中可以用动词、形容词、副词的地方,英语常用名词。比如,我们想写“他很不开心,引起大家也不开心” He was unhappy, so others felt unhappy too.这样写当然也对,但是太平淡,我们考试时如能写出更精彩的句子,分数当然也会更高。我们完全可以把unhappy这个形容词变为名词用: His unhappiness made/infected others

unhappy.这就要求我们平时在写作的时候,学会适当地使用名词。He arrived so early, and I was quite surprised.→ His early arrival surprised me.同时汉语常用人作主语而英语多用物作主语。比如一篇六级模拟题范文中有这样一句话: Video games could do us harm without our knowing it.If proper attention is not paid to their side effects.再比如“他最终失败了”这么简单的一句话,我们可以这样写为: At last he failed.At last all his efforts were in vain.显然第二句要比第一句更容易为你赢得高分。He was outstanding among his colleagues because he worked very hard.→ His hard work/ efforts made him outstanding among his colleagues.第二,用名词表示作动作的发出者(施事者),以代替动词。比如,我们要想表达“他七十多了,但能吃能睡。” He still could eat and sleep.显然这样写不行,不能吃可不就死了吗? He was still a good eater and a good sleeper.其实,也就是用一些在动词后加er或or形成的名词来代替动词。再比如你们现在觉得我上课上得不好,盼着下课,你想表达“这位老师上课上得不好,我们都盼着早点下课。” This teacher is not a good one, so we are eager to finish his class as earlier as possible.这句话这样写的话,不仅没有错,还很地道。可我们还有地道得多而且更简洁的写法: In this teacher’s class, we are all clock-watchers.这样19个单词的句子变为了8个单词的句子,而且更地道。也许有同学会问老师有clock-watcher这个词吗?当然……没有,可英美国家的人肯定懂,因为他们看时间的方式,也是钟表。当然英语造词是有一定规律的,很容易学会,以后有机会另作专项讲解。所以下次你要夸别人篮球打得好,记着可以怎么写: He is a good/professional basketball player.第三,名词的优势造成介词的优势。英语大量使用名词必然引起介词的广泛运用。比如“有人给他撑腰。” Someone supports him.He has someone behind him.第一句中的support与中文“撑腰”不是完全对等,因为support是中性词,而“撑腰”则是贬义。再比如“说完这些话,她就走开了。” After she finished her words, she went away.With these words she went away.学会用介词往往能使句子更加简洁,一句简单的话“他离开时,我送了他一件礼物” When he was leaving, I gave him a gift.On his leaving, I gave him a gift.第四,动词的弱化与虚化。简单的说来有些词既能当名词用又能当动词用,我们可用一些虚化动词(have, make, take, do)加上它的名词意义。比如 look→ have a look, take a look walk→have a walk, take a walk visit→ pay a visit to attempt→ make attempts damage→ do some damages to 比如:“Tom与老板吵架之后,就辞职了。” After Tom had a quarrel with his boss, Jack quit.After Tom quarreled with his boss, Jack quit.喜用名词,是现代英文固有现象。但千万切记,名词的使用要适当,并非所有地方名词优于动词,万不可滥用。况且,近年来英美不少学者认为名词的滥用造成英语缺乏生气。如果考生能够把握分寸,适当使用名词确也不失为写作之上策。思维方式制约着表达习惯。思维是写作活动的基础;写作不仅是语言活动,而且是思维活动(Kelly,1963)。汉式思维模式是形象的、直观的,在语言上,汉语用词倾向于具体,常常以实的形式表达虚的概念,以具体的形象表达抽象的内容,而英式思维则是概括的、抽象的(连淑能,1993)。汉语较少使用表示抽象概念的名词,而较多地使用具有实指意义的具体名词,如“望梅止渴”中的“梅”与“渴”;英语常常使用抽象名词来表达复杂的理性概念。有的学生误将“桃李满天下”表达为“peaches and plums all over the world”,而英语peach和plum并没有“弟子”、“学生”的意思,正确的表达应该是one’s pupils or disciples。再比如,在表达“下岗工人”这一说法时,有的学生写出了“off-duty workers”;而off-duty指的是“下班”或“暂时离开工作岗位”,正确说法应该用laid-off workers。同样,“锅碗瓢盆” 抽象概括为cooking utensils,而不应按字面逐一翻译。

2.动词、名词和介词使用频率的问题汉语的具体思维和英语的抽象思维导致语言中动词、名词和介词使用频率不同(申小龙,1988)。思维的抽象性导致了英语的名词化(nominalization)倾向,构成了以静态为主的语言特色,并进而产生了介词优势,使英语显得虚、静和抽象;汉语多用动词,所以显得实、动和具体。现代汉语句法特点之一是“动词连用”,即汉语的—个句子里可按序排列出现多个动词。在英语中,一个句子只允许有一个主要动词,其他动词只能以非谓语形式或从句呈现。例如:The mastery of language is not an easy thing and requires painstaking efforts.(语言不是随便就可以学好的,非下苦功不可。)这里英语用名词,汉语用动词。再比如,在表达“这本书太难了,我看不懂”时,学生通常会写出“This book is too difficult for me to understand it.” 而很少想到用介词词组表达的句式:“The book is totally beyond/above me.”

3.具体词汇与概括词汇的问题英语倾向于使用表达同类事物的整体词语来表达具体事物或现象,用词具体细腻;汉语多用表示整体概念的词,用词概括模糊。例如,汉语中的“伤”是各种概念词,可分为内伤、外伤,外伤再分为刀伤、烫伤等等。但英语很难用某个特定的词表示“伤”的种概念,只有“harm,injure,hurt,damage,spoil,wound” 等属概念词。学生受汉语的影响,通常用表示概括的词加上各种副词的方式,构成“动词+副词(ly)”结构,比如,“走得很快”表达为“walk quickly”;“跑得很快”是“run quickly”。英语中表示各种走姿的词汇很丰富,例如,stroll, trudge, plod, march, stalk, toddle, stagger等。此外,学生在写作时往往用一个笼统的词来描写一个具体的事物。例如:That was a very wonderful movie.这一句中的wonderful过于笼统,不如采用instructive或者moving等较为具体的词汇更符合英语表达习惯。

4.词语搭配问题英语词语搭配是我国学生学英语最感棘手的地方,如果不注意英汉两种语言的差异,很容易出错。例如,“我们在学校里学习各种知识”中的“学习知识”要是用英语表达成learn knowledge就不是很地道,应该用acquire, gain, obtain, gather等词汇与knowledge搭配;learn只能与something或某一学科搭配使用。再比如,在词语的组合上,吃苹果(to eat an apple),吃食堂(to have one’s meal in the dining hall),吃现成饭(to lead an idle life)等等,同一个“吃”字,英文中就用不同的形式来表达。因此,学生若孤立地记单词,忽略了词汇的习惯搭配,写作中就会出现词不达意,甚至错误百出的现象。例如:“Mary won Jane in the speech contest.”中的“won”应改为“beat”。“win“和“beat”都可表示“赢”,但“赢了一场比赛”应用 “win“,而“赢了某人”则应用“beat”。

(二)句法方面1.时空观念问题

英语动词的时体范畴极为丰富。英语句子的人称、数量、时态、语态、情态均受制于时空,在句子结构上有比较严格的规则、次序,而且要求形式一致;而汉语语言形式是根据表达的需要来建构句式,要求并不严格(熊沐清,2001)。例如,“她行医至今已有三年了。”这句话中“行医”与“三年”不产生时空矛盾问题,所以学生很容易将之表达为“She began to practice medicine for three years to the day.“但按英语的时空观,“行医”是瞬时动词,而“三年”是一段时间,二者难以协调。正确的表达应是“It has been three years to the day since she began to practice medicine.”

2.连接词的问题

英语思维重视形式逻辑与汉语思维重视辨证思维的差异在语言上表现为:英语重形合,即注重运用各种有形的连接手段达到语言形式的完整,句法功能呈外现形;而汉语重意合,即语言表现形式由意念引导,句法功能呈隐含形式。换言之,英语是分析型的理性语言,句间讲究形合,其关联照应手段是显性的、多样的;而汉语是综合型的直感语言,多数情况下疏于语法,句间讲究意合,其关联照应手段是隐性的。在英语和大多数印欧语言中,句子的从属关系大多是用连接词if,because,although,while等明确表达出来。因为,连接词起过渡作用,承上启下,使表达合乎逻辑,同时结构严谨,文章紧凑。中国学生在用英文写作时受母语习惯的影响,往往不注意句间衔接,给人跳跃和不流畅感。例如,People learn English to use it.Some learn it to study or work abroad.Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with

English-speaking foreigners.若采用适当连接词,则改进为:People learn English for practical purposes: some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English.文章读起来就通顺很多。

3.主语突出与主题突出问题

申小龙(1992)认为,西方民族注重形式逻辑,强调主客的分离,在语言上则注重形合;而汉民族“天人合一”的思想强调主客体的融合统一,在语言上则重意合。Li & Thompson(1976)认为,形合的英语是主语突出

(subject-prominence)的语言,主题往往就是句子的主语,英语句子的主语通常指人或事物,由名词、代词或名词词组来担任;而汉语是主题突出

(topic-prominence)的语言,句子的主语则大不相同,它们可以各种形式出现。除人或事物外,地点、时间、行为方式都可以作主语。在词性方面,除名词、名词词组和代词外,动词短语、介词短语,甚至句子都可以作主语。如“天空万里无云”就是典型的主题句。按照汉语思维,“天空”是主题,后面是评论主题如何。受此影响,学生往往把汉语的主题当成是英语的主语,造出“The sky has no

clouds.”这样的句子来。其实,在英语中这句话的主语是“万里无云”,天空只能作地点状语或用形式主语it来代替。因此,我们可以说“It’s cloudless”,或者“There is no cloud in the sky”。再比如,(1)读书可以增长知识。(1a)Reading books can acquire knowledge.(1b)One can acquire knowledge through reading books.(2)自从1978年以来,由于中国人民的努力,中国发生了巨大的变化。(2a)Since 1978, China have taken place great changes with the efforts of the Chinese people.(2b)Since 1978, great changes have taken place in China with the efforts of the Chinese people.相信通过对比,哪一句更符合英文表达习惯,读者自可判定。

4.句式主、客观倾向问题

英语民族的思维注重客观事物对人的作用和影响,因而他们对主体与客体有着严格的区分;而汉语民族的思维往往以“人”为中心,形成了以人为中心来思考事物的思维模式(张海涛,1999)。表现在语言上,英语物称倾向比较普遍,常使用不主动发出动作的词或无生命名词充当主语。汉语里,采用有生命的人或物作主语总是占绝对优势。受此影响,中国学生在英语写作时,沿用汉语的思维,极少采用非生命指称主语,学生英语作文中常常出现“I think”,“we must”,“someone says”,“you should”,“let’s” 等主观倾向明显的表达,少用“It can be argued that”,“It is estimated that” 等句型结构。例如,“American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson.” 用汉语表达则为“托马斯·杰斐逊对美国教育事业做出了巨大贡献。”在英语写作中,善于用非人称主语句,可有效地减少汉语腔。再比如,“不同的人对考试有不同的态度”。(a)Different people have different attitudes towards examination.(b)Attitudes towards examination vary from person to person.显然b句更符合英文表达习惯,更趋客观、公正,让人容易接受。5.过多使用简单句的问题

句式有变化指的是一定的意义要用合适的句型来表达,它包含两层意思:一是采用适当的句型来表达内容,包括简单句、并列句、复合句、主动被动句、长句、短句、疑问句、插入语、独立成分等;二是句子之间的逻辑关系要合理,包括并列关系、因果关系、递进关系、转折关系、解释关系、概括关系、顺序关系、让步关系、对比关系、转换关系等,这些逻辑关系均有适当的过渡词来连接,只有在句式上有了变化,才能谈得上成为一篇好文章。如表示因果关系的就有accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thus, so, in consequence, as a result等。试比较下面的例子:

原文:I will never drive a car again.I had an accident today.I was driving up Fourth Avenue.I saw a bright yellow car.It was driven by a little old lady.She obviously did not see the stop sign.I could not stop in time.She ran right into me.Then she called me a “young hoodlum”.本段落由九个简单句组成,读起来单调无味,毫无感染力,通过变换句式,改进为:

I will never drive a car again.(简单句)I had an accident today when I was driving up Fourth Avenue.(复合句)I saw a bright yellow car which was driven by a little old lady.(复合句)She obviously did not see the stop sign, and I

could not stop in time.(并列句)She ran right into me.Then she called me a “young hoodlum”.(简单句)这样,原文经改进,句式有了较大的变化,读起来觉得内容特别,令人回味,效果完全不一样。

(三)语篇方面

1.语篇的开头

Kaplan(1966)认为东、西方语言具有不同的思维方式:操汉语的人的思维方式是螺旋型(spirality)的,而操英语的人的思维方式是直线型

(linearization)。思维方式不同,文章重点信息的布局各异,影响信息的传递。英民族重直线思维,习惯把重要的信息放在前面首先说出,而汉民族习惯于从侧面说,阐述外围的环境,最后点出话语的信息中心。根据Scollon(1991)的观点,亚洲人在谈话时一般延迟话题的介绍,采用一种“亚洲归纳”式思维模式,而西方人一般在谈话开始就引出话题,采用的是“演绎模式”。Kaplan(1972)也曾指出,英语段落的发展是趋向于直线性,推理性的;而在一些东方语言中,段落组织的发展却可称为是在不停地兜圈子,即从多侧面迂回表达而不直接写明。由此,在用英语写作时,有些中国学生使用汉语的段落发展方法,却不知道这种结构很难被英语为母语的读者所认可,这样的英语作文很可能被认为文理不通、缺乏连贯。在表达思想时,英语民族的思维更直截了当,他们习惯把要点放在前面说出,然后把次要的信息一一补进。例如:英汉两民族学生同样向美国某大学写一封申请奖学金的信,英民族学生喜欢单刀直入,在开首段便说:“I would like to apply for a university scholarship”,而中国学生大多喜欢将这句话放在中间或最后点出。再比如,在表达“看电视的坏处”时,许多学生的首段大都不写电视带来的坏处,而是先用一个段落陈述电视的好处,给人们带来的种种实惠,绕了个圈子后,再回到题目上来指出其缺点;而英文的写作规范是开门见山,直接点题

2.语篇的发展

西方思维强调个人意见的表达,英文写作要求观点鲜明,符合逻辑,首尾统一。一个段落、篇章,开头以主题句点明主题,其后内容按直线展开,层层深入,辅助句紧扣中心思想。段落的线性发展围绕主题展开,先陈述中心意思,后分点论证说明,使主题句的内容展开,并为后面的内容作好铺垫。英语的段落是文章的缩影,无论哪一种体裁的文章,每一段落都包含了一篇文章所包含的全部要件:(1)首句或尾句点明主题,这是英美读者所期待的交流方式;(2)将该主题细分成一系列小论点;(3)用具体例子和阐述支持各个小论点;(4)发展中心论点,并把该论点与其他论点联系起来;(5)运用该中心论点与其他论点的关系,对事物进行说明,得出结论或引出新论点。而汉语由于受到思维模式的限制,反映在语言上,习惯于绕圈子,常常先避开主题,从宽泛的时间和空间入手,从整体到局部,从大到小,由远及近;往往把主要内容或关键问题保留到最后或含而不露。这种从次要到主要、从相关信息到中心话题的话语组织模式是逐步达到高潮的渐进式模式;再就是不论词句还是篇章,形态标志都不明显,语句之间靠一种隐藏的、内在的句法或逻辑关系来相互衔接,注重意义上的连贯,以神统形。

3.语篇的结尾

汉语主体思维的主观性强烈,往往对读者的判断力持怀疑的态度,表现在写作上是作者结尾结论化倾向,即由作者出面给出结论,它是语篇结束的标志。仍以“看电视的坏处”为例,不少学生在结尾发出了“让我们充分利用电视的好处,克服看电视带来的坏处”的呼吁,符合汉语“合”的模式。英语民族强调“物我分立”,其思维强调客观、公正。写作追求最大限度的客观性,使读者确信作者并未搀杂个人观点为目标。他们往往摆出大量的事实数据,让作者得出自己的结论,其文章往往呈现无结论化倾向。比如,在一篇题目为Making our city greener的文章中,中国学生在结尾处喜欢喊口号,发出强烈的呼吁,如:Let’s join hands and take some efficient and urgent measures to make our city greener and greener.或者用You should make your effort to make our city greener.Just do it from now on.等等。实际上,这样的口号式结尾不但没有力量,反而削弱了文章的表现力。更好的英文表达是Urgent and efficient measures should be taken to stop environment pollution and make our city a more comfort place to live.

第三篇:中英文标点符号的差异

中英文标点符号的差异

汉语中目前使用的标点符号是参考借鉴西文的标点体系而制定的,它既保留了西文标点的主体特征,又带有与汉语语言特点相适应的特色。因而,中英文标点符号之间存在着一定的差异。

⒈ 汉语中的某些标点符号为英语所没有

⑴ 顿号(、):顿号在汉语中起分割句子中的并列成分的作用;英语中没有顿号,分割句中的并

列成分多用逗号。

如:She slowly,carefully,deliberately moved the box.注意:类似的情况下,最后一个逗号后可加and,这个逗号也可省略,如

She slowly,carefully(,)and deliberately moved the box.⑵ 书名号(《》):英文没有书名号,书名、报刊名用斜体或者下划线表示。

如:Hamlet / Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》Winter„s Tale / Winter„s Tale 《冬天的童话》

The New York Times / The New York Times 《纽约时报》。

另外,英语中文章、诗歌、乐曲、电影、绘画等的名称和交通工具、航天器等的专有名词也常用

斜体来表示。

⑶ 间隔号(•):汉语有间隔号,用在月份和日期、音译的名和姓等需要隔开的词语的正中间,如“一二•九”、“奥黛丽•赫本(人名)”等。英语中没有汉语的间隔号,需要间隔时多用逗点。

⑷ 着重号:有时汉语用在文字下点实心圆点表示需要强调的词语,这些实心点就是着重号。英语中没有这一符号,需强调某些成分时可借助文字斜体、某些强调性词汇、特殊句型、标点停顿

等多种方法。

⒉ 英语中的某些标点符号为汉语所没有

⑴ 撇号--Apostrophe(„)

⑵ 连字号--Hyphen(-)

⑶ 斜线号—Virgule or Slash(/):该符号主要起分割作用,如It could be for staff and / or students.也常用于标音,如bed /bed/。

⒊ 某些符号在汉英两种语言中的形式不同

⑴ 中文的句号是空心圈(。);英文的句号是实心点(.)。

⑵ 英文的省略号是三个点(...),位置在行底; 中文的为六个点(......),居于行中。⑶ 英文的破折号是(-);中文的是(--)

错误例析

(1)顿号、书名号、句号、省略号错误。

比较中英文标点符号可见,英文标点中没有中文形式的顿号、书名号、句号和省略号。而这4

种标点符号成了英语写作中“借鉴频率较高的符号。如:

〔错误〕1.While she is reading《Gone With the Wind》,I am cooking。

〔错误〕2.My sister bought a lot of fruits for me,such as banana、orange、apple and pear.英文中的印刷体用斜体字表示书籍、报刊、戏剧、电影、绘画作品等的名称,在书写体或打字机打的文本中用字下线表示斜体字;英文常用逗号来代替冒号;而句号是用实心小黑点表示。故以

上两句应改为:

〔修改〕1.While she is reading Gone With the Wind,I am cooking.(印刷体)

或While she is reading Gone With the Wind,I am cooking.(书写体)

〔修改〕2.My sister bought a lot of fruits for me,such as banana,orange,apple and pear.还有,英文中的省略号其实是三个句号的并列,由于受中文影响常错误地把英文省略号写成六

点。

(2)冒号错误。冒号是中英文兼有的标点符号。在汉语中,冒号是表示提示性话语之后的停顿,常用在“说、道、讲、问、唱、回答、喊、吼”等动词的后边,以标明下面的话是谁说的。此用法

影响下列英文句子标点:

〔错误〕3.I thought to myself :“What kind of trap is she laying ?”

〔错误〕4.He asked :“Where are you from ?”

以上两例中的冒号在英文中需用逗点表示。汉语中的冒号还可用在“如次”如下“例如”像等引起下文的提示语后边。在英文表达中,“for example”(例如)一类的词后常用逗点代替冒号。〔错误〕5.Good manners can be seen in everyday life.For example : a person with good manners is

kind and helpful to others.〔修改〕5.Good manners can be seen in everyday life.For example,a person with good manners is

kind and helpful to others.(3)破折号错误。汉语中的破折号标明行文中解释说明的部分,而英文同位语也具有同等说明的功能,故英文写作中用破折号连接同位语成份的错误也屡见不鲜。如:

〔错误〕6.We are studying and living at the famous university — Beijing

University.〔修改〕6.We are studying and living at the famous university,Beijing

University.对于同位语,英语一般使用逗点而不用破折号。英文中破折号的用法远没有中文的丰富。

与语法知识有关的标点错误主要有:

(1)把非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive attributive clause)理解成限制性定语从句(restrictive

attributive clause)而忽略用逗点。如:

〔错误〕7.We were led into a nearest fabric shop that was divided into two parts.从句意来看,上句是一个非限制性定语从句,故应在shop 后加逗点,把that 相应改成which 即:

〔修改〕7.We were led into a nearest fabric shop,which was divided into two parts.(2)不论状语从句在整个句子中处于何种位置,一概以逗点隔开。

〔错误〕8.We will go there,if it is fine tomorrow.状语从句可置于句首或句末。置于句首时,一般要用标点隔开;而置于句末时,则无需与主句隔

开,故 以上句子应改为:

〔修改〕8.If it is fine tomorrow,we will go there.或We will go there if it is fine tomorrow.(3)在疑问句形式的陈述句后使用问号。

〔错误〕9.What fun we girls could expect,to stay in the same class,studying for four long years

with them ?I wondered.〔修改〕9.What fun could we girls expect,to stay in the same class,studying for four long years

with them,I wondered.英语疑问除可用问号来表达外,尚可用词序加以表达。故上例的疑问可用逗点表示。

(4)误把however,therefore,because,thus 等起联系作用的副词当成并列连词,导致写作中的逗号粘连(comma splice)错误。

〔错误〕10.She thought what the teacher pointed out was right,however,she didn‟t care for that.两个完整的句子或两个并列句之间不能一概用逗点点开,可用句号、分号或在逗点后加并列连

词(and,but,or,for,so,nor,yet)等方法修改。故上例可改为:

〔修改〕10.She thought what the teacher pointed out was right.However,she didn‟t care for that.或She thought what the teacher pointed out was right; however,she didn‟t care for that.或She thought what the teacher pointed out was right,but she didn‟t care for that.(5)与comma splice 相映成趣的是,许多学生作文时,极少考虑句子间的逻辑关系,一个逗点

连首尾,导致大量熔句(fused sentence)的堆砌。如:

〔错误〕11.Young men like blue jeans they wear them all the time.〔修改〕11.Young men like blue jeans; they wear them all the time.或Young men like blue jeans.They wear them all the time.或Young men like blue jeans,and they wear them all the time.或Young men like blue jeans; they wear them all the time.或Since young men like blue jeans,they wear them all the time.(6)两个并列的形容词间以and 代替逗点。

〔错误〕12.Through the window,in front of me were large green fields which reminded me of the

small clearing where I spent my lonely and hard childhood.现代英语表达一般在两个形容词中间不使用and,而是用逗点分隔。

〔修改〕12.Through the window,in front of me were large green fields which reminded me of the

small clearing where I spent my lonely,hard childhood

因语体错位而造成的标点错误。

英文写作是一种书面语的输出。其书面语体的特征要求其与口头语相区别。口语中存在的大量缩约(contraction)在书面语体中应尽量避免。而许多书面作文中大量使用省字号(‟),几乎1/ 3 左右的作文在文体上存在漏洞,现代英语的发展对此却难以容忍。如:

1.I‟d like to share my joys with you.(I would like to)

2..you can‟t behave like that.(you cannot)

3..there‟re so many splendid toys for me to select.(there are)

其他错误:

(1)引号错误。

〔错误〕13.“No pain,no gain.”If you.〔修改〕13.As the saying goes,“No pain,no gain.”

英文中短小的引语与作者提示“某某说之类的词语之间用逗点隔开,置于引号内。不能省略

提示语“某某说之类而直接引用。

〔错误〕14.Glancing through the essay entitled“Why Not More ? ”,Dr.Jefferson frowned

thoughtfully.〔修改〕14.Glancing through the essay entitled“Why Not More ?,”Dr.Jefferson frowned

thoughtfully.对诸如上例引号边的标点位置含糊,不清楚以下常用法:句号和逗号必须置于引号之内;冒号和分号必须置于引号之外;如果所引内容本身是疑问句或感叹句,问号和感叹号一般放在引号之内,否则,问号和感叹号则放在引号之外。

(2)日-月-年次序的日期中的逗号错误。英语日期的表达可以用月-日-年的次序和日-月-年的次序,日和年之间加逗号而月和年之间习惯上不加逗号。例如: 误把“13 August 2002”写成“13

August,2002”。

(3)在部分副词如perhaps,so 后加逗号。如:

〔错误〕16.Perhaps,I would not have such a good chance again.〔错误〕17.So,they keep in touch with each other merely by writing letters and phoning now.以上两句的修改方法是把句中的逗号去掉。

(4)连接号(hyphen)错误。许多英语习作者往往随意用连接号派生单词,如把“boyfriend”写成“boy-friend”;“middle school”写成“middle-school”。在行末单词分行时,连接号使用错误更多。与之相反,若把本应有的连接号粗心删去,其单词含义可能会大相径庭。如有一年美国政府在一份贸易清单上列举了一些免税进口的物品,其中有一种是foreign fruit —plants(外国果树苗),后来由于打字员的疏忽,漏打连接号使其成了foreign fruit,plants(外国水果、树苗),结果导致第二年大量的水果如桔子、葡萄等从世界各地免税涌入美国市场从而使美国政府当年损失约200 多万美

元。

应用逗号而没用,造成语义的表达不清。

Please send me a gross each of the red,green,blue,orange and black ties.使人看了以后不知是发5 摞(1 摞= 12 打)

—红、绿、蓝、橙、黑各一摞— 领带,还是发4 摞

—红、绿、蓝、橙黑各一摞领带。这句话可改为:

①Please send me a gross each of the red,green,blue,orange,and black ties.②Please send me a gross each of the red,green,blue,orange-and-black ties.该用分号的地方用了逗点,不该用标点的地方也用了逗点,都导致了句子的错误。

①People make history,unusual people make history interesting.此句逗点应改为分号,这是两个独立分句。

②Mary was happiest when she was free of her parents‟ scrutiny,or while she was working in her

garden.此句的并列连词是连接的成对的从句,而不是独立分句,连词前面的逗号应去掉。

第四篇:中美教育差异中英文

Comparing the Education Between American and China

1.First of all, the differences of education between China and the United States is the primary goal of teaching:

Chinese primary education make children’ s intellectual development and high mark achievement as the priority goal.And China’s education emphasis on training students’ s quality of strictness and rigors.In the United States,there is only one purpose of primary:to cultivate children’ s creativity.And US’s education pays more attention to raise student’ s self-confidence,independence,spirit of supporting oneself.中国与美国教育的差异首先在于两国初等教育的教学目标不同:

中国初等教育将开发孩子的智力,孩子考出高分看成首要目标,而且中国的教育强调培养学生严格严谨的精神。

在美国,初等教育的目标只有一个:培养孩子的创造力。美国的教育注重培养学生的自信心、自主独立的精神。

2.Comparing the elementary education between American and China,people’ s universal view will be:

China’s elementary education aims to build the foundation of education with more study and less thought.US’ s education aims to build such an education to raise the creativity with less study and more thought.比较美国和中国的基础教育,人们的普遍观点:

中国的基础教育旨在建立基础教育与更多的学习和更少的想法。

美国的教育旨在建造这样的教育提高创新的研究和更少的想法。

3.The attitudes towards score are different:

To China’s children,a bad report card will let him receive pressure from all sides.Most Chinese students are aimed at “high score”.In the United States,however, every student’ s report card in the end of year is his/her private goods.Parents won’t give the child too much pressure.Score ,which is less important than capability in parents’ s mind.对待成绩的态度不同:

对中国孩子来说,一份不好的成绩单会使他受到来自各方的压力。中国大部分学生的目的是”拿高分“。

然而在美国,每个学生年终的成绩单都属于私人的物品。家长方面也不会给孩子过多的压力。在家长心里分数与能力比要差得远。

4.The view of knowledge is different between the two countries:

China’s emphasis on accumulation and inculcation of knowledge, then to help students develop respect for authority and knowledge,succession of knowledge and structure of knowledge system.The US focus on training students’ s actual ability of using knowledge.They pay attention to training students’ s spirit of doubt and criticism about knowledge and authority as well as expansion and creativity of knowledge.These two types of education show the static state in Chinese education and dynamic state in American education.They reflect the differences of the two countries’ s views of knowledge.两国在知识观上是存在差异的:

中国的教育重视对知识的积累灌输,注重培养学生对知识和权威的尊重和对知识的继承以及知识体系的建构。

美国则更注重培养学生运用知识的实际能力,注重培养学生对知识和权威的质疑,批判精神和对知识的拓展和创造。

这两种教育表达了对待知识的不同态度:即中国教育的静态与美国教育的动态,这一静一动反映了两国知识观的差异。

5.The studying environment provided by China and US is different:

China’s schools, under the restriction of exam-oriented education and the influence of traditional concept, it takes a two-stage strategy which is disjointed.In the primary stage,you have to lay the foundation.In the advanced stage,you will be able to do academic research.American schools encourage children to do research from an early age.They develop the ability of researching,solving problems independently and organizing the study study materials.两国在提供给学生的环境上不同:

中国的学校,在应试教育的制约下和传统观念的影响下,采取的是初级阶段打基础,高级阶段才能做学术研究的相互脱节的两阶段战略。

美国的学校从小就鼓励孩子做研究,培养孩子的研究能力,独立处理问题的能力和组织研究材料的能力。

6.The arrangements of the course are different:

For example, on the problem of foreign language learning,in China,students only have one choice-English when they are in basic education.The system of education does the unitary choice for all students.In the United States,students have more choices,which including Spanish,French,Latin and so on.And there are a kind of course in which teaching materials are not needed.They usually call it “family life”class.The course content contains sewing,cooking and increase of self-confidence.It teaches what is in our real life beyond books.It teaches students to make a better life.两国课程设置不同:

比如关于外国语言的学习。在中国,学生在基础教育中只有英语一种选择,这是教育系统为全体学生做的统一选择。

而在美国,学生有更多选择,包括西班牙语、法语和拉丁语等。还有,在美

7.Different mode of education:

Chinese heuristic education exist a flaw, teachers give the suggestions of the answer to students and guide the students find“the only answer.”

The teaching methods in the United States, except guide students to understand and grasp the correct answer in class, and give students a place for free imagination to explore the unknown and potential answer.教育模式不同

中国的启发式教育存在着一个弊端,就是其实一直到某一个问题的答案通过诱导学生,使他们找到“唯一的答案”.在美国学校的教学法,除了引导学生在课堂上理解和掌握教师的正确答案外,还给与学生自由想象的空间,去探索教师和学生都没未知但却客观存在着的潜在答案.国,不用教材的课是存在的,他们通常叫它“家庭生活”课。课程内容包括缝纫、烹饪和自信心的增强等等。它教给学生的是书本以外生活之中的事情。它教学生生活得更好。

8.Different college entrance examination system:

In China, in addition to a small number of talented people do not care the “entrance” Score, the others are base on examination scores of

admission.This is the only criterion.But in the United States,students choose at least one kind of various examinations every year, missed the first, it is excusable;missed twice, you can forgive......As a result, these test scores can be admitted as a very important admission criteria rather than the only criterion.高考制度不同

在中国,除了少数人才不用看“高考”分数外,其余的均以“高考”成绩为录取人学得最重要的,唯一标准.但在美国学生年年都参加各类考试中的至少一种考试,一次失手,情有可言;两次失手,也可以理解……因此,这些考试成绩就可作为非常重要的录取入学考量标准,而不是唯一标准。

9.The burden of learning different:

In China, for the students ,their weekend is always canceled.Even the gorgeous holiday is still full of heavy work.The United States almost have a free day once a week.学习负担不同:

在中国,周末可能被无情占有,就连绚丽多彩的假日也会充斥着繁重的作业.美国几乎每周都会放一天假.10.Homework:

Chinese students’ homework: in order to consolidate the theoretic knowledge, it is so boring and uncreative.It takes students a lot of time.There is beneficial aspect.Although sometimes students have many exams in their student life ,it can be good for them.It can make them easy to pass the college entrance examination and accept the higher education.American students’ homework: Homework cultivate children innovative thinking and creativity.Not only does it develop good habits, but also cultivate independence, let the children easily adapt to the society.作业

中国学生的作业就是为巩固书面知识,机械单调,毫无创造性,占用了孩子大量的时间。当然好处也是有的,虽然有时候学生在学习生涯的时候考太多的试了,但这对他们也有好处。考试可以让他们更容易的通过高考,接受高等教育。

美国学生的作业培养创新思维和创造力,不仅培养孩子做计划的好习惯,还培养孩子的独立,让孩子更好的融入社会。

11.Relations between teachers and students:

In China:Relations between teachers and students are like the elder and junior.Teachers often stand on the platform and they have a great distance with students, which make teachers in a prominent position, and make students afraid of teacher.In the United States: Relations between teachers and students are more like friends and colleagues.Students can be on friendly terms with their teachers.Teachers often have lessons below the podium, and they will approach their students and chat with them at pleasure so that students can get on well with their teachers.师生关系

在中国,师生关系是长辈与小辈的关系。老师经常站在讲台上讲课而且他们跟学生保持了距离,这使得学生们觉得老师高高在上,害怕老师。

在美国,师生关系更多地象朋友,象同事的那种关系,可以和睦相处。老师经常在讲台下讲课,而且她们会靠近学生并跟他们随意的交流以至于学生们能跟老师很好的相处。

12.Different family education:

1)American parents are open education.They pay attention to practical activities,and emphasize on developing the child in practice rather than preach.Chinese parents are enclosed education.They give priority to preach, and look down on the importance of practical activities.2)

Americans believe that let children do all the things to themselves.During the tasks,the children can improve the knowledge and accumulate the experience.Also they can increase the confidence and responsibility.In China,the parents have the only requirement for children is study.Even they can prepare everything for their children in daily life, and this lead to many Chinese children learned a lot of knowledge but useless.3)In the United States, children take part in the activities.Their sports activities time is abundant, and they have activity places everywhere.In China,children have less outdoor activities because the Chinese children learn from morning to night ,and they have lots of homework.家庭教育不同:

1)美国父母主张开放式教育:重视实际锻炼,强调在实践中培养孩子,而不是说教。

中国父母多是封闭式教育:以说教为主,轻视实践活动的重要性。

2)美国人认为,凡是孩子的事情都让孩子自己去完成,在完成任务过程中提高认识,积累经验。并且让他们增强自信心和责任心。

在中国,父母对孩子的要求就是读书,他们可以为孩子准备所有的事情,这导致许多中国孩子学了许多知识但是没用。

3)在美国,孩子进行各项兴趣活动、体育活动的时间都比较充裕,活动场所到处都有。在中国,孩子们的户外活动少,因为中国孩子从早到晚的学习而且有做不完的作业。

第五篇:《国王的演讲》之最后的演讲(中英文)

In this grave hour, perhaps the most fateful in history, I send to every household of my peoples, both at home and overseas, this message, spoken with the same depth of feeling for each one of you as if I were able to cross your threshold and speak to you myself.For the second time in the lives of most of us, we are at war.Over and over again, we have tried to find a peaceful way out of the differences between ourselves and those who are now our enemies;but it has bee in vain.We have been forced into a conflict, for which we are called, with our allies to meet the challenge of a principle which, if it were to prevail, would be fatal to any civilized order in the world.It is a principle which permits a state in the selfish pursuit of power to disregard its treaties and its solemn pledges, which sanctions the use of force or threat of force against the sovereignty and independence of other states.Such a principle, stripped of all disguise, is surely the mere primitive doctrine that might is right, and if this principle were established through the world, the freedom of our own country and of the whole British Commonwealth of nations would be in danger.But far more than this, the peoples of the world would be kept in bondage of fear, and all hopes of settled peace and of security, of justice and liberty, among nations, would be ended.This is the ultimate issue which confronts us.For the sake of all that we ourselves hold dear, and of the world order and peace, it is unthinkable that we should refuse to meet the challenge.It is to this high purpose that I now call my people at home and my peoples across the seas, who will make our cause their own.I ask them to stand calm and firm and united in this time of trial.The task will be hard.There may be dark days ahead, and war can no longer be confined to the battlefield, but we can only do the right as we see the right, and reverently commit our cause to God.If one and all we keep resolutely faithful to it, ready for whatever service or sacrifice it may demand, then with God's help, we shall prevail.

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