《双语杂志》系列之《牛津大学》--练习阅读必备 中英对照word版

第一篇：《双语杂志》系列之《牛津大学》--练习阅读必备 中英对照word版

OXFORD UNIVERSITY

牛津大学

Oxford University once famously claimed to have been founded by Alfred the Great in the 9th Century, but in fact, the University as we know it today began to take shape in the 12th Century when English Scholars were exiled from Paris University and began to congregate at Oxford’s Abbeys and Priories, which were buy then already established centers of learning.Today, 39 independent, self-governing colleges are related to the University in a type of federal system.Each is governed by a Head of House and a number of Fellows, who are academics specializing in a wide variety of disciplines, most of whom also hold University posts.Across both the Arts and the Sciences, Oxford research consistently ranks top both nationally and internationally.As well as being in the forefront of scientific, medical and technological achievement, the University has strong links with research institutions and industrial concerns both in the United Kingdom and overseas.The University is income from externally funded research grants and contracts in

1996-7 totaled over ￡107 million.The University’s great age also allows its teaching staff and research students to draw on a heritage of magnificent library and museum collections.Students working for higher degrees are an important and valued part of Oxford University.They currently make up over a quarter of the total student body of 15,641, drawn by the excellent facilities for research, which the University can offer;therefore the proportion of graduate students is increasing.In all these fields, Oxford attracts scholars from many parts of the world to join its teaching and research staff, and also values important role of overseas graduate students(approximately one third of the total graduate body)in providing intellectual stimulation and creating and maintaining academic links with colleges abroad.To gain entry into the University, students must first win a place by competitive examination at one of the colleges, which have their own admissions policies.The procedure for applications varies according to the subject you propose to study.There are no final deadlines for most applications, unless specified in a particular subject

section, but there are many more applications than places available, and the process of acceptance by both faculty board and college can take some time;early application is therefore strongly advised.牛津大学曾经一度盛传是由阿尔弗来德一世在9世纪建立的。但事实上，我们今天所知道的牛津大学初建于12世纪，当时一群英国学者从巴黎大学流放过来，云集于牛津的教堂和修道院中，在那时候教学中心就已经建立起来了。

现在，39个独立、自理的学院以一种联邦体制和校方联系。每个学院由一位院长和几名研究员管理。他们既是多学科的专家教员，其中多数人还身兼校方职位。

从文至理，牛津大学的研究一直处于全国以及世界领先地位。它占据了科学、医药和技术成就的最前线，同英国乃至海外的研究机构和工业部门都有着紧密的联系。学校在1996至1997年间从校外提供的研究基金与合同中得到的总收入逾一亿七百万英镑。悠久的历史还为教职工和学生们做研究提供了丰富的图书馆资料与博物馆馆藏。为更高学位而攻读的学生是牛津大学内重要而且有值得一部分。他们的人数占学生总人数15641的四分之一以上，他们被校内先进的研究设备所吸引，因此研究生的比例还在上升着。

牛津大学从世界许多国家招募了各个领域的众多学者来壮大教学研究队伍。海外研究生（约占全体研究生的三分之一）的重要地位也受到重视，此举既鞭策了学风，又与国外的高校建立并保持了联系。

要进入牛津大学就读，首先要通过其中一所学院的竞争考试。每个学院都有自己的录取标准。

选读的学科不同，申请的程序也有区别。在大多数情况下，没有限制申请的最后期限，除非是某个特别学科有特定要求。但由于申请人数远远大于就读名额，而且要通过院、校双方的录取程序也颇费周章，因此极力建议越早申请越好。

第二篇：一带一路(双语中英对照)

“一带一路”规划（双语全文）

Action plan on the China-proposed Belt and Road Initiative 国家发展改革委、外交部、商务部28日联合发布了《推动共建丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路的愿景与行动》。全文如下：

The following is the full text of an action plan on the China-proposed Belt and Road Initiative issued by the National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China, with State Council authorization, on Saturday.国家发展改革委 外交部 商务部（经国务院授权发布）2015年3月

推动共建丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路的愿景与行动

Vision and proposed actions outlined on jointly building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road 前言 Preface 2000多年前，亚欧大陆上勤劳勇敢的人民，探索出多条连接亚欧非几大文明的贸易和人文交流通路，后人将其统称为“丝绸之路”。千百年来，“和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢”的丝绸之路精神薪火相传，推进了人类文明进步，是促进沿线各国繁荣发展的重要纽带，是东西方交流合作的象征，是世界各国共有的历史文化遗产。

More than two millennia ago the diligent and courageous people of Eurasia explored and opened up several routes of trade and cultural exchanges that linked the major civilizations of Asia, Europe and Africa, collectively called the Silk Road by later generations.For thousands of years, the Silk Road Spirithas been passed from generation to generation, promoted the progress of human civilization, and contributed greatly to the prosperity and development of the countries along the Silk Road.Symbolizing

communication and cooperation between the East and the West, the Silk Road Spirit is a historic and cultural heritage shared by all countries around the world.进入21世纪，在以和平、发展、合作、共赢为主题的新时代，面对复苏乏力的全

济繁荣与区域经济合作，加强不同文明交流互鉴，促进世界和平发展，是一项造福世界各国人民的伟大事业。

When Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Central Asia and Southeast Asia in Septe球经济形势，纷繁复杂的国际和地区局面，mber and October of 2013, he raised the ini传承和弘扬丝绸之路精神更显重要和珍贵。

In the 21st century, a new era marked by the theme of peace, development, cooperation and mutual benefit, it is all the more important for us to carry on the Silk Road Spirit in face of the weak recovery of the global economy, and complex international and regional situations.2013年9月和10月，中国国家主席习近平在出访中亚和东南亚国家期间，先后提出共建“丝绸之路经济带”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”（以下简称“一带一路”）的重大倡议，得到国际社会高度关注。中国国务院总理李克强参加2013年中国－东盟博览会时强调，铺就面向东盟的海上丝绸之路，打造带动腹地发展的战略支点。加快“一带一路”建设，有利于促进沿线各国经

tiative of jointly building the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road(hereinafter referred to as the Belt and Road), which have attracted close attentionfrom all over the world.At the China-ASEAN Expo in 2013, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang emphasized the need to build the Maritime Silk Road oriented toward ASEAN, and to create strategic propellers for hinterland development.Accelerating the building of the Belt and Road can help promote the economic prosperity of the countries along the Belt and Road and regional economic cooperation, strengthen exchanges and mutual learning between different civilizations, and promote world peace and development.It is a great undertaking that will benefit people around the world.“一带一路”建设是一项系统工程，要坚持共商、共建、共享原则，积极推进沿线国家发展战略的相互对接。为推进实施“一带一路”重大倡议，让古丝绸之路焕发新的生机活力，以新的形式使亚欧非各国联系更加紧密，互利合作迈向新的历史高度，中国政府特制定并发布《推动共建丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路的愿景与行动》。

The Belt and Road Initiative is a systematic project, which should be jointly built through consultation to meet the interests of all, and efforts should be made to integrate the development strategies of the countries along the Belt and Road.The Chinese government has drafted and published the Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road to promote the implementation of the Initiative, instill vigor and vitality into the ancient Silk Road, connect Asian, European and African countries more closely and promote mutually beneficial cooperation to a new high and in new forms

.一、时代背景 I.Background

当今世界正发生复杂深刻的变化，国际金融危机深层次影响继续显现，世界经济缓慢复苏、发展分化，国际投资贸易格局和多边投资贸易规则酝酿深刻调整，各国面临的发展问题依然严峻。共建“一带一路”顺应世界多极化、经济全球化、文化多样化、社会信息化的潮流，秉持开放的区域合作精神，致力于维护全球自由贸易体系和开放型世界经济。共建“一带一路”旨在促进经济要素有序自由流动、资源高效配置和市场深度融合，推动沿线各国实现经济政策协调，开展更大范围、更高水平、更深层次的区域合作，共同打造开放、包容、均衡、普惠的区域经济合作架构。共建“一带一路”符合国际社会的根本利益，彰显人类社会共同理想和美好追求，是国际合作以及全球治理新模式的积极探索，将为世界和平发展增添新的正能量。Complex and profound changes are taking place in the world.The underlying impact of the international financial crisis keeps emerging;the world economy is recovering slowly, and global development is uneven;the international trade and investment landscape and rules for multilateral trade and investment are undergoing major adjustments;and countries still face big challenges to their development.The initiative to jointly build the Belt and Road, embracing the trend toward a multipolar world, economic globalization, cultural diversity and greater IT application, is designed to uphold the global free trade regime and the open world economy in the spirit of open regional cooperation.It is aimed at promoting orderly and free flow of economic factors, highly efficient allocation of resources and deep integration of markets;encouraging the countries along the Belt and Road to achieve economic policy coordination and carry out broader and more in-depth regional cooperation of higher standards;and jointly creating an open, inclusive and balanced regional economic cooperation architecture that benefits all.Jointly building the Belt and Road is in the interests of the world community.Reflecting the common ideals an

d pursuit of human societies, it is a positive endeavor to seek new models of international cooperation and global governance, and will inject new positive energy into world peace and development.共建“一带一路”致力于亚欧非大陆及附近海洋的互联互通，建立和加强沿线各国互联互通伙伴关系，构建全方位、多层次、复合型的互联互通网络，实现沿线各国多元、自主、平衡、可持续的发展。“一带一路”的互联互通项目将推动沿线各国发展战略的对接与耦合，发掘区域内市场的潜力，促进投资和消费，创造需求和就业，增进沿线各国人民的人文交流与文明互鉴，让各国人民相逢相知、互信互敬，共享和谐、安宁、富裕的生活。The Belt and Road Initiative aims to promote the connectivity of Asian, European and African continents and their adjacent seas, establish and strengthen partnerships among the countries along the Belt and Road, set up all-dimensional, multitiered and composite connectivity networks, and realize diversified, independent, balanced and sustainable development in these countries.The connectivity projects of the Initiative will help align and coordinate the development strategies of the countries along the Belt and Road, tap market potential in this region, promote investment and consumption, create demands and job opportunities, enhance people-to-people and cultural exchanges, and mutual learning among the peoples of the relevant countries, and enable them to understand, trust and respect each other and live in harmony, peace and prosperity.当前，中国经济和世界经济高度关联。中国将一以贯之地坚持对外开放的基本国策，构建全方位开放新格局，深度融入世界经济体系。推进“一带一路”建设既是中国扩大和深化对外开放的需要，也是加强和亚欧非及世界各国互利合作的需要，中国愿意在力所能及的范围内承担更多责任义务，为人类和平发展作出更大的贡献。China's economy is closely connected with the world economy.China will stay committed to the basic policy of opening-up, build a new pattern of all-around opening-up, and integrate itself deeper into the world economic system.The Initiative will enable China to further expand and deepen its opening-up, and to strengthen its mutually beneficial cooperation with countries in Asia, Europe and Africa and the rest of the world.China is committed to shouldering more responsibilities and

obligations within its capabilities, and making greater contributions to the peace and development of mankind.二、共建原则 II.Principles

恪守联合国宪章的宗旨和原则。遵守和平共处五项原则，即尊重各国主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、和平共处、平等互利。

The Belt and Road Initiative is in line with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter.It upholds the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence: mutual respect for each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual nonaggression, mutual noninterference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.坚持开放合作。“一带一路”相关的国家基于但不限于古代丝绸之路的范围，各国和国际、地区组织均可参与，让共建成果惠及更广泛的区域。

The Initiative is open for cooperation.It covers, but is not limited to, the area of the ancient Silk Road.It is open to all countries, and international and regional organizations for engagement, so that the results of the concerted efforts will benefit wider areas.坚持和谐包容。倡导文明宽容，尊重各国发展道路和模式的选择，加强不同文明之间的对话，求同存异、兼容并蓄、和平共处、共生共荣。

The Initiative is harmonious and inclusive.It advocates tolerance among civilizations, respects the paths and modes of development chosen by different countries, and supports dialogues among different civilizations on the principles of seeking common ground while shelving differences and dra

wing on each other's strengths, so that all countries can coexist in peace for common prosperity.坚持市场运作。遵循市场规律和国际通行规则，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用和各类企业的主体作用，同时发挥好政府的作用。

The Initiative follows market operation.It will abide by market rules and international norms, give play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation and the primary role of enterprises, and let the governments perform their due functions.坚持互利共赢。兼顾各方利益和关切，寻求利益契合点和合作最大公约数，体现各方智慧和创意，各施所长，各尽所能，把各方优势和潜力充分发挥出来。The Initiative seeks mutual benefit.It accommodates the interests and concerns of all parties involved, and seeks a conjunction of interests and the “biggest common denominator” for cooperation so as to give full play to the wisdom and creativity, strengths and potentials of all parties.三、框架思路 III.Framework “一带一路”是促进共同发展、实现共同繁荣的合作共赢之路，是增进理解信任、加强全方位交流的和平友谊之路。中国政府倡议，秉持和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢的理念，全方位推进务实合作，打造政治互信、经济融合、文化包容的利益共同体、命运共同体和责任共同体。

The Belt and Road Initiative is a way for win-win cooperation that promotes common development and prosperity and a road toward peace and friendship by enhancing mutual understanding and trust, and strengthening all-around exchanges.The Chinese government advocates peace and cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning and mutual benefit.It promotes practical cooperation in all fields, and works to build a community of shared interests, destiny and responsibility featuring mutual political trust, economic integration and cultural inclusiveness.“一带一路”贯穿亚欧非大陆，一头是活跃的东亚经济圈，一头是发达的欧洲经济圈，中间广大腹地国家经济发展潜力巨大。丝绸之路经济带重点畅通中国经中亚、俄罗斯至欧洲（波罗的海）；中国经中亚、西亚至波斯湾、地中海；中国至东南亚、南亚、印度洋。21世纪海上丝绸之路重点方向是从中国沿海港口过南海到印度洋，延伸至欧洲；从中国沿海港口过南海到南太平洋。

The Belt and Road run through the continents of Asia, Europe and Africa, connecting the vibrant East Asia economic circle at one end and developed European economic circle at the other, and

encompassing countries with huge potential for economic development.The Silk Road Economic Belt focuses on bringing together China, Central Asia, Russia and Europe(the Baltic);linking China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea through Central Asia and West Asia;and connecting China with Southeast Asia, South Asia and the Indian Ocean.The 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road is designed to go

from China's coast to Europe through the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean in one route, and from China's coast through the South China Sea to the South Pacific in the other.根据“一带一路”走向，陆上依托国际大通道，以沿线中心城市为支撑，以重点经贸产业园区为合作平台，共同打造新亚欧大陆桥、中蒙俄、中国－中亚－西亚、中国－中南半岛等国际经济合作走廊；海上以重点港口为节点，共同建设通畅安全高效的运输大通道。中巴、孟中印缅两个经济走廊与推进“一带一路”建设关联紧密，要进一步推动合作，取得更大进展。On land, the Initiative will focus on jointly building a new Eurasian Land Bridge and developing China-Mongolia-Russia, China-Central Asia-West Asia and China-Indochina Peninsula economic corridors by taking advantage of international transport routes, relying on core cities along the Belt and Road and using key economic industrial parks as cooperation platforms.At sea, the Initiative will focus on jointly building smooth, secure and efficient transpor

t routes connecting major sea ports along the Belt and Road.The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and the

Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor are closely related to the Belt and Road Initiative, and therefore require closer cooperation and greater progress.“一带一路”建设是沿线各国开放合作的宏大经济愿景，需各国携手努力，朝着互利互惠、共同安全的目标相向而行。努力实现区域基础设施更加完善，安全高效的陆海空通道网络基本形成，互联互通达到新水平；投资贸易便利化水平进一步提升，高标准自由贸易区网络基本形成，经济联系更加紧密，政治互信更加深入；人文交流更加广泛深入，不同文明互鉴共荣，各国人民相知相交、和平友好。

The Initiative is an ambitious economic vision of the opening-up of and cooperation among the countries along the Belt and Road.Countries should work in concert and move toward the objectives of mutual benefit and common security.To be specific, they need to improve the region's infrastructure, and put in place a secure and efficient network of land, sea and air passages, lifting their connectivity to a higher level;further enhance trade and investment facilitation, establish a network of free trade areas that meet high standards, maintain closer economic ties, and deepen political trust;enhance cultural exchanges;encourage different civilizations to learn from each other and flourish together;and promote mutual understanding, peace and friendship among people of all countries.四、合作重点

IV.Cooperation Priorities 沿线各国资源禀赋各异，经济互补性较强，彼此合作潜力和空间很大。以政策沟通、设施联通、贸易畅通、资金融通、民心相通为主要内容，重点在以下方面加强合作。

Countries along the Belt and Road have their own resource advantages and their economies are mutually complementary.Therefore, there is a great potential and space for cooperation.They should promote policy co

ordination, facilities connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration and people-to-people bonds as their five major goals, and strengthen cooperation in the following key areas: 政策沟通。Policy coordination

加强政策沟通是“一带一路”建设的重要保障。加强政府间合作，积极构建多层次政府间宏观政策沟通交流机制，深化利益融合，促进政治互信，达成合作新共识。沿线各国可以就经济发展战略和对策进行

充分交流对接，共同制定推进区域合作的规划和措施，协商解决合作中的问题，共同为务实合作及大型项目实施提供政策

支持。Enhancing policy coordination is an important guarantee for implementing the Initiative.We should promote intergovernmental cooperation, build a multilevel intergovernmental macro policy exchange and communication mechanism, expand shared interests, enhance mutual political trust, and reach new cooperation consensus.Countries along the Belt and Road may fully coordinate their economic development strategies and policies, work out plans and measures for regional cooperation, negotiate to solve cooperation-related issues, and jointly provide policy support for the implementation of practical cooperation and large-scale projects.设施联通。Facilities connectivity 基础设施互联互通是“一带一路”建设的优先领域。在尊重相关国家主权和安全关切的基础上，沿线国家宜加强基础设施建设规划、技术标准体系的对接，共同推进国际骨干通道建设，逐步形成连接亚洲各次区域以及亚欧非之间的基础设施网络。强化基础设施绿色低碳化建设和运营管理，在建设中充分考虑气候变化影响。Facilities connectivity is a priority area for implementing the Initiative.On the basis of respecting each other's sovereignty and security concerns, countries along the Belt and Road should improve the connectivity of their infrastructure construction plans and technical standard systems, jointly push forward the construction

of international trunk passageways, and form an infrastructure network connecting all subregions in Asia, and between Asia, Europe and Africa step by step.At the same time, efforts should be made to promote green and low-carbon infrastructure construction and operation management, taking into full account the impact of climate change on the construction.抓住交通基础设施的关键通道、关键节点和重点工程，优先打通缺失路段，畅通瓶颈路段，配套完善道路安全防护设施和交通管理设施设备，提升道路通达水平。推进建立统一的全程运输协调机制，促进国际通关、换装、多式联运有机衔接，逐步形成兼容规范的运输规则，实现国际运输便利化。推动口岸基础设施建设，畅通陆水联运通道，推进港口合作建设，增加海上航线和班次，加强海上物流信息化合作。拓展建立民航全面合作的平台和机制，加快提升航空基础设施水平。

With regard to transport infrastructure construction, we should focus on the key passageways, junctions and projects, and give priority to linking up unconnected road sections, removing transport bottlenecks, advancing road safety facilities and traffic management facilities and equipment, and improving road network connectivity.We should build a unified coordination mechanism for whole-course transportation, increase connectivity of customs clearance, reloading and multimodal transport between countries, and gradually formulate compatible and standard transport rules, so as to realize international transport facilitation.We should push forward port infrastructure construction, build smooth land-water transportation channels, and advance port cooperation;increase sea routes and the number of voyages, and enhance information technology cooperation in maritime logistics.We should expand and build platforms and mechanisms for comprehensive civil aviation cooperation, and quicken our pace in improving aviation infrastructure.加强能源基础设施互联互通合作，共同维

护输油、输气管道等运输通道安全，推进跨境电力与输电通道建设，积极开展区域电网升级改造合作。

We should promote cooperation in the connectivity of energy infrastructure, work in concert to ensure the security of oil and gas pipelines and other transport routes, build cross-border power supply networks and power-transmission routes, and cooperate in regional power grid upgrading and transformation.共同推进跨境光缆等通信干线网络建设，提高国际通信互联互通水平，畅通信息丝绸之路。加快推进双边跨境光缆等建设，规划建设洲际海底光缆项目，完善空中（卫星）信息通道，扩大信息交流与合作。We should jointly advance the construction of cross-border optical cables and other communications trunk line networks, improve international communications connectivity, and create an Information Silk Road.We should build bilateral cross-border optical cable networks at a quicker pace, plan transcontinental submarine optical cable projects, and improve spatial(satellite)information passageways to expand information exchanges and cooperation.贸易畅通。Unimpeded trade 投资贸易合作是“一带一路”建设的重点内容。宜着力研究解决投资贸易便利化问题，消除投资和贸易壁垒，构建区域内和各国良好的营商环境，积极同沿线国家和地区共同商建自由贸易区，激发释放合作潜力，做大做好合作“蛋糕”。

Investment and trade cooperation is a major task in building the Belt and Road.We should strive to improve investment and trade facilitation, and remove investment and trade barriers for the creation of a sound business environment within the region and in all related countries.We will discuss with countries and regions along the Belt and Road on opening free trade areas so as to unleash the potential for expanded cooperation.沿线国家宜加强信息互换、监管互认、执

法互助的海关合作，以及检验检疫、认证认可、标准计量、统计信息等方面的双多边合作，推动世界贸易组织《贸易便利化协定》生效和实施。改善边境口岸通关设施条件，加快边境口岸“单一窗口”建设，降低通关成本，提升通关能力。加强供应

链安全与便利化合作，推进跨境监管程序协调，推动检验检疫证书国际互联网核查，开展“经认证的经营者”（AEO）互认。降低

非关税壁垒，共同提高技术性贸易措施透明度，提高贸易自由化便利化水平。Countries along the Belt and Road should enhance customs cooperation such as information exchange, mutual recognition of regulations, and mutual assistance in law enforcement;improve bilateral and multilateral cooperation in the fields of inspection and quarantine, certification and accreditation, standard measurement, and statistical information;and work to ensure that the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement takes effect and is implemented.We should improve the customs clearance facilities of border ports, establish a “single-window” in border ports, reduce customs clearance costs, and improve customs clearance capability.We should increase cooperation in supply chain safety and convenience, improve the coordination of cross-border supervision procedures, promote online checking of inspection and quarantine certificates, and facilitate mutual recognition of Authorized Economic Operators.We should lower non-tariff barriers, jointly improve the transparency of technical trade measures, and enhance trade liberalization and facilitation.拓宽贸易领域，优化贸易结构，挖掘贸易新增长点，促进贸易平衡。创新贸易方式，发展跨境电子商务等新的商业业态。建立健全服务贸易促进体系，巩固和扩大传统贸易，大力发展现代服务贸易。把投资和贸易有机结合起来，以投资带动贸易发展。

We should expand trading areas, improve trade structure, explore new growth areas of trade, and promote trade balance.We should make innovations in our forms of trade, and develop cross-border e-commerce and o

ther modern business models.A service trade support system should be set up to consolidate and expand conventional trade, and efforts to develop modern service trade should be strengthened.We should integrate investment and trade, and promote trade through investment.加快投资便利化进程，消除投资壁垒。加强双边投资保护协定、避免双重征税协定磋商，保护投资者的合法

权

益。We should speed up investment facilitation, eliminate investment barriers, and push forward negotiations on bilateral investment protection agreements and double taxation avoidance agreements to protect the lawful rights and interests of investors.拓展相互投资领域，开展农林牧渔业、农机及农产品生产加工等领域深度合作，积极推进海水养殖、远洋渔业、水产品加工、海水淡化、海洋生物制药、海洋工程技术、环保产业和海上旅游等领域合作。加大煤炭、油气、金属矿产等传统能源资源勘探开发合作，积极推动水电、核电、风电、太阳能等清洁、可再生能源合作，推进能源资源就地就近加工转化合作，形成能源资源合作上下游一体化产业链。加强能源资源深加工技术、装备与工程服务合作。We should expand mutual investment areas, deepen cooperation in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries, agricultural machinery manufacturing and farm produce processing, and promote cooperation in marine-product farming, deep-sea fishing, aquatic product processing, seawater desalination, marine biopharmacy, ocean engineering technology, environmental protection industries, marine tourism and other fields.We should increase cooperation in the exploration and development of coal, oil, gas, metal minerals and other conventional energy sources;advance cooperation in hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, solar power and other clean, renewable energy sources;and promote cooperation in the processing and conversion of energy and resources at or near places where they are exploited, so a

s to create an integrated industrial chain of energy and resource cooperation.We should enhance cooperation in deep-processing technology, equipment and engineering services in the fields of energy and resources.推动新兴产业合作，按照优势互补、互利共赢的原则，促进沿线国家加强在新一代信息技术、生物、新能源、新材料等新兴产业领域的深入合作，推动建立创业投资合作机制。

We should push forward cooperation in emerging industries.In accordance with the principles of mutual complementarity and mutual benefit, we should promote in-depth cooperation with other countries along the Belt and Road in new-generation information technology, biotechnology, new energy technology, new materials and other emerging industries, and establish entrepreneurial and investment cooperation mechanisms.优化产业链分工布局，推动上下游产业链和关联产业协同发展，鼓励建立研发、生产和营销体系，提升区域产业配套能力和综合竞争力。扩大服务业相互开放，推动区域服务业加快发展。探索投资合作新模式，鼓励合作建设境外经贸合作区、跨境经济合作区等各类产业园区，促进产业集

ogical progress in conducting investment and trade, increase cooperation in conserving eco-environment, protecting biodiversity, and tackling climate change, and join 群发展。在投资贸易中突出生态文明理念，hands to make the Silk Road an environ加强生态环境、生物多样性和应对气候变化合作，共建绿色丝绸之路。

We should improve the division of labor and distribution of industrial chains by encouraging the entire industrial chain and related industries to develop in concert;establish R&D, production and marketing systems;and improve industrial supporting capacity and the overall competitiveness of regional industries.We should increase the openness of our service industry to each other to accelerate the development of regional service industries.We should explore a new mode of investment cooperation, working together to build all forms of industrial parks such as overseas economic and trade cooperation zones and cross-border economic cooperation zones, and promote industrial cluster development.We should promote ecol

ment-friendly one.中国欢迎各国企业来华投资。鼓励本国企业参与沿线国家基础设施建设和产业投资。促进企业按属地化原则经营管理，积极帮助当地发展经济、增加就业、改善民生，主动承担社会责任，严格保护生物多样

性

和

生

态

环

境。We welcome companies from all countries to invest in China, and encourage Chinese enterprises to participate in infrastructure construction in other countries along the Belt and Road, and make industrial investments there.We support localized operation and management of Chinese companies to boost the local economy, increase local employment, improve local livelihoods, and take social responsibilities in protecting local biodiversity and eco-environment.资金融通。Financial integration 资金融通是“一带一路”建设的重要支撑。深化金融合作，推进亚洲货币稳定体系、投融资体系和信用体系建设。扩大沿线国家双边本币互换、结算的范围和规模。推动亚洲债券市场的开放和发展。共同推进亚洲基础设施投资银行、金砖国家开发银行筹建，有关各方就建立上海合作组织融资机构开展磋商。加快丝路基金组建运营。深化中国－东盟银行联合体、上合组织银行联合体务实合作，以银团贷款、银行授信等方式开展多边金融合作。支持沿线国家政府和信用等级较高的企业以及金融机构在中国境内发行人民币债券。符合条件的中国境内金融机构和企业可以在境外发行人民币债券和外币债券，鼓励在沿线国家使用所筹资金。

Financial integration is an important underpinning for implementing the Belt and Road Initiative.We should deepen financial cooperation, and make more efforts in building a currency stability system, investment and financing system and credit information system in Asia.We should exp

and the scope and scale of bilateral currency swap and settlement with other countries along the Belt and Road, open and develop the bond market in Asia, make joint efforts to establish the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and BRICS New Development Bank, conduct negotiation among related parties on establishing Shanghai Coope

ration Organization(SCO)financing institution, and set up and put into operation the Silk Road Fund as early as possible.We should strengthen practical cooperation of China-ASEAN Interbank Association and SCO Interbank Association, and carry out multilateral financial cooperation in the form of syndicated loans and bank credit.We will support the efforts of governments of the countries along the Belt and Road and their companies and financial institutions with good credit-rating to issue Renminbi bonds in China.Qualified Chinese financial institutions and companies are encouraged to issue bonds in both Renminbi and foreign currencies outside China, and use the funds thus collected in countries along the Belt and Road.加强金融监管合作，推动签署双边监管合作谅解备忘录，逐步在区域内建立高效监管协调机制。完善风险应对和危机处置制度安排，构建区域性金融风险预警系统，形成应对跨境风险和危机处置的交流合作机制。加强征信管理部门、征信机构和评级机构之间的跨境交流与合作。充分发挥丝路基金以及各国主权基金作用，引导商业性股权投资基金和社会资金共同参与“一带一路”重点项目建设。

We should strengthen financial regulation cooperation, encourage the signing of MOUs on cooperation in bilateral financial regulation, and establish an efficient regulation coordination mechanism in the region.We should improve the system of risk response and crisis management, build a regional financial risk early-warning system, and create an exchange and cooperation mechanism of addressing cross-border risks and crisis.We should increase cross-border exchange and c

ooperation between credit investigation regulators, credit investigation institutions and credit rating institutions.We should give full play to the role of the Silk Road Fund and that of sovereign wealth funds of countries along the Belt and Road, and encourage commercial equity investment funds and private funds to participate in the construction of key projects of the Initiative.民心相通。People-to-people bond

民心相通是“一带一路”建设的社会根基。传承和弘扬丝绸之路友好合作精神，广泛开展文化交流、学术往来、人才交流合作、媒体合作、青年和妇女交往、志愿者服务等，为深化双多边合作奠定坚实的民意基础。People-to-people bond provides the public support for implementing the Initiative.We should carry forward the spirit of friendly cooperation of the Silk Road by promoting extensive cultural and academic exchanges, personnel exchanges and cooperation, media cooperation, youth and women exchanges and volunteer services, so as to win public support for deepening bilateral and multilateral cooperation.扩大相互间留学生规模，开展合作办学，中国每年向沿线国家提供1万个政府奖学金名额。沿线国家间互办文化年、艺术节、电影节、电视周和图书展等活动，合作开展广播影视剧精品创作及翻译，联合申请世界文化遗产，共同开展世界遗产的联合保护工作。深化沿线国家间人才交流合作。

We should send more students to each other's countries, and promote cooperation in jointly running schools.China provides 10,000 government scholarships to the countries along the Belt and Road every year.We should hold culture years, arts festivals, film festivals, TV weeks and book fairs in each other's countries;cooperate on the production and translation of fine films, radio and TV programs;and jointly apply for and protect World Cultural Heritage sites.We should also increase personnel exchange and cooperation between countries along the Belt and Road.加强旅游合作，扩大旅游规模，互办旅游推广周、宣传月等活动，联合打造具有丝绸之路特色的国际精品旅游线路和旅游产品，提高沿线各国游客签证便利化水平。推动21世纪海上丝绸之路邮轮旅游合作。积极开展体育交流活动，支持沿线国家申办重大国际体育赛事。

We should enhance cooperation in and expand the scale of tourism;hold tourism promotion weeks and publicity months in each other's countries;jointly create competitive international tourist routes and products with Silk Road features;and make it more convenient to apply for tourist visa in countries along the Belt and Road.We should push forward cooperation on the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road cruise tourism program.We should carry out sports exchanges and support countries along the Belt and Road in their bid for hosting major international sports events.强化与周边国家在传染病疫情信息沟通、防治技术交流、专业人才培养等方面的合作，提高合作处理突发公共卫生事件的能力。为有关国家提供医疗援助和应急医疗救助，在妇幼健康、残疾人康复以及艾滋病、结核、疟疾等主要传染病领域开展务实合作，扩大在传统医药领域的合作。We should strengthen cooperation with neighboring countries on epidemic information sharing, the exchange of prevention and treatment technologies and the training of medical professionals, and improve our capability to jointly address public health emergencies.We will provide medical assistance and emergency medical aid to relevant countries, and carry out practical cooperation in maternal and child health, disability rehabilitation, and major infectious diseases including AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria.We will also expand cooperation on traditional medicine.加强科技合作，共建联合实验室（研究中心）、国际技术转移中心、海上合作中心，促进科技人员交流，合作开展重大科技攻关，共同提升科技创新能力。We should increase our cooperation in science and technology, establish joint labs(or

research centers), international technology transfer centers and maritime cooperation centers, promote sci-tech personnel exchanges, cooperate in tackling key sci-tech problems, and work together to improve sci-tech innovation capability.整合现有资源，积极开拓和推进与沿线国家在青年就业、创业培训、职业技能开发、社会保障管理服务、公共行政管理等共同关心领域的务实合作。

We should integrate existing resources to expand and advance practical cooperation between countries along the Belt and Road on youth employment, entrepreneurship training, vocational skill development, social security management, public administration and management and in other areas of common interest.充分发挥政党、议会交往的桥梁作用，加强沿线国家之间立法机构、主要党派和政治组织的友好往来。开展城市交流合作，欢迎沿线国家重要城市之间互结友好城市，以人文交流为重点，突出务实合作，形成更多鲜活的合作范例。欢迎沿线国家智库之间开展联合研究、合作举办论坛等。

We should give full play to the bridging role of communication between political parties and parliaments, and promote friendly exchanges between legislative bodies, major political parties and political organizations of countries along the Belt and Road.We should carry out exchanges and cooperation among cities, encourage major cities in these countries to become sister cities, focus on promoting practical cooperation, particularly cultural and people-to-people exchanges, and create more lively examples of cooperation.We welcome the think tanks in the countries along the Belt and Road to jointly conduct research and hold forums.加强沿线国家民间组织的交流合作，重点面向基层民众，广泛开展教育医疗、减贫开发、生物多样性和生态环保等各类公益慈善活动，促进沿线贫困地区生产生活条件改善。加强文化传媒的国际交流合作，积极利用网络平台，运用新媒体工具，塑造和谐友好的文化生态和舆论环境。

We should increase exchanges and cooperation between nongovernmental organizations of countries along the Belt and Road, organize public interest activities concerning education, healthcare, poverty reduction, biodiversity and ecological protection for the benefit of the general public, and improve the production and living conditions of poverty-stricken areas along the Belt and Road.We should enhance international exchanges and cooperation on culture and media, and leverage the positive role of the Internet and new media tools to foster harmonious and friendly cultural environment and public opinion.五、合作机制 V.Cooperation Mechanisms

当前，世界经济融合加速发展，区域合作方兴未艾。积极利用现有双多边合作机制，推动“一带一路”建设，促进区域合作蓬勃发展。

The world economic integration is accelerating and regional cooperation is on the upswing.China will take full advantage of the existing bilateral and multilateral cooperation mechanisms to push forward the building of the Belt and Road and to promote the development of regional cooperation.加强双边合作，开展多层次、多渠道沟通磋商，推动双边关系全面发展。推动签署合作备忘录或合作规划，建设一批双边合作示范。建立完善双边联合工作机制，研究推进“一带一路”建设的实施方案、行动路线图。充分发挥现有联委会、混委会、协委会、指导委员会、管理委员会等双边机制作用，协调推动合作项目实施。We should strengthen bilateral cooperation, and promote comprehensive development of bilateral relations through multilevel and multichannel communication and consultation.We should encourage the signing of cooperation MOUs or plans, and develop a number of bilateral cooperation pilot projects.We should establish and improve bilateral joint working mechanisms, and draw up implementation plans and road maps for advancing the Belt and Road Initiative.In addition, we should give full play to the ex

isting bilateral mechanisms such as joint committee, mixed committee，coordinating committee, steering committee and management committee to coordinate and promote the implementation of cooperation projects.强化多边合作机制作用，发挥上海合作组织（SCO）、中国－东盟“10+1”、亚太经合组织（APEC）、亚欧会议（ASEM）、亚洲合作对话（ACD）、亚信会议（CICA）、中阿合作论坛、中国－海合会战略对话、大湄公河次区域（GMS）经济合作、中亚区域经济合作（CAREC）等现有多边合作机制作用，相关国家加强沟通，让更多国家和地区参与“一带一路”建设。We should enhance the role of multilateral cooperation mechanisms, make full use of existing mechanisms such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO), ASEAN Plus China(10+1), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC), Asia-Europe Meeting(ASEM), Asia Cooperation Dialogue(ACD), Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia(CICA), China-Arab States Cooperation Forum(CASCF), China-Gulf Cooperation Council Strategic Dialogue, Greater Mekong Subregion(GMS)Economic Cooperation, and Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation(CAREC)to strengthen communication with relevant countries, and attract more countries and regions to participate in the Belt and Road Initiative.继续发挥沿线各国区域、次区域相关国际论坛、展会以及博鳌亚洲论坛、中国－东盟博览会、中国－亚欧博览会、欧亚经济论坛、中国国际投资贸易洽谈会，以及中国－南亚博览会、中国－阿拉伯博览会、中国西部国际博览会、中国－俄罗斯博览会、前海合作论坛等平台的建设性作用。支持沿线国家地方、民间挖掘“一带一路”历史文化遗产，联合举办专项投资、贸易、文化交流活动，办好丝绸之路（敦煌）国际文化博览会、丝绸之路国际电影节和图书展。倡议建立“一带一路”国际高峰论坛。We should continue to encourage the constructive role of the international forums and exhibitions at regional and subregional l

evels hosted by countries along the Belt and Road, as well as such platforms as Boao Forum for Asia, China-ASEAN Expo, China-Eurasia Expo, Euro-Asia Economic Forum, China International Fair for Investment and Trade, China-South Asia Expo, China-Arab States Expo, Western China International Fair, China-Russia Expo, and Qianhai Cooperation Forum.We should support the local authorities and general public of countries along the Belt and Road to explore the historical and cultural heritage of the Belt and Road, jointly hold investment, trade and cultural exchange activities, and ensure the success of the Silk Road(Dunhuang)International Culture Expo, Silk Road International Film Festival and Silk Road International Book Fair.We propose to set up an international summit forum on the Belt and Road Initiative.六、中国各地方开放态势

VI.China's Regions in Pursuing Opening-Up

推进“一带一路”建设，中国将充分发挥国

内各地区比较优势，实行更加积极主动的开放战略，加强东中西互动合作，全面提升开放型经济水平。

In advancing the Belt and Road Initiative, China will fully leverage the comparative advantages of its various regions, adopt a proactive strategy of further opening-up, strengthen interaction and cooperation among the eastern, western and central regions, and comprehensively improve the openness of the Chinese economy.西北、东北地区。发挥新疆独特的区位优势和向西开放重要窗口作用，深化与中亚、南亚、西亚等国家交流合作，形成丝绸之路经济带上重要的交通枢纽、商贸物流和文化科教中心，打造丝绸之路经济带核心区。发挥陕西、甘肃综合经济文化和宁夏、青海民族人文优势，打造西安内陆型改革开放新高地，加快兰州、西宁开发开放，推进宁夏内陆开放型经济试验区建设，形成面向中亚、南亚、西亚国家的通道、商贸物流枢纽、重要产业和人文交流基地。发挥内蒙古联通俄蒙的区位优势，完善黑龙江对俄铁路通道和区域铁路网，以及黑

龙江、吉林、辽宁与俄远东地区陆海联运合作，推进构建北京－莫斯科欧亚高速运输走廊，建设向北开放的重要窗口。Northwestern and northeastern regions.We should make good use of Xinjiang's geographic advantages and its role as a window of westward opening-up to deepen communication and

cooperation with Central, South and West Asian countries, make it a key transportation, trade, logistics, culture, science and education center, and a core area on the Sil

k Road Economic Belt.We should give full scope to the economic and cultural strengths of Shaanxi and Gansu provinces and the ethnic and cultural advantages of the Ningxia Hui autonomous region and Qinghai province, build Xi'an into a new focus of reform and opening-up in China's interior, speed up the development and opening-up of cities such as Lanzhou and Xining, and advance the building of the Ningxia Inland Opening-up Pilot Economic Zone with the goal of creating strategic channels, trade and logistics hubs and key bases for industrial and cultural exchanges opening to Central, South and West Asian countries.We should give full play to Inner Mongolia's proximity to Mongolia and Russia, improve the railway links connecting Heilongjiang province with Russia and the regional railway network, strengthen cooperation between China's Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces and Russia's Far East region on sea-land multimodal transport, and advance the construction of an Eurasian high-speed transport corridor linking Beijing and Moscow with the goal of building key windows opening to the north.西南地区。发挥广西与东盟国家陆海相邻的独特优势，加快北部湾经济区和珠江－西江经济带开放发展，构建面向东盟区域的国际通道，打造西南、中南地区开放发展新的战略支点，形成21世纪海上丝绸之路与丝绸之路经济带有机衔接的重要门户。发挥云南区位优势，推进与周边国家的国际运输通道建设，打造大湄公河次区域经济合作新高地，建设成为面向南亚、东南亚的辐射中心。推进西藏与尼泊尔等国家边境贸易和旅游文化合作。Southwestern region.We should give full play to the unique advantage of Guangxi Zhuang

autonomous region as a neighbor of ASEAN countries, speed up the opening-up and development of the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone and the Pearl River-Xijiang Economic Zone, build an international corridor opening to the ASEAN region, create new strategic anchors for the opening-up and development of the southwest and mid-south regions of China, and form an important gateway connecting the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road.We should make good use of the geographic advantage of Yunnan province, advance the construction of an

international transport corridor connecting China with neighboring countries, develop a new highlight of economic cooperation in the Greater Mekong Subregion, and ma

ke the region a pivot of China's opening-up to South and Southeast Asia.We should promote the border trade and tourism and culture cooperation between Tibet autonomous region and neighboring countries such

胞以及香港、澳门特别行政区独特优势作用，积极参与和助力“一带一路”建设。为台湾地区参与“一带一路”建设作出妥善安排。

as Nepal.沿海和港澳台地区。利用长三角、Coastal regions, and Hong Kong, Macao a珠三角、海峡西岸、环渤海等经济区开放程度高、经济实力强、辐射带动作用大的优势，加快推进中国（上海）自由贸易试验区建设，支持福建建设21世纪海上丝绸之路核心区。充分发挥深圳前海、广州南沙、珠海横琴、福建平潭等开放合作区作用，深化与港澳台合作，打造粤港澳大湾区。推进浙江海洋经济发展示范区、福建海峡蓝色经济试验区和舟山群岛新区建设，加大海南国际旅游岛开发开放力度。加强上海、天津、宁波－舟山、广州、深圳、湛江、汕头、青岛、烟台、大连、福州、厦门、泉州、海口、三亚等沿海城市港口建设，强化上海、广州等国际枢纽机场功能。以扩大开放倒逼深层次改革，创新开放型经济体制机制，加大科技创新力度，形成参与和引领国际合作竞争新优势，成为“一带一路”特别是21世纪海上丝绸之路建设的排头兵和主力军。发挥海外侨

nd Taiwan.We should leverage the strengths of the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, west coast of the Taiwan Straits, Bohai Rim, and other areas with

economic zones boasting a high level of openness, robust economic strengths and strong catalytic role, speed up the development of the China(Shanghai)Pilot Free Trade Zone, and support Fujian province in beco

ming a core area of the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road.We should give full scope to the role of Qianhai(Shenzhen), Nansha(Guangzhou), Hengqin(Zhuhai)and Pingtan(Fujian)in opening-up and cooperation, deepen their cooperation with Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and help to build

the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Big Bay Area.We should promote the development of the Zhejiang Marine Economy Development Demonstration Zone, Fujian Marine Economic Pilot Zone and Zhoushan Archipelago New Area, and further open Hainan province as an international tourism island.We should strengthen the port construction of coastal cities such as Shanghai, Tianjin, Ningbo-Zhoushan, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhanjiang, Shantou, Qingdao, Yantai, Dalian, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Quanzhou, Haikou and Sanya, and strengthen the functions of international hub airports such as Shanghai and Guangzhou.We should use opening-up to motivate these areas to carry out deeper reform, create new systems and mechanisms of open economy, step up scientific and technological innovation, develop new advantages for participating in and leading international cooperation and competition, and become the pacesetter and main force in the Belt and Road Initiative, particularly the building of the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road.We should leverage the unique role of overseas Chinese and the Hong Kong and Macao Special

Administrative Regions, and encourage them to participate in and contribute to the Belt and Road Initiative.We should also make proper arrangements for the Taiwan region to be part of this effort.内陆地区。利用内陆纵深广阔、人力资源丰富、产业基础较好优势，依托长江中游城市群、成渝城市群、中原城市群、呼包鄂榆城市群、哈长城市群等重点区域，推动区域互动合作和产业集聚发展，打造重庆西部开发开放重要支撑和成都、郑州、武汉、长沙、南昌、合肥等内陆开放型经济高地。加快推动长江中上游地区和俄罗斯伏尔加河沿岸联邦区的合作。建立中欧通道铁路运输、口岸通关协调机制，打造“中欧班列”品牌，建设沟通境内外、连接东中西的运输通道。支持郑州、西安等内陆城市建设航空港、国际陆港，加强内陆口岸与沿海、沿边口岸通关合作，开展跨境贸易电子商务服务试点。优化海关特殊监管区域布局，创新加工贸易模式，深化与沿线国家的产业合作。

Inland regions.We should make use of the advantages of inland regions, including a vast landmass, rich human resources and a strong industrial foundation, focus on such key regions as the city clusters along the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, around Chengdu and Chongqing, in central Henan province, around Hohhot, Baotou, Erdos and Yulin, and around Harbin and Changchun to propel regional interaction and cooperation and industrial concentration.We should build Chongqing into an important pivot for developing and opening up the western region, and make Chengdu, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Changsha, Nanchang and Hefei leading areas of opening-up in the inland regions.We should accelerate cooperation between regions on the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River and their counterparts along Russia's Volga River.We should set up coordination mechanisms in terms of railway transport and port customs clearance for the China-Europe corridor, cultivate the brand of “China-Europe freight trains,” and construct a cross-border transport corridor connecting the ea

stern, central and western regions.We should support inland cities such as Zhengzhou and Xi'an in building airports and international land ports, strengthen customs clearance cooperation between inland ports and ports in the coastal and border regions, and launch pilot e-commerce services for cross-border trade.We should optimize the layout of special customs oversight areas, develop new models of processing trade.七、中国积极行动 VII.China in Action 一年多来，中国政府积极推动“一带一路”建设，加强与沿线国家的沟通磋商，推动与沿线国家的务实合作，实施了一系列政策措施，努力收获早期成果。

For more than a year, the Chinese government has been actively promoting the building of the Belt and Road, enhancing communication and consultation and advancing practical cooperation with countries along the Belt and Road, and introduced a series of policies and measures for early outcomes.高层引领推动。习近平主席、李克强总理等国家领导人先后出访20多个国家，出席加强互联互通伙伴关系对话会、中阿合作论坛第六届部长级会议，就双边关系和地区发展问题，多次与有关国家元首和政府首脑进行会晤，深入阐释“一带一路”的深刻内涵和积极意义，就共建“一带一路”达成广泛共识。

High-level guidance and facilitation.President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang have visited over 20 countries, attended the Dialogue on Strengthening Connectivity Partnership and the sixth ministerial conference of the China-Arab States Cooperation Forum, and met with leaders of relevant countries to discuss bilateral relations and regional development issues.They have used these opportunities to explain the rich content and positive implications of the Belt and Road Initiative, and their efforts have helped bring about a broad consensus on the Belt and Road Initiative.签署合作框架。与部分国家签署了共建“一带一路”合作备忘录，与一些毗邻国家签署了地区合作和边境合作的备忘录以及经

贸合作中长期发展规划。研究编制与一些毗邻国家的地区合作规划纲要。Signing cooperation framework.China has signed MOUs of cooperation on the joint development of the Belt and Road with some countries, and on regional cooperation and border cooperation and mid-and long-term development plans for economic and trade cooperation with some neighboring countries.It has proposed outlines of regional cooperation plans with some adjacent countries.推动项目建设。加强与沿线有关国家的沟通磋商，在基础设施互联互通、产业投资、资源开发、经贸合作、金融合作、人文交流、生态保护、海上合作等领域，推进了一批条件成熟的重点合作项目。Promoting project cooperation.China has enhanced communication and consultation with countries along the Belt and Road, and promoted a number of key cooperation projects in the fields of infrastructure connectivity, industrial investment, resource development, economic and trade cooperation, financial cooperation, cultural exchanges, ecological protection and maritime cooperation where the conditions are right.完善政策措施。中国政府统筹国内各种资源，强化政策支持。推动亚洲基础设施投资银行筹建，发起设立丝路基金，强化中国－欧亚经济合作基金投资功能。推动银行卡清算机构开展跨境清算业务和支付机构开展跨境支付业务。积极推进投资贸易便利化，推进区域通关一体化改革。Improving policies and measures.The Chinese government will integrate its domestic resources to provide stronger policy support for the Initiative.It will facilitate the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.China has proposed the Silk Road Fund, and the investment function of the China-Eurasia Economic Cooperation Fund will be reinforced.We will encourage bank card clearing institutions to conduct cross-border clearing operations, and payment institutions to conduct cross-border payment business.We will actively promote investment and trade facilitation, and accelerate the reform of integrated region

al customs clearance.发挥平台作用。各地成功举办了一系列以“一带一路”为主题的国际峰会、论坛、研讨会、博览会，对增进理解、凝聚共识、深化合作发挥了重要作用。

Boosting the role of cooperation platforms.A number of international summits, forums, seminars and expos on the theme of the Belt and Road Initiative have been held, which have played an important role in increasing mutual understanding, reaching consensus and deepening cooperation.八、共创美好未来

VIII.Embracing a Brighter Future Together

共建“一带一路”是中国的倡议，也是中国与沿线国家的共同愿望。站在新的起点上，中国愿与沿线国家一道，以共建“一带一路”为契机，平等协商，兼顾各方利益，反映各方诉求，携手推动更大范围、更高水平、更深层次的大开放、大交流、大融合。“一带一路”建设是开放的、包容的，欢迎世界各国和国际、地区组织积极参与。Though proposed by China, the Belt and Road Initiative is a common aspiration of all countries along their routes.China is ready to conduct equal-footed consultation with all countries along the Belt and Road to seize the opportunity provided by the Initiative, promote opening-up, communication and integration among countries in a larger scope, with higher standards and at deeper levels, while giving consideration to the interests and aspirations of all parties.The development of the Belt and Road is open and inclusive, and we welcome the active participation of all countries and international and regional organizations in this Initiative.共建“一带一路”的途径是以目标协调、政策沟通为主，不刻意追求一致性，可高度灵活，富有弹性，是多元开放的合作进程。中国愿与沿线国家一道，不断充实完善“一带一路”的合作内容和方式，共同制定时间表、路线图，积极对接沿线国家发展和区域合作规划。

The development of the Belt and Road should mainly be conducted through policy co

mmunication and objectives coordination.It is a pluralistic and open process of cooperation which can be highly flexible, and does not seek conformity.China will join other countries along the Belt and Road to substantiate and improve the content and mode of the Belt and Road cooperation, work out relevant timetables and road maps, and align national development programs and regional cooperation plans.中国愿与沿线国家一道，在既有双多边和区域次区域合作机制框架下，通过合作研究、论坛展会、人员培训、交流访问等多种形式，促进沿线国家对共建“一带一路”内涵、目标、任务等方面的进一步理解和认

同。China will work with countries along the Belt and Road to carry out joint research, forums and fairs, personnel training, exchanges and visits under the framework of existing bilateral, multilateral, regional and subregional cooperation mechanisms, so that they will gain a better understanding and recognition of the contents, objectives and tasks of the Belt and Road Initiative.中国愿与沿线国家一道，稳步推进示范项目建设，共同确定一批能够照顾双多边利益的项目，对各方认可、条件成熟的项目抓紧启动实施，争取早日开花结果。China will work with countries along the Belt and Road to steadily advance demonstration projects, jointly identify programs that accommodate bilateral and multilateral interests, and accelerate the launching of programs that are agreed upon by parties and ready for implementation, so as to ensure early harvest.“一带一路”是一条互尊互信之路，一条合作共赢之路，一条文明互鉴之路。只要沿线各国和衷共济、相向而行，就一定能够谱写建设丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路的新篇章，让沿线各国人民共享“一带一路”共建成果。

The Belt and Road cooperation features mutual respect and trust, mutual benefit and win-win cooperation, and mutual learning between civilizations.As long as all count

ries along the Belt and Road make concerted efforts to pursue our common goal, there will be bright prospects for the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road, and the people of countries along the Belt and Road can all benefit from this Initiative.

第三篇：效率低人群的七种习惯(牛津大学)中英双语

与通常所列举的应该培养的有益习惯不同，本文在此举出的是我们最好避免的7种习惯。

就像寻找对你有益的习惯一样，寻找妨碍你的习惯同样重要。这7种习惯中大多数都可能会轻易成为你日常生活的一部分，使你难以察觉它的存在（或者它如何影响到你）。我曾经略微尝试了这些习惯，结果毫无疑问，那些重要的事情没有几个可以完成。同时我也要添加说明的是，这只是在生活中你可能形成的影响效率的主要的7个习惯，我很确定绝不仅仅是这些。

1、缺席。

也许你曾经听过伍迪·艾伦所说的这句话：

“百分之八十的成功来自于出席。”

更多的出席——这是在生活中你可以保证更多成功所做的最大也是最简单的事情之一，无论是在你的社交生活中，你的事业上还是你的健康方面。如果你想要改善你的健康状况，一个最重要也是最有效的事情就是在每次你该出席时出现在健身房里。

也许天气会不好，也许你会不想出门，也许你有一大堆其他必须要做的事情。但是，如果即使你在积极性不高时仍然继续出现在健身房里，那将比你呆在家里的沙发上放松要有效的多。

我想这个也可以推及到生活的其他领域。如果你每天都坚持写作或绘画，你就会快速的得到提高。如果你更多的出门你就可以遇到更多的新朋友。如果你参加更多的约会，你遇到心上人的机会就会大大提高。仅仅只是更多出席就会使你的生活大大不同。而缺席却会使你毫无收获。

2、拖拖拉拉。

为了简化，我将最喜欢的3种摆脱拖拉情况的方法列举如下：

-吞食青蛙。也就是说在一天的最开始就完成那些最艰难最重要的工作。早上良好的开始会让你一天都保持高昂的情绪和积极的动力。这通常会使你这一天都十分高效。

-你如何吃掉一头大象呢？不要打算一口吃成胖子，这会使你感到过多负担以至于产生拖延的念头。把一项工作分为若干可付诸于行动的小步骤，然后仅仅关注第一步直到把它完成，接下来再继续下一步。

-说服自己。我发现这种向导型调整十分有效。就在我花了20分钟躺在床上反复默念在这几天里我都十分高效之后，我就不再会陷入拖拉的情况或者浏览1至5个我喜爱的网站寻找更新信息的必要。

3、做一些无关紧要的事情。

除了拖拖拉拉以外，你最容易陷入的不良习惯之一就是忙于一些无关紧要的事情之中。

为了提高效率你也许需要某种时间管理方法。它可能会是一件极为简单的事情，比如在一天的开始使用80/20法则。80/20法则,也就是我们通常所熟悉的帕累托法则认为，80%的收获源自20%的努力。所以为求高效你应该将你精力的大部分集中在那些极少数重要的事情上。

当使用这个法则时你只需按优先顺序写下这一天你需要做的3件最重要的事情，然后从头做起。即使你只能完成其中的一件事，你仍然完成了今天最重要的事情。也许你也会偏爱其他诸如GTD等方法。但是无论你如何组织工作，最关键的还是寻找那些最重要的工作，这样你就不必花费几天，几个星期甚至几个月的时间去忙于那些并不是很重要的事情。如果这些事情无关紧要，那么即使你快速的完成它们也是没有多大用处的。

4、多虑。

因为多虑而很少采取行动。陷于无穷的分析之中只会使你虚度光阴。行动之前加以思考是没有错的。做一些调查研究，制定一个计划，探究可能存在的积极以及不利因素。

但是强制性的反复思考就会成为另外一种浪费时间的做法了。在尝试之前你没有必要去从每一个角度检查每一件事情。而且你也不可以等到一个最完美的时间再去做事，因为这样的时间从来不会出现。如果你继续这样思考就只会使自己陷的越来越深，从而使采取行动变得越来越难。相反，虽然思考在一定程度上对你有所帮助，但你现在需要做的就只是停止思考，然后去做那些你应该做的事情。

5、凡事过于消极。

当你凡事都从消极方面考虑时，你的积极性就会被大大打击。你会发现到处都是问题和错误，而这些问题是本不存在的。你抓住细节不放。如果你想要寻找一个不做某事的理由，这当然没有问题。而当你从一个消极角度看问题时，每次你都可能找出十个借口。

因此你几乎一事无成。你向任何愿意倾听的人诉苦（也许很多人并不想听），抱怨你的工作，生活和领导有多么的差劲。你的生活取决于你如何看待这个世界，这已经成为一个能够自我实现的预测。

对此的一个解决方法就是了解消极方面的限度，认识到你的消极思考并不是这个世界的真实写照。然后不妨尝试一些其他的角度。举例来说，你可以尝试着培养一下凡事从更为积极和乐观的角度思考的习惯，这会对你大有帮助。通过这种方式，你也许就会开始尝试这种积极性的挑战。这并不容易，然而如果你接受了这种挑战，连续7天都只从积极方面思考，你就会突然意识到你看问题的角度和想法是如此深刻地影响着你对世界的理解和你所得到的成果。

6、固执己见，与世隔绝。

人们很难去承认自己的想法不是最佳选择，因此你越来越执着于自己的想法，变得闭目塞听。这会让你很难取得进步，比如说效率就会很难提高。在这种情况下，即使认真思考改变人生的可能性都会变得很难。

显然，解决方法之一就是打开心胸。开阔视野，从他人和自己的错误中汲取教训，从书籍等资源中获取知识。与任何事一样，这事说起来容易做起来难。正如前面所说，对此我的建议就是认识到你的知识领域毕竟是有限的，而你做事的方式也会存在不足。那么不妨就尝试一下新事物吧。

而我的另一条建议就是，阅读一下埃克哈特·托利的《新天地》，特别是有关Ego的章节。正如托利所建议的，如果你不再像Ego那样思考，你就会更加容易接受新思想，抛弃那些已经无用的旧思想。另外我想要补充说明的就是：不要迷信书本，也不要盲目追求新的信息，否则你就会成为一个沉迷于自我帮助的人。在行动中运用那些新信息和你学到的事情，然后加以尝试。

7、持续信息过剩。

信息过剩并不是说你过多的阅读，我所指的是所有输入信息的过剩。如果你让所有的信息都涌进大脑，这当然会导致难于清晰思考，因为刺激源太多了。以下就是这种习惯可能会存在的弊端：

-你所接受的一些信息也许会是消极的。媒体和周围环境会因种种原因提供一种消极的信息。如果你没有根据需要对信息加以选择，也许你就会陷入消极之中，从而影响到你的所思，所感，所为。

-这会使你急于追赶当今发生的事情，然而每时每刻都有十几件事同时发生，想要追赶上它们几乎是不可能的事情。你的生活会因此充满压力。

-如果你持续被信息轰炸，并且还试图将所有信息分类，那么你将很难做出决定并采取行动。就我个人而言，如果我得到过多的信息，就会造成某种形式上的瘫痪，一事无成。或者你会被这种习惯所困，终日急于忙碌在一些非重要的事情上。

为了可以集中精力，清晰思考并付诸行动，你就需要在吸取信息时更有选择性。当你工作时尽可能的避免那些分散注意力的事物。关掉电话，断开网络，关上大门。你就会不可思议的发现，当你没有每隔五分钟就被打扰一次，没有机会因浏览RSS-feeds或喜爱的网站而拖延时，居然可以完成这么多的事情。

现在并不是说我建议你们停止阅读所有的博客或报纸。但是一定要清楚哪些是你真正想要阅读的，哪些只是用来打发时间的。同时你也可以查看其他开阔性信息的领域。

比如说，你没有必要陷入所有来自周围环境的消极情绪。如果周围的所有人都在拖延或者焦急的忙于各种非重要的事情时，你会很容易被这种情绪所影响。如果你有一扇心灵之门，关上它而去关注更为重要的事情，这会是个不错的主意。Habits of Highly Ineffective People

By Henrik Edberg

With a twist to the common list of habits that are useful to establish, here are 7 habits that you do best to avoid.Just like finding habits that can be useful for you it’s important to find habits that are holding you back.Most of these 7 habits can easily become such a normal, everyday part of life that you hardly notice it(or how it’s affecting you).I’ve dabbled with all of them quite a bit.Not surprisingly I didn’t get much of the important stuff done.I´d also like to add that these are just 7 broad habits you can establish to become highly ineffective in most parts of your life.I pretty sure there are several more.1.Not showing up.Maybe you’ve heard this quote by Woody Allen: “Eighty percent of success is showing up”

One of the biggest and simplest thing you can do to ensure more success in your life – whether it be in your social life, your career or with your health – is simply to show up more.If you want to improve your health then one of the most important and effective things you can do is just to show up at the gym every time you should be there.The weather might be bad, you might not feel like going and you find yourself having all these other things you just must do.If you still go, if you show up at the gym when motivation is low you will improve a whole lot faster than if you just stayed at home relaxing on the sofa.I think this applies to most areas of life.If you write or paint more, each day perhaps, you will improve quickly.If you get out more you can meet more new friends.If you go on more dates you chances of meeting someone special increases.Just showing up more can really make a big difference.Not showing up will not get you anywhere.2.Procrastinating half the day.To keep it short, my 3 favourite ways to get out of a procrastinating state are:

-Swallow that frog.What´s this means is simply to do the hardest and most important task of the day first thing in the morning.A good start in the morning lifts your spirits and creates a positive momentum for the rest of the day.That often creates a pretty productive day.-How do you eat an elephant? Don´t try to take it all in one big bite.It becomes overwhelming which leads to procrastination.Split a task into small actionable steps.Then just focus on the first step and nothing else.Just do that one until it’s done.Then move on to the next step.-The Get around to It Paraliminal.I find this guided mediation to be very useful.After 20 minutes of mostly just lying on my bed and listening I’m far more productive for a few days.I don´t feel the urge to sink into that procrastinating state or the need to find out what’s new over at one or five of my favourite websites.3.When actually doing something, doing something that isn’t the most important thing right now.One of the easiest habits to get stuck in, besides procrastinating, is to keep yourself busy with unimportant tasks.To be effective you probably need some kind of time management-system.It might be something really simple, like using the 80/20-rule at the beginning of each day.The 80/20 rule, or the Pareto Principle as it´s also known, says that you´ll get 80 percent of your results from only 20 percent of your tasks and activities.So you need to focus most of your energy on those few important tasks to be effective.When you have prioritized using this rule just write down the top 3 most important things you need to do that day.Then, from the top, start doing them.Even if you just get one of the things done, you have still done the most important thing you could do today.You may perhaps prefer some other system, such as GTD.But however you organise your work it’s still of highest priority to find the most important tasks so you don’t spend days, weeks or months doing busywork that isn’t that essential anyway.Just getting things done faster isn’t that useful if the things you get done are unimportant to you.4.Thinking too much.And thereby seldom taking action.Paralysis by analysis can waste years of your life.There is nothing wrong with thinking before you do something.Do some research, make a plan, explore potential upsides and problems.But compulsively thinking and thinking and thinking is just another way to waste your time.You don’t have to examine everything from every angle before you try it.And you can’t wait for the perfect time to do something.That time never comes.And if you keep thinking you’ll just dig yourself down deeper and deeper and taking action will become more and more difficult.Instead you just need to stop thinking.Shut of your mind – it just helps you up to a point – and go do whatever you need to do.5.Seeing the negative and downsides in just about anything.When you see everything from a negative perspective you quickly punch a hole in your own motivation.You find faults everywhere and problems where there are really none.You cling to details.If you want to find a reason to not do something then that’s no problem.From a negative viewpoint you can find ten reasons every time.And so very little gets done, you whine to anyone who wants to hear – and many who don’t – about how crappy your job, life and boss is.Which becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy as you create the life that is appropriate considering how think and see your world.A solution is to realise the limits of a negative perspective.And that your perspective isn’t some kind of 100% true picture of the world.Then try other perspectives.For instance, trying to establish a habit of seeing things in a more positive and optimistic light can be quite useful.In that vein, you may want to try the Positivity Challenge.It´s not easy, but if you do the challenge and try to only think positive thoughts for 7 days it can give you an insight in how much your perspective and beliefs changes how you interpret your world.And what results you get.6.Clinging to your own thoughts and being closed to outside influences.It can be hard to admit that what you thought or believed was not the best alternative.So you cling to your thoughts harder and harder and keep your mind closed.This makes it hard to improve and for instance to become more effective.Even really considering the possibility that you can change your life can be difficult in this position.One solution, obviously, is to open up more.To open up and learn from the mistakes of others, from your own mistakes and from other sources like books.This is easy to say though.It can, as almost anything, be harder to do.One suggestion I have is to, like I said about the previous habit, realise the limits of what you know and the way you going about things.And then just try something new.Another tip is to read A New Earth by Eckhart Tolle and especially look at the chapters about the Ego.If you stop identifying so much with your thoughts and your Ego, as Tolle prescribes, it becomes a whole a lot easier to let new ideas and thoughts come into your life.And to let go of old thoughts that aren’t useful to you anymore.On the other hand I’d like to add and counter-balance with these tips: don’t get stuck in reading, in just taking in new information either or you might become a self-help junkie.Use the new information, put what you have learned in to action and try it out.7.Constantly on information overload.With information overload I don’t just mean that you read a lot.I pretty much mean an overload in all input.If you just let all information flow into your mind it will be hard to think clearly.It’s just too much stimulation.A few more potential downsides to this habit are:

-Some of the input you receive will be negative.The media and your surroundings often put a negative spin on things for various reasons.If you aren´t selective in what input you want in your life then you’ll be dragged into this negativity too.This affects how you think, feel and act.-It creates an urge to keep up with what’s happening but there are always ten more things happening so you can’t keep up.This makes life stressful.-It becomes hard to make decisions and take action if your mind is constantly bombarded with information or trying to sort through it all.Personally I find that if I get too much information it leads to a sort of paralysis.Not much get´s done.Or you get stuck in habit #3 and keep busy, busy, busy at high speed with low priority activities.To be able to focus, think more clearly and take action it´s useful to be more selective in what you let into your mind.When you work shut out as much distractions as possible.Shut off the phone, internet and shut the door.It is strange how much you can get done when you aren´t interrupted every fifth minute or have the opportunity to procrastinate by checking your RSS-feeds or favourite websites.Now I´m not suggesting that you should stop reading all blogs or newspapers.But think about what you really want to read and what you read just read to fill your time.And have a look at other areas of input where the doors are wide-open.For instance, you don´t have to let in all the negative emotions from your surroundings.If everyone else are procrastinating or are anxiously keeping themselves busy by doing low-priority tasks at warp speed it´s easy to be influenced by that mood.If you have a door, then it might be good idea to shut it and focus on doing more important things.

第四篇：双语聋教育之初探

双语聋教育之初探

摘要：长期以来，口语教学原则的垄断地位在一定程度上制约了手语的发展，也直接影响了聋教育的发展，而今天，双语聋教育的推行给当今中国的特殊学校教育，提出了新的挑战，也带来了新的希望。双语聋教育以人为本，把聋人手语作为聋童的第一语言，社会主流语言作为第二语言，全面培养聋童的语言能力，认知能力，社会能力。

关键词：聋生

双语教育

体会

双语指的是中国聋人手语和汉语(口语及书面语)。聋人手语是聋 人之间使用的自然语言，是聋孩子的第一语言。双语教学就是让聋童熟练地掌握第一语言，同时理解和学好第二语言，即本国语言(口语及书面语)，使之达到与健听儿童的智力发展同步的水平。

一、教学观念的转变是双语聋教育的关键

双语聋教育是上世纪80年代以来在欧美一些发达国家发展起来的一种新的聋教育理念和方法，它是在对过去50年聋教育推行的口语教学法和评估作出了否定的基础上发展起来的。在经历以“口语为主，手语为辅“的教学理念的艰难历程中，我国的聋教育虽有无数特教人为寻找聋教育出路苦苦探索，无私奉献，聋教育也确实发生了巨大的变化，聋人学校从小学到大学相继成立，但我们的聋教育现状仍旧是百孔千疮，目不忍睹。蓦然回首，聋教育的教学质量没有得到应有的发展，甚至出现了停滞不前局面。

毕竟，聋孩子来到这个无声的世界，其信息主要是依靠视觉获得，而在以“口语为主”的教学模式下，基本上剥夺了聋孩子获取信息，学得知识的这样一条特殊途径了。在教与学的过程中，教师教得支离破碎，聋孩 子失去了最擅长的手语帮助，学得一知半解，一片茫然，这种低效的教学造成了聋孩子更加的社会边缘化，从而弓I发更多的聋人社会问题。

因此，我们必须改变教学观念，再也不能陷在“以口语为主，手语为辅”的教育泥潭里，而不能自拔，我们应该还给聋孩子应有的权利：让他们接受属于自己的“双语教育’’，让他们真正的做一个平等的社会人。

二、特校教师娴熟地掌握手语是双语聋教育的保障

双语聋教育的推广给从事特教工作者带来新的挑战。在真正具体落实双语聋教育的教学模式的过程中，我们深有体会：教师看不全学生打手语，大多一知半解，连看带猜，而学生呢，也看不懂教师打手语，常常是“雾里看花’’，致使“教’’与“学“都很艰辛，很困惑。所以，特校教师娴熟地掌握手语，帮助聋孩子在无声和有声世界间搭起一座桥是我们的职责，也是双语聋教育得以发展的保障。

手语是聋人表达思想，进行交际的工具，它包括聋人的自然手语和手势汉语，拼音手指语。聋人自然手语是聋人交往的重要工具，是形式和意义相结合的符号系统。手势汉语是借中国手语的手势，按照汉语语法规则逐词表达汉语的手势形式，它们是两种语言。教师只有合理切换这两种语言，即用聋人自然手语解释、理解语言和知识，用手势汉语朗读和表达书面语，才能让聋孩子学会第一语言一一聋人自然手语，然后，也就会让其自然而然，很顺利地学会第二语言一一书面语。其实，教师在课堂教学中，运用丰富的表情，清晰缓慢的手语动作，会令师生在无声的教室里自由、轻松、快乐地交流，与口语教学相比，会取得事半功倍的效果。

三、课堂教学中重视手语教学是双语聋教育的魅力

有位聋人发表这种的感想，我听不到，但我一样有成就感。手语是我的语言，是我身份的象征，我以会手语而骄傲，我用自己的生活方式从此 活得更轻松。我不再认为自己是个需要社会可怜的人，我立足于聋人文化，积极融入社会，在两个不同的平行的世界里我来去自如。可见，手语在聋教育中的份量，手语在聋人心目中的地位是何等地不容忽视。

在课堂教学中，如果不让聋孩子学手语，一味地强迫聋孩子和健听孩子一样要求去听去说，只能是事倍功半。聋孩子听不全也就听不懂，教师硬要像训练鹦鹉一样反复纠正其发音，耽误了他们学习文化知识的时间，结果是聋孩子既没有熟练地掌握他们的第一语言(手语)，更没有理解和学好第二语言(口语及书面语)。我们知道：聋孩子看手语是他们的天性，他们的擅长，他们全都看得清楚，看得明白，也很容易模仿和灵活运用，自然而然就记住了手语的意思，教师适时地将一些手语词语符号根据意思翻译过来，按汉语语法调整语序，把意思贯通起来，聋孩子就顺理成章地理解和学会了他们的第二语言。教师会觉得这是一种轻松，一种成就感，这就是手语教学的魅力所在。

四、尊重聋孩子是双语聋教育的升华

聋孩子由于自身的缺陷，他们很容易产生自卑、茫然、痛苦、无奈、逃避等心理，他们需要理解，需要沟通，需要宽容。聋孩子和我们一样都是生命，都是平等的。他们希望被尊重，只有在相互尊重的前提下，教师才能创设一种民主、平等的师生关系，营造一种宽松、和谐的课堂氛围。美国心理学家罗杰斯提出，成功的教学依赖于一种真诚的理解和信任的师生关系，依赖于一种和谐、安全的课堂氛围。给聋孩子良好的心境可以使其联想活跃、思维敏捷、激情勃发。浓郁的激情能充分有效的调动智力因素，释放巨大的学习潜能，极大地激发聋孩子的创新敏感性，无形中使聋教育得到了进一步的提升。

其实对聋孩子的尊重，最高的层次应该是尊重他们的语言。手语是 聋人的母语，这也是他们权利的象征挪威有位心理学家说过这样一段话：“如果你接纳一个人，也就接纳了这个人的语言，如果你排斥一个人的语言。也就是排斥了这个人。因为语言是我们社会存在的重要组成部分。”所以，接纳与尊重聋孩子的语言，也就尊重了聋孩子这个人。我们不管在课堂教学，还是在生活中，都要尊重聋孩子的这种特殊的语言表达方式，聋孩子的手语能促进教师手语的提高，从而提高聋校教师的专业素质，使聋孩子受益，使聋校发展，使双语聋教育得到更高境界的发展和升华。

双语教育是听障学生一个最大的福音，是聋教育的一片新天地，这种教学理念的实施，对聋孩子的全面发展，将会比其他教学思想更具生命力。双语聋教育任重而道远，需要每一位特教工作者勤于思考，勇于实践，努力探索，以便更好地推进特殊教育的科学发展，造福聋人，造福社会。

参考文献：《试为聋教育把脉开方》

方

红

《双语聋教育一一新理念、新方法、新突破》

吴安安 《中国特殊教育》

第五篇：不一样的名校就读体验之牛津大学

不一样的名校 就读体验之牛津大学

牛津大学是世界目前现存的第二古老的大学(也有做第三古老，因为巴黎大学在学运中被分解)，也是英语世界的第一所大学。特别的是至今无人确切知道大学成立的年份，和绝大多数大学不同，没有人创造了牛津大学，甚至提出大学的概念，她是社会自然演化的一个结果。从这个意义上来说，牛津大学的建立创造了一种叫做大学的社会组织形态，并且不可思议的在这个不断变化的世界存在并发展了上千年。更不可思议的是，在这个千年中，这所大学从经院哲学到经验哲学再到自然哲学的发展其实也是带领和见证了人类从中世纪到文艺复兴再到启蒙运动和最终进入现代社会的全过程。暂时撇开历史，现代社会中牛津大学的意义不止在于创造一种技术方法，发明一样工程设备，牛津的意义在于它代表了西方文明中一些基石性的内容。

以前听过一个笑话，如果你来牛津，congratulations!这会是一段难忘甚至可说是独一无二的经历。当然如果你考取的是剑桥，千万不要灰心!王尔德曾经也告诉他一个去剑桥就学的朋友：恭喜你!剑桥正是我知道的全世界最好的牛津预备学校

：)(It’s clearly an English joke LOL)

导师制：

总的来说牛津的学期很短，一个学期仅八周，一年三个学期。本科课时非常少，专业性非常强。和其他大学不同，牛津的Lecture是不受学生对老师打分影响的。也就是说，Lecturer可以完全按照学术上最佳的方式上课，而不会迎合学生。这样做优点是对于小部分非常有天赋的学生，他们可以在最短的时间内以最有效的方式学习最多的知识，教授可以抛开syllabus谈论很多额外的知识。缺点是对于一般的学生，教授不会受到你关于课程太难而抱怨的压力。但牛津本科最重要的学习方式是tutorial，是一对一或是一对二的教学(听起来很恐怖有木有!其实真的是很恐怖!)这种教育手段极其昂贵，也消耗了牛津很多很多的资源。优缺点一样，极有天分的学生能最大程度的享受牛津的教育，对一般的学生一对一教也没什么太大帮助T.T

正是这种tutorial被视为牛津教育成功的关键，也是除了”那所学校”以外独一无二的。

图书馆：

牛津总共有104个图书馆，大学，下属各个college，以及学术系都有自己的图书馆。college图书馆主要供本科教学使用，department和大学的研究生使用居多。牛津有很多“老旧”的书，duke

humphery’s

library里的书最新的大概是15世纪的，都是千金难求的孤本善本，所以每本书都绑了警报器(跑远了~)。同时大学每周都有好几卡车的新书运到，只是他们可能分布在104个图书馆中的一个或几个里面，需

要时需要通过博德利图书馆的中央索引系统找到，所以来访者不一定能发现。作为版权图书馆，牛津大学图书馆可以要求任何一本英国和爱尔兰出版的图书免费呈交一册收藏，鉴于英国每年的新书出版量和美中相近都为12万册以上，所以呈交量十分可观。另外，如果学院图书馆没有所需要的书而你又不想跑去很远的图书馆借的话，可以要求学院单独给你购买(这个果断是最爱)。总之700万册的藏书量+买书服务可以满足任何需求。

考试：

牛津的考试一年只有一次，有些专业两年只有一次，平时既可以随心所欲的学也可以随心所欲的玩，完全不必受到课程设置的影响。但是对于没有好好学的最后的考试也绝对是judgement

day。将整个学科揉进一张考卷，考试就需要对学科的完全理解。70+是1st，60-70是2.1，50-60是2.2，有些学科40分有些是30分pass。能考70+都是大学霸，80+大概可称之为学神了罢。霍金在牛津物理系考了69分T.T

当然前几年也有个波兰裔大神连续三年考出90+神一样的分数，毫无疑问他现在留校做关于superstring theory的D.Phil。

生活方式：

牛津的生活成本在英国应该算是数一数二了，生活方式相对比较单纯。学习之外去学院的common

room大家一起玩玩桌游或者wii，去酒吧喝喝聊聊，接待各种来牛津的朋友当导游划船，搞搞自己爱好的运动(牛津中国人就有个篮球队，还有经常远足啊，摘个草莓什么的)。很多人都爱好去各个学院吃吃formal

dinner，我可能只吃了不到一半的学院，最难吃的是我们学院，最好吃的没有印象了，英国人弄不出什么好食物的。

中国人：

牛津中国人在那儿有很多不同圈子，圈子间也重叠交叉。大体上，本科生是家庭条件最好、平均素质相当不错的，毕竟从A

level读到大学是开销挺大的，而要能在本科就进牛津，综合素质绝对杠杠的，而且大多能玩会学。手机回答码字太累，就不举例了。只说一个绝对会被问的：你见过瓜瓜吗?答案是没有，瓜瓜基本上不住宿舍(据说酒店常年包间)，基本上不跟中国人的圈子打交道(非常理解)，但据说人很有礼貌。博士生现在很多都是国内读完过去的，基本上是真心热爱学术的，我当时心里没有下定决心是否读博，于是问一个师兄他为什么喜欢研究，他说，他喜欢当他发现了一件事，只有他知道的那种欣喜与孤独。我就明白我只能转行了。除了我这种从PRS

transfer到master的极个别学术叛逃分子，master的主流是学制一年的by taught

course，来了先适应一个学期，然后一个学期学习考试，一个学期社交论文，基本上属于深度牛津游而已。