第一篇：《伯格曼法则在北极》教学反思
身为一名人民老师，教学是我们的任务之一，对学到的教学技巧，我们可以记录在教学反思中，教学反思应该怎么写才好呢？以下是小编为大家整理的《伯格曼法则在北极》教学反思，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
一、搜集资料，提高学生兴趣
一般的说明文较为枯燥，学生兴趣不浓。首先我在导入环节播放了5分钟《北极传说》的纪录片，这部记录片不仅描摹了北极冰天雪地的美丽风光，而且还有非常可爱的北极熊和北极海豹，这样的导入让学生对神奇美妙的北极充满了向往，也非常渴望了解那片神奇的土地。在文章中，讲解了大量的北极动物的例子，所以我从网上找到了很多有趣的图片，将北极动物和我们正常生活中的.动物两组对比，既让课堂充满惊奇和笑声，可让学生在愉快的氛围中了解说明对象。
但是在课后的反思中，我想到，在课堂中视频和图片使用的较多的情况，一定要使用恰当。否则容易宣兵夺主，让学生把过多的注意力集中在看视频和图片上，反而忽视了学习文章本身，而且可能会影响学生的注意力。
二、朗读是语文课的灵魂
我一直觉得诗歌散文时非常有必要朗读的，说明文只要学生能都通过文字弄懂文章内容即可。在这次公开课讲解文本语言特点时，我只是把语言特点很明显的句子找出来，让学生通过句子分析出来语言的生动幽默即可，没有想到通过朗读这一方式。课下师傅跟我讲，要让学生把这些文段读一读，在朗读的过程中才能逐渐体会到语言的风格。语文课堂中朗读是不可或缺的。我认为这一点意见是非常有效而且重要的。在任何文章的课堂中，都不能缺少朗读，朗读是语文课的灵魂，在朗读字词句的过程中，体会文字的魅力。这一点，必须在以后的课堂中有效的实行。
三、讨论问题要设计有效
本堂课中，我针对“课文大量举例是否有必要”这个问题组织了一次讨论。从全课时来讲，这个讨论很有必要，这也是全部教学内容中最复杂的一个问题。但是，从效果上看，学生无法开展讨论，老师布置任务后，讨论活动只持续了一分钟，学生就无话可说。究其原因，个人认为，主要是我没有给学生指明讨论的方向。这一点对“我们的学生”极其重要。只有路径清楚，学生才有可能知道前进的方向。设计有效的问题，并且要给学生指明从哪方面去讨论，给出几个讨论的方向，并且让学生自由选择，形成有效讨论。
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第二篇：微格教学反思
微格教学反思
——文学院2011级汉语言文学2班 代丽梅
通过本次微格教学视频的制作，我第一次站在一个旁人的位置之上观看了自己的授课全过程。原认为曾在名校实习打磨过的自己对教学已经足够了解，但真正面对这样一个没有学生，没有配合，一切都只能通过教师自己的实力演绎来完成整个教学过程的微格系统时，我才感觉到自己对于教育的了解其实只是冰山一角。反复观看了我的说课与教学视频，优缺参半，并作如下总结：
优点：
1.说课与教学活动环节设计完整，融听说读写于课堂，课堂内容丰富； 2.个人教态得体大方，普通话标准，能良好的把控课堂秩序与节奏； 3.现场写作，当堂展示，师生共评，学以致用，双向提高，培养学生综合素质，是本课的一大亮点；
4.诗歌感悟步骤层层深入，符合学生的认知过程，有助于学生逐步深入思考分析，培养系统的赏析诗歌能力；另外，以读代讲的教学方法的运用，一方面减轻了教师的负担，另一方面解放了学生的思维，使得学生能够通过自己的朗读感悟诗歌魅力，有利于学生自主学习能力的提高。
5.对学生思维的巧妙引导也是我课堂的一大亮点，如课中谈到诗人为何要用鸟儿“嘶哑”的嗓子时，化用自己的事例引导学生类比分析，同时也不乏幽默风趣之感，使整个课堂轻松而有意味。
缺点与改进：
1.教学课件较为简单，对学生的吸引力不够。
由于我自己教学设计的疏忽，认为课件只要清晰就好，不用太精美，导致了自己的PPT过于简单，不能很好的吸引学生注意的问题，这是我本堂课的一大缺点，因此，我还需加强对课件制作的学习，本学期我也选修了一门PPT制作通选课，希望通过系统的学习与自己课下的努力，提高自己的课件制作水平，使教学课件发挥出其应有的功效。
2.教学语言不够精炼。
我追求的是一种轻松的，师生平等的，以学生自主学习感悟为主的课堂效果，因此把语言设计的重点放在了环节的衔接和重难知识点的分析上，而对于一般性的提问和引导并没有太在意。看了自己的微格视频后，深感自己的语言在有些地方还不够简洁准确。针对这个问题，我决定从今以后坚持写详案，把自己要说的语言提前设计好，并预设学生的多种反应，做好对策，精准语言，把信息准确无误的传达给学生。
3.粉笔字有待提高。板书是PPT不能替代的，它体现的教师整堂课的精髓，粉笔字更是对教师最基本要求。由于视频原因，黑板上的粉笔字甚是模糊，看不出优劣，但我自己的粉笔字的确是要强加练习的。
4.与学生的互动方式比较单一。
虽然我很重视学生在课堂上的主要地位，但在实际操作上还不够，这体现在与学生的互动上。本堂课的设计旨在学生自主学习感悟，但在师生互动上大多采用教师发问，学生作答的形式。因此，在以后的授课中，应采用以学生发问，老师解答等多种方式贯穿课堂，使课堂更加深动。
5.另外，由于站位的问题导致PPT的部分内容被遮挡。所以，提前熟悉场地布置，设备等也是必不可少的。
以上是我对自己本次微格视频的总结，希望各位老师批评指正。同时，感谢教师教育学院的老师们设计出的这个系统，帮我们再次认识了自己，并不断改进！
第三篇：微格教学反思
微格教学与课堂教学的反思
娓娓动听
教学反思对于提高教师的专业化水平有着重大的意义，尤其是对我们这些即将走入教师行业的新手。日常的教学反思是在日常教学活动中，教师对专业实践中的问题进行回忆、思考、评价，探究解决问题的办法。叶澜教授说：“一个教师写一辈子教案不一定成为名师，如果一个教师写三年反思，则可能成为名师。”可见培养教师反思能力的重要性，在学习和教学的实践中体会到，微格教学和课堂教学有着密切的关系，微格教学是培养教师反思能力的有效途径，反思是微格教学活动中分析教学技能的重要手段。
微格教学已经落幕，在各种技能反复训练中我还是有不少收获的。我是一名师范生，在本科阶段就已经接触过微格教学，对此也不是很陌生。大学期间我们是八人一组，一个学期结束，也没有得到一个很实质性的进步，这是我在大学毕业后一直思考的问题。于是对比本科阶段和研究生阶段，寻找自己停滞不前的原因。在这两个阶段，有一个很明显的区别，这个学期的微格教学，在微格教学之后我自己有个教学反思，在随即的课堂上陈老师和罗老师也对我们进行评课，使我们对自己的负责的那一框有了更加清醒的认识。
在教学过程中，我发现以下几点非常重要，现归纳为：
1、集中整合使用材料
记得我讲锻炼交往能力这一框时，我每讲一个知识点，就用一个材料去论证，最直接的结果就是一节课下来，我就是一直在讲材料，且讲的材料又没有讲透，导致落实知识点时是蜻蜓点水，给学生造成云里雾里的错觉。其实有些材料可以贯穿使用，一个材料我们可以用来讲解好几个知识点，甚至可以用来讲一节课，这样讲的话会更加深入透彻，达到更好的教学效果。材料不在于多，而在于精，微格教学给我的直观感受是，我们在课堂一定要把材料讲清讲透，在讲解的过程中，使学生明白知识的来龙去脉，为什么这么说，为什么又要这样做。适当的时候，要拓展一些课本以外的知识，不断拓宽学生的视野。
2、重点讲解关键知识点
微格教学的的时间是10到15 分钟，我们要合理分配好，根据教学目标和知识点的难易程度，我们对知识点的讲解要分配好时间，不要机械的平均的分配，要有一定的弹性和灵活性，切实做到具体问题具体分析。对于关键的知识点和学生易理解错误的地方要舍得花时间去讲述，切忌一笔带过。为了达到这个目标，我总结的方法是，在站上讲台之前，一定要写一份详案，一定要熟读教材，认真做好备课的工作，确定本堂课的教学重难点，方便我们在开展教学进程时，知道哪里该详讲，哪里该略讲。
3、PPT的字要少且大
制作课件时，不 要在一张幻灯片里放很多的字，一定要简单，而不要盲目追求花哨。对于概念性的文字，我们要懂得突出强调，我们可以用红色来展示不同，对于大段的材料，我们要懂得取舍，懂得突出，帮它减点肥，这样我们可以减轻学生的负担，也可达到课件美观的效果。
4、不能为完成教学任务而赶时间
上课容易跑偏快成我的一大特色了，上课期间总是跟着学生的思路跑远，最后没有完成教学任务。由于在前面的花费的时间较长，为了完成原先计划的教学内容，后面的知识点我压缩时间来讲，这样做法很不好，直接的后果是我在讲解知识点时蜻蜓点水，不利于我们深入挖掘教材，上课也会上的不生动，同时也降低学生上政治课的兴趣。在上锻炼交往能力这一框时，设计的一些环节并没有实际的效果，因为同班同学的配合，并没有很明显的突显出来，后来和同学老师一起观察自己的教学视频，发现问题百出，尤其是并没有很好地完成教学目标，在最后的讲解过程中没有很好地把握教学时间，导致未能按质完成教学任务。
整个微格教学过程使我明白微格教学不同于其他教学方法的是用摄像机拍摄我们整个教学过程，然后通过在回放的过程发现自己的不足，通过微格教学，学生们不仅可以掌握自己教学中的优缺点，可以看到在讲课中重点，难点处理是否得当，教态是否自然大方，语言是否流畅，情感是否亲切；而且通过反复观看录像，进行自我反思，能够找出自己在教学技能与教学内容方面的很多问题，便于在今后的教学中慢慢改进，虽然目前同学们在教学方面有很多的不足，但相信通过微格教学的训练，大家的教学技能都有所提高。
微格教学是对师范生进行课堂教学训练的一种培训方法。微格训练将帮助我们加强、改进教学技能和方法，减少课堂中的失误，并使我们尽快的建立信心。微格教学这门课很有意义，是我们实践和成长的见证。不同于其他课程，它的实践性更强，我从中学到了很多，这对我们掌握教学技能有很大的帮助。微格教学结束了，但是，在今后的学习中我会针对我的弱项进行训练，抓住每一次讲课的机会来锻炼自己，不断提高自己的教学技能，为自己能构成为一名德才兼备的老师而不屑的努力。
第四篇：桑德伯格在UC伯克利毕业演讲[范文]
Thank you, Marie.And thank you esteemed members of the faculty, proud parents, devoted friends, and squirming siblings.Congratulations to all of you…and especially to the magnificent Berkeley graduating class of 2016!
It is a privilege to be here at Berkeley, which has produced so many Nobel Prize winners, Turing Award winners, astronauts, members of Congress, Olympic gold medalists….and that’s just the women!
Berkeley has always been ahead of the times.In the 1960s, you led the Free Speech Movement.Back in those days, people used to say that with all the long hair, how do we even tell the boys from the girls? We now know the answer: man buns.Early on, Berkeley opened its doors to the entire population.When this campus opened in 1873, the class included 167 men and 222 women.It took my alma mater another ninety years to award a single degree to a single woman.One of the women who came here in search of opportunity was Rosalind Nuss.Roz grew up scrubbing floors in the Brooklyn boardinghouse where she lived.She was pulled out of high school by her parents to help support their family.One of her teachers insisted that her parents put her back into school—and in 1937, she sat where you are sitting today and received a Berkeley degree.Roz was my grandmother.She was a huge inspiration to me and I’m so grateful that Berkeley recognized her potential.I want to take a moment to offer a special congratulations to the many here today who are the first generation in their families to graduate from college.What a remarkable achievement.Today is a day of celebration.A day to celebrate all the hard work that got you to this moment.Today is a day of thanks.A day to thank those who helped you get here—nurtured you, taught you, cheered you on, and dried your tears.Or at least the ones man who didn’t draw on you with a Sharpie when you fell asleep at a party.Today is a day of reflection.Because today marks the end of one era of your life and the beginning of something new.A commencement address is meant to be a dance between youth and wisdom.You have the youth.Someone comes in to be the voice of wisdom—that’s supposed to be me.I stand up here and tell you all the things I have learned in life, you throw your cap in the air, you let your family take a million photos –don’t forget to post them on instagram—and everyone goes home happy.Today will be a bit different.We will still do the caps and you still have to do the photos.But I am not here to tell you all the things I’ve learned in life.Today I will try to tell you what I learned in death.I have never spoken publicly about this before.It’s hard.But I will do my very best not to blow my nose on this beautiful Berkeley robe.One year and thirteen days ago, I lost my husband, Dave.His death was sudden and unexpected.We were at a friend’s fiftieth birthday party in Mexico.I took a nap.Dave went to work out.What followed was the unthinkable—walking into a gym to find him lying on the floor.Flying home to tell my children that their father was gone.Watching his casket being lowered into the ground.For many months afterward, and at many times since, I was swallowed up in the deep fog of grief—what I think of as the void—an emptiness that fills your heart, your lungs, constricts your ability to think or even to breathe.Dave’s death changed me in very profound ways.I learned about the depths of sadness and the brutality of loss.But I also learned that when life sucks you under, you can kick against the bottom, break the surface, and breathe again.I learned that in the face of the void—or in the face of any challenge—you can choose joy and meaning.I’m sharing this with you in the hopes that today, as you take the next step in your life, you can learn the lessons that I only learned in death.Lessons about hope, strength, and the light within us that will not be extinguished.Everyone who has made it through Cal has already experienced some disappointment.You wanted an A but you got a B.OK, let’s be honest—you got an A-but you’re still mad.You applied for an internship at Facebook, but you only got one from Google.She was the love of your life… but then she swiped left.Game of Thrones the show has diverged way too much from the books—and you bothered to read all four thousand three hundred and fifty-two pages.You will almost certainly face more and deeper adversity.There’s loss of opportunity: the job that doesn’t work out, the illness or accident that changes everything in an instant.There’s loss of dignity: the sharp sting of prejudice when it happens.There’s loss of love: the broken relationships that can’t be fixed.And sometimes there’s loss of life itself.Some of you have already experienced the kind of tragedy and hardship that leave an indelible mark.Last year, Radhika, the winner of the University Medal, spoke so beautifully about the sudden loss of her mother.The question is not if some of these things will happen to you.They will.Today I want to talk about what happens next.About the things you can do to overcome adversity, no matter what form it takes or when it hits you.The easy days ahead of you will be easy.It is the hard days—the times that challenge you to your very core—that will determine who you are.You will be defined not just by what you achieve, but by how you survive.A few weeks after Dave died, I was talking to my friend Phil about a father-son activity that Dave was not here to do.We came up with a plan to fill in for Dave.I cried to him, “But I want Dave.” Phil put his arm around me and said, “Option A is not available.So let’s just kick the shit out of option B.”
We all at some point live some form of option B.The question is: What do we do then?
As a representative of Silicon Valley, I’m pleased to tell you there is data to learn from.After spending decades studying how people deal with setbacks, psychologist Martin Seligman found that there are three P’s—personalization, pervasiveness, and permanence—that are critical to how we bounce back from hardship.The seeds of resilience are planted in the way we process the negative events in our lives.The first P is personalization—the belief that we are at fault.This is different from taking responsibility, which you should always do.This is the lesson that not everything that happens to us happens because of us.When Dave died, I had a very common reaction, which was to blame myself.He died in seconds from a cardiac arrhythmia.I poured over his medical records asking what I could have—or should have—done.It wasn’t until I learned about the three P’s that I accepted that I could not have prevented his death.His doctors had not identified his coronary artery disease.I was an economics major;how could I have?
Studies show that getting past personalization can actually make you stronger.Teachers who knew they could do better after students failed adjusted their methods and saw future classes go on to excel.College swimmers who underperformed but believed they were capable of swimming faster did.Not taking failures personally allows us to recover—and even to thrive.The second P is pervasiveness—the belief that an event will affect all areas of your life.You know that song “Everything is awesome?” This is the flip: “Everything is awful.” There’s no place to run or hide from the all-consuming sadness.The child psychologists I spoke to encouraged me to get my kids back to their routine as soon as possible.So ten days after Dave died, they went back to school and I went back to work.I remember sitting in my first Facebook meeting in a deep, deep haze.All I could think was, “What is everyone talking about and how could this possibly matter?” But then I got drawn into the discussion and for a second—a brief split second—I forgot about death.That brief second helped me see that there were other things in my life that were not awful.My children and I were healthy.My friends and family were so loving and they carried us—quite literally at times.The loss of a partner often has severe negative financial consequences, especially for women.So many single mothers—and fathers—struggle to make ends meet or have jobs that don’t allow them the time they need to care for their children.I had financial security, the ability to take the time off I needed, and a job that I did not just believe in, but where it’s actually OK to spend all day on Facebook.Gradually, my children started sleeping through the night, crying less, playing more.The third P is permanence—the belief that the sorrow will last forever.For months, no matter what I did, it felt like the crushing grief would always be there.We often project our current feelings out indefinitely—and experience what I think of as the second derivative of those feelings.We feel anxious—and then we feel anxious that we’re anxious.We feel sad—and then we feel sad that we’re sad.Instead, we should accept our feelings—but recognize that they will not last forever.My rabbi told me that time would heal but for now I should “lean in to the suck.” It was good advice, but not really what I meant by “lean in.”
None of you need me to explain the fourth P…which is, of course, pizza from Cheese Board.But I wish I had known about the three P’s when I was your age.There were so many times these lessons would have helped.Day one of my first job out of college, my boss found out that I didn’t know how to enter data into Lotus 1-2-3.That’s a spreadsheet—ask your parents.His mouth dropped open and he said, ‘I can’t believe you got this job without knowing that”—and then walked out of the room.I went home convinced that I was going to be fired.I thought I was terrible at everything… but it turns out I was only terrible at spreadsheets.Understanding pervasiveness would have saved me a lot of anxiety that week.I wish I had known about permanence when I broke up with boyfriends.It would’ve been a comfort to know that feeling was not going to last forever, and if I was being honest with myself… neither were any of those relationships.And I wish I had understood personalization when boyfriends broke up with me.Sometimes it’s not you—it really is them.I mean, that dude never showered.And all three P’s ganged up on me in my twenties after my first marriage ended in divorce.I thought at the time that no matter what I accomplished, I was a massive failure.The three P’s are common emotional reactions to so many things that happen to us—in our careers, our personal lives, and our relationships.You’re probably feeling one of them right now about something in your life.But if you can recognize you are falling into these traps, you can catch yourself.Just as our bodies have a physiological immune system, our brains have a psychological immune system—and there are steps you can take to help kick it into gear.One day my friend Adam Grant, a psychologist, suggested that I think about how much worse things could be.This was completely counterintuitive;it seemed like the way to recover was to try to find positive thoughts.“Worse?” I said.“Are you kidding me? How could things be worse?” His answer cut straight through me: “Dave could have had that same cardiac arrhythmia while he was driving your children.” Wow.The moment he said it, I was overwhelmingly grateful that the rest of my family was alive and healthy.That gratitude overtook some of the grief.Finding gratitude and appreciation is key to resilience.People who take the time to list things they are grateful for are happier and healthier.It turns out that counting your blessings can actually increase your blessings.My New Year’s resolution this year is to write down three moments of joy before I go to bed each night.This simple practice has changed my life.Because no matter what happens each day, I go to sleep thinking of something cheerful.Try it.Start tonight when you have so many fun moments to list— although maybe do it before you hit Kip’s and can still remember what they are.Last month, eleven days before the anniversary of Dave’s death, I broke down crying to a friend of mine.We were sitting—of all places—on a bathroom floor.I said: “Eleven days.One year ago, he had eleven days left.And we had no idea.” We looked at each other through tears, and asked how we would live if we knew we had eleven days left.As you graduate, can you ask yourselves to live as if you had eleven days left? I don’t mean blow everything off and party all the time— although tonight is an exception.I mean live with the understanding of how precious every single day would be.How precious every day actually is.A few years ago, my mom had to have her hip replaced.When she was younger, she always walked without pain.But as her hip disintegrated, each step became painful.Now, even years after her operation, she is grateful for every step she takes without pain—something that never would have occurred to her before.As I stand here today, a year after the worst day of my life, two things are true.I have a huge reservoir of sadness that is with me always—right here where I can touch it.I never knew I could cry so often—or so much.But I am also aware that I am walking without pain.For the first time, I am grateful for each breath in and out—grateful for the gift of life itself.I used to celebrate my birthday every five years and friends’ birthdays sometimes.Now I celebrate always.I used to go to sleep worrying about all the things I messed up that day—and trust me that list was often quite long.Now I try really hard to focus on each day’s moments of joy.It is the greatest irony of my life that losing my husband helped me find deeper gratitude—gratitude for the kindness of my friends, the love of my family, the laughter of my children.My hope for you is that you can find that gratitude—not just on the good days, like today, but on the hard ones, when you will really need it.There are so many moments of joy ahead of you.That trip you always wanted to take.A first kiss with someone you really like.The day you get a job doing something you truly believe in.Beating Stanford.(Go Bears!)All of these things will happen to you.Enjoy each and every one.I hope that you live your life—each precious day of it—with joy and meaning.I hope that you walk without pain—and that you are grateful for each step.And when the challenges come, I hope you remember that anchored deep within you is the ability to learn and grow.You are not born with a fixed amount of resilience.Like a muscle, you can build it up, draw on it when you need it.In that process you will figure out who you really are—and you just might become the very best version of yourself.Class of 2016, as you leave Berkeley, build resilience.Build resilience in yourselves.When tragedy or disappointment strike, know that you have the ability to get through absolutely anything.I promise you do.As the saying goes, we are more vulnerable than we ever thought, but we are stronger than we ever imagined.Build resilient organizations.If anyone can do it, you can, because Berkeley is filled with people who want to make the world a better place.Never stop working to do so—whether it’s a boardroom that is not representative or a campus that’s not safe.Speak up, especially at institutions like this one, which you hold so dear.My favorite poster at work reads, “Nothing at Facebook is someone else’s problem.” When you see something that’s broken, go fix it.Build resilient communities.We find our humanity—our will to live and our ability to love—in our connections to one another.Be there for your family and friends.And I mean in person.Not just in a message with a heart emoji.Lift each other up, help each other kick the shit out of option B—and celebrate each and every moment of joy.You have the whole world in front of you.I can’t wait to see what you do with it.Congratulations, and Go Bears!
第五篇：微格教学及2+2教学评估法
微格教学及2＋2教学评估法
今天下午，美国教育学博士德瓦埃.特.爱伦教授来我校讲学，在7教A区会议室，时间从2：30到5：00，全校的教育专业老师和部分学生，整个会议全满。
今天主要介绍他的有关“2＋2”教学评估法的思想及其有关微格教学的变化。
他从我们国家的十一五规划谈起，谈到我们国家的创新发展方向和要求，也谈到邓小平的三个面向，说邓不仅是一个政治家，而且可以看成是世界教育家，他认为“三个面向（3 Fors）”是世界所有教育的要求。（All education judged by 3fors——is it modern;is it world class;is it for the future.）
爱伦教授介绍了他在我国云南作联合国教科文组织的中国西部教育项目（1992－2006）期间的情况：
云南的中小学教师的“2＋2评估法”教师培训或者说是教师自我发展（Teacher Self-Development）的方式：每个老师每周听课一次并被听一次，每次听课老师要提出2条优点和2条建议，这些总结要给被听课教师，要给领导，要自留一份，而则根据这些材料作自我总结，并提出来年的计划，同时这些总结会上交领导，领导根据总结作出一定的评估。他把这种方式称为“集思广益，改善教学”。
在随后的过程中，他主要阐述这样的方式的基本理念，现根据我的理解，整理如下： 2＋2评估法可以看成是一种教师自我专业发展的方法，这种方法是基于一个创建一个学习型的团队，通过团队的提升来提升个体。因此2＋2评估法也就被看成一种“学习‘学会学习’”的方式。
The Essence of 2+2 被阐释为：Mutual observation;Mutual feedback;Mutual encouragement.这里“双向”是其核心，不仅表现在同事之间的“双向”，而且表现在权利体制上的“自上而下”，也有“自下而上”。表现在学校教师发展中，在教师教学活动的学生发展中。这一核心，我可以理解为团队建设的基本原则，而另外一个原则可以看成是个体发展原则就是。或许这第二个原则打消我们很多人的一个疑问，包括我都在思考这样一个问题，在教师发展过程中，指导教师是一个什么样的角色，是不是指导老师的作用降低了，因为我们中国有句古话：下棋找高手，弄斧到班门，说的就是权威的引领的作用，并且确实在师范生试讲中也反映出学生之间的评估是往往“找不到北”的感觉，搞了一段时间，没多少进步，认为大家都差不多。
为了表现“Trial and Error”的力量，在最后爱伦专门作了一个小实验，就是让人亲历“试误”的力量。教学活动是一个经验化的过程，要让学生去尝试，在尝试中进步，在进步中获取信心。要鼓励学生去尝试，要让学生收到犯错误的鼓舞，要让学生建立能搞好教学的信心。所以，指导老师就象啦啦队长。
关于微格教学的发展
从最早的微格教学技术上的落后，发展到今天的技术手段的先进，逐步会实现随时随地都可能实现。一台小数码相机都可以实现录像。技术上实时化了。但是，对微格组织方式也在发生变化。对旧的微格教学设计和设置都是Complex，课程是预设的课程，填很多表格；新的简单化了，一般设置5个人，四个学生，一个示范老师，讲5分钟，讨论10分钟，每人按2＋2提出评估，不需要指导老师。指导老师，可以巡视，不需要参与多的意见，但是对学生的评估报告要进行仔细评估，哪些意见好，哪些意见提得准确，让学生在评估中学会评估。
总之，爱伦教授的基本理念是强调“分享共赢”，强调个体参与并尝试错误。对于这种一种理念的实现是比较困难的，开始可能也会出现挫折，但人的学习也就是这样，是在迷茫与曲折中学习的。2006-4-19 Email： dwallen@edu.edu
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