G20G20峰会 英文简介课件文本（写写帮推荐）

第一篇：G20G20峰会 英文简介课件文本（写写帮推荐）

Hangzhou’s time to shine

As the G20 Leaders Summit kicks off on Sept 4, Hangzhou, the host city, is ramping up measures to promote its reputation for entrepreneurship, as well as its many beauty spots, to those overseas.G20领导人峰会将于9月4日开幕，而主办城市杭州也正在紧锣密鼓地筹备当中，希望向全世界展现这座城市的企业家精神，以及众多风光美景。

One of the strongest *endorsements comes from Jack Ma, founder of the Hangzhou-based global internet giant Alibaba.阿里巴巴公司的创始人马云给出了最有力的代言。这家全球互联网巨头的总部就位于杭州。

In a TV interview on Aug 25, Ma explained why he chose to stand with Hangzhou from the very beginning.8月25日，在一次电视采访中，马云阐明了为什么他一开始就看好杭州。

“Because this city has entrepreneurship.It’s so friendly to private sectors, and people here are well-educated,” Ma said.“We’ve got great talent, we’ve got a good environment, and we’ve got great culture, fighting for the future.”

“因为这座城市拥有企业家精神，它包容民营企业的发展，而这里的人受教育程度也很高，”马云说道。“我们有出色的人才，我们有宜人的环境，我们有博大精深的文化，我们在这里，为未来奋斗。”

Although many may have been surprised when Hangzhou was chosen to host the summit over bigger cities such as Beijing or Shanghai, economic statistics suggest that it’s well deserving of the honor.尽管许多人对于杭州被选为峰会的主办城市，而非北京、上海一类的大城市而感到十分惊讶，但经济数据显示，杭州当之无愧。

When the national economy grew at 6.7 percent in the first half of this year, the lowest in more than two decades, Hangzhou steamed ahead with a massive 10.8 percent growth, becoming one of the only two cities in China, alongside Chongqing, with a double-digit growth rate.今年上半年国民经济的增速为6.7%，创20多年来的新低。但杭州却一马当先，经济劲增10.8%，成为了除重庆外，全国唯一一个经济增幅为两位数的城市。

Walking along the streets of Hangzhou, through centuries-old *alleys and along the Broadway-like Yan’an Avenue, a tourist can pick up whatever he or she wants with just a smartphone, via Alipay or WeChat Pay-no cash or credit cards needed.漫步于杭州街头，穿越数世纪的古老小道亦或是如同百老汇般热闹非凡的延安路，游客可以在手机上通过支付宝或者微信支付来购买任何自己想要的东西——无需使用现金或信用卡。

And starting this month, one can also rent public bikes simply by scanning the QR code with a smartphone.而自本月起，人们只需简单地用手机扫一扫二维码，便能租用公共自行车。

Meanwhile, a short video showcasing the beauty of Zhejiang province and its capital, Hangzhou, is being aired on CNBC channels during prime time through Sept 12.与此同时，一部呈现浙江省及其省会杭州之美的短片也已登陆美国CNBC频道，并于黄金时段播出，直至9月12日。

The promotional video, created by CNBC’s Catalyst Content Studio, highlights some of Hangzhou’s most alluring attractions.这部由CNBC的Catalyst Content Studio操刀制作的宣传短片，突出杭州了最迷人的一面。

From eye-pleasing beauty spots like the Qiantang River and West Lake to the towering headquarters of leading internet corporations, the promo shows how the city built its legacy on a long history of commerce and seafaring and developed into a vast modern hub of technology, imports and exports.从钱塘江和西湖的沁人美景到领军全球的互联网公司的摩天大楼，这部宣传片展现了这座城市如何将自身的文化传统根植于其悠久的商业史和航运史，并逐渐发展成为集科技和进出口贸易于一身的现代之都。

national leaders: 国家领导人 heads of states: 国家元首 总统、主席；总理、首相

虽然中文叫法因国而异，不过基本上英语谈国家领导人，就会用这两个词： President: 总统、主席

Prime Minister(也常缩写为PM): 首相，总理

但是，有个例外：

Chancellor: 德国总理用这个词

Germany is the only major country that uses the word “chancellor” instead of prime minister: 德国应该是主要国家里唯一用chancellor而不是prime minister称呼总理的

G20还有一个国王 King: 国王

Which country is that? 这是哪个国家？

It's a country with a lot of oil: 是个石油很多的国家 Oh, Saudi Arabia!噢，沙特阿拉伯

还有头衔很长的欧盟领导人： President of the European Council: 欧洲理事会主席

President of the European Commission: 欧盟委员会主席

Up above is heaven and down below are Suzhou and Hangzhou: 上有天堂，下有苏杭

第二篇：G20峰会相关英文

金句欣赏

1.中国改革已经进入攻坚期和深水区；

China’s reform has entered the deep water zone where tough challenges must be met.2.我们将以装饰断腕的用起、凤凰涅槃的决心，敢于向积存多年的顽瘴痼疾开刀；

We have the resolve to make painful self-adjustment and tackle problems that have built up over many years.3.敢于触及深层次利益关系和矛盾，把改革进行到底。

Particularly underlying issues and enternched interests and carry reform through to the end.4.抓住科技创新就抓住了发展的牛鼻子。

Scientific and technological innovation holds the key to development.5.青山绿水就是金山银山。

Green mountains and clear water are as good as mountains of gold and silver.6.民惟邦本，本固邦宁。

The people are the foundation of a country and only when the people lead a good life can the country thrive.7.轻关易道，通商宽农。

The governance of a country should be based on simple customs procedures, improved intrastructures, convenience for business transaction and preferntial agricultural polices.8.这是建设开放型世界经济的应有之义。

What it implies is the importance of buliding an open world economy.9.在经济全球化时代，各国发展环环相扣，一荣俱荣，一损俱损。

In the age of economic globalization, countries are closely linked in their development and they all rise and fall together.10.没有哪一个国家可以独善其身，协调合作是必然选择。No country could seek development on its own;and one sure path is through coordination and cooperation.11.一个行动胜过一个纲领。

One action counts more than a dozen programs.12.和衷共济、和合共生是中华民族的历史基因，也是东方文明的精髓。

To seek harmoy and coexistence is in the genes of the Chinese nation throughout history.It represents the very essence of Eastern civilization.13.中国坚定不移走和平发展道路。

China is committed to the path of peaceful development.14.常言说，小智治世，大智治制。

As a Chinese saying goes, people with petty shrewdness attend to trivial matters while those with greater wisdom attend to government of institutions.15.弄潮儿箱套头立。手把红旗旗不湿。

The tide riders surf the currents, the flags they hold up never get wet.16.我同各位一样，期待着二十国集团用做世界经济的弄潮儿。

I like all of you, look forward to a G20 that will ride the tides in the world economy.17.国强必需的逻辑不适用，穷兵黩武的道路走不通。China is committed to the path of peaceful development.G20杭州峰会5点“决心”

① 决心为世界经济指明方向，规划路径 Determined to set out the direction,targets and steps of G20 cooperation and depict the blueprint for future world economy.② 决心创新增长方式，为世界经济注入新动力 Determined to break a new path for growth to inject new dynamism into the world economy.③ 决心完善全球经济金融治理，提高世界经济抗风险能力 Determined to improve globle economic and financial governance to enhance the resilience of the world economy.④ 决心重振国际贸易和投资，构建开放型世界经济 Determined to revitalize international trade and investment as the key engines of growth and build an open world economy.⑤ 决心推动包容和联动式发展，让二十国集团合作成果惠及全球 Determined to promote inclusive and interconnected development so that G20 cooperation will deliver benefits to the whole world.建设好二十国集团的4点建议

1)与时俱进，发挥引领作用。The G20 must keep up with the changing times and lead the way forward.2)知行合一，采取务实行动。The G20 should fully honor its commitment.3)共建共享，打造合作平台。The G20 should become a platform of cooperation built through joint efforts that delivers benefits to all.4)同舟共济，发扬伙伴精神。The G20 should stick together as partners in meeting challenges.中国改革开放4个“伟大进程”

① 坚定不移群面深化改革，开拓更好发展前景。We will steadfastly deepen reform in an all-round way and open up brighter prosprcts of development.② 坚定不移实施创新驱动发展战略，释放更强增长动力。We will pursue an innovation-driven development stratege to create stronger growth drivers.③ 坚定不移推进绿色发展，谋求更加质量效益。We will promote green development to achieve better economic performance.④ 坚定不移推进公平共享，增进更多民众福祉。We will promote equity and sharing of developmengt outcomes to deliver more benefits to the people.全球经济治理4个“重点”

1)共同构建公正高效的全球金融治理格局，维护世界经济稳定大局。Jointly ensure equitable and efficient global financial governance, and uphold the overall stability of the world economy.2)共同构建开放透明的全球贸易和投资治理格局，巩固多边贸易体制，释放全球经贸投资合作潜力。Jointly foster open and transparent global trade and investment governance to cement the multilateral trade regime, and unleash the pitential of global cooperation in economy, trade and ivestment.3)工头构建绿色低碳的全球能源治理格局，推动全球绿色合作。Jointly establish green and loe-carbon global energy governance to promote global green development cooperation.4)共同构建包容联动的全球发展智力格局，以落实联合国2030年了持续发展议程为目标，共同增进全人类福祉。Jointly facilitate an inclusive and iterconnected global development governance to implement the UN 2030 Agenda for Suatainble Development and jointly promote the wellbeing of mankind.推动世界经济4个“药方”

① 建设创新型世界经济，开辟增长源泉。We need to bulid an innovative world economy to generate new drivers of growth.② 建设开放型世界经济，拓展发展空间。We need to build an open world economy to expand the scope of development.③ 建设联动型世界经济，凝聚互动合力。We need to build an interconnected world economy to forge interactive synergy.④ 建设包容型世界经济，夯实共赢基础。We need to build an inclusive world economy to strengthen the foundation for win-win outcomes.1)2)3)4)中国改革开放4个“伟大进程”

这是探索前行的进程。This is a course of blazing a new trail.这是真抓实干的进程。This is a course of delivering tangible outcomes.这是共同富裕的进程。This is a course of achieving common prosperity.这是中国走向世界、世界走向中国的进程。This is a course of China and the world embracing each other.

第三篇：材料力学英文课件

材料力学的研究对象主要是棒状材料，如杆、梁、轴等。对于桁架结构的问题在结构力学中讨论，板壳结构的问题在弹性力学中讨论。以下是小编为您整理的材料力学英文课件相关资料，欢迎阅读！

材料力学英文课件

材料力学定义

固体力学的一个分支，研究结构构件和机械零件承载能力的基础学科。其基本任务是：将工程结构和机械中的简单构件简化为一维杆件，计算杆中的应力、变形并研究杆的稳定性，以保证结构能承受预定的载荷；选择适当的材料、截面形状和尺寸，以便设计出既安全又经济的结构构件和机械零件。

在结构承受载荷或机械传递运动时，为保证各构件或机械零件能正常工作，构件和零件必须符合如下要求：①不发生断裂，即具有足够的强度；②构件所产生的弹性变形应不超出工程上允许的范围，即具有足够的刚度；③在原有形状下的平衡应是稳定平衡，也就是构件不会失去稳定性。对强度、刚度和稳定性这三方面的要求，有时统称为“强度要求”，而材料力学在这三方面对构件所进行的计算和试验，统称为强度计算和强度试验。

为了确保设计安全，通常要求多用材料和用高质量材料；而为了使设计符合经济原则，又要求少用材料和用廉价材料。材料力学的目的之一就在于为合理地解决这一矛盾，为实现既安全又经济的设计提供理论依据和计算方法。

材料力学课程

课程简介

材料力学课程是一门用以培养学生在工程检验与设计中有关力学方面设计与计算能力的技术基础课，本课程主要研究工程结构中构件的承载能力问题。通过材料力学的学习，能够对构件的强度、刚度和稳定性问题具有明确的基本概念，必要的基础知识，比较熟练的计算能力，一定的分析能力和初步的实践能力。

材料力学课程是高等工科院校中土木工程专业一门主干专业课程。在教学过程中要综合运用先修课程中所学到的有关知识与技能，结合各种实践教学环节，进行土木工程毕业生所需的基本训练，为学生进一步学习有关后续专业课程和有目的从事工程检验与设计工作打下基础。因此材料力学课程在土木工程专业的教学计划中占有重要的地位和作用。

课程目标

材料力学是由基础理论课过度到专业课程的技术基础课。通过该课程的学习，要求学生对杆件的强度、刚度和稳定性问题具有明确的基本概念、必要的基础知识、比较熟练的计算能力、一定的分析能力和初步的实验能力。

教学内容及要求

第一章 绪论及基本概念（2课时）

内容：材料力学的任务和研究对象；变形固体的基本假设；内力、截面法；应力的概念；线应变和剪应变；杆件变形的基本形式。

重点讲解：内力、应力和应变的概念和胡克定律。介绍本课程重点内容及学习方法。第二章 轴向拉伸与压缩（6课时）

内容：轴向拉伸和压缩的基本概念和实例；截面法、轴力和轴力图；直杆横截面和斜截面上的应力，最大剪切应力；低碳钢和铸铁的拉伸试验及拉伸时材料的力学性质；低碳钢和铸铁的压缩试验及压缩时材料的力学性质；许用应力，强度条件；圣维南原理；轴向拉伸和压缩时的变形；应变能、比能；应力集中的概念。

重点讲解轴向拉（压）杆内力、应力以及强度计算的概念，截面法在求解拉（压）杆内力中的具体应用。详细介绍材料在拉伸与压缩时的力学性能。重点讲解轴向拉（压）杆的应变和变形计算

公式。对拉压应变能作一般性介绍。对斜截面上的应力、应力集中的概念及连接部分的强度计算作一般性介绍。

第三章 扭转（6课时）

内容：扭转的概念和实例；扭矩和扭矩图；薄壁圆筒扭转时的应力和变形；纯剪切、剪切虎克定律、剪应力互等定理；圆轴扭转时的应力和变形；强度和刚度条件；扭转时的弹性应变能；非圆截面扭转的概念。

重点讲解圆轴扭转时的应力和变形计算，强度和刚度条件。对非圆截面轴扭转及薄壁杆扭转作简单介绍。

第四章 弯曲应力（10课时）

内容：对称弯曲的概念和实例；梁的计算简图、剪力、弯矩及其方程；剪力图和弯矩图；弯矩、剪力和分布载荷集度的关系及其应用。纯弯曲时的正应力公式；弯曲正应力的强度计算；矩形截面梁和工字形截面梁的剪应力；弯曲剪应力的强度计算；提高弯曲强度的措施；弯曲中心的概念。

重点讲解梁的内力及其计算方法，剪力图和弯矩图的画法。介绍平面弯曲概念，剪力、弯矩方程的写法。利用弯矩、剪力与分布荷载集度间的关系画弯矩图作为难点仔细讲解，反复训练。梁在纯弯曲时的正应力计算，梁的强度校核。介绍梁横截面上的切应力，合理截面问题。一般介绍截面核心的概念。

第五章 梁弯曲时的位移（6课时）

内容；梁的挠曲线及其近似微分方程；用积分法求梁的挠度和转角；根据叠加法求梁的挠度和转角；梁的刚度校核；提高弯曲刚度的措施；梁弯曲时的变形能。

重点讲解梁的挠度和转角，梁的挠曲线近似微分方程。详细介绍用积分法、叠加法求梁的挠度和转角，梁的刚度校核，简单超静定梁计算。一般介绍提高弯曲刚度的措施。

第六章 简单的超静定问题（6课时）

内容：静不定结构的概念和实例；静不定结构的特点；力法解静不定结构；拉压扭转静不定问题。

重点讲解用力法分析静不定问题。其它问题简单介绍。

第七章 应力状态与强度理论（8课时）

内容：应力状态、主应力和主平面的概念；平面应力状态下的应力分析－解析法和图解法；三向应力状态基本概念；平面应力状态下的应变分析；广义虎克定律；强度理论的概念；材料破坏形式；四种常用强度理论、莫尔强度理论。

重点讲解应力状态的概念，主应力和主平面。较详细介绍平面应力状态下的应力分析，三向应力圆，最大剪应力，广义胡克定律。一般介绍平面应力状态下的应变分析，形状改变比能的概念。重点讲解强度理论的概念，详细介绍最大拉应力理论，最大拉应变理论，最大剪应力理论，形状改变比能理论。一般介绍相当应力的概念、其它强度理论及强度理论的适用范围。

第四篇：冲突法英文课件

第五章 法律冲突

Relationship between U.S.state and federal law

The relationship between state and federal law in federal courts gives rise to complex

issues in both domestic and international cases.These issues are subject to the so-called

 Until the 1930s, the federal courts had followed the rule of Swiff v.Tyson and applied a

general federal common law in diversity cases.Under Swiff v.Tyson, federal courts were generally free to apply state general federal common law, while state courts were at liberty to apply state common law.In Erie Railroad Co.v.Tompkins, however, the Supreme Court narrowly limited the federal court’s authority to fashion general common law rules.Declaring that “there is no federal general common law,” the Court held that, in the absence of valid federal legislation, federal courts must ordinarily apply state substantive law, including state common law rules fashioned by state courts.The Court based its decision in large part on the perceived “mischievous results” that flowed from permitting federal courts to apply federal law, and state courts to apply state law. To redress these perceived defects, Erie established fundamentally new principles governing

the relationship between state and federal law that a valid federal statute, treaty, or regulation preempts inconsistent state law, and must be applied by both state courts and federal diversity and alienage courts.If no valid federal substantive law applies, however, the Erie doctrine provides generally that “procedural” issues in federal diversity actions are governed by federal procedural law, while “substantive” issues are governed by state substantive law.Federal procedural law applies only in federal courts, not in state courts.Relationship between international agreements and U.S.law

The U.S.Constitution permits entry by the United States into “treaties”.In determining the

legal effects of a treaty under U.S.law, U.S.courts distinguish sharply betweenand “have immediate legal effects within the contracting states, without the need for implementing legislation or regulations;a non-executing treaty is not intended to have direct legal effect, but instead contemplates domestic implementing legislation.Whether a treaty is self-executing or non-executing under U.S.law depends on the intentions of the United States in ratifying the treaty. The U.S.Constitution declares that self-executing treaties are the ”Supreme Law of the

Land“.Even without implementing legislation, self-executing treaties are federal law that enjoy essentially the same status in U.S.courts as federal statutes.Self-executing treaties create enforceable rights in U.S.courts and preempt inconsistent state law.In the case of conflict between treaties and federal statutes, a ”last-in-time“ rule applies: a federal statute supersedes prior inconsistent treaties, and conversely, a treaty supersedes prior inconsistent federal statutes.In contrast, non-self-executing treaties lack binding force in U.S.courts until implemented

by congressional statute.As a result, federal law ordinarily prevails over inconsistent non-self-executing treaties.The same result apparently also applies with respect to state statutes and state common law.Relationship between customary international law and U.S law

The status of customary international law in U.S.courts is less clear than that of treaties

and other international agreements.In practice, the direct application of customary international law occurs in relatively few cases, owing principally to the comprehensive

character of U.S.law and the fragmentary coverage of international law.In the absence of any federal law on an issue, U.S.courts will generally give effect to

customary international law.If a subsequent federal statute requires a result contrary to preexisting principles of customary international law, then U.S.courts must give Congress's legislation priority.They must do so even though this will place the United States in violation of international law.Moreover, even when a preexisting federal statute is said to be inconsistent with subsequent international practice, the prior statute will probably prevail.The same result should apply in conflicts between customary international law and rules of federal common law.The effect of a conflict between customary international law and state law is less clear.Because customary international law is federal law, it should in principle preempt both prior and subsequent state law.思考判断

 法律冲突只会在国际私法领域发生。

 发生法律冲突的最根本原因是立法权的分立。

 现代国际私法认为，公法领域不会发生法律冲突。

 国际法律冲突与区际法律冲突都是空间上的法律冲突。

 对于人际法律冲突的解决，目前尚没有统一的规则。但它与解决空间上的法律冲突的规则相似，以规定婚姻、家庭及其他有关人的身份、能力方面的问题居多。

 国际私法上所讲的法律冲突，主要是指法律适用上的冲突

 解决国际民事法律冲突的方法主要有冲突法方法和实体法方法两种。

 对一个具体的国际私法案件，可以同时用实体法方法和冲突法方法解决之。

第六章 冲突规范

确定连接点通常考虑的因素

 冲突规范的“范围”所要解决的法律问题的性质与分类；

 冲突规范所选择的连接点必须是“范围”中法律关系的构成要素之一；

 区分不同连接点的含义和作用，并要看有关连接点是否与特定的法律关系具有较本质的联系，对特定的问题具有相对重要性；

 有关的连接点必须是各国立法机关经常作为自己刑事立法管辖权的根据；

 有关的连接点必须便于认定，便于使用，并与特定的地域相联系；

 有关连接点的选择必须符合内国处理涉外民事法律关系的政策。

Concept and types of the conflict rule

The norms indirectly regulating facts of private international law form a special group of statutory provisions called conflict rules.On a broader plane a conflict rule is understood to mean a norm regulating any conflict of law, to wit, determining which of several relevant rules is to be actually applied.Conflict cases may be international, when the choice is between the laws of several sovereign States;the norms resolving such conflicts are called conflict rules of the international type.Conflicts may also arise between differing laws of non-sovereign parts of a sovereign State.These are cases of interregional conflicts which are governed by interregional conflict rules.The structure of the choice-of-law rule

The theory of legislation distinguishes between three structural elements of a legal norm: fact, provision and sanction.The choice-of-law rule(conflict rule)is a legal norm of special structure exhibiting some peculiarity in each of these elements.Its most striking feature consists in never containing sanctions.The consequences of infringement are determined not by the conflict rule itself but by the positive rules of the legal system invoked by it.In this sense every conflict rule is a dependent norm.Some connecting factors at times fail to provide guidance for the judge in the discovery of the applicable law.Nationality, for instance, is a connecting factor which is inapplicable to stateless persons(have no nationality).Some connecting factors(nationality, domicile, residence, seat, location, etc.)are subject to change over time.It is necessary that the point of time relevant to the choice of law should always be defined in the conflict rules.The Need for “connecting factor”

In every legal system there is the need for some kind of link between the forum state and a person in order to determine when that state may exercise its sovereign powers with respect to that person.The particular link needed will often depend on the purpose for which a state wishes to exercise its power over a person.A little link may be needed in order for a state to exercise the power to tax;the fact that revenue was derived from an in-state transaction may be enough.A different, more substantial link to the forum state may be needed when the state seeks to require a person to defend himself in its courts or when the state seeks to impose substantive liability upon a person under the laws of the forum state.For these and many other purposes, legal systems establish “connecting factors.” The United States Supreme speaks, in various contexts, of “minimum contacts,” “significant contacts,” “affiliating circumstances,” and the like.From among the many connecting factors which may be used to establish the necessary link between a person and the forum state, all legal systems will identify one as the most important.It will serve as the connecting factor in virtually all circumstances and for all purposes.Other connecting factors will play a more subsidiary role, being usually restricted to specific situation.The structure, operation, and escape mechanisms of the traditional approach

The traditional approach was based on pre-conceived choice-of-law rules formulated around broad categories barrowed from domestic law, such as torts, contracts, conveyances, successions, status, etc.The process of employing these rules was divided into three distinct mental steps.The first step was to determine which rule was applicable to the problem by fitting that problem into legal category of tort, contract, and so forth.This step is known as characterization, classification, or qualification.The second step was to “localize” the connecting factor, to place it on the map, by determine where the tort or the contract occurred.The third step was to ascertain the content of the law of the state in which the connecting factor was located, to determine “how much” of that law was applicable to the case.Each of these three steps offered different opportunities for “escape” or manipulations.Judges who were dissatisfied with the results produced by an orthodox application of the traditional theory frequently have resorted to these escape.This casuistic and thus unpredictable practice inflicted a serious blow to the traditional theory’s claim of certainty and predictability.思考判断

 由于冲突规范缺乏可预见性和明确性，它不是法律规范。

 冲突规范是既不同于实体法规范，又不同于程序法规范的第三种法律规范。

 与一般的法律规范的逻辑结构不同，冲突规范的结构包括”范围“和”系属“两部分。 一般说来，双边冲突规范可以分解成两个对立的单边冲突规范。

 选择适用的冲突规范和重叠适用的冲突规范都必须有两个或两个以上的连结点。 连结点是冲突规范中将“范围”和“准据法”联系起来的客观的不变的事实根据。 系属公式都是从双边冲突规范的系属发展起来，并抽象化而形成的。

 系属公式与冲突规范的涵义是一致的。

 行为地法包括合同缔结地法、合同履行地法、婚姻举行地法和侵权行为地法以及法院地法。

 最密切联系地法既是一项法律选择的指导原则，又是一个系属公式，可适用于许多不同性质的涉外民事法律关系。

选择判断

 《民法通则》第146条：侵权行为的损害赔偿适用侵权行为地法律。当事人双方国籍

相同或者在同一国家有住所的，也可以适用当事人本国法律或者住所地法律。属于那种冲突规范？

A 重叠性冲突规范B 有条件的选择性冲突规范C双边冲突规范D无条件的选择性冲突规范

 我国《海商法》第270条规定:“船舶所有权的取得、转让和消灭，适用船旗国法律”。

属于哪种冲突规范?

A.单边冲突规范B.双边冲突规范 C.选择适用的冲突规范D.重叠适用的冲突规范  “亲子间的法律关系，依父之本国法；如无父时，依母之本国法”。属于哪种冲突规范?Ａ单边冲突规范 Ｂ双边冲突规范 C 重叠型冲突规范 D 选择性冲突规范

 “在中华人民共和国境内履行的中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同、中外

合作勘探开发自然资源合同，适用中华人民共和国法律。”该条款属于下列选项中哪一类型的冲突规范？

A单边冲突规范 B双边冲突规范 C重叠适用的冲突规范 D选择适用的冲突规范

第七章准据法的一般问题

Approaches to choice-of-law problem

When you see a choice-of-law question on your conflict exam, you should write your

answer in terms of the choice-of-law approach the forum court follows.But what approach is that?

(1)If your question tells you which approach is to be used, for example, ”assume that the

forum follows the approach to choice of law suggested by the Restatement(Second)of Conflict,“ then obviously you should answer the question in terms of that(Second Restatement's ”most significant relationship“)approach.(2)But if no approach is specified in the question, you should analyze the question in terms

of several different approaches.The following four approaches, or a combination of them, are used by most American courts today:(a)Traditional, vested rights approach of the First Restatement--the law of the state in which the parties' rights ”vested“ applied;(b)Most significant relationship approach of the Second Restatementthe court considers the underlying policies of the laws of the state involved and the interest of the states in furthering those policies to decide which law should be applied to the particular issue;and(d)Leflar's ”better law“ approach-this approach rejects ”rules“ and ”formulas“ and based on particular consideration, selects the better law.Substance or Procedure

A subset of the characterization problem involves the choice between substance and

procedure.Under the traditional approach, procedural problems(those dealing with the process of litigation)were controlled by forum law;substantive issues(those involving claims of right)were determined by the law of another jurisdiction. The substance/procedure dichotomy arises because the forum has strong reasons for seeing

its law applied to issues concerning pleading, motion practice, the presentation of evidence, and so forth.Forum interest and convenience, therefore, should dictate the classification of an issue as ”procedure.“ Expressed differently, if neither the forum's interest nor judicial convenience is involved, no reason exists to treat the problem as ”procedure." The focus should be on whether the reasons which gave rise to the substance/procedure distinction are involved in the problem, not on the judge's vague intuition or on a precedent which addressed the issue in a different setting and is, therefore of questionable application.思考判断

 所有用来解决涉外民商事纠纷的法律规则都是准据法。

 在审理涉外民商事案件时，根据中国的冲突规范应适用某外国法时，应适用该外国的实体法和程序法。

 冲突规范的目的就是找到合适的准据法。

 根据法律的不同性质决定不同的法律选择方法自国际私法产生以来一直有较大的影

响。

 政府利益分析方法是建立在抛弃传统冲突规则的基础之上的。

 比较损害方法实质上是政府利益分析说的一种。

 程序问题适用法院地法是现代各国国际私法的普遍作法。

 英国和美国原来把时效问题作为程序法问题，现在在很多情况下识别为实体法问题，对其适用案件的准据法。

 有关证据的问题都是程序法问题，应适用法院地法。

 当冲突规范指定适用多法域国家的法律时，有的国家直接适用冲突规范中连结点指引的法律，有的国家依被指定为准据法国家的“区际私法”解决。我国法院在实践中综合适用上述两种方法。

第八章 冲突法的一般问题

1898年9月，一住所在英国的英国女子黛安娜与一住所在法国的法国男子

菲利普在英国按英国方式结婚。时年男方19岁，该婚姻没有经过男方或女方

父母的同意。婚后不久，男方父亲知晓，即令其子返法。而后，男方在法国

法院提起诉讼，要求宣告该婚姻无效。

1901年11月，法国法院认为，“经父母同意而缔结婚姻”是属于婚姻能力问 题，依属人法，判决这个婚姻由于未按法国法的要求取得父母的同意而无

效。在这个判决生效以后，菲利浦在法国再次结婚。

1904年，黛安娜在英国与威廉·奥格登在英国举行婚姻仪式。1906年7月，威廉·奥格登到英国法院提起诉讼，要求法院宣布他与黛安娜的婚姻无效，理

由是当他们结婚时，黛安娜的前夫菲利浦仍然活着，且黛安娜与菲利浦的婚

姻关系并没有根据英国法有效解除或宣告无效。黛安娜辩称她与菲利浦之间的婚姻并非合法婚姻，且这一婚姻已为法国法院宣告无效。

上诉法院将结婚是否需父母之同意视作婚姻的方式问题适用缔结地英国 法，而英国法无此限制。因此判决戴安娜前婚有效，支持了原告。1908年7

月，黛安娜到英国高等法院提起诉讼，要求解除她与菲利浦的婚姻关系，理

由是菲利浦有遗弃和通奸行为。但英国法院驳回她的诉讼请求，理由是菲利

浦的住所在法国，英国法院对此没有管辖权。

Characterization

 The “characterization of the cause of action” means the allocation of the question raised by

the factual situation before the court to its correct legal category.Its object is relevant to rule for the choice of law.The rule of any given system of law are arranged under different categories, some being concerned with status, others with succession, procedure, contract,tort and so on.The jurisdiction-selecting rules of the First Restatement required that each case be labeled

in order to determine which choice of law rule applied.If the case were labeled a “contract” problem, then the law of the place of making or performance would be applied;if the case sounded in “tort”, then the system specified application of the law of the place of jury.Obviously, the result could turn on which label the court chose for problem.Although characterization is probably an inescapable part of thinking conceptually about

any problem, its use entails a substantial risk.Such “decision-making by pigeon-hole” avoid the reasoning necessary to explain why a particular pigeon-hole should be chosen.Characterization encourages mechanical choice rather than reflective inquiry into the reasons why a particular result is proper.Characterization plays a less prominent role in modern theories, which have tried to focus

on the policies that legal rules are designed to serve.Interest analyst, such as Currie, have very little regard for this device.Because the Second Restatement employs a number of jurisdiction-selecting presumptions, characterization cannot be avoided when using that system.

第五篇：英文简介

我叫李永亮。首先，我在2010年毕业于大连工业大学服装设计专业，毕业后在大杨创世股份有限公司从事销售行业，工作了1年时间。我很喜欢大连，这也是我毕业后决定留在大连的原因，但是，这个城市这个工作，都是比较安逸的，作为年轻人，应该不断的去奋斗，不应该提前享受安逸的生活，所以我选择来北京发展，这里的压力会大一些，同样，动力也会大一些，因为你不努力工作的话，那么你就将会被淘汰，因此，我会很用心很努力的对待我的工作！

My name is Li Yongliang.First of all, I graduated in 2010 at the Dalian

University clothing design special field, after graduation DaYangChuangShi limited company in sales, working for 1 years.I very like Dalian, this is my

graduation decided to stay in Dalian reasons, however, the city of the work, are relatively comfort, as a young man, should continue to struggle, should not to enjoy the easy life, so I choose to come to Beijing to develop, the pressure will be greater, similarly, power will be larger, because you don't work hard, you will be eliminated, therefore,I will be very hard very hard to deal with my work!

我是一个很随和的人，平时很容易相处，很爱交朋友，在生活上，只要平淡简单点就行，但必须经过现实考验。对待工作很认真，如果是我喜欢的工作而且这个职位还有上升的空间，我会很用心很努力的走到那个位置，为了生活的更好，必须得努力去工作。

I am a easy going person, usually very easy to get along with, love to make friends, in life, as long as Insipid and simple point on the line, But to must pass the test of reality.Works very seriously, if I like the work and this position also increased the space, I will be very hard very hard to get to this position, In order to live better, must work hard

4年的服装设计学习，让我对服装时尚很敏感，做过一年的职业装销售，我对服装的店面销售，与客户的需求分析，店面陈列，货品管理，售后服务等都有了一个全面的认知years of fashion design learning, let I to fashion very sensitive, Done a year occupation installed sales, Make me to high-end clothing store sales and customer demand analysis, store display, merchandise management, after-sales service and have a comprehensive understanding of