第一篇:西综知识点横向总结(多选专用)——研友总结版
一,端坐呼吸 1:左衰 2:支哮 3:急心包 4:主A狭 5:扩张心 6:二狭 二:奇脉 1:支哮 2:缩窄心包炎 3:急心压塞 4:限制心 5:心包液 三:杵状指 1:支扩 2:慢肺脓 3:亚急心内炎 4:Crohn 5:厌氧肺炎 6:F4(法洛四)7:肺CA 8:脓胸 9:肝硬化
10:锁骨下动脉瘤(单侧患侧)四:里急后重 1:菌痢 2:溃疡结肠炎 3:Crohn 4:盆腔脓肿 五:腹泻与便密交替 1:肠结核 2:肠易激 3:结核腹膜炎 4:溃疡结肠(偶尔)5:大肠CA 六:心尖舒张杂音 1:缩窄心包 2:二狭 3:重二关不全 4:主A关不全 七:心尖收缩吹风样音 1:高血压心 2:严重贫血 3:风心二尖关不全 4:健康青少年 八:第一心音强弱不定 1:房颤
2:II型房室传导阻 3:室性期前三联律 4:二狭 九:糖耐量低下 1:糖尿病 2:甲亢 3:CUSHING 4:肢端肥大 5:应激性尿糖 6:肥胖病 7:噬絡细胞瘤 8:肝功损害
9:胰岛B细胞功能衰竭 10:口服ASPRINE,消炎痛 十:肺空洞 1:金葡肺 2:链球肺 3:克雷白肺 4:绿脓肺 5:大肠杆肺 6:梭型肺 7:军团菌肺 十一:全血细胞减少 1:PNH 2:MDS 3:急白
4:急非白血病性白血病 5:再障
6:营养不良巨幼红贫 7:原发肺CA 十二:肠梗 1:Crohn 2:溃疡结肠 3:肠结核 4:肠扭转,套叠 5:肠系膜血管阻塞 6:横结肠CA 7:肠蛔虫
欢迎来到免费考研网www.xiexiebang.com 一:杵状指(趾)1:支扩 2:慢肺脓 3:亚急心内膜炎 4:CROHN 5:严氧肺 6:F4 7:肺CA 8:脓胸 9:肝硬 10:锁骨下动脉瘤 二:第三心音出现 1:年轻人 2:主A关闭不全 3:三尖关闭不全 4:肺A关不全 5:二关不全 6:扩心肌 7:心梗 8:心绞痛 三:贫血 1:慢尿毒症 2:急进肾炎 3:感染心内膜炎 4:CROHN,肠结核
5:肝硬,胃CA(慢出血均可)6:胃溃疡
7:白血病,HD,NHL,SLE 四:心尖隆隆舒张样音 1:二狭 2:室缺 3:动导未闭 4:甲亢 5:贫血 6:缩窄心 7:二关不全 8:主关不全 五:全收缩期杂音 1:二关不全 2三关不全 3:室缺
六:心尖吹风样收缩期音 1:高血压心 2:严重贫血 3:风湿心 4:健康少年 七:能自缓的病 1:微小病变肾 2:膜性肾(25%~35%)3:急非特异性心包炎 4:急水肿胰腺炎 八:不适合电复律 1:低K快速心律失常 2:非阵发性交界心动过速
3:病态窦房接综合症伴快速室上性心动过速 九:PCI应用 1:冠心绞痛 2:二狭 3:阵发心动过速 4:肥厚梗阻心肌病 十:腹部肿块 1:结核腹膜炎 2:慢性胰腺炎
3:炎症:炎症大肠CA 4:Crohn 5:增生型肠结核 6:肠梗阻,肠套叠 7:腹主A瘤 8:肾母细胞癌
欢迎来到免费考研网www.xiexiebang.com :药物副作用横向总结
环磷酰胺:骨髓抑制、恶心呕吐、脱发、出血性膀胱炎、肝损害 巯嘌呤、巯鸟嘌呤:骨髓抑制、肝损害
甲氨喋呤:骨髓抑制、恶心呕吐、口腔胃肠粘膜溃疡、肝损害、巨幼变 阿糖胞苷、环胞苷:骨髓抑制、口腔溃疡、消化道反应、脱发、巨幼变 羟基脲:骨髓抑制、口腔溃疡、胃肠道反应、巨幼变 长春新碱:末梢N炎、消化道反应
高三尖杉酯碱:骨髓抑制、消化道反应、心脏毒性 柔红霉素:骨髓抑制、消化道反应、心肌损害、局部刺激
阿霉素、阿克拉霉素:骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应、心肌损害、口腔粘膜炎、脱发 米托蒽醌:骨髓抑制、期前收缩、肝功能损害 依托泊苷:骨髓抑制、消化道反应 安 啶:骨髓抑制、消化道反应、肝功能损害
门冬酰胺酶:发热等过敏反应、高尿酸血症、低血浆Pr、出血、白C少、高血糖、胰腺炎、氮质血症
泼尼松:类库欣综合症、高血压、高尿酸血症、糖尿病 维A酸:皮肤干燥脱屑、口角破裂、恶心呕吐、肝功能损害 异烟肼(INH):N兴奋、多发性N炎、肝损害 利福平(RFP):肝损害
吡嗪酰胺(PZA):肝损害、关节痛 链霉素(SM):听N损害 乙胺丁醇(EMB):球后视N炎
乙硫异烟胺(ETH):消化道反应、肝功损害 2:心肺主要症状大总结!干性咳嗽:急性支气管炎、急性咽喉炎、肺结核、喉结核、胸膜炎、二尖瓣狭窄、原发性肺A高压
湿性咳嗽:慢性支气管炎、肺炎、肺脓肿、支扩、空洞型肺结核、支气管胸膜瘘
发作性咳嗽突然出现:急性咽喉炎、气管与支气管异物、百日咳、哮喘、淋巴结结核、淋巴结肿瘤、主A瘤
长期慢性咳嗽:慢支(寒冷季节加重)、支扩、肺脓肿、肺结核 左心衰、肺结核:夜间咳嗽明显
咳嗽声嘶:声带炎、喉炎、喉结核、喉癌、喉返N麻痹
咳嗽金属音调:支气管癌、纵膈肿瘤、主A瘤、淋巴瘤、结节病压迫气管
阵发性连续剧咳伴高调吸气回声(鸡鸣样犬吠样):百日咳、会厌及喉部疾病、气管受压 痰分三层:支扩、肺脓肿、支气管胸膜瘘 痰白粘稠牵拉成丝难以咳出:白色念珠菌感染 大量稀薄浆液性痰中含:粉皮样物:包虫病 日咳数百至上千ml浆液泡沫痰:弥漫性肺泡癌 咳嗽伴发热:R道感染、支扩并感染、胸膜炎、肺结核 伴胸痛:肺炎、肺癌、肺梗死、胸膜炎、自发性气胸
伴R困难:哮喘、慢阻肺、肺炎、肺结核、胸腔积液、气胸、肺水肿、肺淤血、气管及支气管异物、喉水肿、喉肿瘤
伴大量浓痰:支扩、肺脓肿、肺囊肿合并感染、支气管胸膜瘘
伴咯血:支扩、肺脓肿、肺结核、肺癌、二尖瓣狭窄、支气管及肺泡结石、肺含铁血黄素沉着症
伴杵状指:支扩、肺脓肿、肺癌、脓胸
伴哮鸣音:哮喘、慢支喘息型、心源性哮喘、气管及支气管异物、支气管肺癌部分阻塞气道、弥漫性细支气管炎
咯血常见原因:支扩、肺癌、支气管结核、慢支、肺结核(主要原因)、肺炎、肺脓肿、肺炎球菌肺炎、葡萄球菌肺炎、肺炎杆菌肺炎、军团菌肺炎、二尖瓣狭窄、血液病、传染病、风湿性疾病、子宫内膜异位症 <100ml小咯血 100~500ml中等量
>500ml或一次咯血300~500ml大量:支扩、肺结核空洞、肺脓肿 持续或间断痰中带血:肺癌 偶有痰中带血:慢支、支原体肺炎
咯鲜红血:支扩、肺脓肿、肺结核、支气管结核 咯暗红色血:二尖瓣狭窄肺淤血 咯粘稠暗红色血痰:肺水肿并发肺梗死 咯红色乳样痰:葡萄球菌肺炎 咯砖红色胶冻样血痰:肺炎杆菌肺炎
咯铁锈色痰:大叶性肺炎、肺泡出血、肺吸虫病 咯血伴发热:肺炎、肺结核、肺脓肿、流行性出血热 伴胸痛:大叶性肺炎、肺梗死、肺结核、肺癌 伴呛咳:支气管肺癌、支原体肺炎
伴脓痰:支扩、肺结核空洞、肺脓肿、肺囊肿并发感染、化脓性肺炎
伴皮肤粘膜出血:血液病、流行性出血热、风湿性疾病、肺出血型钩端螺旋体病 伴黄疸:肺炎球菌肺炎、肺梗死、钩端螺旋体病 反复咯血无咳嗽咳痰并杵状指:支扩
中心型发绀:R道阻塞(喉气管支气管)、肺实质及间质病:肺炎、阻塞性肺气肿、肺水肿、肺淤血、弥漫性肺间质纤维化、发绀性先天性心脏病:法洛四联征、艾森格曼综合征 周围型发绀:右心衰、上腔V综合征、血栓性V炎、下肢V曲张、缩窄性心包炎、休克、血栓闭塞性脉管炎、受寒、肢端发绀症、雷诺病 混合性发绀:心衰(左右全)
高铁血红蛋白症:亚硝酸盐中毒:急骤出现,暂时性,病情严重,氧疗无效,V血深棕色,接触空气不能转为鲜红,静注亚甲兰及维C有效 发绀伴R困难:气胸、心肺疾病、急性R道梗阻 伴杵状指:慢性肺部疾病、发绀型先天性心脏病
发绀急伴意识障碍:休克、药物化学物质中毒、急性重症肺部感染 R过速:(>24次/分)高热、疼痛、贫血、甲亢、心衰、肺炎 R过缓:(<12次/分)颅内压↑、麻醉剂镇静剂过量
R浅快:R肌麻痹、肺炎、气胸、胸膜炎、胸腔积液、严重鼓肠、腹水、肥胖 R深快:剧烈运动、情绪激动、过度紧张
R深慢(Kussmanl):糖尿病酮症酸中毒、尿毒症酸中毒
潮式R、间停R(最严重):脑炎、脑膜炎、颅内压↑、糖尿病酮症酸中毒、巴比妥中毒 叹息样R:抑郁症、N衰弱、精神紧张
抑制性R:肋骨骨折、急性胸膜炎、胸部外伤、胸膜恶性肿瘤
正常语颤:成人、男性、消瘦者比儿童、女性、肥胖者强,肩胛区、两侧胸骨旁第1、2肋间隙最强 语颤↑:肺炎球菌性肺炎实变期、肺结核空洞、肺梗死、肺脓肿
语颤↓或消失:肺气肿、阻塞性肺不张、胸腔积液、气胸、胸膜高度增厚粘连、胸壁水肿或皮下气肿
胸部叩诊浊/实音:肺炎、肺结核、肺水肿、肺不张、肺梗死、肺纤维化、未液化的肺脓肿、肺肿瘤、肺包虫病、肺囊虫病、胸膜增厚粘连、胸腔积液 胸部叩诊过清音:肺气肿
胸部叩诊鼓音:空洞型肺结核、肺脓肿形成空洞、气胸、肺囊肿 胸部叩诊鼓音具有金属音(空瓮音):张力性气胸
正常肺泡R音 男>女 儿童>老人 消瘦>肥胖,最强乳房下部和肩胛部、腋窝下部,最弱:肺尖、肺下缘
异常肺泡R音包括:肺泡音↑、↓或消失、呼气音延长、断续性R音、粗糙性R音 肺泡R音↓:胸痛、肋软骨骨化、外伤、肋骨骨折、胸膜增厚、重症肌无力、隔肌瘫痪、慢支、哮喘、肺癌、胸腔积液、气胸、腹水、腹部巨大肿瘤
肺泡R音↑:运动、发热、代谢亢进、贫血、代谢性酸中毒:糖尿病酮症酸中毒、肾衰、水杨酸过量
单侧肺泡增强:单侧胸肺疾病引起患侧肺泡R音↓ 呼气音延长:慢支、哮喘、慢阻肺 连续性R音:肺炎、肺结核 粗糙性R音:支气管炎、肺炎早期
异常支气管R音:在正常肺泡R音区域内听到支气管R。见于,肺实变、肺空洞、压迫性肺不张:大叶性肺炎实变期、肺结核及肺脓肿并空洞、胸腔积液 异常支气管R音与正常支气管R音区别:部位
异常支气管肺泡R音:在正常肺泡R音区域内听到支气管肺泡R音。见于大叶性肺炎充血期、支气管肺炎、肺结核、压迫性肺不张、胸腔积液上方肺不张的区域
干啰音特点:音调高,带乐性,持续时间长,吸气呼气都有呼气明显,强度、性质、数量、部位易变、在主支气管以上的干啰音称喘鸣 双肺弥漫性干啰音:慢支、哮喘、心源性哮喘 局限性干啰音:气道异物、支气管内膜结核或肿瘤
湿啰音特点:断续而短暂、连续多个出现、吸气和呼气早期吸气末明显、部位恒定、性质不变、大小水泡音同时存在、咳嗽后减轻或消失
粗湿啰音:支扩、肺结核、肺水肿、肺脓肿空洞、昏迷及濒死者为痰鸣 中湿啰音:支气管炎、支气管肺炎
细湿啰音:细支气管炎、支气管肺炎、肺淤血、肺梗死 捻发音:肺炎早期、肺炎吸收消散期、肺淤血、肺泡炎 湿啰音局限于:肺炎、肺结核、支扩 湿啰音在两肺底:肺淤血、支气管肺炎 湿啰音满布两肺:急性肺水肿、支气管肺炎
胸膜摩擦音特点:断续粗糙响亮近耳、吸气末呼气初明显、深R听诊器下压时强度增加、屏气时消失、前胸下侧腋中线附近明显持续时间可长可短
见于:大叶性肺炎实变期、肺梗死、结核性胸膜炎、化脓性胸膜炎初期、胸膜肿瘤、尿毒症 青壮年胸痛:心肌炎、心肌病、自发性气胸、结核性胸膜炎、风湿性心瓣膜病 中年以上胸痛:心绞痛、急性心梗、肺癌 气管、纵隔疾病胸痛部位:胸骨后
自发性气胸、胸膜炎、肺梗死胸痛:患侧腋前线、腋中线附近,呈撕裂痛,深R加重见于胸膜炎
心绞痛、急性心梗胸痛部位:胸骨后、心前区、剑突下,放射至左肩、左臂 急性心梗胸痛:剧烈而持久伴濒死感 肺梗死胸痛:突发剧烈刺痛伴R困难、紫绀 支气管肺癌、纵膈肿瘤胸痛:闷痛
夹层A瘤胸痛:胸背部,向下放散至下腹、腰部、腹股沟、下肢为突发难忍呈撕裂样痛 干性胸膜炎胸痛:尖锐刺痛或撕裂痛 带状疱疹胸痛:刀割样痛或灼痛 反流性食管炎胸痛:饱餐后胸骨后烧灼痛,仰卧及俯卧加重,服用抗酸剂、促动力药物后减轻或消失,如多潘立酮
胸痛伴吞咽困难:食管炎如反流性食管炎
伴R困难:肺部大面积病变,如大叶性肺炎、自发性气胸、渗出性胸膜炎 伴咳嗽或咯血:肺部疾病,如肺炎、肺结核、肺癌
伴苍白、大汗、血压↓、休克:急性心梗、夹层A瘤、主A窦瘤破裂、大块肺栓塞 吸气性R困难:急性喉炎、喉水肿、喉痉挛、白喉、喉癌、气管肿瘤、气道受压,如甲状腺肿大、淋巴结肿大、主A瘤压迫
呼气性R困难(特点:伴哮鸣音):哮喘、慢阻肺、喘息型慢支
混合性R困难(特点:R费力,频率变浅增快,伴R音↓或消失,异常R音):重症肺炎、重症肺结核、大面积肺不张、大块肺梗死、弥漫性间质纤维化、气胸、大量胸腔积液 左心衰R困难特点(心源性哮喘):活动后出现或加重,休息时减轻或缓解,仰卧加重,坐位减轻,出现夜间阵发性R困难
原因:肺淤血、肺泡弹性↓。发作时突感胸闷、气急而惊醒,被迫坐起,惊恐不安,轻者数分钟至数十分钟症状消失,重者气喘、大汗、紫绀、有哮鸣音、两肺底湿锣音、心率↑ 见于:高血压性心脏病、冠心病、心肌炎、心肌病、风湿性心脏瓣膜病 右心衰主要原因:体循环瘀血 见于:慢性肺心病
有R困难无右心衰:渗出性或缩窄性心包炎
N精神性R困难(癔病)特点:R浅表,频率增快,R碱,60~100次/分,口周和肢体麻木,手足搐溺,意识障碍
骤然发生的严重R困难:急性喉水肿、气管异物、大块肺栓塞、自发性气胸 发作性R困难伴哮鸣音:哮喘、心源性哮喘
R困难伴一侧胸痛:大叶性肺炎、急性渗出性胸膜炎、肺梗死、自发性气胸、心梗、肺癌 伴咳嗽咳痰:慢支、肺脓肿、阻塞性肺气肿并发感染、化脓性肺炎 伴大量泡沫痰:左心衰、有机磷中毒 伴昏迷:脑出血、脑膜炎、休克性肺炎、尿毒症、糖尿病酮症酸中毒、肺性脑病、急性中毒 伴发热:肺炎、肺脓肿、肺结核、胸膜炎、急性心包炎、N系统疾病(炎症、出血)、咽后壁脓肿
欢迎来到免费考研网www.xiexiebang.com 一:出现第三心音 1:主A关不全 2:三尖关不全 3:肺A关不全 4:二尖关不全 5:扩张心肌病 6:心梗 7:心绞痛 二:出现第四心音 1:主A狭 2:二闭不全 3:肺A关不全 4:肥厚心肌病 5:扩张心肌病 6:心梗 7:心绞通
(老月注:必须将以上两者相同点分别记录下来,X型题如果再考你,那就是二次总结再总结,算是非常难的题目!)三:肾盂肾炎的并发症(这个老月强调一次,非常容易在X型题里出现)1:肾盂积脓 2:周围脓肿 3:肾小管酸中毒 4:败血症 5:休克 6:肾衰
四:能形成血性腹水 1:结核腹水 2:门V血拴 3:胰源性腹水 4:原发肝CA 五:能行成血胸液
1:CA(定义非常广,只要是癌性大多可以)2:肺梗塞 3:结核 4:右心衰
(老月注:这里同样注意血腹和血胸水的二次总结点,注意什么是共有的!如果出题考你,那是算比较有深度的题目)六:贫血症状 1:慢性尿毒症状 2:急进肾炎 3:感染心内膜炎 4:CROHN,肠结核 5:肝硬化,肝CA 6:胃溃疡
7:白血病,HD,NHL,SLE(老月注:很大机会上,只要问你哪个能导致贫血,基本都是“全选”!!)七:高脂血症 1糖尿病 2:肾病综合症 3:阻塞性黄疸 4:甲低 5:原发高血压 6:动脉粥样硬化 八:G-杆菌感染 1:白血病感染
2:肝硬化并发自发性腹膜炎(复合感染,其中有之)3:烧伤感染 4:感染休克
第二篇:综合办总结打印专用
2015年综合办公室工作总结及
2016年工作重点
2015年综合办公室在领导的关心和支持下,在分公司各部门的积极配合及大力协助下,办公室全体员工始终坚持服务到位、保障有力的工作宗旨以饱满的工作热情和敬业的工作态度做了以下几个方面工作:
一、人事管理及后勤方面,办公室认真组织落实公司的劳动、人事、工资管理和员工的考勤管理工作,及时办理缴纳社保新增、转入、减少等各项手续。按照分公司采购计划,组织落实分公司办公设施、劳保福利等物品的采购、调配和实物管理工作。切实做好分公司通讯费、招待费、水电费、车辆使用、办公用品发放登记手续。
二、劳资管理方面,严格按照公司及分公司的劳务管理办法依照合同进行收方,不符合规定都不予收方。对项目相关劳资资料(如合同、综保增减表格、劳务人员名单及相关证书等)基本做到了检查、指导、督促相关资料的完善。
三、培训方面,按时做好培训工作计划,及时通知应取得证书人员报名,在培训过程中严格执行考勤制度,做好各类培训人员的考试复习工作,2015岗位证书培训取证合格率100%。(安全能力考核证书新办 11人、复审9人;岗位证书新办23人、复审12人。新办二级建造师4人,一级建造师1人)。
四、职称评审方面,办公室提前做好符合评定要求人员的通知,对三年内需要考试的做好统计工作,挨个通知到位,以免错过评定的最佳时间,对个人对职称评审相关规定不清楚的地方详细耐心的给予讲解,并帮助申报职称员工完成相关表格的填报。2015年职称申报高级工程师3人、工程师3人、助理工程师1人
五、2016年工作重点
1、对分公司劳务管理办法、工资绩效管理办法、后勤管理办法进行修订,2015年省市文件对拖欠农民工工资问题相当重视,出台的文件里有6个字:谁承包,谁负责。也就是说总包单位,只要民工工资被拖欠,总包单位就需负责解决。劳务管理办法修订主要也是主要这方面进行修订。增加农民工工资监管发放内容(以民工工资必须领到民工手上为原则,初步设想的方案:1)、劳务公司发放民工工资后,次月工资发放必须见真实的民工工资发放表才予以发放。2)、项目部专人发放,次月工资发放必须见真实的民工工资发放表才予以发放。3)、分公司专人监督发放,次月工资发放必须见真实的民工工资发放表才予以发放)。增加合同、劳务、材料等数据进入项目管理平台的时间限制。
工资绩效管理办法修订主要从项目绩效方案着手,现目前的项目绩效方案,形同虚设,订好了工资标准后基本没有变化。没有切实落实多劳多得,能上能下的激励作用。
后勤管理办法根据公司新出台的相关文件进行修订(用车、出差费用等)。
2、加强培训管理工作,平时多做宣传,在取得相关岗位证书后,鼓励在去取得其他分公司需要的证书,并鼓励科室人员考取分公司急需的岗位证书,做到一人最少2个岗位证书,力求满足分公司投标、压证需要。
3、加强法律知识的宣传工作,做到处理如工伤、往来函件等事务时心中有数,杜绝本来有理而由于法律程序不完善导致证据无效的情况发生。
六、合理化建议
1、对于急缺的一些证书(如:建造师),分公司用于投标或者压证,持证人又未担任项目经理的,在公司规定的基础上参照市场价格给予一定经济奖励。
以上是综合办公室去年来的主要工作及今年的工作重点,有不到的地方,请各位批评指正,我们将在明年的工作中逐步完善。
综合办公室
二○一六年三月一日
第三篇:英语作文研友总结
研友总结:英语大作文的写法及历年原创范文
今天我们来谈谈英语大作文怎么去写。
其实大作文无非就是考察三段式。第一段,就是考察我们描述事件的能力,第二段是关于事件的分析能力,第三段也无非就是对事件的看法或者评价又或者是解决方法。其实这三段内容就是我们以后入研究生之后,需要用到的一种能力。以后看专业学术书,又或者写论文时能用上。
进接着话题,我们第一段,就是描写图片怎么写?不要想太多,你想太多反而无从入手,就按部就班,图上什么样,你就简单的描述。你想得太复杂,反而写不出来。这里点播一下大家,我们要背的不是作文的整个模版或者整篇文章,因为那既不可能也没必要,背的是自己认为好用的句子,这种句子就是要用很强的兼容性,放之四海而皆准的。然后背多了,写作文时就一定要给我想办法用上去。作文不是为了写作文去写的……而是为了我们以前背过的句子,想办法在文章中把他很好地使用出来,想办法把他套上去。并不是我们为了论证一个东西,去编一个什么句子,而是用我们以前背过的大量句子去组织,说得简单点,你写这句话的目的,就是因为你以前背过,你就是要写这句话,所以你才套上去的,明白了吗?大量的事实证明,你只要背过很多兼容性的句子,到时候顺手一堆句子。
开头很简单,基本就是As is vividly depicted in the picture....there stand a....,a...one,...ing...it is not difficult to deduce that the cartoonist intends to show us a(n)....message/emerging problem that...however,this phenomenon or problem has stirred a heated discussion among the people all over nation.或者,this phemomenon has caused wide public concern.就这么套,图片简单描述,图片简单说明,马上要说明这个图片反映的是什么现象和趋势,一定是现象,问题或者趋势,不可能很狭隘,就图片而图片。
中段就是说明问题,中段写的方式有很多,基本上可以分为三个层次,特别注意论据,英文写作论据并不要求很好的证明观点,本质是看你句子表达能力,已经三层式的结构组织。你只要从三个不同方面来组织,用出要的句子结构,就是高分,不用去管三个论据有没有逻辑关系,或者递进,并列,根本不用去考虑,关键是每个层次里面是否有符合句子。
千万别用first,second,third,这种傻呼呼的词,给大家一个规范用词:
first of all/to begin with/above all
in the second place/in the second instance
last but not least/in summary
注意论据三点有时一下子想不出来,你就可以举例,可以说some expert pionts out that.../take...in instance.../according to the investigation conducted this year indicates that.../some statistics expose that...最后结论:
In a word,we can safely draw the conclusion that...下面是我自己整理归纳的句子,有很大的兼容性,你只要背熟,自己选自己说着顺口的,不一定全要背出来,到考试的时候,为了展示这些句子,就写出来,写作文的容易一定是我们背过的句子把大展示出来,不是让你就作文写作文,一再强调!
1.as far as...be concerned [就...而言]
2.has/have unpleasant association with sth.[对...没好感]
3.an increasingly number of...[越来越多的...]
4.point out...[指出]
5.contribute(directly)to sth...[(直接)有助于...]
6.proper measures should be taken to/great efforts should be made to[应采取适当的措施/当努力去做]
7.be questioned by...[受到质疑]
8.no one can deny the fact that...[不可否认]
9.a recent investigation indicated that...[最近一项调查表明]
10.tend to have favourable attitude towards sth...[受到欢迎]
11.turn a blind eye to/turn a deaf ear to[视而不见/聪而不闻]
12.pay a heavy price to do sth.[为做某事付出巨大代价]
13.the most significant aspect of sth.[最重要的是]
14.make it possible for sb to do[使某人做某事成为可能]
15.be obliged to admit the fact that[不得不承认]
16.spare no effort to do[不歇余力做某事]
17.the information I`ve collected for many years lead me to believe that...[从我这些年所收集的信息使我相信]
18.pose a tremendous threat to sth.[给……造成巨大威胁]
19.produce a far-reaching influence on sth.[对……产生巨大影响]
20.live under illusion/down to the earth[生活在幻想中/脚踏实地或面对现实]
以下是历年作文原创范文
2010:
From the picture above,we can see a spical “hotpot” ,which contains many unique ingredients,stand for “LAO SHE”,“KONG FU”,“Decompostion” and some things to that effect.At the bottom of the picture,a sentence stands there extremely prominent,which can be brielf interpreted by this way:culture “hotpot” is not only good tasting but also strongly good for one`s health.A bit exggerating picture is,however,through careful observation,we may discover that behind this strange senario,what the cartoonist intends to show us is extremely obvious:the significance of integration between Chinese culture and other countries` culture.With the implementation of the China`s reform and opening up,an emerging tendency is that more and more foriegners are getting fascinated with our Chinese culture.They come to China to learn Chinese language,taste delicious Chinese foods,make friends with Chinese people, and etc.All these make them pretty comfortable and agreeable.At the same time,however,this phenomenon also stirred a heated dated in our society,so,how to render the other countries` culture be more compatible with our Chinese culture has caused wide public concern.As far as I am concerned,before giving my opinion I think we should take closely look at the culture`s function widely.Policymakers should be more aware of that culture integration not only benefits to our making a further development but exerts a great contribution to the world peace.2009:
As is vigorously shown in the photo,we can see some people sitting in front of their disks and being absorbing in controlling their computers.The expressions in their faces look pretty agreaable.However what the picture intrigue me is that they were separated from each other by a spider web,which is the metahpor of the internet web.At the bottom of the picture,a sentence stands there prominent,which can be briefly interpreted by this way:internet contributes to both connecting and isolating each other.A bit exaggerating the picture is,but from observation seriously,we may find that what the cartoonist intends to show us is extremely obvious:the correct attitude towards the using of internet.With the science and technology development,more and more people,espically youngsters are using internet now.With the internet,they will not bother to go to the laboray,when they want to search for some specific references.All the things entail them to do is sitting in front of the computer,and clicking the mouse.The information ranged from social science to the medicial science are all avaliable on the internet.They could also use some unique voice functions to contact with friends promptly.Thanks to the internet.it is the internet has changed our life style pattern.We are obliged to admit the fact that internet has made itself increasingly become the indispensable ingredience of our daily life.It do much convenience to us.However,some people now are worry about the inproper using of the internet,which may generate tremendously side effects.For one thing,using excessively internet in front of the table with less body motion will strongly do harm to health.For the another,using internet desparately will hamper our face-to-face comnunication.People sooner or later will find they were alienated from each other gradually.To my opinion,owning to it has got both positive and side effects,I think we should upright our attitude towards the using of internet first.The internet no more than a servant to our life.we should be the host of ourself rather than being the slaver of the internet.2008:
In the cartoon above,two men combined with each other catch my eye intriguingly.Both of them lacked a leg,however they were running repidly and left their sticks behind.At the bottom of the picture,two sentences stand there prominent,which can be briefly interpreted by this way:“both of us got one leg,nevertheless,we can integrate into an organiztion,so that we can go everwhere we want.”A bit instructive the picture is.It is not difficult to deduce that what the cartoonist intends to show us is the interdependence among the people.It goes without saying that each person has got his own fault.However the way,which people treat with their own shortcoming vary from person to person.Some people show over passionate attitudes towards their fault.Unfortunately,this uncorrect attitudes will strongly exert negative influences on their behaviors and feelings.They will be pessimistic about everything they encounter,and can not withstand the pressure imposed on them,even put an end to their life.While,other people often show gratitude to everything and accept the fact that they are not perfect.They reckon that although they have got their own shortcoming,they can come to resort to their friends for help and supplement with each other,then everything will be much easier.From this,shortcoming can transfor into advantage.Just as the saying gose:“many hands make light thing.”
In my opinion,I think we should put ourselves down to the earth and do not complain about what we were suffered.The crucial point is what can we do to make up for our shortcoming and make our life smooth in the unpleasant situation.One of best way to overcome our shortcoming is that people come together and combine with each other,just like what cartoonist want to convey us.2007:
The saying,“Being confidence of oneself will exert extremely benign influences on one`s final success”,which is widely shared by many people.In the picture above,however,a goalkeeper and a football player has done a bad example for us.As is the picture distinctly shown that both of them strongly overestimated their opponent,at the same time,they do personally believe that in the presence of such a robust opponent,they seem to become extremely small and never can they combat the opponent,who are just in front of them.A bit exaggerating the picture is,but an instructive one.It is a not tough task for us to deduce that the message,which the cartoonist intends to convey us is the magnitude of the confidence.I boldly guess that many people have got a same experience that we always incline to overestimate the difficulty we encountered.However,some social experts suggest that,the attitude we treated with the difficulty will exert considerable influences on our behaviors.An investigation conducted by this year dramatically exposes that people with passionate attitudes towards the difficulty seem to be lost in the end.While people who are full confidence in themselves always achieve the final success.This finding has stirred a heated debate among the people.So how to deal with the difficulty with the correct attitude?
As far as I am conserned,I reckon the crucial point is that we should upright our attitude towards the difficulty and be more confidence in ourselves,then confront it with all our passion and brightness.We should brand this instructive experience in our mind,difficulty is not as strong as what it surposed to be.2006:
At the first glance,I am strongly intrigued by these two men above the pictuce,how fashion they are.However,on careful observation,I changed my mind.A man in the left picture had a name,which is the famous football star`s name--Beckham, written on his face.While in right piture,I am extremely starled by the man who had spent 300 RMB on the haircut,merely attempt to make his hair like the Backham`s style.I do not know whether to laugh or to cry.A bit exaggerating the picture is,nevertheless,behind the strange senario the message which the cartoonist intends to show us is distinctly obvious:don`t follow the trend blindly.Nowadays,many young people incline to be influenced by some successful man who had achieved big triumphes.These people are in all filds arranged from moive star to businessman.Some youngsters are under the impression that as long as they follow by these men`s behaviors or appearances,they will achieve the goal,too.Nevertheless,some expert studyed in socail phenomenon suggest that this superficial outlook will have a dramatically vicious bearing on youngsters.For one thing,they improperly take their cue from these successful men without paying any considerable attention to their study may lead them to be legged.For the another,some of them just see the splendid appearances these successful men presented in front of the public and have little idea about what they had suffered and experienced behind the scene.Fortunately,this emerging tendency has caused wide public concern.For my part.I strongly reckon we should penetrate the phenomenon to learn the thing`s truth and do not dwell on such a superficial outlook.We should correct our attitude towards the goal what we want to achieve.These successful man who had substantial experiences can be our incentive to acomplish the final success.Then we can transfor potential into practice and bring dream into the reality.2005:
In the above picture,we can see an old man shranking like a ball and people round him are all his own children,however none of them is preparing for assuming the responsibility for treating their elder father well.Each of them are posing a defending posture and about to kick his father from his part.Treating our elder parents well is one of the excellent virtues in China and this virtue had been shared by many people for thousands of years.Unfortunately,I feel bitterly disappionted to see such a pity senario.These four children had done a bad example for us and it is not a tough task for us to deduce that what the cartoonist intends to convey us is distinctly obivious:we are under the obligation to take care of our elder parents.Nowadays,with the implementation of the China`s reform and opening up,our material circumstances has been enormously enhanced,in the meantime,some people has lost many benign virtues.People become indifferent to other people,even to their elder parents.They are under that impression that they should get rid of the responsibility for looking after their parents and just do well to themselves.Some of them even consider their parents as an obstacle which may in turn hamper their hot persuiting of comfortable life.Some experts,however,suggest that this wrong attitude towards elder parents will have a vicious bearing on both their parents and themselves.For one thing,when we are young,parents show their all love to us and provide us a splendid environment as possible as they can.Nevertheless,their own situation will get bad,owning to their grown children do not intend to take care of them.For another,these people who do not want t**sponsibility do a bad example for their own children.As the expectation,their children will treat them accordingly.In my pinion,I strongly condemn the behavior,which these people in the picture above presented us.We should refect on the relationship between parents and ourselves.They should not be seen as a burden imposed on us and taking care of them is our obligation which can be not shirked.Furthermore,I reckon that some government department concerned should formulate some regulation promptly,any people who shirk the responsibility will be strictly punished.2004:
In the above picture a yong man who participated in running race has reached his destination.On careful observation we can see two direction signs on the road,one followed by another promptly,stands for repectively the ending and the begining.At the bottom of the picture,a sentence stands there prominent,which can be briefly interpreted by this way:destination is just a new beginning.Furthermore we can see the expression in the young man`s face looks pretty happy.A tremendously instructive the piture is and it is not difficult to deduce that what the cartoonist intends to convey us is extremely obvious:correct the attitude towards the relation bewteen the ending and the beginning.Nowadays,there is an emerging tendency is that many people always show impatience when they achieved their goal.Many of them even are under the impression that as long as they achieve the goal which they are fascinated with, they could boast about it once for all.Some experts studyed in social phenomenon,however,suggested that these people failed to cope with the relationship bewteen the ending and the beginning well.Unfortunately,this uncorrect attitude will exert a dramatically vicious bearing on our behavior which may in turn hamper our achieving a further goal.While,peole who take the ending as a new beginning seem to always achieve the final goal.In my opinion,I reckon that we should correct attitude towards the relationship between the ending and the beginning first.We should consider the ending as a brand-new beginning and always set a new goal then pursuit it.From this we can make continuous progresses.2003:
From the pictures above,we can see two basins of flowers,which are in the different situations.One is protected by a shelter and the flower is blossoming splendid against the raining background.While,another,which is left the shelter,is extremely fading in the rain.On careful observation,we can also see a sentence stands there prominent,which can be briefly interpreted by this way:Never can flowers in the greenhouse survive in the wind and rain.A bit exaggerating the picture is,but an instructive one.It is a not tough task for us to deduce from the strange scenario that what the cartoonist intends to convey us is distinctly obvious:parents who over-spoil their children will exert vicious effects on them.With the implementation of one-child policy,parents are getting more and more treasure their chidren.However,the way which parents show love to their children vary from person to person.Some parents prepare every thing for their children,some even instead of their children and make desision for them.They provide an extremely benign environment for their children and fear to see any injures may happen upon thier children.Nevertheless some experts investgated in social phenomenon pionted out:these parents seemed to pretty love their children,however,the way these parents treated their children will have a negative bearing on their children`s future life.Actually,children are deprive of their own right to do every thing in their own accord.It will hamper children`s innovation and the ability of competition in the long run.To my opinion,I think,for one thing,parents should not put the cart before the horse and be more confidence in their children,leave to their own devices for them to do their own things.For another,it is extremely advisable for children to put themselves under to the earth and accumulate more experiences related to the future life.They should accept the fact that sooner or later their parents will leave them for a independent life.2002:
In the pictuce above,we can see a pretty American gril wearing in traditional Chinese costume.From her smile expression in the face,we can safely deduce
that she is strongly fond of this traditional Chinese costume,which is the metaphor of the Chinese culture.On careful observation,it is not difficult for us
to infer that what the cartoonist intends to convey us is extremely obvious:culture from different countries can be integrated well.With the implementation of the China`s opening up and reform policy,More and more foreigners come to China.They are getting increasingly become interested
in our unique culture.They learn Chinese language,taste Chinese food,make friends with Chinese people and some things to that effect.All these make them
pretty comfortable and agreeable.Recently,however,a heated debate was stirred among the Chinese people,they argue that how to cope with the culture from the
different countries?Some people believe that the foreign cultures can not be compatible will with our culture,they in turn may hamper our own culture`s
making further development.So they should be limited.While other people reckon that culture from different countries can supplement to each other and make a
joint progress.So they should be encouraged.In my oppinion I strongly agree with the later party`s statement.Culture from different countries should supplement to each other rather than conflicting
and we should take closely look at the cultures` funtcion widely.Coping with them properly will not only benefit to our making further development but also
exert contribution to the world peace.2001:
From the Picture above,we can see an oil lamp lighting against the dark background and the lamp is designed to be a smile face.At top of the picture, a sentence stands there strongly intrigue me,which can be briefly intrepeted by this way:Love is the lamp of light.The more darker the background is,the more brightness the lamp will show.It is not difficult for us to infer that what the cartoonist intends to convey us is extremely obvious:love can warm people`s heart.With the implementation of the China`s reform and opening up,our material circumstances have enormously enhanced.However,some benign virtures which were shared by people for thousand of years are not forgotten.Such as helping people who are in the vicious situation,endow money to the childrens who can not go to school just owing to lacking of tuition and some things to that effect.It is widely accepted by many people that although they are not acquainted at all,they can help with each other.They reckon that even a small contribution will inspire people in the bad situation to cheer up.Now our country is preparing for establishing the harmonious socity which entails people take the initiative in contributing to the society.From this,the final goal is in the not distance future.For my opinion,the socity which people treated with each other friendly and do a favor for one in the vicious situation will be a good place to live.We should prepare for extending our hand to people who are in need and we should believe if we are in the same scenario,they will do accordingly.
第四篇:初三文综总结知识点
学习是需要总结的,这样才好系统的复习,下面小编整理了初三文综总结知识点,欢迎大家阅读!
初三文综总结知识点
1、文化的社会作用?
①(文化的力量)文化作为一种精神力量,能在人们认识世界、改造世界的过程中转化为物质力量,对社会发展产生深刻的影响。②(文化与经济政治相互影响相互交融)经济是基础,政治是经济的集中表现。文化由经济、政治所决定,是经济和政治的反映。文化反作用于政治、经济。③(文化与综合国力)文化越来越成为民族凝聚力和创造力的重要源泉,成为综合国力竞争的重要因素。(提高国家文化软实力,为经济建设提供方向保证、精神动力和智力支持。)
2、文化对人的影响?
(1)来源:来源于特定的文化环境和各种形式的文化活动。(2)表现:文化影响人们的交往行为和交往方式;影响人们的实践活动、认识活动和思维方式。(3)特点:潜移默化;深远持久(4)文化塑造人生:优秀文化能够丰富人的精神世界;优秀文化能够增强人的精神力量;优秀文化能够促进人的全面发展。
3、为什么要尊重文化多样性?
①地位:文化多样性是人类社会的基本特征,也是人类文明进步的重要动力,也是文化创新的重要基础。②意义:尊重文化多样性是发展本民族文化的内在要求;是实现世界文化繁荣的必然要求。③文化是民族性与世界性的统一。(为什么:世界各民族间具有共性和普遍规律的社会实践决定了文化是世界的;民族间经济、政治、历史和地理等因素的不同决定了文化是民族的。因此,文化是民族的,各民族文化都有自己的文化个性和特征;文化又是世界的,各民族文化都是世界文化中不可缺少的色彩。二者是共性与个性的关系。)
4、怎样尊重文化多样性?
(1)正确态度:既要认同本民族文化,又要尊重其他民族文化。相互借鉴,求同存异,尊重世界文化多样性,共同促进人类文明繁荣进步(2)原则:必须遵循各国文化一律平等的原则,5、文化传播的途径和手段?
(1)途径:①商业贸易 ②人口迁徙 ③教育 ④小到亲朋聚会、外出旅游,大到各种政治经济文化活动。(2)主要手段——大众传媒 :作用和特点——能最大限度地超越时空局限,汇集来自世界各地的信息,显示文化传递、沟通、共享的强大功能。
6、文化交流的意义?
①从“走出去”的角度:有利于推动中华文化走向世界、增进各国对中华文化的了解,提升我国的文化影响力、增强我国文化的软实力和综合国力,有利于推动世界文化的发展繁荣。②从“引进来”的角度:有利于学习和借鉴其他民族的游戏文化成果,促进我国文化的创新与发展。
7、传统文化的特点?
特点:(1)继承性(2)相对稳定性:传统文化在世代相传中保留其基本特征,同时具体内涵又因时而变。(3)鲜明的民族性:传统文化是维系民族生存和发展的精神纽带。在我们的传统文化的血脉中,始终涌动着对祖国的强烈认同感和归属感。
8、如何对待传统文化?
(1)正确态度是“取其精华,去其糟粕”,批判继承,古为今用。对于传统文化,要辩证地认识它们在现实生活中的作用,分辨其中的精华和糟粕。(2)对于传统文化中符合社会发展要求的,继续保持和发扬。对于传统文化中不符合社会发展要求的,自觉地加以改造或剔除。(3)处理好继承与发展的关系,在继承的基础上发展,在发展的过程中继承。
9、传统文化继承与发展的关系?
(1)继承是发展的必要前提,发展是继承的必要要求。继承与发展是同一过程的两个方面。(2)文化在继承的基础上发展,在发展的过程中继承。这就是文化传承,把握好文化继承与发展的关系,批判地继承传统文化,不断推陈出新,革故鼎新。
10、影响文化发展的主要因素?
①社会制度的更替;②科学技术的进步;③思想运动;④教育。教育在文化传承中的重要作用:教育是人类特有的传承文化的能动性活动,具有选择、传递、创造文化的特定功能,教育在人类文化的传承中产生重要影响。
11、文化创新的途径?
① 根本途径:立足于社会实践。②(基本途径一): “继承传统,推陈出新”,文化创新必须批判继承传统文化,同时努力为传统文化注入时代精神。③(基本途径二):“面向世界,博采众长”,加强不同民族文化之间的交流、借鉴与融合,学习、借鉴其他民族优秀文化成果时,要以我为主、为我所用。④坚持正确方向,反对错误倾向。⑤文化创新要依靠人民群众,满足群众的需求
12、中华文化的基本特征?
(1)源远流长:汉字(文字是文化的载体。汉字为书写中华文化,传承中华文明发挥了巨大的作用;是中华文明的重要标志。)史书典籍(是中华文化一脉相传的重要见证)
(2)博大精深:⑴独特性-----独树一帜,独领风骚。表现在文学艺术和科学技术上。⑵区域性-----一方水土,一方文化。⑶民族性-----中华之瑰宝,民族之骄傲。
13、发展民族文化的意义?
意义:它体现了中华文化的博大精深;各族人民对共同拥有的中华文化的认同感和归属感,显示了中华民族厚重的文化底蕴和强大的民族凝聚力。
14、中华文化源远流长、博大精深的原因?
包容性含义:即求同存异和兼收并蓄。(“求同存异”,就是能与其他民族的文化和谐相处;“兼收并蓄”,就是能在文化交往中吸收、借鉴其他民族文化中的积极成分。)意义:①有利于各民族文化在和睦的关系中交流。②增强对自身文化的认同、对外域文化的理解。
15、文化生活的“喜”与“忧”?
(1)“喜”的原因:文化市场和大众传媒的发展
(2)“忧”的原因:文化市场的盲目性和传媒的商业性
16、发展人民大众喜闻乐见的文化——大众文化
(1)发展大众文化的原因:人们的文化需求日益呈现出多层次、样化、多方面的特点(2)发展面向广大人民,反映人民的利益与呼声,为人民大众所喜闻乐见的社会主义文化。
17、如何何净化文化环境or作出正确的文化选择?
国家——①加强管理,正确引导:②弘扬主旋律,发展中国特色社会主义文化;③加强文化建设,大力发展先进文化,支持健康有益文化,改造落后文化,抵制腐朽文化。④建设核心价值体系,引领社会风尚。文化企业——要增强责任意识和职业道德意识,要坚持经济效益与社会效益相统一的原则,切实履行文化传承的义务 个人——加强科学文化修养和思想道德修养;提高眼力,拒绝污染,作出正确的文化选择。
18、为什么要建设社会主义核心价值体系?
①地位:社会主义核心价值体系是社会主义意识形态的本质体现,是全国人民团结奋斗的共同思想基础。
②必要性:多种文化并存,人们思想活动的独立性、选择性、多变性、差异性明显增强
③重要性:引领社会思潮,抵制各种错误和腐朽思想的影响,不断增强社会主义意识形态的吸引力和凝聚力
19、如何建设社会主义精神文明?
①根本任务是培育一代又一代有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的“四有”公民。
②必须大力发展教育、科学和文化事业。(发展公益性文化事业是保障人民基本文化权益的主要途径;投入、设施)
③建设和谐文化,培育文明风尚
④开展群众性的社会主义精神文明创建活动 ⑤加强思想道德建设,提升思道修养和文化修养。
20、如何推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣:
(1)坚持先进文化的前进方向是文化大发展大繁荣的根本保证;
(2)用社会主义核心价值体系引领社会思潮,既尊重差异,包容多样,又有力抵制各种错误和腐朽思想的影响。
21、思想道德建设的地位、作用和主要内容是什么?
(1)地位:思想道德建设是中国特色社会主义文化建设的重要内容和中心环节。思想道德建设集中体现着文化建设的性质和方向。
(2)主要内容:——核心:为人民服务 原则:集体主义 重点:增强诚信意识(3)要求:与市场经济相适应;与法律规范相协调;与传统美德相承接
22、社会主义荣辱观的地位:
是社会主义思想道德的集中体现,是社会主义核心价值体系的基础
23、怎样追求更高的思想道德目标?
①不断提高科学文化修养和思想道德修养,无止尽的过程。
②在遵守公民基本道德规范的基础上,不断改造主观世界,形成正确的世界观、人生观和价值观。
③学习科学理论,树立崇高理想,践行社会主义荣辱观。
④脚踏实地、重在行动,从我做起,从现在做起,从小事做起。
24、如何发展中国特色社会主义文化?(或如何发展先进文化)
①关键是坚持马克思主义在意识形态的指导地位,保证先进文化的发展方向。
②大力加强社会主义核心价值体系建设。
③立足于中特实践,发扬民族文化优秀传统,汲取世界文化长处,不断创新,满足群众需求,发展大众文化。
④加强文化建设,弘扬主旋律,改造落后文化,抵制腐朽文化。
⑤加强精神文明建设,发展教育、科学和文化事业。
⑥加强思想道德建设,提高思想道德修养和科学文化修养。
高三政治知识点复习方法
一、第一轮复习
在第一轮复习中,考生应尽快熟悉考试模式、性质、形式、特点及要求,对自己的学习方法及思维方式作出及时的调整。
1.明确考试要求,掌握考试特点,提高学习的针对性。
2.立足学科基础,注重学科能力,扎扎实实学好基础知识。
首先是把握基本概念。用比较的方法学习概念,找出相似概念的相异点,从而做到准确把握。其次是理解基本关系。特别要注意其内在的联系,即教材艾字背后的东西纵向串联,横向串联。再有便是掌握基本观点。“背”会的知识永远是外在于自身的东西,无法内化为自身知识结构的一部分,也就不可能随时转化为解决问题的基础和能力。另外,在第一轮复习中,还要注重知识间的区别和联系,寻找贯穿知识点的红线,通过比较、列表、画图等方法构筑知识体系,从而形成对知识的整体把握。
3.加强知识整合,构建知识网络,学会从整体上把握知识。
4.注重学科间知识的联系,加强学科间知识的渗透,提高综合思维能力。
5.关注热点,掌握重点,提高联系实际分析和解决问题的能力。
要求学生熟练地掌握书本知识,同时重视本的社会政治、经济发展动态,关注国内外的重点、热点问题,运用教材原理多角度、多层次地理解分析,真正领会其实质,学以致用。同时,还须关注与生产、生活实际密切联系的知识,如人口、资源和生态环境的关系,可持续发展问题,科技发展动态,文化思想的发展等。在第一轮复习中以掌握知识为主,但也要根据教材知识结合热点问题进行分析。这样既可以使学生对热点问题及时了解和思考,又可以保证热点问题的覆盖面。当然综合能力测试对时政知识把握的程度不一定要有多深,但把握的面一定要广。平时的单科考试中不一定热的问题,在综合考试中却会经常出现。
6.改进学法,研究考法,提高考生的综合应试能力。
考生在第一轮复习中应做到:
①注重对知识的理解和贯通,切忌死记硬背,千万不能因为时间紧、内容多,而对知识囫囵吞枣、一知半解。
②要培养对知识的变通和迁移能力,要灵活把握和运用所学知识,注重全方位多角度理解知识。
③练习要精选,内容要恰当,试题要注意筛选,切忌再用题海战术浪费宝贵时间。
④试题的答案要“准”、要“精”。要多研究综合能力考试的性质、目标、和要求,特别是高考综合试题的评分标准。因为综合试题的标准答案无论是在答题的层次、逻辑关系,还是在答案文字的数量上都有很大的不同。
⑤要精心研究综合考试标准答案中的“加分规定”,在平时的考试中要尽量向综合题的标准答案靠拢,尽量争取加分,切忌延用“3+2”的答案模式和思路,要培养自己求新、求异和创新思维的能力。
二、第二轮复习
从实践上讲,高三进入四月都将开始第二轮复习。和理科不同,文综科目或者是政治科目仍然有成绩提高的巨大空间。
在这段时间,还是要以课本为依据,把所有的考点梳理一遍。梳理先从宏观后从微观,例如政治学、哲学、经济学这是宏观的;微观的是在哲学里面有辩证法、人生观、价值观、唯物论、认识论,在辩证法里面就是联系、发展、全面、量变、质变、内外因这些理论。实际上梳理一下没有多少内容,自己做有自己做的好处,可以增强记忆能力。
在这个阶段切忌浮躁,不要觉得做什么都没意思,做什么都无所谓,这是很危险的。应对高考,此段时间是关键,其复习可以从以下三方面着手。
1.加强理解领悟《考试大纲》
要全面把握有关政治课各个知识点的内涵及其范围,各个知识点之间联系和区别,逻辑联系。全面把握政治、经济常识中有关知识。正确界定各个知识点,理解知识脉络,对于应对高考是十分必要的。
2.围绕热点问题分析思考
第二轮复习,恰恰应倒过来,应以社会重大时政热点为中心,去多角度、多层次地寻找与其相关的知识点,以便对此热点事件分析说明评价,提出解决问题的方案思路。因为政治学课是一门具有强烈时代特征的学科,高考试题必然会反映国家意志,重大时政热点必然是高考试题的重要对象,学会运用所学知识去分析说明评价重大时政热点,是对应考学生的必然要求。当然在选择重大时政热点时,应进行筛选,主要依据(1)中央在理论时间上的重大突破点,即与所学知识有关的新提法新思路;(2)国内外重大事件的时效性,即谁最近“热”,谁最“热”;(3)发生在我们周边似乎是小事,却又关系到国计民生的热点问题。找出这些热点背景材料,通过一定的切入角度,用所学知识去分析说明评价。
3.主动关注高考动向。
三、第三轮复习
开始第三轮复习,高考也就进入冲刺复习阶段,调整好心态,做到下面几点,就一定以在考试中发挥自己的水平。
1.回归课本,梳理基础知识。高考题目年年都有变化,但考查学生“运用学过的知识灵活地分析问题和解决问题”的思想一直都没有变化。学过的知识究竟有哪些?这就需要大家按照《考试大纲》中的知识体系把散落在课本中的知识的框架整理清楚。经济常识八部分内容的章节体系要清楚,每部分内容包含的知识点有哪些要明白;哲学常识中唯物论、辩证法、认识论和人生价值观有哪些观点,对应的方法论意义是什么;政治常识中的国家、政党、民族宗教的职能、组成、意义是什么。
2.看纠错本。检视自己曾经出现过的失误,找到自己知识的漏洞,思维方式的偏差,解题规范的疏漏,错误集中的点作为训练重点,有目的的精选一些材料进行训练,不让同样的错误在高考中重现。
3.浏览重点、热点问题。高考一直都与社会实际联系紧密,尤其是社会的重点、热点问题。冲刺阶段,大家应该根据老师给出的时事复习资料,或者参考相关的时事政治书,把每个考点的来龙去脉理清楚,熟悉事件中的关键词。
4.画联系图。以社会重、热点问题为中心向外辐射,将与其联系的所有政治知识挑选出来标在周围,增加对重点、热点问题和学科知识联系的熟练程度,为辨析、论述等题理顺思路。例如:在就业、再就业问题上就可以联系到经济常识中的资源优化配置,国家的宏观调控,社会保障制度,劳动合同制度;政治常识中的党的性质,国家的性质,国家的职能;哲学常识中的从实际出发,联系和发展的观点等。
5.注意答题技巧与规范。做选择题时要在审题的同步找出关键词和题目材料的主旨?选出表述正确的选项比较、对照,找出正确并符合题意的答案。做材料题时要先看到底要考什么,然后从所问的角度切入,找到材料与所考知识的结合点,编写答案。注意写材料题的答案时,要全面具体、重点突出,恰当运用经济常识、哲学常识、政治常识中的知识和术语,条理清楚的表述。
6.选做真题。这一阶段,大家应慎选或不再做新的模拟题,但应该选做一些近3年的高考真题,以便进一步明确高考题目的命题思路和方式,也可以检测一下自己对知识的掌握程度和在审题、解题的能力方面是否还有欠缺,方便最后的复习巩固。
7.调整状态,进入考试时间。建议大家在复习时要看练结合。可以把做真题的时间放在与高考文科综合或者政治科同步的时间去做。这样除了可以保持高考复习所需要的训练量,还可以调节自己的生物钟,保证高考时良好的精神状态。看纠错本的时候,也要注意不仅仅是用眼去看,必须随时记录一些感想、体会,思考自己当初出现问题的原因,必要的时候还要回归课本,澄清一些概念。高考虽然迫在眉睫,但复习仍需贴近考纲、教材和自己的实际。只有扎实灵活,科学得法,冲刺就能事半功倍,取得理想的效果。
第五篇:陈太丘与友期知识点总结
陈太丘与友期知识点总结
原文
陈太丘(1)与友期行(2),期日中(3),过中不至(4),太丘舍去(5),去后乃至(6)。
元方(7)时年七岁,门外戏(8)。客问元方:“尊君(9)在不(通“否”)?”答曰:“待君久不至,已去。”友人便怒:“非人哉(10)!与人期行,相委而去(11)。”元方曰:“君(12)与家君(13)期日中。日中不至,则是无信(16);对子骂父,则是无礼(17)。”
友人惭,下车引(14)之,元方入门不顾(15)。
字词释义
(1)陈太丘:即陈寔(shí),字仲弓,东汉颍川许(现河南许昌)人,做过太丘县令。太丘,县名;长,长官。古代常以地名称其官长。
(2)期行:相约同行。期,约定,今义为日期,行,出行。
(3)期日中:约定的时间是正午。日中,正午时分。
(4)过中不至:过中,过了正午。至:到。
(5)太丘舍去:舍去,不再等候而离开了。舍,丢下。去,离开。
(6)去后乃至:乃至,(友人)才到。乃:才。至:到达
(7)元方:即陈纪,字元方,陈寔的长子。
(8)戏:玩耍,游戏。
(9)尊君在不(fǒu):你父亲在吗?尊君,对别人父亲的一种尊称。不,通“否”,句末语气词,表询问。
(10)非人哉:不是人啊!非:不是。哉:语气词,表示感叹。
(11)相委而去:相委,丢下别人。相,副词,表示一方对另一方的行为。委,丢下,舍弃。
而,表示修饰。
(12)君:古代尊称对方,现可译为“您”。
(13)家君:家父,谦词,古代对人称自己的父亲。
(14)引:拉,这里是表示友好的动作。
(15)顾:回头看。
(16)无信:丧失信用,信:信用、诚信。
(17)无礼:违反礼节;没有礼貌,礼:礼节。
古今异义
1、去
古意:离开
今意:到、往
2、委
古意:丢
下、舍弃
今意:委屈、委托
3、顾
古意:回头看
今意:照顾
4、期
古意:约定
今意:日期
5、引
古意:拉
今意:引用
通假字
1、尊君在不。“不”通“否”,读
fǒu,表示否定,相当于“吗”。
词类活用
1、“友人惭”
意动用法。惭:感到惭愧
中心思想
《陈太丘与友期》:本文写“友人”不守约定、不讲信用的故事,反映了人要守约、讲信、懂礼,才能受到别人的尊重的道理。
译文
陈太丘跟一位朋友相约同行,约定的时间是正午。正午已过,(友人)没到,太丘不再等候就走了。太丘走后,(友人)才来。陈元方那年七岁,正在门外玩耍。友人问元方:“你爸爸在家吗?”元方答道:“等您很久没来,他已经走了。”朋友便生气了:“不是人哪!和别人相约同行,(却)把别人丢下,自己走了。”元方说:“您跟我爸爸约好正午走,您正午不到,就是不讲信用;对着儿子骂他的父亲,就是没有礼貌。”友人感到惭愧,下车拉元方,元方走进自己家的大门,不回头看。
题目解说
陈太丘,汉朝人,字仲弓,原名叫做陈寔太丘县令。古代习惯将官员所任职的地名附在姓氏后。“期”是约定的意思。标题概括交代了故事的起因。
《世说新语》是中国南朝宋时期(420-479年)产生的一部主要记述魏晋人物言谈轶事的笔记小说。
文章鉴赏
陈太丘之友:急躁,无信,无礼,知错能改。元方:聪慧明理,有胆识,正直,爱憎分明。像陈太丘的这位朋友,自己言而无信,失了约不自我反省,反而责怪别人,他被友人抛弃,受到儿童蔑视,实在是咎由自取。
文章表现了陈元方的聪慧,懂得为人之道,明白事理、落落大方。
道理:告诫人们办事要讲诚信,为人要方正,否则会丧失朋友,失去友谊。
1.通过元方的言行举止,让我们知道了要做一个坚持原则的人。
2.通过友人的行为,让我们知道了知错就改。而友人又作为一个反面教材告诉我们信用的重要性。
3.通过陈太丘的行为,让我们知道了要做一个言而有信的人。