第一篇：考研黄皮书写作佳句总结
1.Everybody loves travelling.Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that you have been overcharged.2.When children are treated as thoughtful and responsible persons, so that they can feel that they are respected, their behavior will become markedly different.3.Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each person feels he is not being cheated.4.However, whether traditional cultures can enjoy a revival, is, as yet, an unanswered question
5.There are promising parallels today.6.The clear message is that in the internet age, we should take more efforts to safeguard our private information
7.Voices now come from many quarters insisting that academic burden is the cause of suicide cases in campus , that measures should be taken to relieve that burden
8.It’ s obvious that a majority of parents still don’t take family education seriously
9.To serve an responsible stewards of the planet , we must press forward on environment protection plan
10.The growing awareness of self-growth is a promising start.11.Of all the components of success, fortune seems to be least within our control
12.Evidence from decline in species diversity supports this vies
13.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples both home and abroad, the trend that an increasing number of people are crazy about travelling is unmistakable
14.He acknowledges that all varieties of pets, including unusual ones like lizards , can make their owners relax
15.In spite of “endless talk of copyright protection,” the number of people who will not refuse to buy pirate products is still exceedingly high according to a national survey
16.The fierce competition in the domestic university entrance examination and the better education in foreign universities are main forces for the mounting number of people studying abroad
17.The situation is that consumer price has rocketed and employee’ salaries have stayed low
18.Now something similar could be happening in china
19.That psychological problems exist in college students has been known for years
20.The number of trash messages in various forms has increased on average by 90% with 5 years
21.Statistics show that the crime online has caused a considerable loss for people, which future management efforts must take into account
22.Today the messages people are surrounded with are not what they wish to get but trash e-mails and phone messages ,and endless commercial
23.The over-protection that brings tender care for children carries the greatest potential to make them not only over-dependent but also fragile
This can be illustrated by the example of……..But most students are coping with a lot of homework, with few breaks, and feeling the strain.Academic burden is the cause of suicide cases in campus, that measures should be taken to relieve that burden.A trend of learning Chinese is emerging worldwide.People with kind heart have been more than willing to share their knowledge.Environmentally speaking, there are advantages to reducing the number of private cars.Giving up after several setbacks is a far different thing from struggling to survive and thrive after a series of failures.The above arguments may not involve all the important elements necessary to solve the environmental problem.Scholars note that current university education best offers students academic knowledge but fail to equip them with adaptive capacity and practical ability, components also critical to their future life.The environmental awareness has begun, and the clean and friendly environment may not be far behind.The fierce competition in the domestic university entrance examination and the better education in the foreign universities are the main forces for the mounting number of people studying abroad.This picture does reflect a thought-provoking social phenomenon.Now something similar could be happening in China.That psychological problems exsit in college students has been known for years.The over-protection that brings tender care for children carries the greatest potential to make them over-dependent.For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least.To be sure, superstars perform an impressive variety of interesting shows, but it is not necessary for us to follow them crazily.Some scholars who reply that imitation can produce innovation are missing this point.For the attention and money of customers, a product in today’s economy must compete not only with similar domestic products but also with similar products from foreign countries.The widespread availability of e-books has thus brought about a crisis in the traditional publishing industry.If environment protectors are to succeed, they must first help promote environmental awareness in the public.A little rest after finishing a task gave us time to reflect on what kind of experience we have obtained.A more tolerate environment for foreign cultures also has the ordinary people brave to try exotic lifestyle.As the employment picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring and hard-working persons.I cannot think of a single task which has not been efficiently accomplished through close cooperation.One man’s poison is another man’s antidote.This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with the emergency of the internet and will go further.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided people with more communications choices have also increased the risk that some people will lose the ability to cope with interpersonal relationship in reality.That a college diploma is anything less than a guarantee for successful life gets people thingking.The very things that dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.….is hardly the only example of….It is hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to blindly believe ill-founded theories just because they are advocated by self-claimed experts.Of all the changes that have taken place in China during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the internet revolution.The idea is intuitively compelling, but it does not explain how….Encouraging college students to do part-time job fits nicely with the idea that they should learn to be independent.Some graduates have come up with the finding that certificates have far less impact on job-hunting than is generally supposed.Problem children have been blaming inconsiderate parents and teachers for their troubles.Successful markets require honest merchants and virtuous customers.Rather than dismissing ourselves as dimless teenagers, we can instead have our life goal by carefully planning our future.This is where..comes in.The conventional view that school education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting personal growth is wrong.The protection of nature resources is necessary for maintaining species diversity.Scholars sould be encouraged to write and publish extensively, giving China an atomsphere of intellectual earnestness.
第二篇：一周学习2014考研英语写作300佳句(四)（最终版）
一周学习考研英语300佳句：考研英语写作创作策略与高分范文
内容导读：
由于国内英语教学中写作训练薄弱，大批学生只会单词，不懂语境和搭配，出现了各种可笑的中文思维现象。我们写作教学中专门强调语感的培养，除单词记忆和句型操练之外，在此专门选编了300个闪光的英文句子，涉及面很广，配有译文并用黑体标出了句子衔接的主干框架。读者可以在阅读中仔细领会每句话表达的妙处，遣词造句的独特设计。也可以作为写作的范本加以背诵，提高自己的语感和闪光点意识。
181.Chances are that man will eventually land on Mars.人类有可能最终登陆火星。
182.The likelihood for peace in the Middle East remains questionable.中东和平的可能性仍让人怀疑。
183.The necessity for nuclear nonproliferation seems clear.防止核扩散的必要性似乎清清楚楚。
184.It is perhaps more accurate to consider the family as a blanket of security, rather than a cloak of bondage.把家庭看作保护安全的毯子可能比把它看作束缚的斗篷更确切。
185.While generalizations are dangerous, it is quite safe to present solid evidence.抽象概括是危险的,但是,提供确凿的证据是万无一失的。
186.It seems almost certain that China will achieve this year's economic growth targets.中国将完成今年经济增长的目标似乎是毫无疑问的。
187.Reaching this year's growth targets is almost a certainty.达到今年的增长目标几乎是必然的。
188.The urgency of the situation makes it necessary to reiterate the monumental problems of population growth.情况的紧迫性使我们有必要重申人口增长的重大问题。
189.A recent study revealed the surprising fact that many students pass examinations by relying on nothing more than rote memorization.It is horrifying to think that students graduate without a thorough understanding of the subject matter.最近的一项研究显示了一个令人惊讶的事实：许多学生仅仅依靠死记硬背通过考试。想到学生对主题没有透彻地理解就毕业了是令人震惊的。
190.Needless to say, advertising sells products.Where would we be without it? Shelves would be empty, consumers would have few choices and products information would disappear.毋庸讳言，广告推销产品。没有它，情况将会怎样？货架将空空如也，消费者的选择将减少，产品的信息将消失。
191.The plain truth is that people are most often self-centered.明显的事实是人经常是以自我为中心的。
192.There's little wonder why young people often find it difficult to find an appropriate role model.No wonder they drink, smoke, fright, carouse and otherwise engage in inappropriate social behavior.年轻人发现很难找到合适的榜样并不奇怪。难怪他们喝酒、抽烟、打架、狂欢作乐或者做出不当的社会举动。
193.It should come as no surprise to learn that many abused children become abusers later in life.发现很多受虐待的儿童后来虐待别人不应该感到奇怪。
194.There is probably a great deal of truth in the assertion that unscrupulous brokers are salivating at the thought of unsophisticated investors entering the securities market.断言不道德的经纪人想到没有经验的投资者进入股票市场就垂涎三尺可能有一定的道理。
195.There's little doubt that China has spawned a new generation of “Little Emperors “ , but the truth is that the fault rests with parents who ” spare the rod to spoil the child " and not with children themselves.毫无疑问，中国产生了新一代“小皇帝”，但事实是责任在于“闲了棍子，惯了孩子”的家长，而不是孩子自己。
196.There's little justification for objections to sex education.In fact, even a minimal introduction to consequences of sexual interaction(the bird's and bees)might have dramatically changed the lives of many people.反对性教育几乎是没有道理的。实际上，最小限度的介绍性行为的后果（鸟和蜜蜂的）可能戏剧性地改变许多人的生活。
197.We can safely say that the world continues to turn and things have changed dramatically, but we can never claim the world is a safer place.我们可以稳妥地说世界在继续传动，情况发生了巨大的变化，但是，我们永远不能声称世界变得更加安全了。
198.We can say this and we can say that, but the most important thing is not to say, but instead to do.我们可以说这说那，但最重要的事不是说，而是做。
199.Divided we fall, united we conquer.This does not mean that conquest is the goat, but instead that unified efforts yield positive results.分离就会垮台，团结就能征服。这不是说征服是目的，而是说团结一致的努力会产生积极的结果。
200.Historically speaking, our ancestors placed great emphasis on filial piety.历史上，我们的祖先很重视孝顺。
201.It doesn't follow that one should abandon a workable plan simply because of minor setbacks.So doing would quite frankly be foolish.一个人不能因为几个小挫折就放弃一个可行的计划。这样做的确很愚蠢。
202.One corrupt politician does not suggest that all politicians are bad.Any such presumption is totally misguided.有一个腐败的政府官员不能说明所有的政府官员都是坏的。这样的假设完全是被误导的。
203.Don't get the idea that money grows on trees, or that there's such a thing as a free ride.不要以为钱长在树上，也不要以为有免费的午餐。
204.Along with interest in music comes a greater awareness of culture.伴随着对音乐的兴趣的是对文化更清晰的认识。
205.It's not that I don't want to be rich and famous.Obviously I do, but just haven't as yet found the way to get there.并不是我不想致富成名。我当然想，但是还没有找到致富成名的途径。
206.If the claims of the other side prove true, we may be forced to alter our position.如果对方的主张被证明是正确的，我们可能被迫要改变我们的立场。
207.The urgent need for nuclear nonproliferation is undeniable.Moreover, failure to halt the spread of weapons of mass destruction increases the chance for nuclear holocaust.防止核扩散的紧迫性是不可否认的。此外，制止大规模杀伤性武器扩散的失败增加了核毁灭的可能性。
208.Having recognized the problem, it follows that we must develop a plan of action.意识到了问题，接下去我们必须制定行动计划。
209.Governments have reached a consensus on the need for peace and it follows that actions speak louder than words.政府一致同意和平的必要性，接下去就是行动胜于语言了。
210.The convincing proof that smoking causes cancer has failed to convince hundreds of millions of people to abandon the vile habit.抽烟致癌的有力证据没能说服数百万人改掉这一恶习。
211.Traffic laws are of little use if drivers simply ignore them and law enforcement departments fail to adopt effective enforcement programs.如果司机完全无视交通法，法律实施部门不能采取有效的实施程序，交通法就没有一点儿作用。
212.Agricultural modernization cannot be achieved unless the government substantially increases
funding;farmers accept advanced agronomic techniques;and consumers engaged in a concerted effort to reduce unnecessary and exorbitant waste.除非政府大幅度地增加投资；农民接受高级的农业技术；消费者共同努力减少不必要的过度的浪费，农业现代化就不能实现。
213.Effective flood control is not only necessary, but is also essential for protecting the lives of millions of Chinese citizens.有效地控制洪水不仅是必要的，而且对保护数百万中国公民的生命来说是必不可少的。
214.Simple expressions of indignation are no substitute for meaningful actions to right a wrong.仅仅表示愤慨不能取代改正错误的有意义的行动。
215.Even modest increases in education allocations are better than none.甚至对教育拨款的适度增加都比不增加好。
216.The slightest miscalculations in trajectory can spell doom for a successful space mission.对轨道的细小的计算错误可以意味着对成功的太空任务的灭顶之灾。
217.Anyone with one eye and half sense(common sense)knows that good prevails over evil.任何一个有一只眼睛和一半判断力（常识）的人都知道邪不压正。
218.It is impossible to reach appropriate conclusions without access to relevant information.没有相关的信息不可能得出相关的结论。
219.The fact remains that the consequences of drug misuse and abuse can be devastating upon the entire community.实际情况仍然是误用和滥用药物的后果对整个社会都会是破坏性的。
220.Respect is given where respect is due.尊敬只给予值得尊敬的人。
221.It really doesn't matter whether a cat is black or white, but instead whether or not it can catch the mouse.猫是黑是白真的不重要，重要的是它是不是能抓老鼠。
222.Whatever the outcome, we must resolutely precede with our objective.无论结果如何，我们必须坚定地继续为目标而努力。
223.However great the will to achieve, and however great the demand to succeed, one should never abandon his/her moral and social consciousness.无论成功的决心多么坚定，成功的要求多么强烈，一个人永远不能丧失他/她的道德和社会觉悟。
224.However pressing the need and urgency of the problem one should not precede without a
plausible plan.无论需要多么紧迫，问题多么紧急，一个人不能没有看似有理的计划就开始行动。
225.Posing crime is often cited as a prime example of mounting social decay.犯罪的上升经常被当作越来越严重的社会倒退的主要例子。
226.Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, is a classic example of success.微软的创始人比尔•盖茨是成功的经典范例。
227.Persistence pays off!A case in point centers on the ongoing negotiations and anticipated eminent resolution of the Middle East peace process.坚持不懈能取得好结果！一个恰当的例子是正在进行的关于中东和平进程的谈判和预期达成的引人注目的决议。
228.The advertisement is a perfect example of misleading content designed to fool consumers.广告是为愚弄消费者而设计的误导内容的很好的例子。
229.The land for peace deal represents a concrete agreement which will end conflict and bring stability to the Middle East.达成和平协议的余地代表一个具体的协定，它将结束争端，给中东带来稳定。
230.We should gather additional facts to support existing evidence and illustrate the correctness of the contention.我们需要收集更多的事实支持现有的证据，并证明论点的正确性。
231.A few more examples should be added to highlight the already familiar facts.还需要增加几个例子强调已经很熟悉的真相。
232.We can cite Nelson Mandela's experience as an excellent example of overcoming adversity.我们可以把纳尔逊•曼德拉的经历作为克服困境的很好的例子。
233.History abounds with great men worthy of adulation and emulation.历史上有很多值得称赞和效法的伟人。
234.I, for one, will steadfastly resist any attempts to justify violence as a means to an end.拿我来说，我会坚决抵制任何证明暴力是达到目的的一种正当手段的企图。
235.Take the “Gang of Four “as an example of a group of zealots who attempted to usurp power to serve their own purposes.以“四人帮”为例，他们是一群企图篡权为自己的目的服务的狂热者。
236.Racial cleansing serves as a case in point to illustrate the lengths some people will go to prove their superiority.种族清洗是恰当的例子，用来说明一些人为了证明他们的优越性而走了多远。
237.We can safely assume that the indiscriminate acts of our generation will have an adverse impact on future generations.我们可以万无一失地想当然认为我们这一代人任意的行为将给未来的人造成负面的影响。
238.Recurring themes are readily discernible in the annals of history.There's little doubt that history does, in fact, repeat itself.在历史纪录上完全可以找到重复的主题。实际上，毫无疑问，历史会重演。
239.Numerous examples might be cited to support fallacious claims, but they most often lack a relevance to the issue under discussion.可能有很多例子支持错误的主张，但它们经常缺少和正在讨论的问题的相关性。
240.I can think of nothing better than a nice cold beer on a hot summer afternoon.在夏季炎热的下午，我想不出什么东西比一杯冰凉可口的啤酒更好。
第三篇：2002年考研英语真题及解析(黄皮书)
2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries.Yet much had happened 1.As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical.It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7 ththe 20 century world of the motor car and the air plane.Not everyone sees that Process in 8.It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not immediately 12.As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 13 , with display becoming sharper and storage
increasing.They were thought of, like people, generations, with the distance between generations much 16.It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the 17 within which we now live.The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19 view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications.“Benefits” have been weighed 20 “harmful” outcomes.And generalizations have proved difficult.1.［A］between ［B］before ［C］since ［D］later 2.［A］after ［B］by ［C］during ［D］until 3.［A］means ［B］method ［C］medium ［D］measure 4.［A］process ［B］company ［C］light ［D］form 5.［A］gathered ［B］speeded ［C］worked ［D］picked 6.［A］on ［B］out ［C］over ［D］off 7.［A］of ［B］for ［C］beyond ［D］into 8.［A］concept ［B］dimension ［C］effect ［D］perspective 9.［A］indeed ［B］hence ［C］however ［D］therefore 10.［A］brought ［B］followed ［C］stimulated ［D］characterized 11.［A］unless ［B］since ［C］lest ［D］although 12.［A］apparent ［B］desirable ［C］negative ［D］plausible
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13.［A］institutional ［B］universal ［C］fundamental ［D］instrumental 14.［A］ability ［B］capability ［C］capacity ［D］faculty 15.［A］by means of ［B］in terms of ［C］with regard to［D］in line with 16.［A］deeper ［B］fewer ［C］nearer ［D］smaller 17.［A］context ［B］range ［C］scope ［D］territory 18.［A］regarded ［B］impressed ［C］influenced ［D］effected 19.［A］competitive ［B］controversial ［C］distracting ［D］irrational 20.［A］above ［B］upon ［C］against ［D］with
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)
Text 1
If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries;alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St.Peter.He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on.Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself.“Who is that?” the new arrival asked St.Peter.“Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural.Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.Often it’s the delivery which causes the
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audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor.It often comes from the unexpected.A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation.Search for exaggeration and understatement.Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21.To make your humor work, you should.[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience [B] make fun of the disorganized people [C] address different problems to different people [D] show sympathy for your listeners 22.The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are.[A] impolite to new arrivals [B] very conscious of their godlike role [C] entitled to some privileges [D] very busy even during lunch hours 23.It can be inferred from the text that public services.[A] have benefited many people [B] are the focus of public attention [C] are an inappropriate subject for humor [D] have often been the laughing stock 24.To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered.[A] in well-worded language [B] as awkwardly as possible [C] in exaggerated statements [D] as casually as possible 25.The best title for the text may be.[A] Use Humor Effectively [B] Various Kinds of Humor [C] Add Humor to Speech [D] Different Humor Strategies
Text 2
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines.And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the
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transaction.Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers.And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined.They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in.[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27.The word “gizmos”(line 1, paragraph 2)most probably means.
[A] programs［B］ experts ［C］ devices ［D］ creatures 28.According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can.[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B] interact with human beings verbally. [C] have a little common sense.
[D] respond independently to a changing world.
29.Besides reducing human labor, robots can also.
[A] make a few decisions for themselves.[B] deal with some errors with human intervention. [C] improve factory environments.[D] cultivate human creativity.http://club.topsage.com/forum.php?gid=27
30.The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are.[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.
[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D] best used in a controlled environment.Text 3
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December.This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled.Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline.So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports.Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s.In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s.In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production.For each dollar of GDP(in constant prices)rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP.That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980.On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline.The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago.In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.31.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______ [A] global inflation. [B] reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy. [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports.http://club.topsage.com/forum.php?gid=27
32.It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if______.[A] price of crude rises.[B] commodity prices rise.[C] consumption rises.[D] oil taxes rise.33.The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.
［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.［B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.［C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.［D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34.We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.
［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.［B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.［C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.［D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35.From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.［A］optimistic.［B］sensitive.［C］gloomy.［D］scared.Text 4
The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.“It’s like surgery,” he says.“We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death.If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the
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National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”.He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.36.From the first three paragraphs, we learn that.[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain [B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives [C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide [D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide 37.Which of the following statements its true according to the text? [A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38.According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is.[A] prolonged medical procedures [B] inadequate treatment of pain [C] systematic drug abuse [D] insufficient hospital care 39.Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive”(line 4, paragraph 7)? [A] Bold.[B] Harmful.[C] Careless.[D] Desperate 40.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they.[A] manage their patients incompetently [B] give patients more medicine than needed [C] reduce drug dosages for their patients [D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients
Part B Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)
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Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.（42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure.It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched.Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.（44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.It also raises questions concerning “values”.Who will use a technology and to what ends?（45）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing
46.Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should 1.describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2.give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)
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An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）
第一部分 英语知识应用试题解析
一、文章总体分析
本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。文章第一段从早期的通信革命入手，指出在15、16世纪和20世纪之间发生了很多事情，特别是通信革命加快了步伐。第二段接着提到20世纪计算机的出现极大地改变了这一进程。第三段指出随着计算机的发展，我们步入了一个信息社会。在计算机影响下，通信革命改变了我们的工作和休闲方式，也影响了我们的思考和感知方式。在结尾部分，文章提到，当然，关于这种通信革命在经济、政治、社会和文化各方面的影响是利大于弊还是弊大于利，还存在争议。
二、试题具体解析
1.[A] between在„当中，在空间、位置或时间的中间
[B] before在此之前早些时候，在„前面 [C] since自从„以后，以前 [D] later 后来，稍后，随后 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：时间副词的用法辨析。
解此题关键看两个方面，一是理解文章第一句话的含义：人们曾对20世纪电视的发展以及15世纪和16世纪印刷术的传播进行了比较。二是注意转折连词yet的用法，yet一般标志着接下来的内容与前面的内容出现了较大的不同，如：She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time.（她说她会迟到，但她却准时到达了）。文中第二句话结构非常简单，主语和谓语都无法体现与第一句话的强烈对照，这时只能通过空格里填入的时间状语来体现了，因此这个时间副词应与第一句话中的时间状语in the 20th century和 in the 15th and 16th centuries相呼应并对照。接下来关键看这个时间副词表示的是哪个时间段，15、16世纪之前，20世纪之后还是两者之间。其实我们从下文中的the 19th century也可以推断出正确答案是between，即“然而，在这两个时段之间却发生了很多事情”。
2.[A] after [B] by [C] during [D] until
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[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：固定句型。
空格所在的句子是一个强调句型：it was + 时间状语 + that。四个选项中能与not搭配的只有until，not until表示“直到„„才„„”，整个句意是“直到十九世纪，报纸才成为电子时代到来前主要的„„”。如：It was not until the afternoon that he begun to tackle the problem.（直到下午他才开始解决问题）。
知识点补充：在这种强调状语的结构中，表示状语的成分可以是单词、词组或句子。强调句子时可以是主语从句、宾语从句或状语从句。如：It was at an evening party that I first met her.（强调地点状语）；It was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river.（强调原因状语从句，引导词只能用because，不能用since，as或why）；It is what you will do that is essential.（强调主语从句）。
3.[A] means方式，方法，手段 [B] method方法
[C] medium（表达或传播的）媒介 [D] measure措施，步骤，方法
[答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：名词词义辨析。
本题相关部分是the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book，其中in the wake of 意为“紧跟„之后，接踵而来”，如：Outbreaks of disease occurred in the wake of the drought.（那场旱灾过后，疾病肆虐）。因此整个句子的含义是“报纸继宣传册和书之后成为电子时代到来前主要的__ 3_ _”从句意来看，空格处填入的名词应概括newspaper、pamphlet和book的共同特点，根据常识，报纸、宣传册和图书都只能是传播信息的媒介（medium），而不是方法或措施。Medium可特指“大众传播手段，包括报纸、杂志、广播或电视等”，如：Commercial television is a medium for advertising.（商业电视是一种广告媒介）。
词汇补充：注意means和medium都可以表示借以成就某事或达到某目的人或物。means(单复数同形)可以指人或物，其含义为“手段”或“工具”。这个词不仅用于具体的东西，也可以用于抽象的意念。如：Thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech（一个人的思想能够借助于语言传递给另一个人）；medium 的含义是“媒介，手段”，通过它能完成、传输或转移某种事物的东西：如：Air is a medium of sound.（空气是声音传播的媒体）。
method 所表示的“方法”可以指做某件事的具体步骤或程序，也可以指抽象概念“条理”，如：To do this, scientists have to devise methods using radar and underwater television.（为此，科学家还要设计出使用雷达和水下电视的方法）；measures表示“手段，策略，为达到目的采取的行动，权宜之计”，如：They took strong measures against dangerous drivers.（他们对危害公众的司机采取强硬的措施）。
4.[A](in the)process(of)在„„过程中
[B](in the)company(of)在„„陪伴下，与„„同时出现 [C](in the)light(of)按照，根据 [D](in the)form(of)以„„的形式 [答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 介词短语辨析。
文章相关部分是newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical，从结构上来看，现在分词结构following in the wake of 和介词短语in the 4 of 是并列成分，都做主句的伴随状语，newspaper，pamphlet and book，periodical也是三个平
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行的部分，它们之间的关系是通过in the wake of和in the 4 of两个部分来体现的。分词结构following in the wake of„意为“随着宣传册和书的出现以后”，体现了时间上的先后。因此空格处的动词构成的短语应既需要与分词结构表并列含义，又需要体现newspaper和periodical之间的时间关系。四个选项从意义上来看，只有B符合。
5.[A] gathered(up)收集，蜷缩，概括
[B] speeded(up)加速
[C] worked(up)逐步建立，逐步发展，逐步引起，整理 [D] picked(up)拾起，染上，学到，整理，收听到，好转 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词短语辨析。
本题要求考生判断哪个动词可以与up搭配，构成短语动词，且符合文意。该动作的发出者是前面的主语communication revolution。根据语义，恰当选项是speeded up，表示“通信革命加速发展”。文中所在句子用了强调结构It was during the same time that，强调时间状语19世纪，表明在这一时期不但报纸成为主要媒介，而且通信革命也取得了重大的成果：运输业、铁路、电报、电话、无线电、电影都在发展。
知识点补充：与up搭配组成的短语动词还包括：beat up（毒打），choke up（说不出话），dress up（盛装），end up（结束），hold up（阻止，妨碍），mix up（混淆），play up（强调），sign up（签约），take up（从事），wash up（洗餐具）等。
例句补充：The child gathered up his toys and put them away.（孩子把他的玩具收拾起来放好）；I worked up this business from nothing.（我在一无所有的情况下把这个事业逐步发展起来的，或，我白手起家）；Trade has been slack for the past six months, but it is now picking up.（过去六个月里商业一直很萧条，但现在情况正在好转）。
6.[A](lead)on引导，率领„„继续前进 [B](lead)out开始，领舞伴起舞
[C] over不与lead搭配
[D](lead)off（begin）开始 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：短语动词搭配 + 副词词义辨析。事实上本题和下一个题目可以一起解答。因为第六空和第七空是所在句子整体中不可分割的两个部分。考生首先需判断选项中哪个副词可以与lead和through搭配。首先排除over，它不能与lead搭配。从结构上看，空格所在部分中的beginning with„和leading„都是现在分词状语成分，说明通信革命是怎样加速发展的：开始于运输和铁路，接着通过电报、电话、收音机和电影的发展，直到二十世纪的汽车和飞机。四个选项只有副词on可以表示“继续，向前”的含义，用在句子中强调“电报、电话、收音机和电影行业推动通信革命的继续发展”。
7.[A] of „的，属于„的；有关„的
[B] for 为了；代表；以„为目的地；因为
[C] beyond 超出（理解、范围、眼界）之上 [D] into进入„之内；成为„状态 [答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：介词用法辨析。
根据上一题的分析，句子空格处需要一个介词和前面的begin with，lead on through一起来表达通信革命发展的全过程。选项中只有into符合，而且它和前面的leading相呼应，表达“进入20世纪的汽车和飞机时代”。
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8． [A] concept 观念，概念
[B] dimension 长度，宽度，高度，尺寸，大小 [C]（in）effect实际上，事实上，简直是
[D]（in）perspective正确地、如实的（观察事物）[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：句内语义 + 介词短语搭配。
本题要求考生判断哪个名词和介词in搭配构成副词短语。空格所在句子是Not everyone sees that process in 8（并不是每个人都„地看待这个过程）。首先排除concept和dimension，它们一般不和in搭配，即使搭配了，所表达的含义“在观念上看待这个过程”和“在尺度上看待这个过程”也不符合文意。in effect为固定搭配，如：They have no formal contract, but he is, in effect, her manager.（他们之间没有正式合同，但他实际上是她的经理），但它在文中能表达的含义“实际上看待这个过程”也不符合逻辑；只有in perspective放入句中，表示“并不是每一个人都能正确地看待这一问题”。
知识点补充：in perspective和in one’s right perspective都是固定搭配，都表示“正确、如实地（观察事物）”，如：see problems in their right perspective（如实地看待问题）。
另外，该句中，代词everyone与not搭配使用，表部分否定，意思是“不是每个人”。类似的代词或副词还有all，both，every，everyday，everybody，many，everything，entirely，absolutely，always，completely，often，wholly等，它们和not一起表达出“并非都是，不是每个都是”的含义。如：Both of them are not my brothers.（他们两个不全是我的兄弟）。I do not remember all those formulas.（这些公式我并非全都记得）。
9.[A] indeed实际上，确实（表强调）[B] hence因此，所以，（表因果关系）
[C] however然而，（表转折关系）[D] therefore因此，（表因果关系）[答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。
从结构上看，空格所在句子是一个it做形式主语的完整的主语从句It is generally recognized that the introduction of the computer radically changed the process。空格由两个逗号隔开，在主语从句中是插入语。从四个选项看，这里需填入一个逻辑连接词，表明这个句子和其前文之间的逻辑关系。
从语义上看，第一段主要论述在15、16世纪和20世纪之间发生了很多事情，如：报纸等媒介的出现和通信革命的发展。第二段一、二句综合指出正确看待这个过程很重要。从空格所在这一句开始，文章提出“计算机的出现极大地改变了这个进程”，可以判断这里的逻辑关系为转折。选项中只有however表转折。
知识点补充：像however这类逻辑连接副词在句中的位置可以是句首、句中或句尾，而当在用于句中时，与句子其他部分既可用逗号也可用分号隔开，如：①However, not everybody agreed.②The visitor came to the door;however, it was too late for him to get in.③The composition is all right;there is room for improvement, however.10.[A] brought带来
[B] followed跟随
[C] stimulated刺激, 激励
[D] characterized表现„„的特色，刻画的„„性格 [答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：过去分词辨析。
空格所在部分 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s
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是插入成分，插在了that引导的主语从句的主语the introduction of the computer和谓语radically changed之间，修饰从句的主语。从选项可看出空格处将填入过去分词，考生关键要判断主语“计算机在20世纪早期问世”和插入成分“集成电路在20世纪60年代发明”之间是什么联系，显然这两件事是时间先后关系。从词义上来看，只有follow表示时间先后关系，符合题意。本题最具干扰的选项是brought，但考生注意20世纪初期出现的电脑不可能由比它还晚（20世纪60年代）出现的集成电路所带来。
11.[A] unless除非，（引导条件状语从句）[B] since自„„以来，既然，（引导时间、原因状语从句）
[C] lest惟恐，以免，（引导条件状语从句）[D] although虽然，尽管，（引导让步状语从句）
[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。
在做本题之前，先做第12题比较好。空格前文提到，计算机的出现大大改变了这种进程，接着空格下文又说它对媒体的影响没有立即见效。显然，这里的逻辑关系为让步。四个选项中，只有although符合要求，意为“极大地改变了这一进程。虽然对媒体的影响并没有立即见效。”
12.[A] apparent明显的
[B] desirable值得要的，合意的，令人想要的，悦人心意的 [C] negative否定的，消极的，负的，阴性的 [D] plausible似是而非的 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 形容词词义辨析。
空格所在句子是its impact on the media was not immediately 12，其中its指代的是the computer’s。首先排除plausible，因为我们不能说“影响不是立即似是而非的”。其次，根据上下文的逻辑，考生可推出虽然计算机的影响很大，但这个影响不是一蹴而就的，它刚出现时应该没有像现在这样得到这么广泛的使用，因此它对媒体的影响不是立刻就很明显的（apparent）。desirable更强调主观上的愿望，如：a home computer with many desirable features.（有许多理想性能的家庭计算机）。但计算机的影响不是我们主观上能决定的。
13.[A] institutional惯例的；公共机构的，社会事业性质的
[B] universal全体的，普通的，大众化的 [C] fundamental基础的，根本的，必要的
[D] instrumental起作用的，有助于，一般做表语 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：句内语义 + 形容词词义辨析。
从结构上来看，空格所在句子中的代词they指代前面的computers，逗号后的and连接了两个并列句子，即上句的smaller and more powerful与下文的personal as well as 13 相对应。上句的smaller和powerful在含义上有转折，意为“虽然越来越小却越来越强”，因此空格所填入的词也应与personal相对照。如果从字面上理解personal，它的含义是“私人的、个人的”，universal可以是它的反义词，但universal多做定语，强调“普遍性”，如；universal interest（普遍感兴趣），而且它在文中表达的含义“不仅被普遍使用，也被个人使用”也不符合逻辑；只有institutional与personal 相对应，指出“电脑不再仅仅是团体而且也成了个人使用的工具”，符合文意。
例句补充：Technical innovation is instrumental in improving the qualities of
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products.（技术革新有助于提高产品的质量）
14.[A] ability [B] capability [C] capacity [D] faculty [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：名词词义辨析。
从结构上看，空格所在句子是with引导的分词独立结构：with display（逻辑主语）becoming sharper（现在分词结构）and storage 14（逻辑主语）increasing（现在分词），来修饰前面的主句做状语。从语义上看，“计算机也成了个人工具，是随着其显示效果（display）越来越清晰（sharper）和存储„的提高”，因此空格和storage搭配后应指“（计算机的）存储能力”。考生关键要判断哪个名词能与storage搭配。四个选项都可以表示“能力”，但只有capacity可以指承受力或容纳力，和storage是固定搭配，表“存储能力”。例如：The hall has a seating capacity of 200 people（大厅可容纳200人）。
知识点补充：ability指去做某件事情的能力（精神的或生理的），如children’s ability to learn（孩子们的学习能力）；capability强调生长、发展或成功的一种潜能。如：The little girl has great capability as a singer and should be trained.（这个小女孩很有当歌手的才能，应该加以训练）；faculty指内在的、天生的力量或能力，如：the faculty to learn languages（学语言的能力）。
15.[A] by means of用„，依靠„，通过„
[B] in terms of按照，在„方面，从„角度 [C] with regard to关于
[D] in line with符合，和„一致 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：介词短语辨析。
空格所在句子是They were thought of, like people, 15 generations，其中主语they指的仍然是computers，插入语意为“像人一样”，谓语是被动语态形式were thought of，指“被考虑，被想”，可见，空格和generations（一代人，世代，衍生代）一起做状语，修饰谓语，说明电脑是怎样被看待考虑的。因此考生重点要区分A、B选项，A 选项by means of强调“用某种方式或手段”，而B选项in terms of可以强调用某个字眼、措辞及它所传达的概念，如：Give the answer in terms of a percentage.（用百分比来回答）。根据文意，“计算机与人一样，都可以按照代（generations）来划分”，这里使用generation更多地是借用这个词和它的概念，因此正确选项为B。
例句补充：Thoughts are expressed by means of words.（思想用词汇来表达）；The work is not very profitable in terms of cash, but I am getting valuable experience from it.（这个工作从钱的角度来说不是非常有利可图，但我从中获得了宝贵经验）；He would make no concession in regard to his own rights.（他在关于自己权利的方面不会作出让步）；That isn’t in line with my ideas at all.（那和我的想法根本不一致）。
16.[A] deeper [B] fewer [C] nearer [D] smaller [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：习惯搭配。
本题要求考生判断哪个形容词的比较级可以修饰the distance。选项中只有smaller可以，表示“距离减小”。注意，英文中不能用near形容distance来表达“距离近”，而只用small或big这类的词来形容距离的远近。许多考生选择了A或C，是因为受到了中文思维的影响，觉得距离可以是深浅和远近。
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17.[A] context（事情发生的）环境，背景 [B] range山脉；（种类变化的）范围，幅度； 射程
[C] scope（处理，研究事物的）范围；（做某事物的）机会, 余地 [D] territory领土, 版图 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：名词词义辨析。
空格所在句子是一个强调句型It was within the computer age that„，其大意是：正是在这个计算机时代，“信息社会”开始被广泛用来描述我们现在所生活的„„。information society描述的当然是society，因此考生关键要判断哪个选项和society属于同一语义范畴，显然我们不能说society是“范围（range/scope）”或“领土（territory）”，而只能说是一种“环境或背景（context）”。
18.[A] regarded看待，把„作为，尊敬，涉及 [B] impressed留下印象，盖印
[C] influenced 影响 [D] effected产生，招致，实现 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义辨析。
空格所在句子是The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time，因此考生需判断哪个动词可以描述句子主语“通信革命”对宾语“我们的工作和休闲方式以及对时间和空间的思考和感知方式”所做的动作。显然influenced是正确选项，句意为“通信革命影响了我们的众多方式”，其他三个选项和work和leisure搭配后从语义上都讲不通。
例句补充：I have always regarded him highly.（我总把他看得很高）；I wrote down whatever impressed me during the journey.（我记下旅行过程中使我感动的所有事物）；The new manager effected several changes in the company.（新来的经理在公司里促成了好几次改革）。
19.[A] competitive竞争的 [B] controversial有争议的
[C] distracting注意力不集中的 [D] irrational无理性的，不合理的 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+ 形容词词义辨析。
本题要求考生判断哪个形容词可与view搭配，并符合文意。首先排除distracting，它不和view搭配。其次，从转折连词but可知空格所在部分there have been 19 view表示的意思和前文相反。前文指出“通信革命影响了我们工作、休闲及思考和感知的方式”，空格所在句子指出“但是关于其在经济、政治、社会和文化上的含义的看法却„”。此外，从下文中的benefits和harmful的对比以及最后一句的And generalizations have proved difficult（现在形成统一的看法还有困难）也可以知道，人们对这个通信革命影响的看法是褒贬不一的，因此，该看法是有争议的（controversial），而不是竞争的（competitive）或不合理的（irrational）。
20.[A] above 在„上，超出 [B] upon 在„上
[C] against 对照，对比，与„相反 [D] with 和„，同„在一起 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：习惯搭配。解答本题，考生关键要知道weigh sth.against sth.或sth.is weighed against sth.是固定搭配，意为“权衡，斟酌”，如：weigh one plan against another（比较一计划与另一计划的优劣）。空格所在句子的含义是“把利益和产生的弊端进行了权衡”。
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三、全文翻译
人们曾对20世纪电视的发展以及15世纪和16世纪印刷术的传播进行了比较。然而，在这两个时段之间发生了很多事情。正如前面所讲的，直到十九世纪，报纸才继宣传册和书之后，伴随着期刊的出现，成为电子时代到来前主要的传播手段。在同一时间，通信革命也加快了步伐，先从运输和铁路开始，紧接着是电报、电话、收音机和电影，直到二十世纪的汽车和飞机。
并不是每一个人都能正确地看待（通信革命发展）这一进程，但这一点非常重要。然而，人们普遍认识到二十世纪初期计算机的出现，及随后六十年代集成电路的发明，在极大程度上改变了这一进程，虽然它对媒体的影响并没有立即见效。随着时间的推移，计算机变得越来越小，功能却更加强。它们不仅被单位，也被个人使用。计算机的图像显示变得更加清晰，储存容量也在增加。它们被看作和人一样，可以分成几代。每一代的距离也在缩小。正是在计算机时代，“信息社会”这个词语开始被广泛地用于描述我们现实的生活环境。通信革命改变了我们的工作和休闲方式，同时也改变了我们对时间和空间的思考和感知方式。但对这一革命在经济、政治、社会和文化上的含义，人们还有争议。人们把利益和产生的弊端进行了权衡，但很难得出一个概括性的结论。
第二部分 阅读理解试题解析
Part A
第一篇
一、文章结构总体分析
本文是关于幽默的一篇说明文，旨在教会读者如何使用幽默。文章从三个层次讲述使用幽默时应该注意的问题，并多次举例说明。
第一段：第一句话是主题句，说明为了达到幽默的效果，必须知道如何识别听话者共有的经历和问题，针对不同的听众谈不同的幽默话题。该段主要使用说理的论证手段。
第二段：举例证明上面的观点。
第三段：推理说明为什么第一段提出的方法会达到幽默的效果。
第四段：谈论幽默很重要的一个方面是注意练习，让它显得自然随意。第五段：举例说明获得幽默的重要方法——主动寻找幽默。
二、试题具体解析
21.To make your humor work, you 21.要使自己的幽默让人发笑，你应当
should._。[A] take advantage of different kinds of [A] 利用不同类型的听众
audience [B] make fun of the disorganized people [B] 取笑杂乱无章的人 [C] address different problems to [C] 对不同的人谈不同的问题
different people [D] show sympathy for your listeners [D] 对你的听众表示同情 [答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：段落主旨题。
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本题考查的是局部信息，考生关键要理解第一段。该段首句指出，如果你想在谈话中用幽默使人发笑，你就必须知道如何辨别共同的经历和共同的问题。接着作者又对此进行了解释，即：你的幽默必须与听众相关，显示你是他们中的一员，或你理解他们的处境并赞成他们的观点。作者在第三句得出结论，即“Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different（针对不同的听众，谈及不同的问题）”。由此可知，C选项恰好是对该段中心的概括，为正确答案。
A选项虽然在某种程度上谈到了“不同的听众”的重要性，但没有接着阐述听众不同应该怎样做，而且它出现了文中没有的内容：利用听众。B选项是该段最后举例说明的内容，if you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries;alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses。但这只是用来论证“听众不同问题不同”这个论点的一个具体个案，缺乏普遍性，无法由此而得出取笑他们就总会使幽默起作用的结论，因此不能选。D选项就是该段第二句谈到的in sympathy with their point of view，但是它仅仅是“对不同的人谈不同的问题”这个中心论点的部分解释，不具备完整性和概括性。
答题技巧：本题要求考生透过字里行间去把握段落主题句。注意主题句一般是观点而非描写、说明或事实。段落中除了表观点的主题句外，其他的内容一般起说明或论证作用，并且，主题句大都具有归纳性、概括性、抽象性等特点。22.The joke about doctors implies that, 22.从那个关于医生的笑话里推出护士对in the eyes of nurses, they 医生的看法是他们____。are.[A] impolite to new arrivals [A] 对新来的人没有礼貌 [B] very conscious of their godlike role [B] 非常在乎自己上帝般的角色 [C] entitled to some privileges [C] 享有某些特权 [D] very busy even during lunch hours [D] 用午餐时都很忙[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。本题考查考生概括理解具体例子的能力，考生关键要把握作者通过举例手法所表达的观点。作者在第二段讲述了一则嘲笑医生的笑话。笑话中上帝的动作rush to grab 和stomp over都表明了上帝的傲慢和目中无人，而圣彼德的话“但是有时他认为自己是一名医生”表明医生也有同样的特点，即无礼、傲慢、自以为像上帝一样。由此可知，B选项为正确答案。
A选项不是笑话中暗示的医生的普遍特点，我们无法从笑话中得出医生对所有新来的人都不礼貌。而C选项和D选项都没有嘲笑他们的意味，因此也不对。23.It can be inferred from the text that 23.从文中可以推出，公共服务____。
public services.[A] have benefited many people [A] 给许多人带来利益 [B] are the focus of public attention [B] 是公众注意的焦点 [C] are an inappropriate subject for [C] 不适合作为幽默的笑料
humor [D] have often been the laughing stock [D] 经常是大家的笑料[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。
本题要求考生根据第三段的内容去推测最后一句的含义。文章第三段指出，如果谈话者是听话者中的一分子，就可以用双方共同的经历作为幽默的素材，否则，这样做就不合适。
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最后指出，这时如果拿公共服务行业作为替罪羊（scapegoats）去评论，你就会处于安全境地。这就说明即使对不同的听众也可以以它们为笑料，也就是说它们是大家经常谈论的笑料。因此D选项为正确答案。C 选项恰与原文意思相悖。A 选项未提到，因为当作笑料并非就是带来利益。B选项似乎也有道理，但是他的针对性不如D选项。24.To achieve the desired result, 24.为了达到预期的效果，幽默故事应该以humorous stories should be ____方式讲述。delivered.[A] in well-worded language [A] 话语措辞得当； [B] as awkwardly as possible [B] 尽可能地不自然； [C] in exaggerated statements [C] 用夸张的词语； [D] as casually as possible [D] 尽可能自然。[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：段落主旨题。本题要求考生理解第四段的主题思想。文章第四段指出，如果在讲述幽默时感到有些不自然，就必须加以练习，使之变得更自然。你可以加入一些随便的、看上去是即兴（off-the-cuff）的话，用轻松的、自然的方式把它说出来。让听众发笑的通常是讲述幽默的过程，因此应该放慢语速，再加上一些表情，这些都在告诉人们你在讲述笑话。从该段的一些关键词natural，relaxed，unforced和light-hearted等，都可看出D选项才是讲幽默故事的正确方法。
A选项是文中未出现的内容；B选项与文章内容相悖；C选项是在第五段中谈到搜集幽默素材时应该留意的内容之一，只是列举，同样不具有概括性，因而不能入选。
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25.The best title for the text may be.25.这篇文章最好的标题是。
[A] Use Humor Effectively [A] 有效地使用幽默 [B] Various Kinds of Humor [B] 各种各样的幽默 [C] Add Humor to Speech [C] 在谈话中添加幽默 [D] Different Humor Strategies [D] 不同的幽默策
[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。
本题考的是对全文的理解，是总括题，要求考生综合各段主题找出全文的主旨。文章第一至三段谈的是选择恰当的幽默话题，以求实现幽默效果；第四段谈论的是自然随意的幽默，可以达到幽默效果；第五段建议人们留意幽默，并指出了幽默可能存在的地方，也就是实现幽默的一些策略方法。因此可知，A选项是全文都在谈论的论点，为正确的答案。
B选项不符合文章的主要内容，因为文中并未举出幽默有哪些种类。C选项也不是全文探讨的问题。D选项只是最后一段间接涉及的一些内容，如：对一句常言进行歪曲，玩弄语言文字或情景，夸大其词或是故意地轻描淡写等以求实现幽默的效果，因此无法概括全篇。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析：
① Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point if view.本句主干是Your humor must be...and should help to show...，不定式to show后是两个that 引导的宾语从句：that you are one of the them以及that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view，中间用or连接。
② Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.该句的主干是：Here is an example of a story，example 后是非限定性定语从句which I heard...做定语；story 后是限制性定语从句which works well做定语，其中又含有一个原因状语从句because...。work意思是“起作用，有效”。如：How long does a sleeping pill take to work? 安眠药要多长时间才起作用？
③ If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.该句子有多重结构。第一重是，句首if引导的条件从句和主句构成主从复合句。if从句充当主句的条件状语，主句由两个并列的分句构成：you will be...and it’ll be appropriate....。第二重是，if从句中的group后接有一个限定性定语从句which you are addressing做定语，主句中前一个分句中不定式的宾语the experiences and problems 后接which 引导的定语从句做定语，后一分句的结构是it’ll be appropriate for sb.to do sth....。
be in a position to do sth.意思是“由于客观或主观条件”可能做某事。如：He is in a position to marry.他有条件结婚。passing 意思是：粗略的，随便的，仓促的。如：a passing mention 顺便提及。
④ With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will
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resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.句中as 引导的是原因状语从句，will在这里是情态动词，表示某种推测。cut in with sth.意思是“以„„插入”。
佳句赏析：
① Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.这就是我们常说的“因人而异”的英文版说法。
② If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries;alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.两个if条件从句的并列、talking to和addressing、refer to和comment on的替换以及disorganized的重复，使该句子变化中有重复，动中有静。
四、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1)identify（v.）认出，识别；鉴定；identification（n.）识别，身份证明，简写成ID。
(2)sympathy（n.）同情，同感；be in～with sb./sth.同意，赞同。如：We are all in～with your proposals.sym-前缀表示“相同的”；anti-表示“相反的”，如：antipathy反感。
(3)address（v.）与„说话，向„致辞，演说；从事，忙于(4)alternatively（ad.）作为选择，或者；这个词在写作中常用来引导另外一个平行的观点或意见；alternative（a./n.）二者择一（的），选择性（的）
(5)convention（n.）大会，协定，习俗，惯例；conventional（a.）(6)accommodations（n.）住处，住所；座位，车厢；适应；便利的设备，有帮助的事物
(7)St.Peter 圣彼德，St.是Saint的缩写，是人们对耶稣基督的尊称。(8)stomp（n./v.）跺脚，践踏，重踏
(9)passing（a.）经过的，短暂的，匆匆的，随便的，偶然的，及格的
(10)notorious（a.）声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的；notorious是一个贬义词。表示“名气很大”的贬义词还有infamous。褒义词很多，如：famous，well-known，renowned等。（11）resent（v.）愤恨，怨恨，对„感觉不愉快；resentment（n.）（12）disparaging（a.）蔑视的，轻视的，毁谤的
（13）scapegoat（n.）替罪羊。记住goat，与“羊”有关的词语还有black sheep害群之马。
（14）understatement（n.）一种修辞手法，故意的轻描淡写；under-前缀表示“未达，未满，不足”，如：undertreatment处理不足或不力，underestimate，underripe不成熟的。（15）turn about转变，改变意见，转身，反复思考
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五、全文翻译
如果你想在谈话中用幽默来使人发笑，你就必须知道如何识别共同的经历和共同的问题。你的幽默必须与听众有关，向他们表明你是他们中的一员，或者你了解他们的处境并同情他们的观点。（长难句①）根据谈话对象的不同，问题也有所不同。（佳句①）如果你在和一群经理谈话，你就可以评论他们秘书紊乱的工作方法；相反，如果你在和一群秘书谈话，你就可以评论他们毫无章法的老板。（佳句②）
下面举一个例子，它是我在一个护士大会上听到的。这个故事效果很好，因为听众对医生都有同样的看法。（长难句②）一个人到了天堂，由圣彼得带着他参观。他看到了豪华的住宅、美丽的花园、晴朗的天气等等。所有人都很安静、礼貌和友善，然而当这位新来的人在排队等候午餐时，突然被一位穿白大褂的人推到一旁。只见这人挤到了队伍的前头，抓起他的食物，噔噔地旁若无人地走到一张餐桌旁。“这是谁啊?”新来的人问圣彼得,“哦，那是上帝，”他回答说，“但有时也认为自己是一名医生。”
如果你是你谈话对象集体中的一员，你就有条件去了解你们所共有的经历和问题，你就可对餐厅极难吃的食物或者总裁在选择领带方面差劲的品味进行评头论足。（长难句③）而对于其他听众，你就不能试图贸然地讲这种幽默，因为他们也许不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅或总裁有如此微词。（长难句④）但如果你选择去评论邮局或电话局这样的替罪羊，那你就会很安全。
如果你在幽默时感到很别扭，你应该进行练习使它变得更自然。包括一些很随便的、看上去是即兴的话，你可以用轻松的、不做作的方式把它们说出来。常常是你说话的方式使听众发笑，因此说慢一些，并且记住扬扬眉毛或者做出一种不相信的表情都会向人们显示你正在说笑话。
留意幽默，它常常是在出其不意的时候出现。它可以是一句常言的歪曲如“你要是一开始不成功，就放弃”，或者是调侃词藻和场景；寻求夸大其词和轻描淡写；考虑一下你的谈话，选出一些词汇和句子，对它们反复琢磨，并注入一些幽默。
第二篇
一、文章结构总体分析
本文是一篇关于机器人科技发展的文章。文章首先介绍机器人科技发展取得的成果，接着谈到它的局限性，即机器人和人类在智能上的差距。
第一、二段：指出自从人类开始有了创造力，就一直在设计日益巧妙的工具去处理那些危险的、困难的工作，其结果是机器充斥了人类的生活并节省了许多劳动力。
第三至五段：指出机器人如果要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段，它必须能够独立地解决问题，但是这是一个艰巨的任务。目前研究人员已经将机器人模仿人脑活动的预想向后推迟了数十年，甚至数百年，因为人脑在迅速变化的环境中的高聚焦能力是机器人无法做到的。
二、试题具体解析
26.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated 26.人类智慧最初表现在。
in.［A］the use of machines to produce science ［A］使用机器去创作科幻小说
fiction ［B］the wide use of machines in manufacturing ［B］制造业中机器的广泛使用
industry
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［C］the invention of tools for difficult and ［C］发明工具去处理困难和危险
dangerous work 的工作
［D］the elite’s cunning tackling of ［D］精英们对危险、乏味的工作
dangerous and boring work 的灵巧处理 ［答案］C ［解析］本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。本题是个局部题，考查考生是否看懂了第一段。题干中的initially与原文的the dawn对应。该段第一句指出“自从人类开始有了创造力，就一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理一些危险、乏味、繁重或者是讨厌的工作”。C选项是对此句的恰当改写：the invention of tools与devised ever more cunning tools对应，for difficult and dangerous work与to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty对应，因此它是正确答案。A选项是文章中没有的内容，其中的干扰词science fiction 只在第一段末尾提到，“如果说科学家还没有创造出机械版的科幻小说，他们也已经接近这个目标了”，这里只是通过打比方来形容科学家创造的机器工具越来越灵巧，和科幻小说一样神奇。B选项是智慧的表现，但却不是人类智慧的最初表现。D选项谈的是文中没有的“精英人物”。27．The word “gizmos”(line 1, 27．第二段第一行中的“gizmo”在句中
paragraph 2)most probably means.可能的意思是____。[A] programs [A] 程序 [B］experts [B] 专家 [C］devices [D］creatures
[C] 设备 [D] 生物
［答案］C ［解析］本题考核的知识点是：词义题。本题考查学生从上下文猜测词义的能力。文章第二段第一句指出“现代世界充斥着越来越多聪明的gizmos，虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们，但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力”，由此可知gizmos的特点是：普遍存在和节省劳力。下文提到的“工厂的机器人”、“银行的自动柜员机”、“地铁的机器人司机”、“医院做手术的机器人系统”对“gizmos”进一步举例说明，由此可猜出gizmos指的是“机器、设备或装置”，C选项正确。其他三个选项都不在本文讨论的对象范围之内。
28．According to the text, what is 28． 根据文章，现在超出人类能力范围的是 beyond man’s ability now is to design a 制造能_____的机器人。robot that can___.［A］fulfill delicate tasks like performing [A] 完成类似于做大脑手术这样需
brain surgery 要高技术的任务 ［B］interact with human beings verbally [B]与人进行口头交流 ［C］have a little common sense [C]有一点点常识
［D］respond independently to a changing world [D]独立地对变化的世界做出反应
［答案］D ［解析］本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。文章第三段首句指出“机器人若要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段，它们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够自己做些决定，这样的目标为我们提出了一个真正的挑战”；接着在第二句里作者谈到此项挑战之所以艰巨的原因是：“尽管我们知道如何让机器人处理一个具体的错误，但是我们不能给它们足够的‘常识’使其与不断变化的世界进行可靠的交流”。由此可知，机器人目前还必须在人的操控下工作，它还不能独立适应不断变化的外部
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环境。D选项是对原句‘common sense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world的改写，为正确答案。
A和B选项均在第二段提及（医院做手术的机器人和自动取款机），可见这样的机器人是人能够造出来的。C选项不正确，因为第三段指出的“但是我们不能给他们足够的‘常识’去与动态世界进行可靠的交流”说明目前的机器人还是有一点点常识的。
29．Besides reducing human labor, robots can 29．除了能够节省劳力外，机器人
also.还能_____。［A］make a few decisions for themselves [A] 自己做些决定
［B］deal with some errors with human intervention [B] 在人的干预下处理一些错误 ［C］improve factory environments [C] 改善工厂的环境 ［D］cultivate human creativity [D] 开发人类创造性
［答案］B ［解析］本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。
文章第三段（翻译见上一题）说明当前阶段机器人只能在较多的人工监控下运行，可以处理具体的错误但不能独立地做决定，因此只有B选项的内容是机器人可以做的，排除A选项。文章提到工厂的机器人是用于节省人类劳动力，而不是改善环境的，排除C选项；D选项本末倒置，应该是人类创造力推动了机器人的发明。
30．The author uses the example of a monkey to 30．作者以猴子为例想要说明机
argue that robots are.器人_____。
［A］expected to copy human brain in internal [A] 有望被用来复制人脑的内部结构
structure ［B］able to perceive abnormalities immediately[B] 能够立即感知不正常的现象
［C］far less able than human brain in focusing [C] 在聚焦相关信息方面远不如人脑
on relevant information ［D］best used in a controlled environment [D] 最好在一个被控制的环境下使用
［答案］C ［解析］本题考核的知识点是：作者意图题。本题表面上是考查例证写作的意图，实际上却考查了对文章最后一段的理解。该段的主题句是首句：研究人员发现，人类大脑中的近一千亿个神经细胞要比以前想象的更聪明，人类的感觉器官也更复杂。接下来作者通过对机器人和人脑的比较来说明段落主题，“机器人能够在人工控制的工厂环境下识别机器控制面板上不到一毫米的误差；但是人脑扫一眼一个快速变化的场景，就能迅速排除98%的不相干信息，立即把注意力集中到婉蜒的森林小路边的一只猴子，或者一大群人中的一张可疑的面孔上”。该段末句既对前面比较论证部分的目的进行说明，又重申了主题：世界上最先进的机器人也无法和人脑相比。可见文中举猴子的例子只是为了说明人脑的复杂性。四个选项中只有C选项说明机器人不如人脑，符合题意。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析： ① And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.该句子是含if条件从句的主从复合句。注意其中词汇的用法。从句中have yet to表否定，意为“尚未，还不得不”；the mechanical version of science fiction是“机械版的科幻小说”，也就是指科幻小说中的梦想在机器人上的实现；主句中的come close是“走近”，而不是come to a close（结束，完成）。
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② As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.该句子的主干是the modern world is populated by intelligent gizmos，宾语gizmos后是两个whose引导的定语从句做定语：whose presence„but whose universal existence„。
③ And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.该句的主干是there are robot systems，systems后是that引导的定语从句，破折号后面的部分用来补充说明submillimeter accuracy。句首介词短语thanks to（由于，多亏„）引导原因状语。
④ But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.该句子是含if条件从句的主从复合句，句首but表示对上一段内容的转折。主句的主干是they will have to operate...and be able to make decisions...。破折号后是一个补充说明成分，修饰整个主句，其中goals指的是前面主句的两个并列谓语动作，后面还有that引导的定语从句。If从句中be to do结构表示一种愿望，可译为“要想„”，又如：If you are to succeed you must be patient and persistent.（要想成功，就必须有耐心，有毅力），这种结构还可以表示安排（They are to marry next week.）、命令（You are to be back by 10 o’clock.）、禁止（Children are not to smoke.）等。
⑤ Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.该句子的特点是状语修饰成分较长。从despite开始一直到2010都是句子的让步状语，意为“尽管„”，其中含有关系副词when引导的定语从句限定时间名词the 1960s and 1970s。句子的主干是researchers have begun to extend that forecast。a spell of意思是“一段时间”，It appeared that意思是“似乎，好像”，如:It appears that you have known the news.（你好像已经知道这个消息了）。
⑥ What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined.该句中的特点是插入语的使用。句子主干是What they found is that...，主语和be动词间的插入成分是介词in+现在分词结构做状语。be动词后是that引导的表语从句，该从句其实是两个句子的糅合，即nerve cells are much more talented than previously imagined和human perception is far more complicated than previously imagined，句子通过破折号的方式把两个句子共同的部分省略掉了。
⑦ But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.该句子关键要把握其结构上对几个动词的处理：the human mind can glimpse...and
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disregard..., focusing on„or„”，前两个动词由and连接，做主句的谓语，第三个动词focus on变为分词结构做结果状语。glimpse接的宾语是由定语从句修饰的中心名词98 percent，focus on接的宾语是由连词or连接的两个并列成分：the monkey or the single suspicious face。
佳句赏析：
Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction.Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers.排比句的运用通过罗列反映出我们现在的生活里到处都有机器人的影子。拟人手法的使用赋予了机器人很多人的特质，生动地表现出他们和人的相似性，如：robot arms，automated teller terminals thank us with politeness，tireless robo-drivers。
四、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1)dawn（n.）黎明，拂晓，开端，起始；（v.）破晓，开始出现，变得（为人）明白；文中取其比喻意，相当于appearance（出现），又如：The war was ended and they looked forward to the dawn of happy days.（战争结束了，他们期待着幸福日子的来临）。
(2)ingenuity（n.）智巧，精巧的设计，创造力；ingenious（a.）灵敏的，聪明的，有发明天才的；genuine（a.）真实的，真正的，诚恳的
(3)cunning（a.）聪明的，［美］漂亮的，可爱的；［英］狡猾的，巧妙的；该词一般为贬义，但在文中是中性的，含贬义的近义词有：sly，shrewd(4)nasty（a.）令人不愉快的，讨厌的，肮脏的，险恶的
(5)compulsion强迫，强制；难以抗拒的冲动，禁不住要做的事，如：Drinking is a ~ with her.（她忍不住要喝酒）
(6)robotics机器人学，关于建造和使用机器人的技术。-ics后缀表示“学科”，如：physics，aesthetics（美学）
(7)confer（v.）授予，赠予，赋予，协商，～sth.on sb.；conference（n.）会议(8)hum（v.）（动物等）发出嗡嗡声；哼哼声；活跃，忙碌，～to（随着„而忙碌）(9)terminal（n.）终点，终端；极限；(a.)末端的，极限的，定期的Automatic Teller Machine指“自动取款机”。
(10)miniaturization（n.）小型化，mini“小的”，-ize“化”-ation 名词后缀(11)submillimeter（n.）小于毫米的，sub“小于，低于，在„之下”，mill“千分之一”，meter是“米”
(12)dynamic（a.）动力的，有活力的；动态的；dynamics（n.）动力学；dynamite（n.）炸药
(13)panel（n.）面板，嵌板；座谈小组；全体陪审员(14)fraction（n.）破片，小部分，片段，分数
(15)instantaneously（ad.）瞬间地，即刻地；突如其来地；instantaneous（a.）；instant（a.）立即的，直接的，紧迫的
(16)neuroscientists（n.）神经科学家，neuro-神经（系统）的，neuroscience神经科学
(17)本文出现了和计算机相关的词汇，如：artificial intelligence 人工智能，在电脑上模拟人智慧的科学，transistor circuits晶体管电路，microprocessors微处理器。同类词汇还有：assembler 汇编程序，batch processing 成批处理，binary digit 二进制位，buffer storage 缓冲存储器，cybernetics 控制论，data processing 数据处理，flow
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chart 流程图，latency time 等待时间等等。
五 全文翻译
自从人类开始有了创造力，就一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理那些危险、枯燥、繁重或者是讨厌的工作。这样一种驱动力导致了机器人学的诞生，即赋予机器以人的各种技能的科学。如果说科学家还没有实现科幻小说中对机器的幻想，他们也已经很接近这个目标了（长难句①）。
由此引起的结果是，现代世界充斥着越来越多的智能仪器，虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们，但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力（长难句②）。我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人组装臂的节奏声；我们的银行业务完成于自动柜员机旁，完成业务后，它们还会用机器语言礼貌地感谢我们；我们的地铁车由不知疲倦的机器人司机驾驶。（佳句①）由于电子器件和微型机械仪器的不断缩小，现在已出现了机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米的脑部和骨髓手术，其精确性远远超过熟练的医生仅用他们的双手所达到的水平（长难句③）。
但是要想让机器人进入节省劳力的下一个阶段，它们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够独立地作一些决定。这些是真正具有挑战性的目标。（长难句④）“虽然我们知道如何让机器人去处理一个特定的错误，”NASA的一个机器人项目经理戴维·拉维里说，“但是我们不能给它们足够的‘常识’使其与不断变化的世界进行可靠的交流”。
实际上对真正的人工智能的探索己经取得了各种不同的成果。虽然在20世纪60年代和70年代有过一段乐观的时期——那时侯仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器的发展使人们相信它们在2010年能够复制人类大脑的活动——但是最近研究人员己经开始将这个预测延后数十年，甚至数百年（长难句⑤）。
在试图建造思维模型的过程中，研究人员发现，人类大脑中的近一千亿个神经细胞要比以前想象的更聪明，人类的感觉器官也更复杂（长难句⑥）。他们建造的机器人在严格控制的工厂环境里，能够在机器控制面板上识别毫米以下的误差。但是人脑扫一眼一个快速变化的场景，就能迅速排除98%的不相干信息，立即聚焦于婉蜒的森林小路边的一只猴子，或者一大群人中的一张可疑的面孔上（长难句⑦）。世界上最先进的计算机系统也不达不到这种能力。神经学科学家至今仍然不知道我们人类是怎样做到这一点的。
第三篇
一、文章结构总体分析
这是一篇关于油价上涨对全球经济影响的文章。文章主要分析了油价上涨不会造成全球经济衰退的原因。文章前两段为引子（引起读者的兴趣并交待背景），第三段给出作者观点，紧接着用三个理由对其观点加以支持。
第一段：以提问和数据两种方式提出作者关注的问题：这次石油价格上涨会不会像前两次一样造成经济衰退？以便引起读者的兴趣。
第二段：补充说明油价上涨的另外两个因素，交代所讨论问题的背景。
第三段：第一句话为全文的中心思想，也是对第一段提出问题的回答，即：不会导致经济滑坡，接着给出一个理由——原油仅占汽油价格的一小部分。
第四段：给出支持作者论点的第二个理由：大国经济对石油的依赖性不大。本段主要使用数据进行论证。
第五段：不会导致经济滑坡的第三个理由：没有整体的物价上涨为大背景。论证中使用70年代的情况作为参照与现在的情况进行比较。
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二、试题具体解析31.The main reason for the latest rise 31．最近石油价格上涨的主要原因是 of oil price is [A] global inflation [A] 全球性通货膨胀 [B] reduction in supply [B] 石油供应量下降 [C] fast growth in economy [C] 经济快速增长； [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports [D] 伊拉克暂停石油出口。[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。第一段明确指出“自从石油输出国组织在3月决定减少原油供应以来，原油的价格便从去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升至约26美元一桶”，因此B选项为正确答案。
A选项是第一段提到的前两次油价暴涨造成的后果，而非原因。C选项和D选项是第二段提到的进一步推动油价上涨的原因，而非主要原因。
答题技巧：题干中如果有找出主要原因之类的提法，说明原文中肯定有不止一个原因，命题意图是检查考生能否从众多信息中抓住主要信息。
32． It can be inferred from the text that 32．从文中可以推出，在什么情况下，石the retail price of petrol will go up 油零售价格会大幅上涨？ dramatically if [A] price of crude rises [A] 原油价格上涨 [B] commodity prices rise [B] 商品价格上涨 [C] consumption rises [C] 消费上涨 [D] oil taxes rise [D] 石油税上涨
[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。
文章第三段指出，原油价格只占汽油零售价格的一小部分，其大部分(在欧洲高达五分之四)是税收，因此原油价格的变动对汽油价格影响不大。由此可知，影响汽油价格的主要因素是税收。D选项为正确答案，而不是A选项。B选项是前两次石油涨价产生的结果（第1段第4句）；而C选项文中未提及。
答题技巧：命题目的是检查考生能否通过文章所给事实推出二者的潜在关系。对于此题，需要考生准确把握price的具体所指，方能正确解题。 33． The estimates in Economic Outlook 33． 在《经济展望》中的文章估计在发达show that in rich countries.国家。[A] heavy industry becomes more energy [A] 重工业消耗更多能源
intensive [B] income loss mainly results from [B] 收入的损失来自原油价格的波动
fluctuating crude oil prices [C] manufacturing industry has been [C] 制造业受到严重冲击
seriously squeezed [D] oil price changes have no [D] 油价变化队GDP没有很大影响
significant impact on GDP [答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。
根据“rich countries”可断定答案大抵在第四段，原文为“Rich economies”。文中
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提到，“国际经合组织在最近一期的《经济展望》中估计，如果油价持续一年维持在每桶22美元左右，与1998年的13美元一桶相比，也只会使发达国家的石油进口在支出增加GDP的0.25%～0.5%”。这个数据表明影响不是很大，因此D选项为正确答案。
B选项和C选项文中没有提及，A选项和题干不能构成因果关系。34.We can draw a conclusion from the text that 34.从课文中，可以得出的结论是.。[A] oil price shocks are less shocking now [A] 现在的油价暴涨并不可怕 [B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price [B] 通货膨胀与油价暴涨无关
shocks
[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil [C] 能源储备可以抑制油价
prices [D] the price rise of crude leads to the [D] 原油价格上涨导致重工业的
shrinking of heavy industry 萎缩
[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。文章一开始提出最近石油价格大幅上涨，接下来阐述这次油价上涨不会造成经济衰退的原因：（1）原油价格只占汽油价格的一小部分；（2）发达国家对石油的依赖性不如从前；（3）此次油价上涨并不在商品总价格上涨和全球需求旺盛这种大环境中发生。因此，综合全文得出的结论是A选项。
B选项与文中通货膨胀是石油危机的结果相悖（第1段第4句）。C选项（第4段第2句）和D选项（第4段最后一句）都是文中的事实细节，并非综合全文而得到的结论。
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35.From the text we can see that the writer 35．作者对“油价上涨”所持的态度为 seems.[A] optimistic [A] 乐观 [B] sensitive [B] 敏感 [C] gloomy [C] 悲伤 [D] scared [D] 害怕
[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者态度题。
作者大篇幅地给出理由说明这次油价上涨的后果不会很严重。第三段谈到，“我们有充分的理由预期这次油价暴涨给经济带来的影响不会像20世纪70年代那么严重”，最后一段第一句话又谈到“另一个不应该因为油价上升而失眠的原因是，与20世纪70年代不同，这次油价上升不是发生在普遍的物价暴涨及全球需求过旺背景之下”。可见A选项表达了作者的真正态度。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析： ① This near tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979～1980, when they also almost tripled.句子主干是This near tripling of oil prices...calls up...memories of the 1973...and 1979～1980...其中of oil prices 修饰前面的tripling，of the 1973和1979～1980修饰memories。1973以及1979～1980后面又分别跟了两个when引导的定语从句对时间进行修饰。
② Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.该句主语Strengthening economic growth和谓语could push之间放入一个时间状语作插入成分，用逗号与主句隔开。
③ The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%～0.5% of GDP.句子主干是The OECD estimates...that...，that后是宾语从句，在这个从句中又含有一个if引导的条件状语，主语是this，指的就是这个条件句，谓语是would increase„，compared with $13 in 1998是一个状语。
④On the other hand, oil importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.句子主干是oil importing emerging economies...have become...and so could be...；其中在主语和第一个谓语后放入一个which引导的定语从句修饰主语作插入成分。
⑤One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity price inflation and global excess demand.句子主干是...reason...is that...。not to lose sleep over „是reason的后置定语。that 引导的表语从句比较复杂，其中包括一个形容词短语unlike„做状语，主语it指的是前文提到的the rise in oil prices。
知识点补充：lose sleep over意思是“因„而失眠”；occurred against the background 29
of...意思是“发生在„的背景下”。
佳句赏析：
So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? 句中的gloom and doom用了尾韵的修辞方法，很有节奏感。
四、核心词汇与佳句赏析
（1）conservation（n.）保护；保存；保护区（2）conserve（v.）保存
（3）crude（a.）天然的；未加工的；粗制的；粗鲁的（4）doom（n.）毁灭，灭亡
（5）energy intensive（a.）能源密集型的（6）gloom（n.）黑暗，阴暗
（7）hemisphere（n.）半球，半球体
（8）quadruple（a.）四倍的；quadri= quadru前缀，表示“四”，如：quadruple 四倍的；quadrilingual 能用四种语言的
（9）squeeze（v.）压榨，挤，挤榨
（10）swing（v.）摇摆，摆动，回转，回旋；（n.）秋千，摇摆，摆动
五、全文翻译
过去经济衰落的坏日子是否会重来？自从石油输出国组织在3月决定减少原油供应以来，原油的价格便从去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升到到约26美元一桶。这次近三倍的涨价令人想起了1973年和1979-1980年两次可怕的石油恐慌，当时的油价分别是涨了四倍和近三倍。（长难句①）前两次的油价暴涨都导致了两位数的通货膨胀率以及全球性的经济衰退。那么这次警告人们厄运来临的头版新闻都到哪里去了呢？（佳句①）
本周伊拉克暂停石油出口，这使油价又一次上扬。强劲的经济增长势头，随着北半球冬季的到来，有可能在短期内使石油价格涨得更高。（长难句②）
然而，我们有充分的理由预期这次油价暴涨给经济带来的影响不会象20世纪70年代那么严重。与70年代相比，现在多数国家的原油价格占汽油价格的分额要小。在欧洲，税金在汽油零售价的比例高达五分之四，因此，即使原油价格发生很大的波动，汽油价格所受的影响也不会象过去那么显著。
发达国家对石油的依赖性也不如从前，因此对油价的波动也就不会那么敏感。能源储备、燃料替代以及能源密集型重工业的重要性降低，这些都减少了石油消耗量。软件、咨询及移动通讯消耗的石油，比钢铁、汽车行业少得多。发达国家国内生产总值（以目前价格计算）中，每一个美元所消耗的石油量比1973年少了近一半。国际经合组织在最近一期的《经济展望》中估计，如果油价持续一年维持在22美元左右，与1998年的13美元一桶相比，这也只会使发达国家的石油进口支出上增加GDP的0.25—0.5个百分点。（长难句③）这还不到1974年或1980年收入减少部分的四分之一。另一方面，进口石油的新兴国家由于转向了重工业，消耗能量更大，因此可能会受到石油危机的强烈影响。（长难句④）
另外一个不应因油价上升而失眠的原因是，与20世纪70年代不同，这次油价上升不是发生在普遍的物价暴涨及全球需求过旺背景之下。（长难句⑤）世界上很多地区才刚刚走出经济衰落。《经济学家》的商品价格指数与一年前相比，总体上没有什么变化。1973年的商品价格跃升了70%，而1979年也上升了近30%。
第四篇
一、文章结构总体分析
本文讲述的是美国法律和医学界对于医生协助病人结束生命这一医疗措施的支持态度。这篇文章理解起来的困难在于段落数量较多以及意群分散，有时同一意群的内容分为两段论述。
第一、二段：从语意上讲实际是一个段落，第一段只有一句话，指出最高法院的裁决对医生协助病人结束生命这一现象的重要性，第二段推理证明为什么重要。
第三段：首先指出医生协助病人结束生命这一现象并不是新鲜事物，进而引用南希•杜勒尔的话说明最高法院的裁决产生的影响在于保护医生。
第四段：依然使用引证的方法说明第三段“保护医生”的论点。
第五、六段：从语意上讲又是一个段落，第五段是主题句，说明该裁决的另一个推动因素，即，病人不愿忍受死亡的折磨。第六段使用典型事例对此进行论证。
第七段：第一句为主题句，说明对此医学界采取的行动。第八段：采用引证法说明律师可以起关键作用。
二、试题具体解析
36.From the first three paragraphs, we 36.从前三段中，我们可以知道。
learn that.[A] doctors used to increase drug [A] 医生曾经用增加药物剂量的方法控制dosages to control their patients’ 病人的疼痛 pain [B] it is still illegal for doctors to [B] 医生帮助病人结束生命仍是不合法的
help the dying end their lives [C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes [C] 最高法院强烈反对医生协助病人结束physician-assisted suicide 生命 [D] patients have no constitutional [D] 病人没有法律赋予的权力去自杀
right to commit suicide [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。这是一道总括性的题，需要以文章中的多处信息为线索。选项B是文章第二段首句的改写。该句提到，法院在判决中承认医生协助病人结束生命不是宪法赋予的权利。选项中的“illegal”对应文中“no constitutional right”，“doctors to help the dying end their lives”对应“physician-assisted suicide”。
选项A的时间与原文不符。“used to do”意为“过去常常做„„事情（但是现在不做了）”，而文章第三段提到，近年来医生一直使用这个原则为他们使用大剂量的吗啡去控制临死病人（terminally ill patients）的痛苦进行辩护。选项C与原文意思相反。第二段首句明确提出，法院实际上对这种“双重效果”的医疗原则表示了支持（in effect supported the medical principle）。选项D在文中未提及，原文只提到医生没有宪法赋予的权利去协助病人结束生命。
答题技巧：这种跨段落的细节题，正确选项一般是对原文中某语句的改写或替换，错误选项则与原文意义相悖或无关。
37.Which of the following statements 37.按照课文，下列哪个观点是正确的? its true according to the text?
[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they [A] 如果医生冒病人死亡的风险，他将被认
risk their patients’death.为有罪。[B] Modern medicine has assisted [B] 现代医学一直在帮助那些临死病人进terminally ill patients in painless 行无痛康复。recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage [C] 法院判决，医生可以开大剂量镇痛药。
pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer [D] 医生开出的药是否合法不再取决于他justified by his intentions.们的意图。
[答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。
本题也是总括性的题目，信息比较分散。文章第二段和第三段分别提到：法院对“双重效果”的医疗原则表示支持，而近年来医生一直使用这个原则为他们使用大剂量吗啡进行辩护。按照逻辑推理，法院支持原则，医生利用原则做某事，那么法院应该支持这件事。因此，选项C为正确答案。
选项A与原文意思相反。“hold sb.(to be)a/n.”意为“认为、相信某人怎样”，如：I hold the parents responsible for their children’s behavior.第五段谈到，外科手术中，医生虽然冒了病人死亡的风险，但是我们不把这种情况下的死亡称作他杀，因为医生并非有意要杀死病人，即医生没有责任。选项B与原文不符。第六段提到，引起病人绝望的原因恰恰是现代医学一直只能延长他们死亡前的肉体痛苦。选项D与原文意思相反。第五段中健康法律系主任通过外科手术的例子说明，意图是决定医生所开的药物合不合法的关键，其含义是只要意图是好的，即使出现坏的结果也是可以接受的。38.According to the NAS’s report, one 38.根据NAS的报告，临终关怀的问题之一of the problems in end-of-life care 是。is.[A]prolonged medical procedures [A] 延长的医疗程序 [B]inadequate treatment of pain [B] 对病痛处理不力 [C]systematic drug abuse [C] 蓄意的药物滥用 [D]insufficient hospital care [D] 医院护理不足[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。
根据关键字“NAS报告”和“临终关怀”定位第七段。全国科学院发布的报告中明确提到了临终关怀的两个问题：（1）undertreatment of pain（对病痛不进行足够的处理）；(2)the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures”（大胆使用“无效和强制的医疗程序去延长死亡期甚至让病人死得很没有尊严）”。因此选项B是提到的问题之一。A和D选项是干扰项，A选项中的prolonged、medical procedures是原文中出现的词汇，D选项中的insufficient和undertreatment近义，但它们都只是词语的重新组合，含义上和原文有出入。Ｃ项中的“systematic”意为“planned in advance and done with malicious thoroughness and exactness”(有预谋的、蓄意的)。如：a systematic attempt to ruin one’s reputation(蓄意破坏某人的名誉)。39.Which of the following best defines 39.第七段第二行出现的aggressive的含the word “aggressive”(line 2, 义是什么？ paragraph 7)?
[A] Bold.[A] 大胆的。[B] Harmful.[B] 有害的。[C] Careless.[C] 粗心的。[D] Desperate.[D] 不顾一切的。[答案] B
[解析]本题考核的知识点是：词义题。原文谈到的是一种使用“无效和强制的医疗程序去延长死亡期甚至让病人死得很没有尊严”的做法，考生需判断哪个形容词可以替代aggressive来描述这种行为。“aggressive”这个词用于褒义时，意为“强有力的、坚持己见的”，用于贬义时，意为“攻击性的、不顾后果的”。选项A“Bold”用于贬义时意为“大胆的、冒失的、失慎的”，意义最接近。
知识点补充：介词of可用于两个名词（短语）之间，前者形容后者，如：He’s got the devil of temper(devil形容temper)；Where’s that fool of a receptionist？（fool 形容receptionist）。同样，这里的aggressive use 用来形容ineffectual and forced medical procedures。
40.George Annas would probably agree that 40.乔治·安纳斯认为在以下哪一种情 doctors should be punished if they 况下，医生应该受到制裁? [A] manage their patients incompetently.[A] 不能胜任管理病人的工作。[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients.[B] 给病人的药物超量。[B] give patients more medicine than needed.[C] 减少病人的药物剂量。[D] prolong the needless suffering of the [D] 延长病人不必要的痛苦
patients.[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。
在最后一段中安纳斯明确指出，painful deaths(病人痛苦的死亡)should result in license suspension(应该使那些对此漠不关心的医生受到惩罚，吊销执照)，因此选项D“延长病人不必要的痛苦”是医生受制裁的原因。
选项A太泛，不一定是指的是无视病人痛苦这一方面。文章第五段提到，安纳斯认为只要医生开的药物是用于合法的医疗目的，就没有违法，而不存在药量多少的问题。因此，可以排除选项B和C。
三、文章长难句分析和佳句赏析
长难句分析：
①Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.这是个一句话的段落，其中心结构是the Court supported the medical principle，Although引导的分句与后面构成转折关系。a centuries-old moral principle...good effect是对the medical principle of “double effect”进行解释说明的同位语，其主干是principle holding that an action...is permissible。
②Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”
该句的基本结构是Nancy Dubler contends that the principle will shield doctors，who引导的定语从句修饰doctors。注意insist后面有接虚拟语气和非虚拟语气两种用法。前者意为“坚持要求、坚持认为”，如：I insisted that you(should)take immediate action to put this right，后者意为“坚持说、固执声称”，如：She insisted that she was innocent.这里应该取第二种意思。
另外在新闻报道体裁的文章中引用某专家的言论，多采用这种句式结构，即人名+职位+动词（contend, maintain，hold，believe等）+that引导的宾语从句。本文在第四段和第五段就两次出现。
③It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.该句子的主干是It identifies...as...，identify接的宾语是由and连接的两个of短语：undertreatment of pain和aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures，其中第二个of的宾语后紧跟着一个定语从句做定语。
④“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”.该句的主干是physicians seem unconcerned with the pain...to the extent that...，pain后面由一个省略了关系代词的定语从句修饰，needlessly and predictably意为“既没有必要又不可避免”。extend后也接了一个that引导的定语从句。
佳句赏析：
①On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.On another level是全文的分界点，起着切换话题的作用。fueled in part by运用暗喻的修辞手法，形象地描述了后面的现象对这场争论起到推波助澜的作用。
②The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing 34
and treating pain at the end of life.该句将四个to引导的不定式结构并列，使句式显得整齐而具有气势。
四、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1)physician-assisted这个词语的构词法是名词+|过去分词=复合形容词，它相当于assisted by physician（由医生协助的），类似的词有：weather-beaten饱经风霜的 state-owned国有的
(2)implications（n.）暗示，隐含义，牵连，推论；imply（v.）暗示，暗指；意味，包含；implicative（a.）含蓄的, 连带的
(3)shield（n.）盾，防护物；（v.）保护，遮蔽。Shield...from...: 保护„免受„(的侵害)，如：shield his eyes from the sun(4)homicide（n.）杀人（者），词根cide意为“杀”，如：suicide自杀，patricide弑父，matricide弑父
(5)undertreatment（a.）处理不足或不力。Under-前缀意为“未达，未满，不足”，如：underripe不够成熟的
(6)ineffectual（a.）无效的，不起作用的。与ineffective意思相近但是有所区别，ineffectual强调“不起作用”，而ineffective强调“工作效率低”。
(7)hospice（n.）收容所, 济贫院
(8)initiatives（n.）首创精神，主动（权），动机；（a.）起始的，初步的，自发的(9)presumptively（ad.）据推测，可据以推定，可认为是
（10）suspension（n.）悬，吊，悬挂物；悬而未决；保留，中止，暂停，吊销，停职，停学 suspend（v.）suspensive（a.）
五、全文翻译
最高法庭关于医生协助病人自杀问题的裁决，对于医学界寻求减轻病危者的痛苦，具有重要的意义。
尽管裁决认为，宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利，然而最高法庭实际上却认可了 “双效”的医疗原则，这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为，如果某种行为具有双重效果（希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果），那么，只要行为实施的目的是想达到好效果，这个行为就是可以被允许的。（长难句①）
近年来，医生们一直在借用这项原则，为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由，尽管他们知道，不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。
蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希·道布勒认为，这项原则将保护一些医生，他们直到现在还坚持说，在大量药物可能加速病人死亡的情况下，他们总不能给病人开足够的药来帮助他们止痛。（长难句②）
波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯坚持认为，只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药，那么即使此药会加速病人的死亡，医生的行为也没有违法。“这就像做手术，”他说，“尽管医生冒着病人死亡的危险，我们也不能称那些死亡为谋杀，因为医生并没有想杀死病人。假定你是一名医生，只要你的目的不是让病人自杀，你就可以去冒你病人自杀的风险。”
另一方面，许多医疗界人士承认，致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪，对这些病人来说，现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。(佳句①)就在最高法庭对医助自杀进行裁决的前三周，全国科学学会公布了一份长达两卷的报告《临近死亡：完善临终护理》。报告确定了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题：对病痛处理不力和大胆使用“无效而强制性的医疗程序”，这些程序可能会延长死亡期，甚至会让病 35
人临终时痛苦不堪。（长难句③）
医疗行业正在采取措施，让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训，测试各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识，为医院护理制定一份医疗保障制度的条例，以及制定新的标准来评估和治疗病人的临终痛苦。（佳句②）
安纳斯说，在坚持让善意的医疗动机转化成更好的护理方面，律师可以发挥关键作用。“不少医生对病人不必遭受的、可预见的痛苦无动于衷”，甚至构成“蓄意虐待病人”。（长难句④）他说，行医执照颁发机构“必须明确表明——病人痛苦地死亡可以被认为是由于医生治疗不当造成的，应当吊销其行医执照”。
Part B
翻译试题解析
一、试题总体分析
本文主要讲的是行为科学的建立。人类的行为问题只能由行为科学去解决，然而行为科学发展缓慢，部分原因是传统意义上的行为科学多数情况下还是从心态等方面而不是从环境中寻找行为的根源，环境的重要作用刚刚被承认并开始成为研究对象，而传统理解又根深蒂固，只有当这些问题得以解决之后，行为科学才能得以发展。
与往年相同，本的翻译试题首先要求考生进行语法分析，梳理句子结构。2002年试题的句子结构并不十分复杂，但是翻译时需要小心谨慎，因为里面有一些词汇的意思不是考生在词汇表中记忆的词义，而需要根据上下文，做出相应的调整，才能确定在本上下文中搭配恰当的词义，如果仅停留在英汉词义对译的层面上，译出的句子肯定比较生硬蹩脚，有时甚至不知所云。通过对考生试卷的抽查，发现部分考生对词汇的掌握仅停留在英汉词义对译的层次；语法分析能力差，句子结构梳理不清；有些英文句子理解到了，但由于中文表达能力非常有限，结果翻译出来的句子逻辑混乱，自然得分很低。因此，考生如果要想翻译得高分，应培养好扎实的语言（中、英文）基本功。
二、试题具体解析（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义选择、固定搭配trace „ to „、表语从句。
这是一个简单句，主干为：One difficulty is that „。that引导的表语从句中主语all由一个of引导名词性从句 what is called behavioral science 修饰；谓语是continues；最后的states of mind, feelings...and so on 都是做trace„to„中介词to的宾语。
词汇：what is called behavioral science在句中不能译为“被称为行为的科学”；continue to原意为“继续„”，但是此处译成“继续”不特别贴切，在这里的意思其实是“仍然，依然”，动词应译成副词；trace 做动词，trace sth.（back）to sth.的意思是find the origin of sth.“找到„的根源”为固定搭配。state of mind 意为“心态”；trait意为“特征”；human nature 意为“人性”。
译文：难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方
面去寻找行为的根源。
（42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：形容词带不定式、对仗结构、被动语态的译法。
这是一个主从复合句，句子主干为The behavioral sciences have been slow to „ partly because„ and partly because „。slow to change是形容词带不定式，译成“发展缓慢”。主句是由两个partly because形成对仗结构，都引导原因状语从句，可译作“部分原因是„„”，“部分由于„„”。两个状语从句都是被动语态，但都可译成主动语态。两个从句内容相互对照，可以对照理解：other kinds of explanations（其他的解释）是相对于前一从句中的the explanatory items（用来解释的依据）说的；directly observed（直接观察到）和hard to find（难以找到）意思上也基本相对。
词汇：the explanatory items直译是“解释性的项目”，但在这是指“解释行为的项目”，应该根据上下文需要补上“行为”这一层意思。
译文：行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义的引申、被动语态的译法。
这个句子是由and 连接的两个简单句构成的。前一个句子为被动语态，其主干是the role „ was formulated„。the role由of...和in...两个介词短语修饰，only a little...ago是时间状语，汉语中状语的位置是主句之前或谓语动词之前。后一个句子主干为the selective role of „ in „ is only beginning to be „。主语role由形容词selective和of the environment in...individual修饰，in...表示“在„方面”。两个分句都是被动语态，但被动语态不一定全要译成“被”，因为中文许多情况下主动态可以表示被动。此外还有“得以„„”，“为„„所”等方法可以选择。
词汇：role的一个意思是“角色”，这里使用的是另外一个词义“作用”，两个句子的主语的结构都是the role of A in B，of 和in都修饰the role，意思是“A在B方面的作用”。formulate 的意思是to create sth.in a precise form（阐明）；a little more than a hundred years意为“一百多年”；shape 做动词的意思是“塑造”。
译文：自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
（44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：代词指代、定语从句的译法。
这是一个由and 连接的并列句。前一句中是主系表结构：They are the possessions of „；后一句也是主系表结构：they are essential to „。前一分句中考查主语指代问题，本题两个分句的主语都是they，它们的上文是：Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty。They是复数，因此可以推断它们不是指代difficulty，而是指代freedom和dignity。possessions意为“拥有的东西”，在这可转译成动词“拥有”。此处括号（self-governing）的作用是解释autonomous（自治的，自主的，自我管理的）这个词，37
两词意思基本一样，译时只用一个即可。
后一分句中，practices 由in which...achievements修饰。定语从句中是被动语态，主语是a person，谓语是is held...和(is)given。按照汉语习惯，可以分别处理为：“一个人应该对自己的行为负责”和“一个人因„受到表扬、给予肯定”。
词汇： held不能翻译成“持、握”，它在这里是“认为”的意思。再如：Many people hold the opinion that the Government should take measures to stop terrorism.（许多人认为政府应当采取措施去制止恐怖主义），文中is held responsible for„可以意译为“要求一个人对„„负责”；give credit for意为“因„„而受到表扬”；practices的意思很多，如“练习，实践”等，在这里，它的意思是thing done regularly;habit or custom，即“习惯，做法”，在翻译中由于这些“做法”的具体内容的出现，“做法”这个词可以被省略。essential意为“对„„必不可少”，即“是„的必要条件”，或“是„必不可少的前提”。
技巧：考研中经常考查代词指代，包括they，it，that，this等等。这些代词给理解造成了困难，是一个难点。其实这些代词基本上都不难在上下文中找到答案，它们基本上都指前文出现的某人或某物（this较为特殊，还可以指紧接的下文）。考生一般根据代词的单复数和题目的意思就可以找到指代对象。
译文：自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义的自主人拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
（45）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：省略句、正面意思反面表达、代词指代。本句是一个并列句，由and连接，前半句由于时间状语until提前，主句进行倒装。until意为“直到”，直译是“在这些问题得到解决之前，技术将继续„„”，这种说法不符合中文习惯，它适合从反面表达：“如果这些问题得不到解决，技术将„„”。注意被动语态are resolved按照汉语习惯可以译成“得到解决”。
and后是一省略句，其难点在于确定代词it的指代内容。it 经常指代前文的单数名词或不可数名词（词组），也经常指代前文的某件事情，某个情况。本文中就是最后一种用法，it指的就是前文a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected这件事情。
with做状语一般表示伴随。这一分句只有一个状语加一个名词结构，不成一个完整的句子。其实，省略句一般是与前句的相同成分才会被省略，前一句的谓语部分是：will continue to be rejected。所以后一分句补充完整是：with the rejection of the technology of behavior, the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected.。当然这里with it也可简单译为“随之”，但是只有真正了解句子之后才能正确翻译。
词汇：technology of behavior要根据文章内容适当加词，译为“研究行为的技术手段”。
译文：（如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。
三、参考译文 几乎我们所有的问题都涉及到人类行为，这些问题不能单纯依靠物理学和生物技术就得以解决。我们需要的是一门行为技术，但是发展行为技术需要科学为基础，在这方面，我们一直滞后。（41）难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。物理学和生物学一度使用类似的方法，而且当它们放弃这些方法后才得以向前发展。（42）行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似
乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。环境固然重要，但是它的作用依然不很清楚。环境并不起强迫或促进的作用，它进行的是选择，这种功能发现和分析起来都很困难。（43）自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。然而，随着有机体和环境之间的相互作用逐渐为人们所了解，一度被认为是由思维、感情、性格产生的影响现在被追溯到人们可以理解的环境上去了，因而，建立行为技术也就成为了可能。然而，除非行为技术取代科学出现之前形成的传统观念，否则它无法解决我们的问题，而这些传统观念已经根深蒂固。自由和尊严就能说明困难程度。（44）它们是传统理论定义的自主人拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。科学分析把中心从责任和成就转向了环境。这也引发了关于“价值”的问题。谁来使用这一技术，又要达到何种目的？
（45）（如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。
第三部分 写作试题解析
一、审题谋篇
本题为图画，是命题加提纲式写作。
与往年的图画加提纲式写作相比，2002年考题给出了题目“Cultures—National and International”。对于考生这是不应忽略的审题重点之一。首先，由题目可看出，本文关键字为“文化”，修饰词为“National”和“International”再加上图片的标题是“An American Girl in Traditional Chinese Costume”，由此可以得出本文的立意应该是文化交流。这种交流反映了两方面的情况：一方面是中国文化对世界文化的渗透，中国源远流长的文化本身是世界文化财产的一部分，中国的腾飞无疑使中国文化这颗世界文化中的瑰宝更加耀眼。另一方面是世界对中国文化的了解与接受。瑰宝自然是吸引人的，世界人民渴望了解中国。由此，当外国人身着中式服装，体验中国文化时，那种欣喜与满意自然也在情理之中。
另外，事实上，考研的考题通常是有着某种社会意义的。2001年中国发生的几件大事确实使世界对中国刮目相看，如奥运申办成功，中国加入世界贸易组织等。这些确实加强了世界了解中国的渴望。加之中国经济腾飞，中国要走出去，外国要走进来，这种国际间的交流已成定局。有了以上想法，作文中心就已确定。
文章可以遵循大纲写成两段，也可以分为三段。第一段描写图画并指出图画所反映的现象，即：中国文化被许多外国人接受和认可。第二段主要对这一现象做出评论，可以集中于讨论这种现象产生的原因。在这一段中，可以用一些表示“导致、引起”意思的词汇，例如： “bring about, give rise to, cause, lead to, bring forth, make happen”等等。考生可以根据实际情况决定是否增加一个第三段，该段属于发挥，写法考生应该比较熟悉，既可以谈自己的看法，也可预测一下这种现象将来发展的趋势。
二、参考范文
Cultures—National and International This unique picture shows an American girl in traditional Chinese costume.The jeweled headdress，beaded necklace and earrings with tassels，and silk attire with 39
ribbons characterize the traditional costume of Chinese minority nationality girls.The costume adds oriental charm to her beauty.Her radiant smile is as much a tribute to Chinese culture as to the progress China has recently made.Like this American girl who shows a special interest in Chinese costumes, more and more foreigners have begun to understand and accept the Chinese culture.Obviously，we can deduce from this picture that with the development of China，the increasing charm of Chinese tradition appeals to more and more foreigners who come to China.On the one hand，it highlights the glamour of our culture—now universally accepted as the invaluable treasure of all human beings.Attracted by the splendid Chinese culture，now many a foreigner floods into China to study or to work.On the other hand，it reflects our great achievements.When China was then engulfed in poverty，backwardness，corruption and foreign invasion，who cared about the culture associated with the pigtailed coolies? But during the last two decades one can hardly ignore the rapid progress of China.Three months after China won the right to host their first Olympics in 2008，China capped the most significant year in its sporting history when the national soccer team reached the World Cup finals for the first time.How can one resist being appealed to such an energetic country with a long and colorful culture!It goes without saying that culture exchange does good to people in many ways.Firstly, it effectively reduces the misunderstanding between people from different cultures.Moreover, this kind exchange has mutual benefits to people from different cultures because it enables them to learn from each other.As a result, culture exchange has become more and more common in our life.三、范文点评 文章结构：
从结构上看，范文首先对提纲做出适当调整，分为三段。每段段首出现主题句，点明该段主要思想，每段内部层次清晰。第一段段首为该段主题句，中间对图画进行描写，段尾从图画中得出全文的主题。第二段段首为该段主题句，进而用On the one hand 和On the other hand 分两个方面进行论证。第三段是进一步的发挥，段首提出作者观点，并在段尾对全文做出总结。
语言亮点： 1.jeweled：“镶珠宝的”，与下面的beaded（珠子串成的）属于同一种用法，为名词加ed构成形容词。类似的用法还有：bearded有胡须的，haired有毛发的，windowed有窗的。
2.characterize：“是„的特点；以„为特征”。例如：High GDP increase rate characterizes the overall economic development of China in the past ten years.（国内生产总值高增长率是过去十年中国整体经济发展的特点）。
3.minority nationality：“少数民族”。4.oriental：“东方的”。例如：The Oriental Pearl Tower（东方明珠电视塔）；Shanghai is an oriental metropolis（上海是一个东方大都会）。
5.radiant：“容光焕发的，喜气洋洋的”，例如：The bride was radiant(with joy).她（因高兴）而精神焕发。
6.as much a tribute to Chinese culture as to the progress：as much „ as„ 40
“和„一样，如同„”。例如：Protecting the environment is as much the government’s responsibility as every citizen’s duty.（保护环境既是政府的职责，同样也是每个公民的责任）。tribute to意思为“对„的称赞”。
7.deduce：推论，可替换的词语还有：conclude。8.appeal to：“向„上诉”或“吸引”。例如：Video games are increasingly appealing to teenagers.（电子游戏越来越吸引青少年）。
9.highlight：“使„显著，使„突出；强调„”。例如：Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.（石油产量的下降使日益增加的经济困难更加突出了）。
10.universally：“普遍”。如：It is a universally accepted principle that „。11.invaluable treasure：“无价之宝”。例如：Health is an invaluable blessing.（健康是无价之宝）。
12.many a foreigner：“很多外国人”。many a加名词单数相当于该名词的复数形式，是古英语的遗留痕迹。
13.flood into：“涌入”。例如：Many migrant workers flood into cities.（很多农民工涌入城市）。类似能够表达“大量而来”含义的还有：swarm into（蜂拥而入），pour into（如潮水般涌入）flow into，rush into等。如：Hundreds of people rush into cities，especially big cities．They come for better jobs and better education，for better medical care，and for commerce and trade.（成百上千的人涌入城市尤其是大城市里，为了得到更好的工作或教育，得到更好的医疗保健，也为了开展商业贸易活动）。
14.engulf：“吞没，淹没”，如：An almost unbearable loneliness engulfed her.（她陷入了一种几乎难以忍耐的寂寞）。类似含义的词有：overwhelm，submerge，immerse等，如：The whole nation was immersed in a festival atmosphere.（全国沉浸在节日的气氛中）。
15.care about：“在乎，在意”。16.be associated with：“与„连在一起”。例如：Many foreigners still associate China with backwardness.（很多外国人还把中国和落后连在一起）。
17.host：“举办”，近义词为sponsor, stage。18.cap：“完成，使圆满结束”，如：This week’s summit capped months of intensive negotiations between the two governments.（这个星期的最高级会议圆满结束了两国政府间几个月来深入细致的谈判）。
19.It goes without saying：“不言而喻，显然”。It goes without saying that children should not be exposed to too much violence on TV.（显然，不能让孩子们看电视上太多的暴力节目）。如：类似的表达有：it is taken for granted，needless to say，it is obvious that等。
20.does good to：“对„有好处”，同义词有benefit。21.mutual：相互之间的。如mutual dependence（相互依靠），mutual understanding（相互了解）。
22.enable：使能够。例如：Education enables one to broaden the horizon of knowledge.（教育可以拓展人的知识）。
四、写作误区 篇章结构误区：
在对图画描述部分，考生存在两个极端。一是描述非常简单，只是一句话代过，例如 41
This is an American girl in traditional Chinese costume.，接着就开始发表议论。这样的问题出现很可能是考生词汇量太小，写作功底太薄，面对这样一个图片形式的描述无从下笔。有些考生也只写出了几个简单句子，如：The girl is laughing.The girl is wearing beautiful hat and clothes.She is happy.另一个极端是局限于画面的具体内容，就事论事，用很大的篇幅来描写画面中服饰的细节。实际上在适当的描述后考生应当展开主题，按照题目的要求从“文化”这一概念入手。同样，文章也不应当写成中美或中西文化的对比。
语言表达错误： ①用词错误：
We should develop China’s economic, and lead our country to a rich, strong nation.（We should develop China’s economy, and make our country thriving and prosperous）
②主谓搭配：
The picture shows an American girl who wearing the traditional Chinese costume.（The picture shows an American girl who wears the traditional Chinese costume.）
③句子不完整： The importance of cultural communication just to let more foreigners know China.（The cultural communication is to let more foreigners know China.）
④不间断句子：
China opened the door to the world, more and more people visit China and become interested in Chinese culture.(As China opened the door to the world, more and more people visit China and become interested in Chinese culture.)⑤句子结构混乱：
The way of people to do things will become similar if they communicate more with people belong to other cultures.（The way in which people do things will become similar if they communicate more with people who belong to other cultures.）
⑥中式英语：
The girl very likes Chinese culture.（The girl likes Chinese culture very much.）
第四篇：2001年考研英语真题及解析(黄皮书)
2001年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
Part I Cloze Test
Directions：
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D].Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the
of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995.Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers.Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［A］as to ［B］for instance ［C］in particular ［D］such as 2.［A］tightening ［B］intensifying ［C］focusing ［D］fastening 3.［A］sketch ［B］rough ［C］preliminary ［D］draft 4.［A］illogical ［B］illegal ［C］improbable ［D］improper 5.［A］publicity ［B］penalty ［C］popularity ［D］peculiarity 6.［A］since ［B］if ［C］before ［D］as 7.［A］sided ［B］shared ［C］complied ［D］agreed 8.［A］present ［B］offer ［C］manifest ［D］indicate 9.［A］Release ［B］Publication ［C］Printing ［D］Exposure
10.［A］storm ［B］rage ［C］flare ［D］flash 11.［A］translation ［B］interpretation ［C］exhibition ［D］demonstration
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12.［A］better than ［B］other than ［C］rather than ［D］sooner than 13.［A］changes ［B］makes ［C］sets ［D］turns 14.［A］binding ［B］convincing ［C］restraining ［D］sustaining 15.［A］authorized ［B］credited ［C］entitled ［D］qualified 16.［A］with ［B］to ［C］from ［D］by 17.［A］impact ［B］incident ［C］inference ［D］issue 18.［A］stated ［B］remarked ［C］said ［D］told 19.［A］what ［B］when ［C］which ［D］that 20.［A］assure ［B］confide ［C］ensure ［D］guarantee
Part II Reading Comprehension
Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each questions there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D].Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points)
Passage 1 Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units，one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research.But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication.Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule.Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science.The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right;but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way.The overall result has been to make entrance to professional
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geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century.In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.21.The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _______.[AJ sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology [C] sociology and psychology [D] physics and chemistry 22.We can infer from the passage that _______.[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation [B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science [C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community [D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones 23.The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______.[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation [B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study [C] the change of policies in scientific publications [D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 24.The direct reason for specialisation is _______.[A] the development in communication [B] the growth of professionalisation [C] the expansion of scientific knowledge [D] the splitting up of academic societies
Passage 2 A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide-the division of the world into the info(information)rich and the info poor.And that divide does exist today.My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago.What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide.There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow.As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business
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to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access.Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will he netted together.As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead.And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty.And the Internet is not the only tool we have.But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure（the basic structural foundations of a society）in the United States.When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so.And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure-including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment.The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony.They financed them.Immigrant Americans built them.Guess who owns them now? The Americans.I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter.The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be.That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled.But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.25.Digital divide is something _______.[A] getting worse because of the Internet [B] the rich countries are responsible for [C] the world must guard against [D] considered positive today 26.Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _______.[A] offers economic potentials [B] can bring foreign funds [C] can soon wipe out world poverty [D] connects people all over the world 27.The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _______.[A] providing financial support overseas [B] preventing foreign capital’s control [C] building industrial infrastructure [D] accepting foreign investment 28.It seems that now a country’s economy depands much on ______.[A] how well-developed it is electronically
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[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants [C] whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern [D] how much control it has over foreign corporations
Passage 3 Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question.The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper.Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates(patterns)into which they plug each day’s events.In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusions news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers which helps explain why the “standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien many readers.In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area.Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite.The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one.Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers.Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers.But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about.If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.29.What is the passage mainly about? [A] needs of the readers all over the world.[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.http://club.topsage.com/forum.php?gid=27
[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry.[D] aims of a journalism credibility project.30.The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ______.[A] quite trustworthy [B] somewhat contradictory [C] very illuminating [D] rather superficial 31.The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ______.[A] working attitude [B] conventional lifestyle [C] world outlook [D] educational background 32.Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its_______.[A] failure to realize its real problem [B] tendency to hire annoying reporters [C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting [D] prejudice in matters of race and gender
Passage 4 The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed.The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might.Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?” There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful.Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982.Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly.International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment.In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms.This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands.All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers.As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty.Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up.The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the
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pace of technical progress.On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast.In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan-but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched.A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry.Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U S.vs.Microsoft case ?
33.What is the typical trend of businesses today? [A] to take in more foreign funds.[B] to invest more abroad.[C] to combine and become bigger.[D] to trade with more countries.34.According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ______ [A] the greater customer demands.[B] a surplus supply for the market.[C] a growing productivity.[D] the increase of the world's wealth.35.From paragraph 4 we can infer that ______.[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers [B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs [C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous [D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition 36.Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can he said to be _______.[A] optimistic [B] objective [C] pessimistic [D] biased
Passage 5 When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting”has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once
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enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend.Downshifting-also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism.There are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives;there are newsletter's, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap;there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-'90s equivalent of dropping out.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline——after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s——and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the’80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life——growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one——as a personal recognition of your limitations.37.Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1? [A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.[C] “A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.38.The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting ____ [A] enables her to realize her dream [B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life [C] prompts her to abandon her high social status [D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine 39.“Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by_____.[A] non-materialistic lifestyle [B] a bit of everything [C] extreme stress [D] anti-consumerism 40.According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S.as a result of _____ [A] the quick pace of modern life [B] man’s adventurous spirit [C] man’s search for mythical experiences [D] the economic situation
Part III English-Chinese Translation
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
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Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)
In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality.Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.41）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.42）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1,000 years）, when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.43）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links.“By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, ” he says.44）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”
Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted.However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible.But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances.A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.45）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.Section V Writing
46.Directions:
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Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper.Write an essay to the newspaper to 1）show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below.2）give a specific example, and 3）give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.第一部分 英语知识应运试题解析
一、文章总体分析
本文是一篇报道性的文章，介绍了自露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件发生后，政府、法院、媒体各方面对于付款给证人的反应。文章第一段介绍了政府的反应：要禁止报界买断证人新闻的举动。第二至六段介绍了以大法官埃尔温勋爵为代表的法院在这个问题上的态度。最后一段介绍了露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的始末。在该案件中由于很多证人通过讲述他们的经历而从媒体获得报酬，结果导致被告数罪并罚，被判十项无期徒刑。结论为付款给证人的做法成为一个颇有争议的问题。
二、试题具体解析
1.[A] as to关于，至于 [B] for instance举例
[C] in particular特别地 [D] such as例如
[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。
解答该题时，考生需要判断空格前后部分prominent cases和The trial of Rosemary West之间的关系，前者泛指“一些著名的案件”，后者是一个具体的案件，即“对露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的审判”，可见两者是例证关系。因此，所填入的选项应是一个表示“例如”或“像„„
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一样”的连接词。首先排除as to和in particular。for instance（或for example）可表示“举例”，但放在句中多为插入语，且后面不可直接加宾语。如：Here in Chicago, for instance, the movement was growing by leaps and bounds.（比如在芝加哥，运动正在迅猛发展）。选项中只有介词短语such as可以接名词做宾语，表达“例如„，象这种的”的含义。
首段第一句话的结构比较复杂，中心句为The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers（政府要禁止报界付钱给证人），现在分词结构seeking to buy up...Rosemary West 做后置定语，用来修饰newspapers，意为“试图收买涉及一些要案证人的报纸”。过去分词结构involved in也是后置定语，用来修饰people。整个句子的含义是：政府要禁止报界付钱给涉及一些要案（诸如审判露丝玛莉·韦斯特案）的证人以图收买他们的举动。
2.[A] tightening收紧，加紧，使„严格 [B] intensifying加强，强化
[C] focusing集中 [D] fastening扣紧，扎牢 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：习惯搭配 + 动词词义辨析。
本题的四个选项虽然都是动名词，但实际上考核的是能与controls搭配的中心动词。首先排除focus和fasten，focus意为“把注意力等集中在„”，如：You must try to focus your mind on work and study.（你应该努力把思想集中在工作和学习上）文章第一段只提到政府要禁止付款收买证人的这种做法，并没有涉及其它方面的情况，也就无所谓“集中法律控制”了。fasten表“扣紧，扎牢”的含义时多接具体名词，如：fasten our seat belts（系紧安全带），不适用于抽象名词control。intensify侧重于强调数量、活动、情感的增加或增强，不和control搭配，如：The press has intensified its scrutiny of the candidate’s background.（新闻界已加强了对侯选人的背景调查）；只有tighten与legal control搭配，表示“加强法律控制”。
知识点补充：常与control构成的搭配还有：gain/ take/lose/seize ～ of，have/hold ～ over, offer～，set up ～。
3.[A] sketch略图，草稿，梗概 [B] rough概略的，不完善、未完成的
[C] preliminary初步的，预备的 [D] draft草稿，草案，草图 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：固定搭配。
本题要求考生判断哪个选项与bill搭配。draft bill是法律中的一个固定搭配，意为“草案，（提交议会讨论的）法案”；其他三个选项虽然不与bill搭配，但都可以表示类似于“初步的，不完整的，简略的”的含义，sketch的搭配有sketch map（略图、示意图），sketch plan（草拟计划）；rough的搭配有a rough drawing（草图）；preliminary强调“初步的”，如：a preliminary examination（初试）。
4.[A] illogical不符合逻辑的 [B] illegal非法的
[C] improbable不大可能发生的 [D] improper不适当的，不正确的 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 形容词词义辨析。
空格所在部分是that引导的定语从句that will propose making payments to witnesses 4，修饰先行词bill，说明是怎样一种法案。其中从句的宾语是一个复合结构making payment to witness __4__，（使给证人支付报酬的行为„），解此题时，考生关键要判断这个草案在对待收买证人的问题上的态度是怎样的。
文章第一句提到“政府要禁止报界收买一些要案的证人的举动”，第二段首句紧接着提
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到“为了加强对报界的控制，大法官埃尔温勋爵将要提出这个法案”。从逻辑上讲，政府和大法官的行为应该是一致的。那么大法官提出法律草案的目的也是反对报界收买证人的做法。illegal强调不符合法律规定，符合题意。其他三个选项都不符合语义，illogical强调不合逻辑，如：Sometimes illogical behaviors may result in a great invention.（有时不合逻辑的做法可能会导致伟大的发明）；improbable指可能性很小，如：It is improbable that she will go.（她不大可能会走）；improper表示“不得体”，若用在本题中，语气太弱，如：an act improper to the occasion（不合时宜的行为）。
5.[A] publicity公开，公诸于众 [B] penalty处罚，罚款
[C] popularity普遍，流行 [D] peculiarity特性，怪癖 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑语义搭配。空格所在部分是：a bill that will propose „and will strictly control the amount of _ 5__ that can be given to a case。从结构上看，空格处填入的名词，既是control的宾语，又是that引导的定语从句修饰的先行词，即符合give sth.to a case的搭配。符合这两个要求的只有选项A.publicity，give publicity to sth.（宣扬/公布某事）为常用搭配。整个句子大意为：草案提议对报界付款给证人的做法定为非法，并严格控制案件的公开程度。
词汇补充：the penalty for speeding（超速罚款）；enjoy／win general popularity（受欢迎）；One of the peculiarities of his behavior is that he shouts instead of talking.（他的一种怪癖是说话总爱高声嚷）。
6.[A] since 自„以后，自„以来 [B] if 如果，要是，即使
[C] before 在„之前，[D] as 当„之时，与„一样 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 逻辑推理。本题需要考生判断空格处应填入什么连词来连接这两个动作：“严格限制案件的公开程度”和“审判开始”。根据上下文逻辑推理，政府之所以要禁止报界付钱给案件的证人，是因为新闻界要把这些证人的观点公诸于众，这些观点难免夹杂个人的因素，而司法要求的是公正，不能因为这些观点影响案件的审理。因此要严格控制的应该是案件在审理开始“之前”（before）就过分公开。
7.[A] sided(with)与(某人)站在同一边，同意某人的观点
[B] shared(with)与„„分享
[C] complied(with)遵守，服从 [D] agreed(with)同意 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：习惯搭配 + 动词短语语义辨析。
本题考查了动词与with sth.的搭配。四个选项都能与with搭配，关键是看哪个能与后面的宾语a committee report（委员会的报告）搭配。先排除选项B和C，因为我们不能说“分享报告”或“遵守报告”。而side with后一般连接“某人”，如：He sided with the conservatives in Congress.（他在国会中支持保守派）。只有agreed with合适，意为“埃尔温勋爵阐明自己赞同委员会今年的报告”。
例句补充：He shared the story with us.（他给我们讲了这个故事）；The patient complied with the physician’s orders.（病人遵从医生的嘱咐）。
8.[A] present赠与，提交 [B] offer提供，给予
[C] manifest表明，证明 [D] indicate显示，暗示
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[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义辨析。本题空格处再次考查了动词与control的搭配。根据上下文，这里指的应是埃尔温勋爵批评报界收买证人，随意公开案件的情况，自我约束力度不够。四个选项中，manifest和indicate的含义明显不符合文意。offer属于使用非常广泛的词语，当表示“给”的含义时等于give，它放入文中，表达的含义是：自我约束（self-regulation）不能提供足够的监控。present一般指正式的呈递，如：The committee is presenting its investigation report next week.（委员会将于下星期提出调查报告）。
例句补充：He doesn’t manifest much interest in his studies.（他对学业没多大兴趣）；The symptoms indicate immediate surgery.（症状表明需要立即做外科手术）。
9.[A] Release释放，放松 [B] Publication发表，公之于众
[C] Printing印刷，打印，出版 [D] Exposure暴露，揭露 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：名词词义辨析。空格所在句子指出，“这封信的„在两天后发生了”。四个选项中，Release有“准许发表，发布”的意思，但它强调的是经过努力才得以发表，多用于消息（发布）、影片或者书籍（发行）；若用printing表示“两天后把信打印出来”显然不对；exposure多指“暴露或揭露一些不好的事情，如违法或犯罪行为”，如：exposure of graft in the government.（对政府贪污的揭露）；因此正确答案是publication，表达的含义是“两天后，这封信便公布于众”。
10.[A]（a）storm(of)一阵猛烈的（感情或激动）的爆发；一阵** [B]（a）rage（of）一阵（狂怒）
[C]（a）flare（of）一阵（怒气）[D]（a）flash（of）突然闪现（的东西）[答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：固定搭配 + 名词词义辨析。
空格所在部分是：Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest，这里描述了媒体抗议的程度。从结构上来看，填入的名词应与“media protest”搭配。从文意来看，其含义应是“（引起了）一片（媒体的抗议）”。storm 可以与a„of的形式搭配，表示“一阵猛烈的情感爆发或一阵**”，如：a storm of tears（泪如雨下），a storm of protest（一阵/片猛烈的抗议）。
rage也表示“暴怒、大怒”，但是搭配形式只能是a rage，如：be in a rage，flew into a rage（勃然大怒）；flare在a„of搭配中仅表示“一阵怒气”，它不和media protest搭配，如：a flare of temper（大发雷霆），a flare of resentment（一阵怒气）；flash表示突然闪现的东西，如：a flash of hope（一线希望），a flash of wit（灵光一现）等。因此用a storm of修饰media protest形象地描绘了媒体抗议的激烈程度。
11.[A] translation翻译，转换 [B] interpretation口译，解释，解释权
[C] exhibition展览，显示 [D] demonstration示范，实证 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：名词词义辨析。本题考查哪个名词能和privacy controls搭配，从意义上来看，只有 interpretation 符合题意。“the interpretation of privacy controls”意为“隐私控制的解释权”。注意translation和interpretation及各自的动词形式都是近义词，可以表示“翻译”，但表示“解释、阐释（语言以外的东西）”之义时不能用translate，只能用interpret，相当于
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explain，如：How can I interpreted his behavior?（我怎么解释他的行为）。
12.[A] better than好过，胜于 [B] other than不同于；除了
[C] rather than是„而不是，与其„毋宁 [D] sooner than快于，早于 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：介词短语辨析。
本题空格前后连接的是两个介词短语（left）to judges（留给法官）与（left）to Parliament（留给国会），它们描述的对象都是interpretation of private controls，显然两者在意义上是不能共存的，只能选其一。因此空格处要填入一个含有选择意义的词。先排除better than和sooner than，前者表达程度比较，后者反映速度比较。other than表达选择概念时可意为“不同于”，如：The result was quite other than we had expected.（结果和我们预期的不同），但是根据上下文，“把隐私控制的解释权留给法官不同于留给国会”本身就是客观事实，不至于会引起媒体的一片抗议，因此可推知rather than最恰当，意为“是„而不是”，如：These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.（这双鞋子是舒服而不是好看）。文中意思为“把隐私控制的解释权留给法官而不留给国会”。
13.[A] changes改变，变革，改造 [B] makes 制造，安排，使（成为）„
[C] sets致使，使（某人）做某事 [D] turns（使）转动，翻转，（使）变质
[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词用法。
本题所在句子的结构是which引导的一个非限制性定语从句，从句的主语是which指代的the Human Rights Bill。从本题和下一题的选项可看出两个空格应分别填入动词和形容词。那么从句的基本结构应是：动词+宾语（the European Convention on Human Rights）+形容词（宾语补足语）。由此可见，所选的动词应能接宾补。从语法上来看，四个选项中，make常接形容词做宾语补足语，如：made her position clear（使她的地位明朗化）；set也可以接宾语补足语，但宾补一般是现在分词、不定式或介词短语，很少用形容词，只有：set the boy right（纠正孩子的错误），a good rest will set you right（休息将使你的精神得到恢复），set the prisoners free（把囚犯释放出来），set your hat straight（把帽子带正）等情况。因此make为正确答案，放入空格意为“使《欧洲人权公约》在法律上„”。
14.[A] binding有约束力的 [B] convincing具有说服力的
[C] restraining抑制的，遏制的 [D] sustaining持续的，支持的 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 形容词词义辨析。
从上一题的分析可知，空格填入的形容词做make复合结构的宾补：make the European Convention on Human Rights legally 14。其次根据上下文，the Human Rights Bill„laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families（人权法案规定每一个人都„隐私权，公众人物可以走上法庭去保护自己和他们的家人），因此从《人权法案》的具体内容看，它对《欧洲人权公约》的影响应该是使其在法律上有约束力（binding），而不仅仅是“具有说服力”，更不是“具有说服力”或“抑制的”。因此A选项符合题意。
15.[A] authorized 被授权 [B] credited 把„归于，认为属于„
[C] entitled 有资格，能胜任 [D] qualified有权„，有资格„ [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：习惯搭配 + to的用法。
空格所在部分的搭配是be +过去分词+to sth.，其中to是介词。四个选项中，be authorized to do sth.意为“被授权„„”，其中to是不定式符号，不是介词，如：She was
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authorized by her partner to negotiate with the dealer.（她的合伙人授权她与经销商谈判）；be credited to sth.意为“把„归于某人或某物，认为属于„„”，如：Superpowers are credited to the big stone.（人们认为这块大石头有超能），该词组虽然在语法上可行，但在文中表达的意思是“把每个人归于隐私”显然逻辑不通；be qualified to do sth.意为“有资格，能胜任”，但其中的to不是介词，是不定式符号，后面要接动词原形，如：He is qualified to teach English.（他有资格教英语）。符合题意的be entitled to sth.是个固定搭配，意为“有权„„，有资格„„”，如：He is entitled to the pension.（他有权领取养老金）。
16.[A] with和，带着，以„方式，由„负责 [B] to向，直到，靠着„，伴随
[C] from从„（时间），离开，因为 [D] by在附近，经，依据，通过 [答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：介词的用法。
本题考查哪个介词可以与in safe hands（安然无恙）搭配。空格所在句子是Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges（新闻自由由法官掌握将安然无恙），介词中只有with可表达“由„掌握，由„负责”的含义，例句：I shall leave the child with you.（我将把这孩子交给你）。
17.[A] impact冲撞，冲击，影响 [B] incident事件，事变
[C] inference推断，结论 [D] issue 问题，争论点 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 名词词义辨析。
本题要求考生判断“自West被判十次无期徒刑后，付款给证人的做法成为了什么”。首先考生需知道West和前面提到的the trial of Rosemary West联系起来，这个事件的影响很大，政府和法官都意识到要严格控制报界付款给证人的行为。由此可以推断出付款给证人的做法应该成为颇有争议的问题（issue），而不只是一个事件（incident），或推断（inference），或冲击（impact）。虽然impact也有“影响”的含义，但和不定冠词搭配只能是have/make a great impact on sth.，例句：This book had a great impact on its readers.（这本书对读者有很大的影响）。
18.[A] stated陈述，表明 [B] remarked陈述，发言，评论
[C] said说 [D] told告诉 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词用法辨析。
本题所在部分是Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments，其谓语动词是被动语态的复合结构：be +过去分词+ to have done sth.。适用这个结构的只有said和told，但be told to have done sth.意为“被告知做过某事”，不符合句意。正确答案只有C，be said to have done sth.意为“据说做过某事”，本句可译为：据说多达19个证人因向报社讲述他们的故事而获得报酬。
19.[A] what 关系代词 [B] when关系副词
[C] which 关系代词 [D] that关系代词 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：同位语从句中的关系代词。
空格后面部分是concerns的同位语，表明其具体内容。选项中能引导同位语从句的关系代词只有that。注意：同位语从句本来应该直接跟在先行词concerns后面，但因为从句太长，会显得头重脚轻，所以放在了后面，达到句子平衡的效果。
知识点补充：同位语从句接在名词后，对名词作进一步解释，说明其具体内容。这类名
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词包括：belief（相信），conclusion（结论），decision（决定），doubt（怀疑），evidence（证据），fact（事实），hope（希望），idea（想法），information（消息），news（消息），probability（可能），problem（问题），rumor（传闻），suggestion（建议），truth（真理）等等。20.[A] assure确保，保证 [B] confide吐露，倾诉，托付
[C] ensure确保，使确信 [D] guarantee保证，承诺 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义辨析。guilty verdicts意为“（陪审团的）定罪决定”。空格所在句子意为：证人被鼓励在法庭上夸大事实，目的就为了„定罪。考生需判断哪个动词可以与guilty verdicts搭配。assure后面一般接人，表示消除别人的疑虑，如：I can assure you of its quality.（我可以向您保证它的质量）。confide接sth.时，意为“吐露（内幕），托付”，如：He confided his troubles to a friend.（他向朋友倾诉烦恼事），confide my property to your care.（把我的财产托付你保管）。显然这两个含义都不符合文意。guarantee接sth.时意为“担保„质量，保证，落实”等，当含义是“保证”时多接褒义的名词，如：guarantee a good crop（保证了好收成）；ensure意为“保证，担保，使„一定得到”，强调对某行为有把握，根据文意，证人的目的就是想确保让被告得到定罪，因此ensure最符合句意。
三、全文翻译
政府要禁止报界付钱给涉及一些要案的证人以图收买他们的举动。审判露丝玛莉·韦斯特案就是这样的一起案子。
为了加强对报界的法律控制，大法官埃尔温勋爵将要提出一个法案的草案。这一法案将提议把报界付款给证人的做法定为非法，并且，法案还严格对案件在开庭前的公开程度加以限制。
在给下院媒体选择委员会主席格拉德·考夫曼的一封信中，埃尔温勋爵说他同意该委员会今年的报告。该报告指出对媒体的自我约束没有实施足够的监控。当埃尔温勋爵说对于欧洲立法中所包含的关于隐私权的控制的解释权将留给法官而不是国会时，他的这一作法遭到了媒体的一片抗议。两天后，这封信便公布于众。
大法官说《人权法案》的引入使《欧洲人权公约》在英国具有了法律约束力。它规定每个人都享有个人隐私权，公众人物可以走上法庭去保护自己和家人的权利。
“新闻自由由法官掌握将安然无恙”，他说道。
自韦斯特在1995年被判处十项无期徒刑后，给证人付报酬的做法就成了颇有争议的问题。据说多达十九个证人因向报社讲述他们的经历而获得报酬。这引起了人们的关注：证人为了确保法庭给被告定罪，可能会被怂恿在法庭上夸大事实。
第三部分 阅读理解试题解析
第一篇
一、文章结构总体分析
这是一篇论述科学发展的专业化和职业化的文章。全文客观地描述这一过程，并且以英国地质学的发展为例说明专业化发展导致专业人员和业余人员之间的分化越来越明显。
第一段：科学知识的积累导致知识的进一步分类和分化，即专业化发展。与专业化发展
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同时并存的另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。
第二段：专业化的发展给业余研究者的进入带来了困难，这种趋势在某些科学领域尤为突出。
第三、四段指出：以英国地质学研究为例，说明专业人员和业余人员之间分化越来越明显。而这种专业化和职业化的分化过程早在19世纪英国的地质学领域就已经开始形成。
二、试题具体解析
21.The growth of specialisation in the 21.19世纪专业化的发展在____科
19th century might be more clearly seen 学领域更为显见。in sciences such as ____.[A] sociology and chemistry [A] 社会学、化学 [B] physics and psychology [B] 物理学、心理学 [C] sociology and psychology [C] 社会学、心理学 [D] physics and chemistry [D] 物理学、化学
［答案］D ［解析］本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题 + 常识。文章第二段最后两句话指出，“19世纪专业化的发展要求时间更长、内容更复杂的培训，这使得非专业研究人员面临越来越大的困难。这个趋势在以数学训练或实验室训练为基础的科学领域显得更为突出。”四个选项中涉及社会学、化学、物理学、心理学四个学科。根据常识，物理学、化学与地质学都是以数学和实验室培训为基础的科学，而社会学和心理学则不是。比较四个选项只有D选项“物理和化学”是正确答案。
22.We can infer from the passage that ____.22．从文中，我们可以推断出_____。[A] there is little distinction between [Ａ] 专业化和职业化过程几乎没有区别
specialisation and professionalisation [B] amateurs can compete with professionals [Ｂ] 业余研究者可以在某些科学领
in some areas of science 域与专业研究者相匹敌
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs [Ｃ] 专业人员倾向于欢迎业余人员加入
into the scientific community 他们的科学团体
[D] amateurs have national academic societies[Ｄ] 非专业研究人员拥有全国性的学术 but no local ones 机构，但是没有地方性的机构 ［答案］B ［解析］本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。文章第一段最后两句指出，“专业化仅仅是科学领域内影响交流过程的一系列相关科学发展的现象之一，另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。”由此可知，专业化和职业化是两个不同的过程，因而可排除A选项；第二段最后一句指出“专业化的发展给业余研究者的进入带来了困难，这种趋势在某些科学领域尤为突出”，其暗含的意思是在另外一些领域非专业人员可以和专业人员去竞争，B选项表达了此意，是正确答案。在此基础上，第三段更是举出英国地质学研究的例子来说明专业人员与非专业人员出现的越来越明显的分化，因此Ｃ选项明显错误；D选项与第三段最后一句“业余人员有两种选择：或者呆在地方研究团体中，或者以另外一种方式在全国范围内联合”不符。
23.The author writes of the development 23．作者提到地质学发展的目的是为了
of geology to demonstrate.说明___.[A] the process of specialisation and [Ａ] 职业化和专业化形成的过程
professionalisation
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[B] the hardship of amateurs in [Ｂ] 业余研究者在科学研究中碰到的困难
scientific study [C] the change of policies in scientific [Ｃ] 科技出版物出版方针的变化
publications [D] the discrimination of professionals [Ｄ] 专业研究者对业余研究者的歧视
against amateurs ［答案］A ［解析］本题考核的知识点是：作者意图题。作者在第二段末句提到，业余研究者很难进入专业领域的趋势可以通过英国地质学发展的例子很好地来说明。第三段谈到英国地质学研究中出版标准的变化、专业和业余人员的不同研究方式、业余人员在专业刊物上发表论文的困难及专业和业余两种不同的刊物和学会的形成。可见，作者举例的目的是描述职业化和专业化形成的过程，A选项正确。
B选项和C选项都是第三段提到的职业化和专业化发展过程中的具体表现，并不是例子旨在说明的问题。D选项文中未明确提出。
24.The direct reason for specialisation is 24.造成专业化的直接原因_____？
.［A］the development in communication [Ａ]交流的发展 ［B］the growth of professionalisation [Ｂ]职业化的发展 ［C］the expansion of scientific knowledge [Ｃ]科学知识的扩展 ［D］the splitting up of academic societies [Ｄ]学术团体的分裂
［答案］C ［解析］本题考核的知识点是：细节题 第一段第一句指出，“专业化过程可以看作是对科学知识不断积累问题的反映”，其中response to与题干中的direct reason对应，因此C选项正确。文中提到A选项受专业化过程影响（一段末句），B选项是与专业化发展并存的现象，D选项是专业化发展造成的结果，因此都不是专业化的直接原因。
三、文章长难句解析与佳句赏析
长难句分析: ① Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.句子主干是the word“amateur”does carry a connotation，后面是that引导的同位语从句，从句的主干是：the person is not fully integrated into and not fully share，其中包含了两个并列谓语。
② The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.句子主干是The trend was obvious in...and can be illustrated in terms of...。science后接过去分词based on做定语。In terms of“以„观点/方式，就„而说”。
③ A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.句子主干是A comparison reveals not simply...but also...，并列连词not only„but
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also连接两个并列宾语emphasis和definition，宾语后都接有介词短语做定语。
④ The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.句子主干是The result has been to make entrance harder for amateurs, a result„。逗号后面部分a result相当于the result has been a result，a result后是that引导的定语从句，其中存在两套被动结构，一是a result has been reinforced by the introduction of refereeing，另一套是 first the introduction of refereeing first by „and then by„。make sth.harder for sb.意为“使某事对于某人来说更难了”；referee原义为“当裁判，裁决”，句中意为“（出版）评审制度”。
佳句赏析: Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right;but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.该句由but连接两个分句，前后两个不同的时间状语表现了一种对比。结构严谨，对比鲜明，给人一目了然之感。
四、词汇注释
(1)specialisation（n.）专业化；specialize（v.）（in）专攻，专门研究，使专用于；specialized（a.）专门的，专科的
(2)accumulation（n.）积累，积聚（物）；accumulate（v.）
(3)split(v./n.)裂开，劈开；分裂，分离；split up（使）分裂；（使）分离；分成（小组）；[美俚]吵架；离婚
(4)professionalisation（n.）职业化；professionalize（v.）（使）职业化/专业化；professional（a.）专业的, 职业的（n.）自由职业者，专业人员
(5)clear-cut（a.）明确的，清晰的(6)amateur（n.）业余爱好者；外行(a.)业余的；非职业的；外行的amateurship（n.）业余者的资格或身份amateurish（a.）业余的，非职业的，不熟练的amateurismn.（n.）业余性，非职业的作为
(7)connotation（n.）含义，内涵，隐含意义；言外之意(8)integrate(v.)（into，with）（使）成为一体，（使）结合在一起，（使）合并；integration（n.）综合；integrative（a.）综合的，一体化的
(9)participation（n.）参与，参加；participate(v.)（in）参加，参与；分享，分担；participator（n.）参与者，合作者；participatory（a.）供人分享的
(10)primacy（n.）首位，首要，首席
（11）in one’s own right凭本身的权利（能力、实力，资格）(12)reinforce（v.）加强，增援，增加，强化
(13)referee（v.）审阅，鉴定；裁判，仲裁（n.）仲裁人，调解人，[体]裁判员（14）reckon(v.)认为，估计；指望，想要；测算，依靠 ~ as认为，视为，把„看作
五、全文翻译
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专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。通过将学科细化成小单元，人们能够继续处理这些不断膨胀的信息并将它们作为深入研究的基础。但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的有关现象之一。另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。
在科学领域内，专业人员与业余人员之间没有绝对的区分：任何规则都有其例外。但是“业余”这个词的确有含义：那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，特别是，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。（长难句①）19世纪的专业化的发展，以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求，对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。这一趋势在以数学训练或实验室训练为基础的科学领域里自然表现得最为突出，英国地质学的发展可以说明这一问题（长难句②）。
把英国最近一个半世纪的地质学刊物作一比较，人们发现，不仅研究的重要性越来越受到强调，而且学术论文的出版标准也在不断地发生变化（长难句③）。因此，在19世纪，局部的地质学研究本身就代表了一种有价值的科研；而到了20世纪，局部的研究只有在包含或考虑到更广阔的地质面貌时才越来越被专业人员接受（佳句）。另一方面业余人员继续以旧的方式从事局部的研究。结果是，业余人员更难在专业地质刊物上发表论文。这种结果因为评审制度的引入表现得更突出。开始是19世纪国家级杂志的引入，后来是20世纪数家地方地质杂志的引入（长难句④）。这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。类似的分化过程也导致专业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。
虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学界中己经开始形成，但是它的效果却延迟到20世纪才充分显示出来。然而，从科学这个整体来看，I9世纪必须被视为科学结构发生变化的关键时期。
第二篇
一、文章结构总体分析
本文主要讨论因特网在信息时代的重要性及如何利用外资帮助贫困国家搞好第三次电子基础建设。作者从“数字化分界”（digital divide）的概念入手，谈及互联网对消除数字化分界的作用，最后呼吁贫困国家积极引用外资普及互联网。
文章从意群上讲，主要为两个部分：前两段是一个意群，后两段是另一个意群。第一段：前半部分提出很多人对于数字化分界的出现比较担忧，但是作者认为情况还是令人乐观的。段落最后一句为主题句。
第二段：结构为总—分—总，第一句为主题句，中间部分说理论证，倒数第二句话进行总结。该段从技术角度证明数字化分界会缩小。本段最后一句话实际是下一段的主题句，即互联网可以用来摆脱贫困。
第三、四段：要想充分利用互联网，就要积极利用外资。无论是在第二次基础建设浪潮中的美国，还是现在第三次电子基础建设浪潮(指电子产业设施，如：互联网)中的贫困国家，外资引进同样十分重要。该段落使用说理和例证两种论证方法。
二、试题具体解析
25.Digital divide is something.25.数字化分界是。[A] getting worse because of the [A] 差异因为互联网而（变恶化）加大
Internet [B] the rich countries are responsible [B] 应该由富裕国家负责
for
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[C] the world must guard against [C] 全世界应该警惕 [D] considered positive today [D] 信息差现在被认为是积极的因素[答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。
本题要求考生把握作者对数字化分界的基本态度和观点。关键是对文章第一句话的理解。该句提到，今天所谓的数字化分界正在被高度重视。接下来作者提到，他和妻子20年前就在讲演中谈到这种隐约出现的危险（looming danger），这里的danger当然是指前面提到的“the digital divide”，即数字化分界。既然是危险，当然要警惕。因此C选项为正确答案。A选项与文章第二段谈到利用“technological reasons”即“Internet”可以缩小数字化分界相矛盾；无论从首段对数字化分界的定义中或是下面对缩小数字化分界的论述中，都可知D选项与作者的态度相反。文中没有提及这一现象是谁造成，由谁负责，因此B选项不对。
词汇补充：loom隐现，迫近，常令人生畏，如：An enormous shape looms in the distance, out of the darkness.26.Governments attach importance to the 26.政府重视互联网是因为。
Internet because it.[A] offers economic potentials [A] 提供经济潜能 [B] can bring foreign funds [B] 互联网可以带来海外投资 [C] can soon wipe out world poverty [C] 能很快消灭贫困 [D] connects people all over the world [D] 它将世界连成一片[答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：因果关系题。
本题要求考生弄清各种因果关系。通过题干关键词“Governments”和“Internet”定位到第二段。该段提到，随着互联网越来越趋于商业化，普及上网（universalize access）符合商家的利益，因为网络会给他们带来更多的潜在顾客。因此，各国政府惟恐落后于形势，都想普及上网（spread Internet access）。可见，政府关心的是互联网带来的经济利益。因此，A选项为正确答案。
B选项因果颠倒。全文第四段重点谈到利用外资可以发展互联网。C选项“不切实际。虽然作者提到了互联网可能是战胜贫困的工具，但是这仅仅是一种潜力，把这种力量转化为现实还取决于很多因素。D选项只能是互联网的一种功能，但不是政府关注的直接原因。27.The writer mentioned the case of the 27.作者提及美国的例子是要证明
United States to justify the policy 的政策是正确的。of.[A] providing financial support [A] 向海外提供资金援助
overseas [B] preventing foreign capital’s [B] 防止外资的控制
control [C] building industrial infrastructure [C] 建立工业基础设施 [D] accepting foreign investment [D] 接受外资
[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者意图题。本题要求考生辨析作者的写作目的。例证的写作手法通常采用论点—例子，例子—论点，或论点—例子—重申论点的形式，因此考生要到例子前后去寻找该论据所要说明的论点是什么。在最后一段的例子中作者介绍了美国在第二次基础设施浪潮期间是如何利用外资搞好基
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础建设的。在举例之前，作者建议贫困国家应该抛弃认为外国投资是对本国主权入侵的陈腐观点。举例之后，作者更直接指出，哪个国家利用外资多（The more foreign capital），哪个国家就将更富裕（the better off）。D选项正是作者举这个例子要提倡的。A选项与文意相反；B选项是作者建议人们不要担心的；C选项是例子中谈到的事实，但不是作者想要说明的问题。
28.It seems that now a country’s economy 28.现在一个国家的经济很大程度上似乎
depends much on.取决于。
[A] how well-developed it is electronically [A] 其电子工业发展的程度 [B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants [B] 它是否反对外来移民
[C] whether it adopts America’s industrial [C] 它是否采用美国的产业模式
pattern [D] how much control it has over foreign [D] 它在多大程度上控制着外企
corporations [答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：引申推理题。
文章最后一段提到现在第三次电子基础建设浪潮（Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure）中哪个国家接受的外资越多就越富有，言外之意是利用外资进行电子基础建设才是富有与否的关键。这足以说明A选项 “其电子工业发展的程度”对于一个国家经济发展的重要作用。
B选项和D选项的内容文中根本未提到。作者谈到美国，只是作为一个引用外资建设基础设施的成功范例，而不是提倡完全效仿它的模式。所以C选项也不对。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析: ①As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.该句子的主句是it is in the interest of sb to do sth.（做某事符合某人的利益），前面是As引导的状语从句表伴随：随着„，破折号后面的一句话是对主句的解释。
②To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.该句结构并不复杂，关键注意其中的几个介词短语的使用，get over克服，从„„中恢复过来；with respect to，涉及、提到或关于某事物。主句前是to引导的目的状语从句。
③The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be.该句中有一个比较级的固定结构the more„the more，表示“越„„越„„”，which引导的定语从句解释前面的Third Wave infrastructure。
佳句赏析: ①And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.句中may well+动词原形结构相当于have good reason to，意为“理应，有足够的理由”。如：He may well be proud of his son.（他大可以以他的儿子为荣）。该句子用这个结构来强调“网络完全可以成为最有力的工具来战胜世界贫困”。
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②Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure(the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States.Might/may(as)well +动词原形结构常常用来建议或劝说某人采取某种活动，有时相当于had better，译为“还不如，不妨”。如：Students that still have some problem with this lesson might well ask me after class.（那些对这篇课文仍然有问题的同学不如课后再问一下我）。该句中作者建议那些抱有偏见的人不妨研究一下美国基础设施建设的历史。
四、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1)attention做“注意力”讲是不可数名词，和它构成的动宾搭配在含义上主要分为两类：一是“（某事）引起（某人的）注意”，如：attract/ arrest/ call /catch/draw / get /invite one’s attention to sth.，engage one’s attention；二是“（某人）注意（某事）”concentrate attention upon/on sth.，devote/turn/give attention to sth，此外，divert attention from sth（转移注意力）
(2)digital divide数字化分界；digital（a.）数字的，信息的；divide（n.）：分界线，分水岭，差异
(3)lecture（n./v.）演讲，讲课，～to somebody on something；教训，谴责(4)commercialize（v.）商业化；-ize后缀意为“„化”，如：universalize普遍化。(5)access（n.）通道，访问，接近，接近权，享用权，have/gain/get/obtain access to sth.，（v.）存取，接近，得到，了解；accessible（a.）易接近的, 可到达的, 易受影响的, 可理解的；inaccessible（a.）无法接近的，不能达到的，难懂的
(6)combat（n./v.）搏斗，斗争，～ poverty 对抗贫困，也可用defeat poverty。(7)impoverished（a.）贫穷的，词根-pover-意为“贫穷”，impoverish：使贫穷(8)anti-colonial（a.）反殖民主义的，anti-前缀表示“反，抗”，如：antibody抗生素；antislavery反奴隶制
（9）sovereignty（n.）主权（国家），君主，词根-reign-意为“统治, 支配”。（10）infrastructure（n.）基础设施，前缀infra-表示“下，低”，如：infrared红外线（低于红线），infrasound亚音速（低于音速）。
五、全文翻译
今天，人们正在高度重视所谓数字化分界——世界上信息资源丰富的地区和信息资源贫乏的地区之间的差异。这个差异确实存在，我和我妻子20年前就曾就当时出现的这种临近的危险做过演讲。然而，那时还不太明显的是一些抵制数字化分界的、新的积极因素。现在我们是完全有理由感到乐观的。
一些技术上的因素使我们有理由期望数字化分界会缩小。随着互联网的日趋商业化，普及上网对商家是有利的——毕竟，上网人数越多，潜在的客户就越多（长难句①）。越来越多的政府，惟恐自己的国家落后，纷纷推广互联网的普及。未来一二十年之内，全球将有一二十亿人加入互联网。因此，我认为在未来的数年中，数字化分界将缩小而不会变大。那是好消息，因为互联网完全可以成为我们战胜所面临的贫困的最强有效的工具（佳句①）。
当然，使用互联网不是惟一战胜贫困的方法。互联网也不是我们所拥有的惟一工具，但它却有巨大的潜力。
要想利用互联网这一工具，某些贫困国家必须克服对外国投资所持的过时了的反殖民主义偏见（长难句②）。那些认为外国投资是侵犯本国主权的国家不妨研究一下美国的基础设施（社会的基本结构基础）建设历史（佳句②）。当初美国建设自己的工业基础设施时，http://club.topsage.com/forum.php?gid=27
缺乏必要的资金，因此美国的第二次浪潮基础设施建设，包括公路、港口、高速公路、港口城市等等——都是用国外资金建造的。英国人、德国人、荷兰人和法国人都在前英国殖民地投资。他们提供资金，美洲移民建造。想想看，现在谁拥有这一切？美国人。我想，在这件事上，像巴西或其他任何地方同样也该这样。你拥有的去建造第三次浪潮基础设施建设（今天主要指电子基础设施）的外国资金越多，那么你的情况就越好（长难句③）。这并不是说卑躬屈膝，任人愚弄，也不是对外国公司不加控制。但这的确意味着你已认识到外国公司对本国能源及通信基础设施建设的重要性，这些基础设施是充分利用互联网所必要的。
第三篇
一、文章结构分析
这是一篇关于美国新闻媒体遭受不信任危机的文章。文章介绍了一个针对此不信任危机而开展的调查，并阐述造成这一危机的原因，也是调查失败的原因。文章前两段交待了背景，第三段首先给出主题，在下面的三段中，逐步深入地追寻其背后的深层次原因，最后两段进行总结。整篇文章的论证方法主要是说理。
第一段：第一句以疑问句的形式提出问题，并指出该调查的目的。第二段：直接指出该调查的结果不令人满意。第三段：第一句为主题句——对媒体不信任是由于深层次原因。本段中“in other words”说明本段的论证方法是典型的说理。
第四段：进一步举例说明上段提到的新闻“标准模式”与普通人的生活相距甚远。第五段：进一步指出这种差距是由于新闻界人士的生活态度导致的。第六段：对文章观点进行总结。第七段：指出这一趋势的危害。
二、试题具体解析
29.What is the passage mainly about? 29.文章主要谈论 内容。［A］Needs of the readers all over the ［A］世界各地读者的需要
world.［B］Causes of the public disappointment ［B］造成公众对报纸失望的原因
about newspapers.［C］Origins of the declining newspaper ［C］造成报业衰败的根源
industry.［D］Aims of a journalism credibility ［D］一个新闻可信度调查项目的目的
project.[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：文章主旨题。文章首段就是主题段。第一句提出本文的主旨问题“为什么那么多美国人不相信自己在报纸上看到的东西？”这就是整个文章要回答的问题，也是以疑问句形式出现的文章主题，是主旨问题的一个改写。因而B选项为答案。选项中的disappointment是原文中distrust的近义词。
A选项与文章谈的新闻遭受的信任危机无关，并非文章主要内容。文章只有最后第一段首句提到报业是一个日趋衰败的行业，但是未对衰败原因进行探究，所以C选项不对。D选项仅仅在第二段提及这一项目的内容和发现，属于细节内容，而非主题内容。
答题技巧：答主旨类型的题目关键是找到主题段（一般为首段）或其他各段的主题句（一
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般为首句）。一般而言，主题段包含文章主题思想。如无主题段，则找到各段的主题句加以归纳和总结，便可得出文章中心。
30.The results of the journalism 30.新闻可信度调查项目的结果是。
credibility project turned out to be.［A］quite trustworthy ［A］相当可信 ［B］somewhat contradictory ［B］有点矛盾 ［C］very illuminating ［C］很有启发 ［D］rather superficial ［D］相当肤浅 [答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。第二段涉及该调查的结果。该段指出“这次新闻机构可信度的调查计划只得出一些极其肤浅的结论（low-level findings）诸如新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误，和这些低层次发现交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑,譬如读者到底想读些什么。”因此 D选项是正确答案，答案中的superficial是原文low-level的近义词。其他三个选项文中均未提及，也无法推导出。
答题技巧：对于这类形容词的选项，考生首先可以判断这些词哪些是褒义，哪些是贬义，以便缩小范围。例如，本题中考生如果先确定作者对于该发现的态度为否定的话，就可以把答案首先确定到B、D两个选项内，接下来需要考虑的问题就是“矛盾”还是“肤浅”。31.The basic problem of journalists as 31.作者指出的记者们存在的基本问题是他pointed out by the writer lies in 们的。their.［A］working attitude ［A］工作态度 ［B］conventional lifestyle ［B］传统生活方式 ［C］world outlook ［C］世界观 ［D］educational background ［D］教育背景 [答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。第六段指出，“读者对新闻媒介令人震惊的不信任的根源不是„„，而是记者与读者的世界观每天都发生着碰撞（the daily clash of world views）”。因此，C选项为正确答案。
A选项文中未提及。B选项和D选项应该属于记者和读者不同的两个方面，但仅是表面现象，不是问题的根本说在。
32.Despite its efforts, the newspaper 32．尽管新闻界付出了努力，仍然不能满足 industry still cannot satisfy the 读者的需要是由于。readers owing to its.［A］failure to realize its real problem ［A］没有认识到真正的问题所在 ［B］tendency to hire annoying reporters ［B］往往雇用令人厌烦的记者 ［C］likeliness to do inaccurate reporting ［C］可能进行失真的报道 ［D］prejudice in matters of race and gender［D］有种族和性别偏[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。
最后一段谈到新闻业为此做出的种种努力，如“出资组织研讨会和可信度调查项目、探究为什么顾客们恼火以及为什么会有那么多人逃避新闻”；接着用but话锋一转，指出他们没有做到的方面，即“但是它似乎从来就没有回过头去注意文化方面和阶级方面的偏见，而
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这正是很多以前的顾客抱怨的内容”。由此可以总结得出，他们的问题就是没有对症下药。因此A选项是正确答案。
B选项、C选项都是表面现象，和D选项均与该段最后一句“这个项目现在还只是单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工”的事实不符。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析：
① Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.句子主干是...this project has turned out to be...findings...。about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes是宾语findings的补语成分；后接过去分词combined引导的伴随状语，其中about what in the world those readers really want是puzzlement的补语。
② Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates(patterns)into which they plug each day’s events.In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.这两句生动地介绍了新闻界的工作方式。两句各自含有一个定语从句，第一句中的定语从句为into which they plug each day’s events，修饰前面的中心名词into which they plug each day’s events，后一句中的定语从句由that引导，修饰前面的a conventional story line。
知识点补充：“plug sth.into sth.”意为“塞入、插入”；“story line”指“叙述故事的线路、套路”；“culture”在这指“某群体或民族的风俗、人文现象、社会惯例”，如： enterprise culture.（企业文化）。
③ If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.此句为虚拟语气，主要结构为：If it did, it would open up...and look for...。其中在由and连接的两个并列谓语，插入成分now focused narrowly on race and gender为过去分词形式的后置定语，修饰program。第二个谓语结构中，宾语reporters后面有一个who引导的定语从句。
佳句赏析：
Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in community.句子中are more likely to...and...are less likely to...后都跟了三个不定式做补语，前后对应，结构严谨，给人一种层次美。
四、词汇注释
（1）alien（a.）（to）不相容的；（from）相异的；（n.）外侨；外星人（2）diversity（n.）差异；多样性；不同（3）get round to 找时间做，开始考虑
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（4）head-scratching（a.）困惑的，令人挠头的（5）metropolitan（a.）大城市的；宗主国的（6）random（a.）随机的，随意的；（n.）随机，随意（7）symposium（n.）讨论会，专题报告会；专题论文集（8）template（n.）模式，样板
五、全文翻译
为什么那么多美国人不相信自己在报纸上看到的东西？美国新闻编辑协会正试图回答这个痛苦问题。该组织正深深陷入一个长期的自我剖析过程中，即，一个称为新闻可信度的调查项目。
遗憾的是，这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些肤浅的发现，诸如新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误，和这些低层次发现交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑,譬如读者到底想读些什么。（长难句①）
但这种对媒体的不信任有更深刻的根源。多数新闻记者都学着用一套标准的模式去看待世界，并把每天发生的事件套入这一模式即可。换言之，在媒体的新闻采编室文化中存在着一套约定俗成的写作模式，为纷繁复杂的新闻报道提供了一个主干框架和一个现成的故事叙述套路。（长难句②）
新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节，这就是为什么新闻编辑室的“标准模式”与众多读者的意趣相差甚远。在最近一次调查中，问卷被送到了全国五座中等城市及一座大都市的记者手中，然后随机地给这些城市的居民打电话，问他们同样的问题。
结果表明，与其他美国人相比，新闻记者更有可能居住在富人区，有女佣，有奔驰车，炒股，而不大可能去教堂，参加志愿服务，扎根某个社区。（佳句）
记者们往往属于广义的社会和文化精英的一个部分，因此他们的工作往往反映了这些精英的传统价值观。读者对新闻媒介令人震惊的不信任，其根源并非是报道失实或低下的报道技巧，而是记者与读者的世界观每天都发生着碰撞。
这对任何一个行业来说，都是一个句有破坏力的形势，对于一个正在衰落的行业来说尤其如此。这是一个有很多麻烦的行业，却不断地雇佣观点总使客户恼怒的雇员。然后它又出资组织研讨会和可信度调查项目，去探究为什么顾客们生气，而大量流失。但它似乎从来就没回过头来去注意那么多以前的顾客所抱怨的文化和阶级偏见。如果它能注意这个问题的话，它就应该进一步开放其多样化项目（这个项目现在还只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工），进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层各不相同的记者。（长难句③）
第四篇
一、文章结构总体分析
本文是关于企业兼并与收购的一篇文章。作者从目前的兼并与收购浪潮现象着手，分析其产生的原因及带来的影响。
第一段：首句提出世界正在经历一场兼并与收购浪潮，段尾以问句的方式提出文章主题：这种兼并是否会演变成一种无法控制的反竞争力量？
第二段：用数据证明了企业合并形式之一，即跨国公司贸易的增长。第三段：解释了造成企业合并现象的原因。
第四段：分析了合并热潮的影响，认为它没有给消费和技术进步带来危害，还有可能使世界财富增长。该段论证中既进行推理也使用了例证。
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第五段：第一句为本段主题，即：人们对这种兼并还需要加以注意。论证中使用较多反意疑问句以加强语气。
二、试题具体解析
33.What is the typical trend of 33.当今企业发展的主要趋势是 ？
businesses today? [A] To take in more foreign funds.[A] 吸收更多外资 [B] To invest more abroad.[B] 更多地向海外投资 [C] To combine and become bigger.[C] 合并并且变得更庞大 [D] To trade with more countries.[D] 与更多国家做生意 [答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。文章第一段就指出，当今企业界出现的一个现象，即整个世界正在经历一场前所未有的（ever witnessed）兼并与收购浪潮（wave of mergers and acquisitions，或M&A wave）。这一并购之风从异常活跃的美国到达欧洲，并以不可比拟的威力（unsurpassed might）影响到新兴经济国家。接着第二段谈到跨国公司在世界范围内贸易的迅猛增长。因此，C选项即文中多次提到的mergers and acquisitions，是当今企业发展的主要趋势。其他三项都不符文意。
答题技巧：命题者的意图在于考核考生能否把握该段段落主旨句为首句，并且理解句中关键字眼mergers and acquisitions的意义。34.According to the author, one of the 34.按照作者观点，推动合并和收购浪潮的driving forces behind M&A wave 动力之一是。is.[A] the greater customer demands [A] 顾客更大的需求 [B] a surplus supply for the market [B] 对市场的供给过分充裕 [C] a growing productivity [C] 日益增长的生产率 [D] the increase of the world’s wealth [D] 世界财富的增长 [答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。第三段剖析造成并购潮流的重要原因。它们和导致经济全球化过程的因素是一样的，如：交通运输成本的日趋下降、贸易和投资壁垒的降低和扩大了的市场以满足需要扩大运作而方能满足顾客的需求。显然，A选项即为上面提到的三个因素之一，为正确答案。B选项即市场供应过剩，应该是企业缩小生产的原因。其他C和D两项在文中均没有提及。35.From paragraph 4 we can infer 35.从第4段中，可以推断出。
that.[A] the increasing concentration is [A] 日益增长的合并浪潮肯定会损害顾客certain to hurt consumers 的利益 [B] WorldCom serves as a good example of [B] 世界通信公司是关于合并并且利弊兼both benefits and costs 有的一个很好的例子 [C] the costs of the globalization [C] 全球化过程成本巨大
process are enormous [D] the Standard Oil trust might have [D] 标准石油联合公司可能对竞争形成过threatened competition 威胁 [答案] D
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[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。第四段首句提到，关于目前合并浪潮一定会带来利或弊的例子还不多见。第二句接着指出，但是目前数家石油公司的合并，是否会再次对竞争造成威胁却难以预料；100年前美国的标准石油联合公司（Standard Oil trust）被解散，就是因为当时人们担心它会对竞争构成威胁。由此可以推知D选项为正确答案。
从该段的电信业和汽车工业的例子可知，企业合并没有带来价格上涨或阻碍技术进步，因而消费者的利益也未受损害。所以A选项与本段最后一句话不符。文中举了世界通信公司的例子（本段第3句）只是说明合并并没有带来坏处，而不是B选项。C选项在文中根本未涉及。
36.Toward the new business wave, the 36.作者对新出现的企业合并浪潮
writer’s attitude can he 的态度是。said to be.[A] optimistic [A] 乐观的 [B] objective [B] 客观的 [C] pessimistic [C] 悲观的 [D] biased [D] 有偏见的
[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者态度题。
在第三段最后两句中，作者明确指出“所有这些（推动合并的因素）对消费者来说都是有益而无害。随着生产力的提高，世界的财富亦随之增长。”第四段作者举例说明合并没有给消费和技术进步带来危害。到了第五段，作者开始提醒人们要避免它带来的不利影响。可见，作者提到合并浪潮可能产生的正反两方面的影响，就事论事，并且列举大量数字和事实进行说明。所以作者的态度应该是客观的，因此B选项为正确答案。
知识点补充：作者在文中一般使用带有褒贬色彩的词汇（尤其是形容词和动词），或者引用专业和权威人士的话去表明自己的态度。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析：
① International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment.该句主干为International affiliates account for„，其中“that”引导的是一个定语从句，修饰“economies”。
知识点补充：“affiliates”指世界各地的分公司；“account for”意为“是„„的原因”、“导致，引起”或“占„„比例”；“economies”用的是复数形式，指的是各个国家经济领域的各行各业。
② I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands.该句主干是“I believe that”加上一个较长的宾语从句。从句中，主干为the most important forces„are the same that „，that引导一个定语从句，修饰前面的the same。冒号后的成分一般是起解释的作用，这里列举原因。
知识点补充：“forces behind”和“underlie”意思相同，都表达“造成„的原因”。③ Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could
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re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the US, when the Standard Oil trust was broken up.该句主干是“It is hard to imagine that...”。第一个that引导imagine的宾语从句。宾语从句中又含有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰“competition”，定语从句中包含一个由“when”引导的时间状语。Standard Oil trust指美国石油托拉斯，它像现在的微软公司因为有垄断之嫌而被迫解体。
佳句赏析：
① The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed.该句运用暗喻的修辞手法，形象地使用wave一词描述全球企业兼并的大趋势。
② This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.该句运用两层并列形式的结构，达到较强的语境效果。over the role和over the ultimate stability的并列是第一层，role后面的两个of是第二层并列。
四、核心词汇与超纲词汇
（1）affiliate（n./v.）分公司,附属机构；使附属于（2）detrimental（a.）不利的。～ to...对„„不利的
（3）hyperactive（a.）极其活跃的；hyper是一词缀，常与形容词或名词结合，意为“过度的”，如：hypercritical 吹毛求疵的
（4）infringement（n.）侵害
（5）megamerger（n.）大型合并；mega-是一词缀，意为“大，强”，如megacity 特大城市
（6）merger（n.）合并，归并；acquisition获得，收购（7）take upon oneself承担
（8）warn against告诫、提防（不要做某事）；warn sb.of sth.提醒某人某事
五、全文翻译
世界正在经历一场从未见过的巨大的并购浪潮。（佳句①）这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲，并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家。这些国家的许多人看着这个浪潮，忧虑着：“企业合并的浪潮会不会产生一种无法控制的反竞争力量?”
无疑，大企业正在变得更大、更强。跨国公司在1982年只占有国际贸易不到20%的份额。目前，这个数字上升到25%，并且还在迅速上升。在那些对外开放并欢迎外资的国家的经济中，国际分公司在国民生产中形成一个快速增长的部门。（长难句①）例如，在阿根廷，经过90年代初的改革之后，跨国公司在200家大型企业的工业生产中从43%增加到几乎70%。这个现象使得人们非常担忧小型企业，民族资本的作用，也使得人们对世界经济的最终稳定产生了忧虑。（佳句②）
我认为，推动这次巨大的并购浪潮的最主要的力量，也是推动全球化进程的力量，就是运输与通讯费用的降低，贸易与投资障碍的减少，以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求的生产的扩大。（长难句②）所有这些对消费者来说都有益而无害。随着生产力的提高，世界的财富也就增长了。
目前这场合并浪潮的利与弊并无多少实例。但是很难想象当今的几个石油公司的合并能够重新造成100年前美国标准石油公司被解散时人们担心它对竞争造成的威胁。（长难句 30
③）通讯公司的合并，如世界通讯公司，似乎没有给消费者带来更高的价格，或者滞缓了技术进步的速度。在汽车行业，合并也同样在增加，看看戴姆勒与克莱斯勒，雷诺与尼桑，但仿佛消费者并未受到伤害。
但是事实仍然是，合并运动必须受到严密监视。几星期以前，格林斯潘对银行业的大规模合并发出了警告。如果如此巨大的银行出现，谁来充当最终的借贷者，发挥监督、管理和运作的作用?当一个国家对破坏公平竞争的行为的处理过于严格时，跨国公司会不会把它们的产业从一个地方转到另一个地方?在事情将影响所有国家的情况下，一个国家是否应该独自担负起“保护竞争”的责任，如美国政府诉讼微软公司的案件?
第五篇
一、文章结构总体分析
本文是一篇关于美国人追求简朴生活这一潮流的散文。作者以第一人称的笔调叙述了自身生活态度和方式的转变经历，进而谈及整个美国的情形及剖析这股潮流的成因。从写作特点来说是一篇夹叙夹议的文章，叙述部分（前三段）是一个引子，为后面的议论作铺垫。
前三段：作者通过对自己生活方式转变的总结，进而讲述当初辞职的初衷以及现在作者的生活，并总结自己生活变化带来的益处和感悟。
第四段：段首指出这种生活方式在美国成为一个潮流，并列举一些实例说明其普遍性。第五、六段：探讨美国和英国这一趋势的成因，并总结这种生活方式的实质就是认识到自己的局限性。
二、试题具体解析
37.Which of the following is true 37.按照第一段，下列哪个是个说法是正according to paragraph 1? 确的？ [A] Full-time employment is a new [A] 全职工作是一种新的国际时尚。
international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by [B] 作者因环境所迫而辞职。
circumstances to leave her job.[C] “A lateral move” means stepping [C] “平级调动”意味着退出全日制工作。
out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to [D] 作者太想多花点时间和家人在一起了。
spend more time with her family.[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。
本题考查考生对细节的理解，包括读懂每句话的含义，及弄清前因后果和事实。文章第一段第二句讲到，“一次工作的平级调动（a lateral move）伤害了我的自尊，阻碍了我在工作上的升迁，这促使我放弃了相对体面的（high profile）工作生涯”。可见，作者辞职是有外因的。B选项“作者因环境所迫而辞职”与该事实相符，是正确答案。
A选项与原文相矛盾。第一句说的是我辞去全职工作（quit my full time employment）使我成为国际时尚的一分子，而不是做全职工作。C选项错误地把“A lateral move”理解为放弃全职工作。lateral原意是“横向的”，这里指“平级之间的”。第一段末句提到，为了掩饰（cover）辞职的真正原因，我找了一个“想多花些时间和家人在一起”的借口，因此D选项是托词而不是事实。
38.The writer’s experiment shows that 38.作者的经历表明“放慢生活节奏”
downshifting.是。[A] enables her to realize her dream [A] 使她能够实现梦想
[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life [B] 使作者形成了一种新的生活哲学 [C] prompts her to abandon her high social [C] 促使她放弃了较高的社会地位
status
[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She [D] 使她接受了《女性》杂志的观点magazine [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。
本题仍然考查考生对细节的理解，要求考生从作者的经历去分析其生活态度前后的转变，关键在于把握第二段末句“transform from...into...”的结构。作者在第二段谈到，“经过约两年半的时间并发表了两部小说以后，我那被美国人称之为‘放慢生活节奏’的生活经历，却将我反复用的借口（指第一段最后一句掩饰辞职原因的话）转化为实实在在的事实。我已经从一个‘拥有一切’（having it all）生活哲学的积极倡导者（这是过去七年里Linda Kelsey一直在《她》杂志上鼓吹的生活方式），变成一个知足常乐（settle for a bit of everything）的女人”。可见B选项正确，因为她从这次生活经历中有了重新认识，形成了新的人生观。
从文章内容可知，“放慢生活节奏”并不是作者原有的梦想，而是当初迫不得已的选择，只是后来她意外发现自己喜欢上了这种生活方式，所以A选项不对。C选项是最初的平级调动带来的结果，而非放慢生活节奏的结果。D选项恰恰与文中事实相反，实际结果是抛弃而非接受。
39.“Juggling one’s life” probably 39.“Juggling one’s life”有可能意味means living a life characterized 着过 的生活。by.[A] non-materialistic lifestyle [A] 不追求物质利益的生话方式 [B] a bit of everything [B] 任何东西都有一点就行 [C] extreme stress [C] 极度紧张 [D] anti-consumerism [D] 反消费主义
[答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。本题考查考生通过上下文猜测词义的能力。考生关键要通过对第三段首句复杂的句子结构的分析（见长难句③），知道“Juggling one’s life”即是“downshifting”的反面。在这个句子中，作者把“Juggling one’s life”和“downshifting”对立起来进行比较，因此前者应该指与“放慢生活节奏”相反的“工作压力大、忙忙碌碌的生活”。下文第二句话中的四个并列名词短语“12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on ‘quality time’”（一天工作12小时、每件事情都有最后的期限、公务上争权夺利带来的可怕压力以及因为时间有限连做母亲也得“高效率”）对该短语进行了进一步解释。显然只有C选项是对这些特征的高度概括。注意第四段首句提到的A选项、第二段提到的B选项和第四段第二句谈到的D选项的内容都是“downshifting”的特征。
词汇补充：politics原意多指“政治事件、政治生活、政治活动”，也可指“一个群体或组织内部为争夺权利和利益的斗争”如：Church politics 教会的明争暗斗。40.According to the passage, 40．根据课文，“放慢生活节奏”在美国出downshifting emerged in the US as a 现是_ 的结果。
result of.[A] the quick pace of modern life [A] 快节奏的现代生活 [B] man’s adventurous spirit [B] 人们的冒险精神 [C] man’s search for mythical [C] 人们对神秘的生活体验的追求
experiences [D] the economic situation [D] 经济形势[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是：因果关系题。本题考查考生理解具体细节的能力。第五段首句指出，美国的这一趋势开始是对经济衰退的一种反映（a reaction to the economic decline），所以D选项“经济形势”是这种生活方式产生的原因。其它三个选项在文中都未提及。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析： ①A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.该句是由although连接含转折语气的两个分句：A lateral move prompted me to abandon my career和I covered my exit。前一分句的主语A lateral move由that引导的定语从句修饰；后一个分句中用了in the manner of（以„的方式）和by claiming两个结构做谓语covered的方式状语。
②I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.该句子的特点是定语修饰成分较多。句子主干是I have been transformed from a advocate...into a woman...，advocate后接of短语做定语，woman后接who引导的定语从句做定语。preached by...分词结构用做philosophy的定语。having it all指“拥有一切”，是一种享乐主义；settle for a bit of everything中的settle意为“安定、定局”，整个短语指“什么都只要一点”，即“很容易满足”。
③I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.该句子结构较复杂，有多重结构。第一重是主句的主干I have discovered...that...，that引导宾语从句：abandoning...and making„brings with it far greater rewards，其中主语由并列的动名词结构构成；第二重结构是：that前的插入语是个省略倒装句，as代替主句的谓语discover，其正常顺序应是perhaps Kelsey will discover after...；that后宾语从句中含有一个比较结构„brings greater rewards than„。Juggling one’s life中“juggle”原意为“耍把戏”，短语里借用它暗含的“忙个不停”的意思，表示“忙忙碌碌地生活”。
④While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline—after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late-80s—and is still 33
linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.该句子的特点是while引导两个分句形成对照，前一分句的主干是in America the trend started as a reaction and is still linked to the politics；后一分句的主干是in Britain we have different reasons；破折号之间的插入语是前一分句的时间状语；逗号间的插入语at least among„是后一分句的状语。
⑤For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s, downshifting in the mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life—growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one—as a personal recognition of your limitations.该句子的主干中含有一个具有比较意义的结构downshifting is not so much a search...as a personal recognition（与其说是追求，不如说是个人认识）。句首介词结构For the women„做句子的状语，表示“对于„来说”，两个破折号之间的两个并列的动名词短语growing„and risking„是对前面名词the mythical good life的解释。
佳句赏析：
①When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.“When...it never occurred to me that...”结构可以表达在过去某个时间里没法预料到后来要发生的事情。如：Nobody can really expect his future.When Steven Doglas worked as a salesman in a shoes-shop of a small town, it never occurred to him that he might become a superstar three years later.②My experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.该句子中tired excuse使用了英语中的一种修辞格，叫“转移形容词”，即形容词形式上修饰事物，实际上用来修饰人所具有的某种品质、性质或状况。这种修辞格的使用使句子具有修辞效果，简洁而地道。类似的用法有：sleepless night（不眠之夜），wise decision（明智的决定），respectful distance（敬而远之），word by painful word（一字一字吃力地）smiling words（微笑着交谈）。句子中tired excuse指的是作者声称“累了想陪陪家人”来作为辞职的借口。
四、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1)it occurred to sb.that„ /it occurred to sb.to do sth.某人想到某事，如：It occurred to her that she might adopt homeless child.（她突然想到可以收养一个孤儿）；Didn’t it occur to you to close the window.（你就没有想到要关窗户吗？）。
(2)prompt（v.）促使，鼓动（n.）提示, 付款期限（a.）敏捷的, 迅速的, 即时的(3)profile（n.）剖面，侧面，外形，轮廓；态度，姿态，对公众暴露的程度（degree of exposure to public notice），能见度，如：keep a low profile保持低姿态
(4)downshift（v.）原意指减低汽车的档，这里指“放慢生活节奏”。文中出现的downshifting是它的动名词形式，downshifter指的是选择这种生活的人
(5)preach（v.）传教，宣讲；宣扬，鼓吹(6)resignation（n.）辞职（书）；放弃，顺从；resign（v.）辞职；听任(7)doctrine（n.）教条，学说，主义
（8）anticonsumerism（n.）反消费主义。Anti-前缀意为“反，防”；-ism后缀意为 34
“„主义”。如：antiwar反战的，anti-colonial反殖民主义的，materialism唯物主义，adventurism冒险主义
（9）drop out退学，脱离，不参与，[美俚](因对传统的道德观和价值观不再抱幻想而)退出习俗社会，逃避现实
（10）redundancy（n.）冗余；redundant（a.）多余的(11)mythical（a.）神话的，虚构的；myth：（n.）神话，虚构的故事
(12)本文词汇的特点是复合词的使用，包括(1)副词+过去分词=复合形容词，文中出现了much-publicized多次公开宣称的 well-established稳定存在的，类似的词有：well-informed消息灵通的，much-needed非常需要的；(2)动词+副词=名词，文中出现了build-up增大，类似的词有：put-off推迟，get-together联欢会，check-up检查；(3)名词+名词=复合名词，文中出现了self-help自助，cling-filum（粘附+薄膜）保鲜膜，类似的词有：book review书评，traffic light街灯
五、全文翻译
当我决定辞去自己的全日制工作时决没有想到，自己竟成了一种新的国际性潮流的一分子（佳句①）。一次平级的人事调动伤了我的自尊心，并阻断了我的事业发展，这促使我放弃自己地位较高的职业，然而，我却像面子扫尽的政府部长那样，掩饰地说“我想与家人更多地呆在一起”（长难句①）。
奇怪的是，大约两年半的时间我写完两部小说后，我这个被美国人称为“放慢生活节奏”的尝试，却使我所谓的累了的借口变成了现实（佳句②）。我已从一个“获得一切”哲学（琳达·凯茜过去七年中在《她》这本杂志所宣扬的）的狂热支持者，变成了一个乐于接受任何东西只要一丁点的女人（长难句②）。
我已经发现（由于压力过大，凯茜已多次公开宣称要辞去《她》杂志编辑的职务，在这之后她也许会有同样发现），放弃“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲学，转而过一种“放慢生活节奏”的生活所带来的回报，比金钱和社会地位更有价值（长难句③）。什么也说服不了我回到过去那种凯尔茜所宣扬的、我也曾自得其乐的生活中去：每天12小时的工作日，压得人喘不过气来的最后期限，可怕而紧张的办公室里的争权夺利，以及在“最佳时期”做父母受到限制。
在美国，摆脱忙碌，转而过一种简单、不太物质化的生活已成明确趋势。具有讽刺意味的是，“放慢生活节奏”——在美国也称“自愿简单化”——甚至孕育了一个崭新的、可称之为反消费主义的新领域。对于那些想过简单生活的人来说，有许多很畅销的帮你轻松生活的自助书籍；有各种像《守财奴简报》这样的简讯，给美国人提供成千上万条有用的点子，从回收保鲜膜到自制肥皂；甚至还有一些帮助团体，帮助有些人按90年代中期逃避社会现实的人的生活方式去生活。
在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应——出现于80年代后期缩小经济规模所引起的大量人员冗余之后——现在这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关联；而在英国，至少在我所认识的愿意简化生活的中产阶级中，却有着不同的缘由去寻求使自己的生活简单化（长难句④）。
对我们这一代女性来说，整个80年代我们曾被迫忙碌地生活，90年代中期的简化生活与其说是寻求神话般的好生活——自己种有机蔬菜以及冒险成为像有机蔬菜一样简单淳朴的人——倒不如说我们都认识了自身的局限（长难句⑤）。
第三部分 翻译试题解析
一、试题总体分析
这篇文章主要展望了科学技术给人类未来生活可能带来的各种变化，未来学家对科学突破性进展日期的预测，以及某些技术进步可能带来的社会问题。
2001翻译试题难度适中，考点涉及了词义确定、非谓语结构以及从句的翻译。就此，考生可以总结出，词义确定和句子结构是翻译必考的项目。词义确定要求考生根据上下文和搭配的要求，确定某个特定词在本句中的意思以及翻译后选择的汉语表达，而这个意思往往不是考生在平时记忆的单词词义，可能是某个偏僻的词义、引伸义，甚至在该上下文中才有的、没有在词典中确定下来的意思。因此特别提醒考生不要字对字地翻译，而要在上下文中确定具体单词的意思，正如一句话说得好：“There is no meaning except in the context.”（只有在上下文中才有词义）。
二、试题具体解析
（41）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句的翻译、过去分词做定语、词义确定。句子的主干是there be 句型的将来时，译成“将会出现„„，将有„„”。hosted by robots是过去分词作后置定语修饰chat shows，由于不太长，翻译时可以前置做定语。pollution monitors（污染监控器）后面接的定语从句that will disable...offend并不是起修饰限定作用，翻译时不能把它前置做定语，此从句实际是说 pollution monitors 的功能，译时可独立成句。定语从句中包含一个when 引导的时间状语从句。
词汇：chat shows即是近年来在我国也广为流行的电视谈话节目；host做名词为“（男）主持人”，做动词是“主持”；offend本意是“冒犯，侵犯”，在这里根据上下文，意思应当是“违规”，进而可译为（汽车）“污染超标”；disable的意思也应当根据上下文确定为“使（汽车）无法运转”。
译文：届时，将会出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目和装有污染监控器的汽车。一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。
（42）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：意译、介词结构作后置定语、rather than的译法。整个句子实际上由四个分句并列组成，由逗号和and 连接，但是最后一句从意思上看实际是一句总结性的话。第一分句中，equipped with personality chips是过去分词做定语修饰dolls；第二句是一个被动语态，其中主要结构为be regarded as „ rather than „，意思为“被看作是„„而不是„„”，该句中with in-built personalities这一介词结构作computers的后置定语；第三句如果直译成“休闲将在气味电视机前面”不太贴切，尤其作为书面语不合适，考生可以加入“休闲”这一动作的发出者，将该句译成：人们将在气味电视机前休闲，或译成：休闲将在气味电视机前面进行；第四句中，考生需要注意时态为将来完成时。
词汇：computers后的with结构是“带有、具有”的意思；in-built意为“内在的，内置的”，rather than表示否定，此结构翻译题中就已经数次出现。
译文：儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就要来到了。
（43）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：多重复合句的译法。
该句子是复杂的复合句，其结构可以分三层。第一层是句子主语是Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers „ to „，不定式引导目的状语，第二层在目的状语中，宾语calendar后有that引导的定语从句，第三层结构为that引导的定语从句中，宾语the latest dates后又有一个when引导的定语从句，注意不要误以为时状语从句。这样的三层复合结构形成了环环相套的定语从句链，关键在于考生需要把这个链条打断，也就是进行断句，考生可以在that处断句。
词汇：piece together意为“汇集”；the latest dates意为“最近的日期”；key breakthroughs意为“重大突破”。
译文：皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
（44）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句。
Pearson points out属插入语成分，主句为主表结构that is the start，它实际上也是point out 的宾语内容。主语that 是代词，指前两句中提到的电脑与人之间连接的突破。引号中的是Pearson所说的话。it 指代紧跟它的integration（一体化）。that will ultimately...century是修饰the process of integration 的定语从句，由于定语太长，不适宜在中文中做前置定语，只能另起一句，用重复先行词的办法，或把定语从句译作并列句。
译文：皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”
（45）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：so „ that结构、词义确定。
这个句子的主干是home appliances will become so...that...，“so „ that „”结构的意思是“如此„„以至„„”。that 后接的是结果状语从句，从句的主语是controlling and operating them；them指的是主语home appliances；从句的谓语是will result in，breakout of...是in的介词宾语。此处的破折号起解释作用，解释a new psychological disorder的内容。
词汇：smart 意为“巧妙的，（人）聪明的”，但是在这里需要结合上下文理解为“智能化的”；breakout 一般译为“爆发”，但是与心理疾病或心理紊乱（a psychological disorder）搭配不合适，所以意译为“引起，引发”；同理kitchen rage亦不可直译为“厨房暴怒”，尽量与心理疾病的用词挂钩，译为“厨房狂躁症”。
译文：家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁症。
三、参考译文
在未来不到三十年的时间里，特列克星号的全息舱面就会成为现实。大脑神经系统和计 37
算机之间的直接连接还会创造出全方位感受虚拟环境，使电影《全部回忆》中展示的虚拟假期成为可能。
（41）届时，将会出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目和装有污染监控器的汽车。一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。（42）儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就要来到了。
依BT的未来学家亚恩·皮尔森做出的预见，这些都属于新世纪头几十年发展计划之列，届时，超级计算机将急剧加速各个生活领域的发展。
（43）皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。一些最大的进展将在医学领城，包括人预期寿命的延长和数十种人造器官，这些将在现在到2024年之间陆续实现。
皮尔森还预言，在计算机与人的连接上会有一个重大突破。他说：“通过直接与我们的神经系统相连，计算机可以知道我们的感觉，并且，我们希望，它可以模仿感觉，这样，我们就能够发展全方位感知环境，就像电影《全部回忆》中的虚拟假期或特列克星号上的全息舱面。”（44）但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”
通过研究，皮尔逊能够预言大多数突破的发生时间。然而，对于何时能够进行超光速旅行，何时人类克隆技术能够得以完善，何时可以进行时间旅行，却依然没有预见。但他的确预见技术进步引起的社会问题。比如，到2010年，住宅区附近监视器数量的剧增将引发问题；仿真机器人意味着人类可能无法区分同类朋友和这些机器人伙伴。（45）家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁症。
第四部分 写作试题解析
一、审题谋篇
本题命题形式为漫画加提纲式写作。提纲有三点要求：（1）描述画面的寓意，此处考生要注意symbolic meaning（比喻义）；(2)举一个具体的例子对主题加以论证；(3)对于如何献爱心给出你的建议。
首先，审题时考生要抓住关键词。漫画加提纲式写作中，漫画中的字，特别是漫画的题目可谓是一字千金，千万不可放过。本题的漫画中出现“爱心是一盏灯，在越黑暗的地方越明亮”一句话，该句最突出的词是“爱心”，后半句话指出最需要爱心的环境——“黑暗中”，也就是说别人有困难的地方。因此漫画旨在提倡为需要帮助的人或地方献出爱心。
其次，考生需要看清题目要求。要求指出文章应点明漫画所示内涵，并应举出具体事例，在此前提下提出自己对献爱心的建议。由此可见，文章中既要联系社会举例，又要给出自己的评论，所以命题所测试的中心内容为描述加议论。
考生可以在坚守三段论基础上采用叙议结合的方法：第一段需围绕图画展开，将图画中所有信息描述清楚，点出漫画所示内涵。第二段要针对主题举具体的例子，由本题中心可知，举的例子应体现两要素：“爱心”和“需要”。第三段应在联系实际，突出中心的基础上，提出具体建议。
二、参考范文
As can be seen from this vivid picture, like a light, love means much more to 38
those who are in great difficulty than to those who live in comforts.Love, as illustrated in the picture，is just like the oil lamp，which certainly shines brighter in the dark.In other words，the darker the place is，the more precious the light will be.Love is somewhat the same: it is most needed by those who are in urgent need of help and considered most precious in most difficult situations.Therefore, as people living in the modern society, we all should contribute our love to those needy people.I can exemplify this conclusion with the Poverty Alleviation Project.It is known to all that the Chinese government has been calling for people participating in the project.Obviously, the expression of love can be best demonstrated by helping the poor in some backward regions.Therefore, many college students choose to work in these regions upon graduation.It is in these places that they are most needed and their knowledge can be made best use of.The best way to show our love，in my opinion，is to follow the above mentioned example, giving love to the people during the hours of darkness.So when we see someone in difficulty or in distress，don’t hesitate to offer our hands.I believe the relationship between people will be more harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in.Let’s do as a famous saying goes：Ask not what others can do for you;ask what you can do for others.三、范文点评 文章结构：
本文思路清晰，重点突出。首段开篇点题，接着，考生清晰地阐述了灯光的象征意义，段尾再次概括全文的主题，段落几个部分相互呼应。第二段中，考生举出一个既有深度（崇高性），又有广度（社会性）的例子——扶贫工程，并在段尾总结论证论点：要在别人困难的时候献爱心。第三段，作者提出具体建议，最后提出号召，并以流行语点睛。
语言亮点：
1.vivid：形象的，生动的。副词为vividly。
2.in great difficulty和in comforts：两个介词结构意思相反，形成对仗。3.illustrate：（用插图或图画）说明，阐明。例如：The cartoon illustrates a profound principle in life.（这幅画揭示了一个深刻的人生哲理）
4.the darker „the more precious„：这里使用的是the more „ the more „结构，例如：The faster our country’s industry develops, the more efforts we should spare in protecting the environment.（工业发展越快，我们越应该花精力保护环境）。
5.precious：珍贵的，宝贵的。如：Time is precious.（时间很宝贵）。
6.contribute：对„做贡献，名词形式是contribution，如：make a contribution。7.exemplify：用例子说明，例证。例如：This story exemplifies what I just said.（这个故事正好说明了我刚才说的话）。类似用法有：illustrate, serve as an example。
8.participate in：参加，类似的用法有：take part, join in, partake, get involved。9.demonstrate：表现，表明，证明。例如：This cartoon demonstrates a widespread phenomenon in society.（这幅画表现了社会上的一个普遍现象）。
10.upon graduation：upon后加名词，可表示“„的时候”。如：Upon seeing their child make achievements, the parents are always as joyful as anything.（当看到自己的孩子取得成绩，父母总是高兴得不得了）
11.It is„that（who）„：常引导结构强调句，it is后接句子中被强调的部分，它可以是状语、主语、宾语或宾与补足语，但不可以是表语、谓语动词和让步状语从句或对比状语从句。若强调的是人，用关系代词who，其它都用that。如：It is with the development of technology and population growth, the amount and range of materials used has increased at an alarming rate.（正是随着技术的发展和人口的增长，使用材料的数量和范围也都在以惊人的速度增长）。在写作中让句型保持多样化可以给文章增加不少色彩和可读性，强调句就是一个很好的选择，它使句子简洁而有力度。
12.follow the above mentioned example：follow example表示“模仿„”；above mentioned的意思是“上面提及的”。
13.offer our hands：“帮助”，类似的表达有：help out, extend a hand, lend a hand, give assistance。
14.harmonious：“和睦的”，该词常形容family或relations。
15.Ask not what others can do for you;ask what you can do for others：不要问别人能为你做什么，而问你能为别人做什么。该句来自于美国总统肯尼迪的名言：“Ask not what your nation can do for you;ask what you can do for your nation.”（不要问你的国家能为你做什么，而要问你能为你的国家做什么）。能够在作文中恰当地用上名言的考生恐怕不会太多，但是一旦用上就会引起阅卷老师的注意，得高分的可能性也就越大。因此考生平时可注意加强这方面的准备。如：The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for circumstances they want, and if they cannot find them, make them.（在这个世界上取得成功的人，都努力去寻找他们想要的机会，如果找不到时，他们就自己创造机会。——英国著名作家萧伯纳）
四、写作误区 篇章结构误区：
首先，考生应当看清题目要求。一看到油灯，有的考生就按照固定思维，想当然地认为文章中心是赞扬“春蚕到死丝方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干”的人民教师，结果写成了一篇教师颂。指导语中虽说明了“Everyone has his/her own understanding of love”，但图画上已经明确给出了主题：“爱心是一盏灯，在越黑暗的地方越明亮”，也就是说爱心在最需要它的地方显得最有价值。而有的考生花了大量笔墨赞美爱，包括爱情、友情、亲情等，论述“love is noblest feeling”，有的考生则联想到社会上的黑暗面，对缺乏“爱心”的人进行一番批判。以上都是由于审题不慎而造成的跑题。其次作文要求中规定要举一个例子说明问题。因此，考生所举的例子应当具体并且具有代表性。不可泛泛而谈，也不可虚构一些不切实际的例子。本文要想写得有深度，很大程度上由例子的深度和广度决定。因此，要想得高分，例子至关重要，应具有广阔的社会性，如“希望工程”、“长江抗洪”、“扶贫计划”、帮助下岗职工再就业等等。
语言表达错误： ①词性错误：
Our world will bright if everyone shows love to others.（Our world will become bright if everyone shows love to others.）
②搭配不当：
Although the light is weak, it plays a great effect which will make people more firmly than before.（Although the light is weak, it has a great effect which will make people more firm than before.）
③代词不一致：
When every one devotes some love to the world, you will find the world is brighter and more beautiful.（When every one gives his share of love to the world, he will find the world is brighter and more beautiful.）
④介词错误：
I was greatly worried my future life.（I was greatly worried about my future life.）
⑤非谓语结构错误：
The best way show love is to help those need help in their life.（The best way to show love is to help those needing / who need help in their life.）
⑥累赘：
For those people who still live very poor lives, the help from other people can give them light and hope to improve their lives.（Poor people can get light and hope from others’ help to improve their lives.）
⑦综合性错误：
Even if the government gives more money to help children in poor areas, the rate of them are helped is still very low.（Even if the government appropriates more money to help children in poor areas, the number of those who can be helped is still very small.41
第五篇：雅思写作佳句大汇总
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“句子就是财富,句子就是一切”
这些句子是从近百篇雅思优秀作文中摘录下来并经反复推敲提炼而成的.对于复习时间短,基础较薄弱的朋友能够在短期内熟悉且背诵这些经典句子无疑是准备雅思考试的“捷径”。
PNo one can deny the fact that a person’s education is the most important aspect of his life.没有人能否人这一事实:教育是人生最重要的一方面.eople equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论
According to a recent survey ,four-million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.依照最近的一项调查,每年有4,000,000人死于与吸烟相关的疾病.The latest surveys show that Quiet a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感.No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.没有一项发明象互联网同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评.People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实.Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person’s physical fitness.许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康.以上就是小编为大家整理的“雅思写作佳句大汇总”部分内容，更多资料请点击雅思资料下载频道!
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