法律常见翻译

第一篇：法律常见翻译

法律常见词汇——be liable for;be liable to 转载▼

法律常见词汇——be liable for;be liable to be liable for;be liable to 释义: 对……应负有责任, be responsible in accordance with law 用法: be liable for sth.;be liable to sb.例1 Should the carrying vessel has arrived at the port of shipment as advised and the Seller fails to have the quantity of the goods ready for loading in time as specified, the Seller shall be liable for any dead freight or demurrage.注释:（1）the carrying vessel：买方船只，即承运船只

（2）fails to have the quantity of the goods ready for loading in time as specified：不能按规定的时间备妥货物以待装船

（3）the Seller shall be liable for any dead freight or demurrage：则（由此而产生的）空舱费及滞期费应由卖方负担 dead freight：空舱费；demurrage：滞期费

参考译文：

如果买方船只按照到达装运港，而卖方不能按规定的时间备妥货物以待装船，则由此而产生的空舱费及滞期费应由卖方负担。

例2 Party A shall not, under this guarantee, be liable for any direct or indirect loss whatsoever arising out of any defect in the parts or components thereof.注释：

（1）under this guarantee：根据本担保

（2）be liable for any direct or indirect loss：承担任何直接或间接损失的赔偿责任 参考译文：

根据本担保，甲方不应承担因零部件缺陷而引起的任何直接或间接损失的赔偿责任。例3 A company may invest in other limited liability companies or companies limited by shares and be liable to the companies which it has invested in to the extent of the amount of capital invested in such companies.注释：

（1）invest in other limited liability companies or companies limited by shares：向其他有限责任公司、股份有限公司投资

（2）to the extent of the amount of capital invested in such companies：以该出资额为限 参考译文：

公司可以向其他有限责任公司、股份有限公司投资，并以该出资额为限对所投资公司承担责任。

例4 If the share prospectus, measures for offer of corporate bonds, financial or accounting report, listing report document, annual report, interim report or ad hoc report announced by an issuer or securities underwriting company contain or contains any falsehood, misleading statement or major omission, thus causing losses to investors in the course of securities trading, the issuer or the company shall be liable for the losses and the responsible director(s), supervisor(s)and /or the manager of the issuer or the company shall be jointly and severally liable for such losses.注释：

（1）share prospectus：招股说明书

（2）measures for offer of corporate bonds：公司债券募集办法（3）financial or accounting report：财务会计报告（4）listing report document：上市报告文件（5）annual report：年度报告

（6）interim report：临时报告，亦称中期报告（7）ad hoc report：临时报告

（8）an issuer or securities underwriting company：发行人、承销的证券公司

（9）shall be jointly and severally liable for such losses：应当承担各自的连带赔偿责任 参考译文：

发行人、承销的证券公司公告招股说明书、公司债券募集办法、财务会计报告、上市报告文件、年度报告、中期报告、临时报告，存在虚假记载、误导性陈述或者有重大遗漏，致使投资者在证券交易中遭受损失的，发行人、随销的证券公司应当承担赔偿责任，发行人、承销的证券公司负有责任的董事、监事、经理应当承担各自的连带赔偿责任。

例5 After arrival at the destination port of Party A, the machinery shall be assembled by Party A itself.When Party A believes it is necessary to get the technical assistance from Party B, Party B shall send its technicians to provide technical guidance on the site and other required technical assistance during the assembling of key parts of the machinery.Party B shall be liable for the losses incurred in the course of assembling due to the technical default.注释：

（1）the destination port of Party A：甲方口岸（目的港）

（2）the machinery shall be assembled by Party A itself：设备由甲方自行安装（3）the technical assistance from Party B：乙方的技术服务（4）to provide technical guidance on the site：进行现场指导

（5）during the assembling of key parts of the machinery：在主要设备安装过程中

（6）Party B shall be liable for the losses incurred in the course of assembling due to the technical default：在安装过程中由于技术上的问题所造成的损失由乙方负责

参考译文：

设备到达甲方口岸后，由甲方自行安装。但在主要设备安装过程中，甲方认为需要时，乙方必须派出技术人员进行现场指导，提供必要的技术服务；在此过程中由于技术上的问题所造成的损失由乙方负责。

例6 If, in accordance with the Contract, Party B fails to make purchase of the products of compensation trade and Party A fails to deliver the products in question, either Party shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Contract, be liable for a breach of Contract, and shall indemnify for all the economic losses.注释：

（1）Party B fails to make purchase of the products of compensation trade：乙方未能按合同规定购买补偿贸易商品

（2）Party A fails to deliver the products in question：甲方未能按合同提供商品时（3）be liable for a breach of Contract：承担违约责任

（4）indemnify for all the economic losses：赔偿由此造成的经济损失

参考译文：

如乙方未能按合同规定购买补偿贸易商品或甲方未能按合同提供商品时，均应按合同条款承担违约责任，赔偿由此造成的经济损失。

例7 The Contractor shall, under the provisions of Clause 82 on the obligations of the Contractor, be liable for any loss or damage to the Works during the execution and operation of the Works.注释：（1）under the provisions of Clause 82 on the obligations of the Contractor：按照第82条对承包人责任的规定

（2）any loss or damage to the Works：对工程的任何损失或损坏

（3）during the execution and operation of the Works：在施工及作业过程中

参考译文：

按照第82条对承包人责任的规定，承包人亦应对其在施工及作业过程中造成的对工程的任何损失或损坏承担责任。

例8 Unless such defect, shrinkage or other fault is the one for which the Contractor is liable under the Contract, the Engineer shall, after due consultation with the Employer and the Contractor, determine the amount in respect of the costs of such search incurred by the Contractor.The amount in question shall be added to the Contract Price and the Engineer shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to the Employer.注释：

（1）such defect, shrinkage or other fault：缺陷、收缩或其它不合格之处

（2）for which the Contractor is liable under the Contract：按合同规定，……属承包商的责任（3）after due consultation with the Employer and the Contractor：与业主和承包人充分协商之后

（4）determine the amount in respect of the costs of such search incurred by the Contractor：确定承包人由于上述调查所支出的费用总额

（5）the amount in question shall be added to the Contract Price：应将其增加到合同总价中（6）the Engineer shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to the Employer：工程师应相应通知承包人，并将一份副本呈交业主

参考译文：

除非按合同规定，上述缺陷、收缩或其它不合格之处应属承包商的责任，否则工程师应在与业主和承包人充分协商之后，确定承包人由于上述调查所支出的费用总额，并应将其增加到合同总价中，工程师应相应通知承包人，并将一份副本呈交业主。

例9 If such defect, shrinkage or other fault is the one for which the Contractor is liable, the cost of the Work carried out in searching as aforesaid shall be borne by the Contractor.Provided that, in such case, the Contractor shall, in accordance with the provisions of Clause 82, remedy such defect, shrinkage or other fault at his own cost.注释：

（1）for which the Contractor is liable：……是承包人的责任

（2）remedy such defect, shrinkage or other fault at his own cost：自费修补上述缺陷、收缩或其它不合格之处

参考译文： 如上述缺陷、收缩或其它不合格之处是承包人的责任，则上述有关调查工作的费用应由承包人承担。在此种情况下，承包人应按第82条规定自费修补上述缺陷、收缩或其它不合格之处。

例10 The Employer shall not be liable to the Contractor for the matter or thing arising out of or in connection with the Contract or execution of the Works, unless the Contractor has included a claim in respect thereof in his Final Statement and in the statement at completion referred to in Sub-Clause 92.5.注释：

（1）the Employer shall not be liable to the Contractor for…：业主不应对承包人（就……）负有责任（2）unless the Contractor has included a claim in respect thereof in his Final Statement and in the statement at completion referred to in Sub-Clause 92.5：除非承包人在其最终报表中以及在第92.5款提及的竣工报表中已经包括索赔事宜

参考译文：

除非承包人在其最终报表中以及在第92.5款提及的竣工报表中已经包括索赔事宜，对由合同及工程实施引起的或与之有关的任何问题和事件，业主不应对承包人负有责任。

第二篇：常见文言文字词翻译

常见文言文字词翻译

汝——你

予 ——我；给

夫——那；句首发语词；丈夫；成年男子的通称，人

奉——通“俸”侍奉；接受、奉行；供养

妻子——妻子和孩子

曰——说

睡——坐寐，即坐着打瞌睡

股——大腿

谤——指公开批评错误

爱——古代有两个常用义项，一是亲爱义，古今相同;一是吝惜义，今已消失 谪——贬官

谢——感谢；道歉

虽——虽然；即使

愠——怨恨

遂——于是就

故——特意；缘故

旦——早晨

俨然——整齐的样子

乳——喂奶

绝境——与世隔绝的地方

交通——交错相通

鲜美——鲜嫩美丽

持——凭借，依靠

良——真、实在蕃——多

辞——推辞；语言

策——马鞭；鞭打、驱使；记录；计谋

鹄——天鹅

安——怎么；养

卑——低下；身份低微

进——在朝廷上做官

退——不在朝廷上做官

去——放弃；距离；离开

方——面积

以——所以；认为；因为

暝——昏暗

居——停留

第三篇：常见作文短语翻译

作文短语库

16.警示 set the alarm bell ringing/ warn sb of

17.危害 do/cause damage to /endanger wildlife/destroy the balance of ecology

18.结束put an end to sth/ end/ stop/ get rid of sth

19.道德 It’s a traditional virtue/ It’s im(moral)to do sth

20.关爱, 照顾care for/ attend to/take care of

22.彷徨 feel at loss/at sea/ be caught /be stuck/trapped in a dilemma/stand at a crossroads

23.技能 acquire skills/ polish up writing skills/ develop problem-solving skills/develop a high

level of competence in communication skills

24.施压put pressure on.减压reduce /relieve one’s pressure

26.工作、就业 create a new job/ provide job training/ ensure better working conditions

27.回报 bring rewards to sb/ reward /repay sb for sth/ pay sb back/ a rewarding job/ It’s

worthwhile to do

28.习惯 form/develop the habit of /fall into/pick up/slide into the habit of gambling

29.沉溺 be addicted to/be absorbed in / be hooked on/ be buried in /

30.乐观、悲观 be positive/optimistic about;be pessimistic about life/ feel depressed

31.有益于 be beneficial to / to one’s advantage/

32优于 be superior to/ have an edge over

33.权衡 seek a balance A between B, weigh the advantages and disadvantages

34.危险 be at risk/ be endangered/

35.掌握 have a better understanding of / have a thorough understanding of /grasp sth

36.利用 make better/full use of / make the most of /take advantage of

37.思考/考虑 reflect on/ give thought to /rethink sth / think sth over/ take sth into consideration

38.使….产生 bring about/ give rise to/ contribute to/ lead to/result in

39.为了 for the sake of /for the benefit of / in the interest of sb/sth

40.坚持 stick to points/ hold on /fast to the dream/

41.追求 seek after/ long for sth / pursuit dreams

42.牢记 bear/keep sth in mind

43展现,发挥 bring out one’s character/ display one’s potential

44热情/喜爱 be enthusiastic about/ be keen on / have a passion for/be fond of43 执行 carry out / put sth into practice /

44.完成,实现 achieve success/ realize goals/ fulfill dreams

生效(law)come into effect/take effect/

46确保guarantee sb sth/ensure a secure job

47应付,处理 wrestle with/deal with/cope with /see to

attend/ address/solve/handle the problem

48.旨在,意在 be intended to do /be meant to do / be aimed at doing/

49.鉴于 in view of / in the light of / considering that

50.尽管 In spite of.despite the fact that …

第四篇：常用常见职称翻译汇总

1.研究系统职称翻译

研究员[正高]

professor , professor +学科

副研究员[副高]

associate professor;associate professor of 学科

助理研究员[中]

research associate

研究实习员[初]

research assistant

2.大学教师系列职称翻译

教授[正高]

professor

副教授[副高]

associate professor;associate professor of 学科

讲师[中]

lecturer

助教[初]

assistant

3.中等专业学校、技工学校教师系统职称翻译

高级讲师[副高]

senior lecturer

讲师[中]

lecturer

助理讲师[初]

assistant lecturer

教员[初]

teacher

高级实习指导教师[副高]senior instructor

一级实习指导教师[中]first-grade instructor

二级实习指导教师[初]second-grade instructor

三级实习指导教师[初]third-grade instructor

4.中学教师系列职称翻译

中学高级教师[副高] 可译为 senior teacher(secondary school)

中学一级教师[中]first-grade teacher(secondary school)

中学二级教师[初]second-grade teacher(secondary school)

中学三级教师[初]third-grade teacher(secondary school)

5.小学教师系列职称翻译

小学高级教师[中] senior teacher(primary school)

小学一级教师[初]first-grade teacher(primary school)

小学二级教师[初] second-grade teacher(primary school)

小学三级教师[初]third-grade teacher(primary school)

6.工程技术系列职称翻译

教授级高级工程师[正高]professor of engineering

高级工程师[副高]senior engineering或associate professor of engineering

工程师[中]engineer

助理工程师[初]assistant engineer

技术员[初]technician 7.实验系列职称翻译

高级实验师[高] senior lab master

实验师[中]lab master

助理实验师[初]assistant lab master

实验员[初]laboratory technician

8.农业技术系列职称翻译

高级农艺师[高]senior agronomist

农艺师[中]agronomist

助理农艺师[初]assistant agronomist

农业技术员[初]agricultural technician

9.图书资料系列职称翻译

研究馆员[正高]professor of library science

副研究馆员[副高] associate professor of library science

馆员[中]librarian

助理馆员[初]library assistant

管理员[初]clerk

10.档案系列职称翻译

研究馆员[正高]professor of archives science

副研究馆员[副高]associate professor of archives science

馆员[中]archivist

助理馆员[初]assistant archivist

管理员[初]file clerk

11.文物博物系列职称翻译

研究馆员[正高]professor of relics and museology

副研究馆员[副高]associate professor of relics and museology

馆员[中] museologist

助理馆员[初] assistant museologist

文博管理员[初]conservator

12.卫生技术系列职称翻译

主任医师[正高] professor of medicine, professor of medical science

儿科主任医师 professor of paediatrics

皮肤科主任医师 professor of dermatology

副主任医师[副高]associate professor of treatment,associate professor of +学科

主治医师[中] doctor-in-charge

外科主治医师surgeon-in-charge

眼科主治医师 oculist-in-charge

儿科主治医师 pediatrician-in-charge

内科主治医师 physician-in-charge

妇科主治医师 gyneco-logist-in-charge

皮肤科主治医师 dermatol-ogist-in-charge

牙科主治医师 dentist-in-charge

医师[初]doctor,或 doctor+科别

医士[初]assistant doctor

主任药师[正高]professor of pharmacy

副主任药师[副高]associate professor of pharmacy

主管药师[中]pharmacist-in-charge

药师[初]pharmacist

药士[初]assistant pharmacist

主任护师[正高]professor of nursing

副主任护师[副高]associate professor of nursing

主管护师[中]nurse-in-charge

护师[初]nurse practitioner

护士[初]nurse或 nurse's aide

主任技师[正高]full senior technologist

副主任技师[副高]associate senior technologist

主管技师[中]technologist-in-charge

技师[初]technologist

技士[初]technician

13.新闻系列职称翻译

高级编辑[正高] full senior editor

主任编辑[副高]associate senior editor

编辑[中]editor

助理编辑[初]assistant editor

高级记者[正高]full senior reporter

主任记者[副高]associate senior reporter

记者[中]reporter

助理记者[初]assistant reporter

14.出版系列职称翻译

编审[正高]full senior editor

副编审[副高]associate senior editor

编辑[中]editor

助理编辑[初]assistant editor

技术编辑[中]technical editor

助理技术编辑[初]assistant technical editor

技术设计员[初]technical designer

一级校对[中]first-grade proofreader

二级校对[初]second-grade proofreader

三级校对[初]third-grade proofreader

15.翻译系列职称翻译

译审[正高]full senior translator

副译审[副高]associate senior translator

翻译[中]translator

助理翻译[初]assistant translator

16.广播电视播音系列职称翻译

播音指导[正高]director of announcing

主任播音员[副高]chief announcer

一级播音员[中]first-grade announcer

二级播音员[初]second-grade announcer

三级播音员[初]third-grade announcer

17.经济系列职称翻译

高级经济师[高] senior economist

经济师[中]economist

助理经济师[初] assistant economist

经济员[初]economic clerk

18.会计系列职称翻译

高级会计师[高]senior accountant

会计师[中]accountant

助理会计师[初]assistant accountant

会计员[初]treasurer

19.统计系列职称翻译

高级统计师[高] senior statistician

统计师[中]statistician

助理统计师[初]assistant statistician

统计员[初]statistical clerk

20.律师系列职称翻译

一级律师[正高]“律师”first-grade lawyer

二级律师[副高]second-grade lawyer

三级律师[中]third-grade lawyer

四级律师[初]fourth-grade lawyer

律师助理[初]lawyer's assistant 21.公证系列职称翻译

一级公证员[正高] first-grade notary public

二级公证员[副高]second-grade notary public

三级公证员[中]third-grade notary public

四级公证员[初]fourth-grade notary public

公证员助理[初]notary's assistant

22.海关系列职称翻译

高级关务监督[高]senior customs supervisor

关务监督[中]customs supervisor

助理关务监督[初]assistant customs supervisor

关务员[初]customs clerk

23.航空飞行系列职称翻译

一级飞行员[高]first-grade pilot

二级飞行员[中]second-grade pilot

三级飞行员[初]third-grade pilot

四级飞行员[初]fourth-grade pilot

一级领航员[高]first-grade navigator

二级领航员[中]second-grade navigator

三级领航员[初]third-grade navigator

四级领航员[初]fourth-grade navigator

一级飞行通信员[高]first-grade flight radioman

二级飞行通信员[中]second-grade flight radioman

三级飞行通信员[初]third-grade flight radioman

四级飞行通信员[初]fourth-grade flight radioman

一级飞行机械员[高]first-grade flight engineer

二级飞行机械员[中]second-grade flight engineer

三级飞行机械员[初]third-grade flight engineer

四级飞行机械员[初]fourth-grade flight engineer

24.船舶技术系列职称翻译

高级船长[高] senior captain

船长[中]captain

大副[中]译作first mate或 mate

二副[初]second mate

三副[初]third mate

高级轮机长[高]senior engineer, senior chief engineer

轮机长[中]chief, chief engineer

大管轮[中]first engineman

二管轮[初]second engineman

三管轮[初]third engineman

高级电机员[高]senior electrician

通用电机员[中]general electrician

一等电机员[中]first electrician

二等电机员[初]second electrician

高级报务员[高]senior radioman

通用报务员[中]general radioman

一等报务员[中]first radioman

二等报务员[初]second radioman

限用报务员[初]special radioman

25.体育教练系列职称翻译

主教练[高]chief coach

教练[中]coach

助理教练[初]assistant coach

26.艺术系列职称翻译

一级演员 first-grade actor

二级画师 second-grade painter

三级导演 third-grade director

四级演员 fourth-grade actor

27.工艺美术系列职称翻译

高级工艺美术师[高]senior industrial artist；

工艺美术师[中]industrial artist；

助理工艺美术师[初]assistant industrial artist；

工艺美术员[初]painter of handicraft。其它

审计员 auditor；

法医 forensic medicine

社会各界职位中英文对照大全

7.工商金融 INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL AND BANKING COMMUNITIES 名誉董事长 Honorary Chairman 董事长 Chairman 执行董事 Executive Director 总裁 President 总经理 General Manager;C.E.O(Chief Executive Officer)经理 Manager 财务主管 Controller 公关部经理 PR Manager 营业部经理 Business Manager 销售部经理 Sales Manager 推销员 Salesman 采购员 Purchaser 导演 Director 演员 Actor 画师 Painter 指挥 Conductor 编导 Scenarist 录音师 Sound Engineer 舞蹈编剧 Choreographer 美术师 Artist 制片人 Producer 剪辑导演 Montage Director 配音演员Dubber 摄影师 Cameraman 化装师 Make-up Artist 舞台监督 Stage Manager 售货员 Sales Clerk 领班 Captain 经纪人 Broker 高级经济师 Senior Economist 高级会计师 Senior Accountant 注册会计师 Certified Public Accountant 出纳员 Cashier 审计署审计长 Auditor-General, Auditing Administration 审计师 Senior Auditor 审计员 Auditing Clerk 统计师 Statistician 统计员 Statistical Clerk 厂长 factory Managing Director 车间主任Workshop Manager 工段长 Section Chief 作业班长 Foreman 仓库管理员 Storekeeper 教授级高级工程师 Professor of Engineering 高级工程师 Senior Engineer 技师 Technician 建筑师 Architect 设计师 Designer 机械师 Mechanic 化验员 Chemical Analyst 质检员 Quality Inspector 高级农业师 Senior Agronomist 农业师 Agronomist 助理农业师 Assistant Agronomist 农业技术员 Agricultural Technician 中国科学院院长 President, Chinese Academy of Sciences 主席团执行主席 Executive Chairman 科学院院长 President(Academies)学部主任Division Chairman 院士 Academician 大学校长 President, University 中学校长 Principal, Secondary School 小学校长 Headmaster, Primary School 学院院长 Dean of College 校董事会董事 Trustee, Board of Trustees 教务主任Dean of Studies 总务长 Dean of General Affairs 注册主管 Registrar 系主任Director of Department/Dean of the Faculty 客座教授 Visiting Professor 交换教授 Exchange Professor 名誉教授 Honorary Professor 班主任Class Adviser 特级教师 Teacher of Special Grade 研究所所长 Director, Research Institute 研究员 Professor 副研究员 Associate Professor 助理研究员 Research Associate 研究实习员 Research Assistant 高级实验师 Senior Experimentalist 实验师 Experimentalist 助理实验师 Assistant Experimentalist 实验员 Laboratory Technician 教授 Professor 副教授 Associate Professor 讲师 Instructor/Lecturer 助教 Assistant 高级讲师 Senior Lecturer 讲师 Lecturer 助理讲师 Assistant Lecturer 教员 Teacher 指导教师 Instructor 主任医师（讲课）Professor of Medicine 主任医师（医疗）Professor of Treatment 儿科主任医师 Professor of Paediatrics 主治医师 Doctor-in-charge 外科主治医师 Surgeon-in-charge 内科主治医师 Physician-in-charge 眼科主治医师 Oculist-in-charge 妇科主治医师Gynaecologist-in-charge 牙科主治医师 Dentist-in-charge 医师 Doctor 医士 Assistant Doctor 主任药师 Professor of Pharmacy 主管药师 Pharmacist-in-charge 药师 Pharmacist 药士 Assistant Pharmacist 主任护师 Professor of Nursing 主管护师 Nurse-in-charge 护师 Nurse Practitioner 护士 Nurse 主任技师 Senior Technologist 主管技师 Technologist-in-charge 技师 Technologist 技士 Technician 总编辑 Editor-in-chief 高级编辑 Full Senior Editor 主任编辑 Associate Senior Editor 编辑 Editor 助理编辑 Assistant Editor 高级记者 Full Senior Reporter 主任记者 Associate Senior Reporter 记者 Reporter 助理记者 Assistant Reporter 编审 Professor of Editorship 编辑 Editor 助理编辑 Assistant Editor 技术编辑 Technical Editor 技术设计员 Technical Designer 校对 Proofreader 译审 Professor of Translation 翻译 Translator/Interpreter 助理翻译 Assistant Translator/Interpreter 广播电视 RADIO AND TELEVISION 电台/电视台台长 Radio/TV Station Controller 播音指导 Director of Announcing 主任播音员 Chief Announcer 播音员 Announcer 电视主持人 TV Presenter 总公司 Head Office 分公司 Branch Office 营业部 Business Office 人事部 Personnel Department(人力资源部)Human Resources Department 总务部 General Affairs Department 财务部 General Accounting Department 销售部 Sales Department 促销部 Sales Promotion Department 国际部 International Department 出口部 Export Department 进口部 Import Department 公共关系 Public Relations Department 广告部 Advertising Department 企划部 Planning Department 产品开发部 Product Development Department 研发部 Research and Development Department(R&D)秘书室 Secretarial Pool 6.社会团体 NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION 会长 President 主席 Chairman 名誉顾问 Honorary Adviser 理事长 President 理事 Trustee/Council Member 总干事 Director-General 总监 Director 5.立法机关 LEGISLATURE 中华人民共和国主席/副主席 President/Vice President, the People‟s Republic of China 全国人大委员长/副委员长 Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People‟s Congress 秘书长 Secretary-General 主任委员 Chairman 委员 Member（地方人大）主任Chairman, Local People‟s Congress 人大代表 Deputy to the People‟s Congress 政府机构 GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION 国务院总理 Premier, State Council 国务委员 State Councilor 秘书长 Secretary-General（国务院各委员会）主任Minister in Charge of Commission for（国务院各部）部长 Minister 部长助理 Assistant Minister 司长 Director 局长 Director 省长 Governor 常务副省长 Executive Vice Governor 自治区人民政府主席 Chairman, Autonomous Regional People‟s Government 地区专员 Commissioner, prefecture 香港特别行政区行政长官 Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 市长/副市长 Mayor/Vice Mayor 区长 Chief Executive, District Government 县长 Chief Executive, County Government 乡镇长 Chief Executive, Township Government 秘书长 Secretary-General 办公厅主任Director, General Office（部委办）主任Director 处长/副处长 Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief 科长/股长 Section Chief 科员 Clerk/Officer 发言人 Spokesman 顾问 Adviser 参事 Counselor 巡视员 Inspector/Monitor 特派员 Commissioner 外交官衔 DIPLOMATIC RANK 特命全权大使 Ambassador Extraordinary and plenipotentiary 公使 Minister 代办 Charge d‟Affaires

临时代办 Charge d‟Affaires ad Interim 参赞 Counselor 政务参赞 Political Counselor 商务参赞 Commercial Counselor 经济参赞 Economic Counselor 新闻文化参赞 Press and Cultural Counselor 公使衔参赞 Minister-Counselor 商务专员 Commercial Attaché 经济专员 Economic Attaché 文化专员 Cultural Attaché 商务代表 Trade Representative 一等秘书 First Secretary 武官 Military Attaché 档案秘书 Secretary-Archivist 专员/随员 Attaché 总领事 Consul General 领事 Consul 司法、公证、公安 JUDICIARY,NOTARY AND PUBLIC SECURITY 人民法院院长 President, People‟s Courts 人民法庭庭长 Chief Judge, People‟s Tribunals 审判长 Chief Judge 审判员 Judge 书记 Clerk of the Court 法医 Legal Medical Expert 法警 Judicial Policeman 人民检察院检察长 Procurator-General, People‟s procuratorates 监狱长 Warden 律师 Lawyer 公证员 Notary Public 总警监 Commissioner General 警监 Commissioner 警督 Supervisor 警司 Superintendent 警员 Constable 政党 POLITICAL PARTY 中共中央总书记 General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee 政治局常委 Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee 政治局委员 Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee 书记处书记 Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee 中央委员 Member, Central Committee 候补委员 Alternate Member 省委/市委书记 Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC 党组书记 secretary, Party Leadership Group 4 EXECUTIVE AND MANAGERIAL(管理部分)Chief Executive Officer(CEO)首席执行官 Director of Operations 运营总监 Vice-President 副总裁 Branch Manager 部门经理 Retail Store Manager 零售店经理 HMO Product Manager 产品经理 Operations Manager 操作经理 Assistant Vice-President 副总裁助理 Field Assurance Coordinator 土地担保协调员 Management Consultant 管理顾问 District Manager 市区经理 Hospital Administrator 医院管理 Import/Export Manager 进出口经理

Insurance Claims Controller 保险认领管理员 Program Manager 程序管理经理 Insurance Coordinator 保险协调员 Project Manager 项目经理

Inventory Control Manager 库存管理经理 Regional Manager 区域经理

Chief Operations Officer(COO)首席运营官 General Manager 总经理

Executive Marketing Director 市场行政总监 Controller(International)国际监管 Food Service Manager 食品服务经理 Production Manager 生产经理 Administrator 医疗保险管理 Property Manager 房地产经理 Claims Examiner 主考官 Controller(General)管理员 Service Manager 服务经理 Manufacturing Manager 制造业经理 Vending Manager 售买经理

Telecommunications Manager 电信业经理 Transportation Manager 运输经理 Warehouse Manager 仓库经理 Assistant Store Manager 商店经理助理 Advertising Manager 广告经理 Travel Agent 旅行代办员 Salesperson 销售员

Accounting Assistant 会计助理 Accounting Clerk 记帐员 Accounting Manager 会计部经理 Accounting Stall 会计部职员 Accounting Supervisor 会计主管 Administration Manager 行政经理 Administration Staff 行政人员 Administrative Assistant 行政助理 Administrative Clerk 行政办事员 Advertising Staff 广告工作人员

Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员 Airlines Staff 航空公司职员 Application Engineer 应用工程师 Assistant Manager 副经理 Bond Analyst 证券分析员 Bond Trader 证券交易员 Business Controller 业务主任 Business Manager 业务经理 Buyer 采购员 Cashier 出纳员

Chemical Engineer 化学工程师 Civil Engineer 土木工程师 Clerk/Receptionist 职员／接待员

Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书 Computer Data Input Operator 计算机资料输入员 Computer Engineer 计算机工程师

Computer Processing Operator 计算机处理操作员 Computer System Manager 计算机系统部经理 Copywriter 广告文字撰稿人 Deputy General Manager 副总经理 Economic Research Assistant 经济研究助理 Electrical Engineer 电气工程师 Engineering Technician 工程技术员 English Instructor/Teacher 英语教师 Export Sales Manager 外销部经理 Export Sales Staff 外销部职员 Financial Controller 财务主任 Financial Reporter 财务报告人

F.X.(Foreign Exchange)Clerk 外汇部职员 F.X.Settlement Clerk 外汇部核算员 Fund Manager 财务经理 General Auditor 审计长

General Manager/President 总经理 General Manager Assistant 总经理助理 General Manager„s Secretary 总经理秘书 Hardware Engineer（计算机）硬件工程师 Import Liaison Staff 进口联络员 Import Manager 进口部经理 Insurance Actuary 保险公司理赔员 International Sales Staff 国际销售员 Interpreter 口语翻译 Legal Adviser 法律顾问 Line Supervisor 生产线主管 Maintenance Engineer 维修工程师 Management Consultant 管理顾问 Manager 经理

Manager for Public Relations 公关部经理 Manufacturing Engineer 制造工程师 Manufacturing Worker 生产员工 Market Analyst 市场分析员

Market Development Manager 市场开发部经理 Marketing Manager 市场销售部经理 Marketing Staff 市场销售员 Marketing Assistant 销售助理 Marketing Executive 销售主管 Marketing Representative 销售代表

Marketing Representative Manager 市场调研部经理 Mechanical Engineer 机械工程师 Mining Engineer 采矿工程师 Music Teacher 音乐教师 Naval Architect 造船工程师 Office Assistant 办公室助理 Office Clerk 职员

Operational Manager 业务经理 Package Designer 包装设计师

Passenger Reservation Staff 乘客票位预订员 Personnel Clerk 人事部职员 Personnel Manager 人事部经理 Plant/Factory Manager 厂长 Postal Clerk 邮政人员 Private Secretary 私人秘书 Product Manager 生产部经理 Production Engineer 产品工程师 Professional Staff 专业人员 Programmer 电脑程序设计师 Project Staff（项目）策划人员 Promotional Manager 推销部经理 Proof-reader 校对员

Purchasing Agent 采购（进货）员 Quality Control Engineer 质量管理工程师 Real Estate Staff 房地产职员 Recruitment Coordinator 招聘协调人 Regional Manger 地区经理

Research & Development Engineer 研究开发工程师 Restaurant Manager 饭店经理 Sales and Planning Staff 销售计划员 Sales Assistant 销售助理 Sales Clerk 店员、售货员 Sales Coordinator 销售协调人 Sales Engineer 销售工程师 Sales Executive 销售主管 Sales Manager 销售部经理 Salesperson 销售员

Seller Representative 销售代表 Sales Supervisor 销售监管 School Registrar 学校注册主任 Secretarial Assistant 秘书助理 Secretary 秘书

Securities Custody Clerk 保安人员 Security Officer 安全人员 Senior Accountant 高级会计 Senior Consultant/Adviser 高级顾问 Senior Employee 高级雇员 Senior Secretary 高级秘书 Service Manager 服务部经理 Simultaneous Interpreter 同声传译员 Software Engineer（计算机）软件工程师 Supervisor 监管员 Systems Adviser 系统顾问 Systems Engineer 系统工程师 Systems Operator 系统操作员 Technical Editor 技术编辑 Technical Translator 技术翻译 Technical Worker 技术工人

Telecommunication Executive 电讯（电信）员 Telephonist/Operator 电话接线员、话务员 Tourist Guide 导游

Trade Finance Executive 贸易财务主管 Trainee Manager 培训部经理 Translation Checker 翻译核对员 Translator 翻译员

Trust Banking Executive 银行高级职员 Typist 打字员

Word Processing Operator 文字处理操作员 3.HUMAN RESOURCES（人力资源部分）Director of Human Resources 人力资源总监 Assistant Personnel Officer 人事助理 Compensation Manager 薪酬经理 Employment Consultant 招募顾问 Facility Manager 后勤经理

Job Placement Officer 人员配置专员 Labor Relations Specialist 劳动关系专员 Recruiter 招聘人员

Training Specialist 培训专员

Vice-President of Human Resources 人力资源副总裁

Assistant Vice-President of Human Resources 人力资源副总裁助理 Personnel Manager 职员经理 Benefits Coordinator 员工福利协调员

Employer Relations Representative 员工关系代表 Personnel Consultant 员工顾问 Training Coordinator 培训协调员

2.COMPETER AND MATHEMATICS(计算机部分)Manager of Network Administration 网络管理经理 MIS Manager 电脑部经理 Project Manager 项目经理 Technical Engineer 技术工程师 Developmental Engineer 开发工程师 Systems Programmer 系统程序员 Administrator 局域网管理员 Operations Analyst 操作分析 Computer Operator 电脑操作员 Product Support Manager 产品支持经理 Computer Operations Supervisor 电脑操作主管 Director of Information Services 信息服务主管 Systems Engineer 系统工程师 Hardware Engineer 硬件工程师

Applications Programmer 应用软件程序员 Information Analyst 信息分析 LAN Systems Analyst 系统分析 Statistician 统计员

1.MAKETING AND SALES(市场与销售部分)Vice-President of Sales 销售副总裁 Senior Customer Manager 高级客户经理 Sales Manager 销售经理

Regional Sales Manager 地区销售经理

Procurement Manager 采购经理 Procurement Agency 采购代办所 Sales Assistant 销售助理 Wholesale Buyer 批发采购员 Tele-Interviewer 电话调查员 Real Estate Appraiser 房地产评估师 Marketing Consultant 市场顾问

Marketing and Sales Director 市场与销售总监 Market Research Analyst 市场调查分析员 Manufacturer‟s Representative 厂家代表 Director of Subsidiary Rights 分公司权利总监 Sales Representative 销售代表

Assistant Customer Executive 客户管理助理 Marketing Intern 市场实习Marketing Director 市场总监 Insurance Agent 保险代理人 Customer Manager 客户经理

Vice-President of Marketing 市场副总裁 Regional Customer Manager 地区客户经理 Sales Administrator 销售主管 Telemarketing Director 电话销售总监 Telemarketer 电话销售员 Sales Executive 销售执行者 Marketing Assistant 市场助理 Retail Buyer 零售采购员 Real Estate Manager 房地产经理 Real Estate Broker 房地产经纪人 Purchasing Agent 采购代理 Product Developer 产品开发 Marketing Manager 市场经理 Advertising Coordinator 广告协调员 Advertising Assistant 广告助理

Ad Copywriter(Direct Mail)广告文撰写人 Customer Representative 客户代表

第五篇：常见的翻译技巧

常见的翻译技巧

一、词义的多样性表达

1、一个单词多种表达

2、多个词表达一个意思，如表达“死”

除此之外，还有多个词翻译成一个意思（主要指英译汉），不再具体讲。

3、几个单词

二、增减词

增词：原文意思在，表达不清楚，英文中如果不增词，就表达不够完整 减词：原文中表达意思的词在，如果汉语中不把词减去的话，显得累赘 如色狼：wolf 不能说color wolf

（一）添词例子：

确保正确，不是100％必须

添加解释说明性文字，添加必须性文字(重点)。

1、Mr.Edwards and Mr.Cheney offered a striking contrast in appearance as they sat side by side, with Mr.Cheney looking his 63 years and Mr.Edwards looking less than his 51.来自《纽约时报》：爱得华兹先生与切尼先生并排就座时，外表殊为不同，切尼先生看上去与实际年龄63岁相仿，而爱得华兹先生看上去比实际年龄51岁年轻。

2、This great scientist was born in New England.这位伟大的科学家出生于美国东北部的新英格兰。

3、Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for me, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers.”(high priest)

were to表示将来；Aaron是摩西的兄弟

正是这几句话，日后让整个世界在我面前如花展开，就像《圣经》中所说的“亚伦的杖开了花”。（来自美国的海伦凯勒）

4、三个臭皮匠，抵个诸葛亮

Two heads are better than one.The wit of three cobblers surpasses that of Zhuge Liang, the master mind.(civic pride)

5、班门弄斧

to teach fish to swim;to teach the old granny to suck eggs

to show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter 阴: negative aspect of things

（二）减词例子：

减去解释说明性文字

减去原文有、不减难受的词，减去必须性，必须减。

1、According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium(a period of 1,000 years).英国电信的未来学家Ian Pearson认为，这些成就预计将出现在新千年头几十年之中。

2、We take this opportunity to inform you that we are now in a position to make prompt shipment of the merchandise.告诉你们，可以立即装船。

3、大会准备工作正在紧张有序地进行。

The preparations for the conference are underway in a busy but ordering manner.4、失业问题一直是我们工作的中心。

The(issue of)unemployment has always been the centre/focus of our work.三、汉语四字格的使用 只针对英译汉

1.Even the most beautiful became bent and toothless, their dark clothes smelling, as the mamma’s did, of smoke and manure.即使绝色佳人也会弯腰驼背、皓齿尽落，一身皂衣，如同奶妈的衣服一样，全是烟味，臭气熏人。

2.On this battle rests the fate of our nation.Let every man do his utmost.民族命运决于此役，凡我士兵必须奋力抗敌。

3.Drew Pearson, a thirty-four-year-old reporter, described them as “ragged, weary, and apathetic,” with “no hope on their faces.”

Drew Pearson，一位34岁的记者，表述他们时说，他们衣衫褴缕，疲惫不堪、冷漠无情，一脸绝望。4.To Henry Kissinger, for whose wise counsel and dedicated services far beyond the call of duty I shall always remain grateful.致Henry Kissinger，精于良言、鞠躬尽瘁、逾于所司，永至不忘。

5.a world of difference, take a risk in desperation, await with great anxiety, decline with all sorts of excuses

天壤之别、铤而走险（孤注一掷）、翘首以待（望穿秋水）、百般推辞

四、词性的转换

(一)一般情况下：汉语动词用的多，英语名词用的多，汉译英，动词转名词；英译汉，名词转动词

1.绝对不允许违反这个原则。

Violation of the principle should never be allowed/tolerated.2.坚持一个中国的原则是实现和平统一的基础与前提。

Adherence to the “One-China” policy should serve as the basis and prerequisite for peaceful reunification.3.Everyone was away on holiday.每个人都出去度假。

4.He came to my home for help.他到我家来请求帮助。

5.I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.我非常感谢我的父亲，因为在我还是小孩子的时候，他就不停的鼓励我。

（二）单词介绍：apathetic describe

1、“a”表示“无”如：: atheist 无神论者, amoral/immoral 无关道德的/没有道德的, atypical pneumonia 非典, SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome, 严重的呼吸道传染综合症

2、“path”表示情感: sympathy 同情, antipathy 反感, empathy 可以将心比心的理解他人, pathology, 病理学

3、“scribe”表示写: prescribe 开处方, script 文字资料、脚本, scripture 宗教经典, scribble 乱涂乱划, postscript 附言（商业信函中禁用）, inscribe 刻, inscription 碑铭, subscribe 订阅, manuscript 手稿，五、表达法的正反转换

原文肯定，翻译后为“不+否定”，有意想不到的效果，如：语气缓和或汉语中没有此种表达方法

1.Wet paint.油漆未干

2.Keep upright.(Handle with care.)切勿倒置（小心轻放）3.Admission by invitation only.非请莫入

4.If it rains in Cleveland today, volunteers will stand in lines with umbrellas to keep voters dry.如果今天克里弗兰下雨，志愿者将打着伞排着队，以免选民淋湿。

5.If any mater should be added after this contract comes into force, then such a matter shall be agreed upon by

both sides through friendly consultations and confirmed by means of exchanging official documents.本合同生效后如有未尽事宜，须经双方友好协商同意，并交换正式文本以确认

注意：表达法的正反转换要根据具体情况，主要出于两点：

1、表达习惯；

2、语气的缓和与加强

六、直译与意译

尽量用直译；

两种情况下不能用直译：

1、比喻在一种语言中可以接受，而在另一种语言中不能接受

2、特别具有丰富文化内涵的词

第一种情况的例子

1、drink like a fish形容一个人喝水又多又急，中文形容“牛饮”

2、turn swords into ploughs 化干戈为玉帛

3、pull the chestnut out of the fire 火中取栗

4、天下没有不散的筵席 No feast lasts forever.The best of friends must part.5、五十步笑百步 The pot calls the kettle black.The soldier who retreated fifty paces laughed at the one who had fallen back a hundred paces.第二种情况的例子

1、You are a clever dog.你真聪明（狗在汉语中有贬义）

2、Every dog has his day.三十年河东、三十年河西；凡人皆有得意时

3、In a word, those nonverbal messages speak to hearts, not heads.总而言之，这些非语言信息是诉之于情感、而非理智。（背景：美国总统大选时对着装等的评价）

七、句子的分与合（一）合句例子：

1、深圳机场为了方便旅客，设置了四间更衣室。室内设备齐全。

For the convenience of the passengers, Shenzhen Airport has set aside four well-equipped changing rooms.2、卢嘉川挨近她，情不自禁地握住了她的手。这女孩的热情、大胆和奔向革命的赤诚深深感动了他。

Lu Jiachuan, deeply moved by the girl’s passion, bravery/courage and revolutionary spirit, came up to her and couldn’t help/resist taking her hands.3、道静气得浑身发抖。她二话没说，立刻向经理辞了职。

Trembling/quivering with anger, Daojing gave the manager immediate notice without saying anything.(注意：gave notice表示辞职，预留准备时间，gave a week’s notice)

（二）分句例子：

1、本科生分为四年制和五年制两种，学生毕业考试及格并且通过论文后，即可获得学士学位。

The undergraduate program is either four years or five years.After passing the graduation examinations and defending successfully their graduation theses, the students will be conferred a bachelor’s degree.(conferred表示授予，汉语常用获得)注意：Bachelor’s degree 学士学位

BA(Bachelor of Arts）文科学士

BS(Bachelor of Sciences)理科学士

Master ’s degree 硕士学位

Doctor’s degree 博士学位

Associate Bachelor’s degree

专科学位

Assistant professor 助理教授，不是助教之意

Teaching assistant 助教

2、深圳作为全国最早的特区，与内地经济往来极为密切，特别是在香港回归祖国以后，人员往来大为增加，深圳机场是全国十大机场之一。

As the Nation’s/China’s first SEZ, Shenzhen has established very close economic ties with the Nation’s inner parts.Especially after Hong Kong was returned to the motherland, the number of people arriving at and leaving Shenzhen has increased greatly.Shenzhen Airport is one of ten largest airports of the nation.注意：

1、“全国十大机场之一”可以翻成 is nation’s Top Ten airports.2、“人员往来大为增加” 可以翻成 human exchange between Shenzhen and the inner parts of Nation, 但与前面有重复

八、成语的翻译

首先要弄懂中文意思，其次追求完美

(一)套译

汉语中的成语，英语中有一个意思非常接近成语，直接套用 call a spade a spade 实话实说；实事求是

reap what one has sown 种瓜得瓜/作茧自缚（区别褒、贬义和感情色彩）kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 杀鸡取卵/涸泽而渔 castle in the air 海市蜃楼/空中楼阁 过河拆桥kick down the ladder

格格不入 like a square peg in a round hole

（二）直译

在成语所包含的比喻和语言内涵被另一种文化完全接受的情况下，可以直译。Trojan horse 特洛伊木马 表示从内部起爆 sour grapes

酸葡萄 表示得不到东西的心理

Sphinx’s riddle 斯芬克斯之谜，表示难解之谜 a Judas kiss 犹大之吻，表示叛变、背叛

（三）直译套译均可

鉴于有些成语有对应的，但有些人喜欢把意思直接译出来 to kill two birds with one stone 一石两鸟/一箭双雕 crocodile tears鳄鱼之泪/黄鼠狼给鸡拜年

声东击西 to shout in the east and strike in the west/to look one way and row another 掌上明珠 a pearl in the palm/ the apple of one’s eye

对牛弹琴 play a lute to the cow/ cast the pearls before swine

（四）意译

有些比喻和文化内涵不能另一种语言作接受 in a pig’s whisper 低声的

make a monkey of somebody 嘲弄某人 the skeleton at the feast令人扫兴的人 a family skeleton 家丑

叶公好龙 professed love of what one really fears 毛遂自荐 volunteer one’s service 初出茅庐 at the start of one’s career

（五）特别容易弄错的成语 pull somebody’s leg 嘲弄某人

eat one’s words 认错，特别承认自己说错话 dog-eat-dog 残酷的，特别表示竞争 in the seventh heaven 极为开心

九、英语从句的汉译与句序的调整

英语翻译第一步要保证大的结构调整好，句序结构是基础。

1、状语从句调整：挑出主干部分

(1)、澳门，南海之滨一颗闪耀的明珠，以她的风采、沧桑和辉煌，更以1999年12月20日这个不同寻常的日子，吸引着全世界的目光。

A shining pearl on the coast of South China, Macao attracts the world’s attention for her charm, history of great events and glory, especially for the unusual date of December 20, 1999.South China Sea 表示中国南海，不是“南中国海”

East China Sea 东海

（2）、This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.（横线表示状语）

通过支持某些与当前目标无关、但是在将来可能很重要的研究，一般情况下似乎可以有效的做到这一点。immediate与in the future相对，表示当前 of possible＝possibly mostly表示在一般情况下

（3）、For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.（横线表示状语）

例如，他们不能弥补明显的社会不公，因此也就不能说明，如果一个贫穷的年轻人在更为有利的环境下成长的话，他可能会有多大才干。

说明：

1、underprivileged字面意思表示特权不足的（委婉语），翻译时an underprivileged youngster与he位置调换，英语提到人名出现在句子主干中，而汉语则出现在第一次提到的地方。

2、“ster”加在单词后面表示什么样的人，如：gang表示帮派，gangster表示匪帮；

3、gross形容不好的意思，表示昭然若揭，非常明显的小贴士：(1)、翻译时遇到不认识的词，怎么办？

从词性上说，形容词、副词不认识，建议省略，错译原比漏译扎眼

名词、动词不认识，则难以处理，尽量通过上下文来推测该词的意思。

(2)、关于单词的见解

单词主要记general word，中高级口译不会考过于专业的东西，主要考常识性内容，不建议背专项单词。推荐用书《上海新东方学校中高级口译词汇必备》、《上海新东方学校中高级口译笔试备考精要》

(3)、记忆单词分长期记忆和短期记忆

通过记词根和大量阅读，能够帮助大家长期记忆

2、定语从句调整

英译汉时，定语无非前置和后置，变成形容词性词或单成一句。

（1）Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.两个从句：which和that引导

译文：社会科学是知识探索一个分支，它力求用理智的、有序的、系统的、冷静的方法研究人类和他们的种种行为，这种方式正是自然科学家用来研究自然现象的。说明：

1、译文中“正是”一词来源于“the same”

2、reason作为动词，表示推理

（2）“In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”

两个定语从句：as we call it

放在先行词the scientific revolution之前翻译

that expanded„„

分译 contends：如果不认识，可以翻译成“说”，因为前后都有引号 译文：新学派的一位领导人认为：“简而言之，我们所谓的科技革命，在很大程度上是指一系列工具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用在各个方面都拓展了科学范围”。“名词+介词+名词+定语从句”：定语从句99％用来修饰第一个名词” 注意：

1、定语从句的翻译方法

(1)合译：把定语从句放到被修饰词之前

(2)分译：定语从句单成一句，先行词重复一下

2、定语从句先行词判断方法（并非100％适用）

（1）、He opposed some proposals for opening the economy, like starting a stock market, that were embraced only after he lost power.先找名词，再根据定语从句的谓语动词的单复数判断先行词的单复数，则先行词为“proposals”

译文：他反对某些开放经济的提议，如创建股票市场，这些提议只有在他下台之后，才被人们所接受。

（2）、It assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.根据定语从句谓语动词单复数，易于判断which引导的从句用语修饰account，此处account表示讲述、评论。

译文：他假定人们对人权有一个统一的看法，而这种看法根本就不存在。

（3）、这所大学的任务是培养德智体全面发展，能熟练运用外语从事外事和文化交流工作的合格人才。

翻译时先找主干：这所大学的任务是培养人才(The university aims to turn out qualified graduates)。译文：The university aims to turn out qualified graduates that are all-roundly/well developed in morality, intellect and physique, and that are able to use proficiently foreign languages in foreign affairs and cultural exchanges.翻译词要根据具体情况，如“文明”一词，文明小区“model”；讲文明“politesse, manners”；（4）汉语中的题型“„„是„„” 两种方法：“„„，which„„”或“it is„„”

谋求和平与发展、加强对话与合作，是各国人民的普遍愿望。

It is the universal wish of all the nations to achieve peace and development and strengthen dialogues and cooperations.巩固与东盟面向和平与繁荣的战略伙伴关系，推进互利互惠的全方位合作，是中国将长期坚持的基本外交政策。

China shall consolidate its strategic partnership with the ASEAN in the direction of peace and prosperity, and promote mutually benefiting cooperation in an all-round manner, which is China’s long-term and basic foreign policy.