第一篇：英语学术论文。赵以国
高中英语词汇教学实践
高复年级---赵以国 2017.11 高中英语词汇教学是整个英语教学的语言基础，失去词汇教学的过程等于丢掉了英语学习的根本。对于英语学习得词汇者得天下。因此，英语课堂教学中，词汇教学就像一条线连接语音，语句，语篇及写作整个英语教学过程，其教学意义和重要性可见一斑！
高中英语教学现状。
（1）注重语篇，轻视词汇
大多数英语老师在教学时太过注重语篇结构，忽略词汇的积累。他们认为在课上不能耽误太多的时间，单词只需要记忆就好了，而语篇，语法才是学习英语的关键，老师的这种观念会影响学生的学习方法。而且讲解语法，语篇分析需要耗费大量的时间和精力，既给老师带来压力也给学生带来负担。因此我们老师要适当调配学习安排，注重词汇讲解，更好的帮助学生理解文章。
（2）注重口语，轻视词汇
在阅读课上，很多老师注重学生的口语交际能力，而轻视词汇这一块，殊不知词汇是口语对话的基础，简单的几句口语会话确实不需要太多的词汇，但是口语与书写形式不同，口语一般用词都是非正式的，我们要教导学生学会用词，在不同的场合运用不同的表达。
（3）阅读讲解与词汇教学分道扬镳
有的老师习惯在讲文章之前先教词汇，他们认为词汇是学生看懂课文的基础，只要将词汇的意思带入文章，读懂文章的意思就算可以了；另一些老师习惯先讲课文，认为课文是教学的主要内容，词汇只要学生读读背背，会写就算过关了。这两种教学方法都是错误的，词汇与阅读是相辅相成的，互相交融的，在学习文章的时候，借助关键词有助于学生理解文章的整体思路，把握文章的中心思想，有时还可以借着关键词顺藤摸瓜联想到接下来发生的故事，而词汇在文章的通篇语境解读下，其记忆也更加深刻了，理解更加清晰准确。教师应增加推测词义的教学内容。在没有上下文背景知识的情况下推断词义是很难的，可能会望文生义而导致理解的偏差或错误的理解。一个语境只赋予单词一个确切的意义，对于多义词来说，对每个意义的理解是通过该词在不同语境里以不同的意义出现，多次从不同的角度激活、丰富大脑对这个词的记忆，再经过大脑的加工处理以后而获得的，并不是通过教师一次性对各种意义的罗列能解决的。所以词汇教学不宜脱离语境，把词汇学习放在某个语言环境中，能够使学生通过语言环境更加深刻地理解单词的用法和多种意义，记忆也更牢固。
（4）学习模式欠科学 机械式操练形成了教学模式的单一性，导致教学的层次基本停留在记忆和领会两个层次。学生始终处于被动的状态，接触的词汇数量越多遗忘的速度越快，渐渐丧失对词汇学习的积极性和兴趣，还容易产生厌学情绪。事实证明，许多学生投入了大量的时间和精力学习词汇却没有达到预期的效果，其主要原因就是他们缺乏有效的词汇学习策略，不懂得如何有效的记忆和巩固词汇。学生是教学活动的主体，在词汇学习过程中，教师应采用能激发学生学习兴趣和积极性的方式开展教学活动，同时有效地指导学生的课后词汇学习，鼓励学生主动思考，增强学生的自主学习能力，使其真正成为词汇学习的主体。贝尔纳曾经说过：“良好的方法可使我们发挥天赋和才能，而拙劣的方法可能阻碍才能的发挥”。因此，教师要充分激发学生的主动性和积极性，注重对学生进行记忆策略的指导，使其掌握记忆规律，积极寻找词汇之间的联系，学会科学的记忆方法，提高记忆效果。
音、义、形相结合，提高学生记忆单词的能力音指词的发音，形指词的拼法，义指词的意义，词汇教学一般采取由音到义再到形的顺序。音是学生接触一个词的最初印象，如果读不出音就记不住形。因此，要牢记一个单词，就必须掌握好音、义、形这三个要素。入学初期，就把英语48个音素交给学生，并训练学生利用音标及重音熟练拼读单词。在词汇教学中，教师要尽量把读音、拼写和意义联系起来，培养学生按发音规则拼读、记忆单词的能力和习惯。坚持每节课抽出几分钟，让学生根据读音规则快速拼读所学的单词，反复训练、不断循环，加强学生记忆单词的能力。
(五)缺乏文化意识的培养
语言是文化的载体，语言体现文化，是文化的编码手段之一。不同的文化有着不同的语言表述习惯，了解英语国家的文化有利于促进对英语语言本身的理解和使用。许多学校的词汇教学以音、形、义为重点，却忽略了词汇所承载的极为丰富的各种文化内涵，导致学生不能全面、真正地理解词汇的含义，并影响了词汇的得体运用。在教学中，教师可以利用各种语境来加强词汇的学习，在语境中深入挖掘词汇的文化内涵进而使学生有效地掌握词汇。同时通过增进文化理解、形成文化意识，从而为跨文化交际能力的发展奠定基础。
英语词汇学习应对策略（1）通过大量阅读增加词汇量。
词的意义和用法中国学生没有理想的英语学习环境，所以大量阅读是扩大词汇量的有效途径，教师可以要求学生每天课外阅读30分钟的分级读物，坚持每周做六到八篇规范阅读理解训练，将会对所学词汇起到良好的巩固作用。一旦遗忘了某些单词，学生可以通过回忆阅读过的文章内容，联想起词义，从而大大提高记忆效果。
（2）通过作文法
作文法复现所学的新词汇，教师可要求学生用所学的新词汇编写一个小文章，经教师批改后，返回给学生，然后全班进行交流。学生通过自己主动思考编写出的文章，对新词汇的输出起到辅助作用，能激活学生大脑中已有的知识和经验，提高学生的英语表达能力。同时，学生在使用词的过程中还能关注到相关词汇的语境，体会英汉表达方式之间的异同和文化差异。
（3）采用分层教学
降低学习难度分层处理词汇是体现面向全体学生，力求满足不同类型和不同层次学生的需求理念的重要举措。教师设计教案时应有明确的词汇分层要求，明确哪些是本节课必须掌握的重点词汇，哪些是非重点词汇，仅要求那些学有余力的学生掌握或允许学生在之后的学习中再掌握，这样可以降低学生学习词汇的难度，满足不同层次学生学习的需求，提升学生学习英语的兴趣。
（4）改进词汇评价方式，增强学生学习词汇的动力
教师对学生词汇学习效果的日常检查非常必要，但不能停留在传统单一的听写、默写或英汉互译的检查方式上，而是要把对词汇的日常检查转变为更有趣的词汇学习活动，否则很容易引发学生对词汇学习的畏难情绪。评价检查中可以增加诸如单词记忆竞赛、运用所学词汇创编故事、文本校对、完形填空等，一方面能提高学生学习词汇的兴趣，另一方面也为词汇在真实情景中的运用提供了机会，而且体现了课堂评价和教学的一致性。需要注意的是，教师的教学方式要重视词块的输入和输出，因此评价方式也要检测学生对词块的识记和运用。
在阅读文章的时候，学生一看到生词就会畏惧，结果就会影响接下来的文章阅读。其实读文章并不需要知道文章的每个词的意思，要学会猜词来理解文章内容。首先，找到关键词所在的位置，联系上下文，多读几遍，知道大致所讲的内容，那么关键词的意思也就很容易猜到了。再者，我们可以依照英语的构词法，词汇并不是杂乱无章、互不相关的群体，而是一个严密的体系。构词法一共四种：合成法（两个或两个以上的单词合成的新词）、转化法（不借助词缀，把一个单词从一个词类转换成另一种词类的方法）、派生法（在一个单词前或后加上前缀“prefixes”或后缀“suffixes”构成新的单词）、缩略法、同义词，近义词的归类法，等等，多种策略并用才能有效帮助学生提高学习词汇的效率，扩大词汇量。
分组比赛，学生是学习的主体，在课堂上老师要安排足够的空间让学生自由踊跃地提出和回答问题，不能是老师在讲台上讲课，学生在座位上记记笔记，背背单词就了事，必须要调动学生的兴趣，由他们自己完成自己的学习任务。老师可以设定一些课堂活动，丰富教学内容。比如：按照班级人数的多少，分成若干小组，小组成员数量与水平应当接近，每组都有标号，小组内可选出组长作为每组代表，然后按照中国诗词大会的比赛模式，看在同一时间内，那一小组被淘汰的人最少，即为胜者。内容有：词汇与词汇解释之间的连线、词汇的拼写、课文的背诵、选词填空等形式。这样的教学活动不仅易于学生学习英语，及时掌握学习内容，同时也培养学生集体荣誉感，在比赛中增进友谊。而老师既能顺利地完成教学任务，也能在比赛中察觉学生的薄弱之处，并对其采取相应的教学对策。
结语
词汇是语言学习的基础，是提高学生听、说、读、写、译各项能力的必要保证。教师要及时反思自身词汇教学中存在的问题，正确评估各种因素给学生词汇学习带来的不利影响，耐心帮助学生跨越词汇学习的障碍，消除学生对词汇学习的恐惧感，鼓励学生根据自身情况选择合适的词汇学习策略，培养学生自主学习词汇的能力，提高英语词汇教学效果。
词汇的学习仅仅靠课堂时间是远远不够的，学生的自主学习起着至关重要的作用。高中英语教师应该深入学习新课标，更新教学理念，从认知的角度努力探索提高英语教学效益的有效学习模式，并帮助学生掌握各种词汇学习策略，引导学生进行自主学习，从而达到学习效果的最佳状态。
第二篇：英语学术论文常用句型
英语学术论文常用句型
Beginning
1.In this paper。
2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review
1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3.In the next section, a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section, a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body
1.Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2.Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window
6.Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system
24.In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section
1.In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section
2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer
implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx
Summary
1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2.Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract
1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in
15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx
22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure
Chapter 1.Introduction
Time
1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive
2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the
4.The development of...is explored
5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13.To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose
1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx
4.The scope of this research lies in
5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows:
8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
10.The main objective of such a...system is to
11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
13.In order to take advantage of their similarity
14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed
15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues
17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for
structuring..methods
20.This illustration points out the need to specify
21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review
23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx
24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade
25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning
27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in
methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
32.Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to
35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to
37.Characterized the...system as
38.Developed an algorithm to
39.Developed a system called...which
40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
41.Emphasized the need to
42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken
44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed
45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights
46.Point out that the problem of
47.A study on...was done / developed by []
48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
49.The approach taken by [] is
50.The system developed by [] consists
51.A paper relevant to this research was published by []
52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development
54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to
56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that
58.Their work is based on the principle of
59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established
61.The...studies indicated that
62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question
63.Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
67....is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed
69.An unanswered question
70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed
73.The three prime issues can be summarized:
74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to
76.It is expected to be serious barrier to
77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
第三篇：英语学术论文常用句型
英语学术论文常用句型
Beginning
1.In this paper, we focus on the need for
2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review
1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3.In the next section, a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section, a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body
1.Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2.Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window
6.Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx
strategies.13.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system
24.In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section
1.In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section
2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx
Summary
1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2.Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract
1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in
15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx
22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure
Chapter 1.Introduction
Time
1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive
2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the
4.The development of...is explored
5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13.To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose
1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx
4.The scope of this research lies in
5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows:
8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
10.The main objective of such a...system is to
11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
13.In order to take advantage of their similarity
14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed
15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues
17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring..methods
20.This illustration points out the need to specify
21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review
23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx
24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade
25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with
xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning
27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in
methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
32.Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to
35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to
37.Characterized the...system as
38.Developed an algorithm to
39.Developed a system called...which
40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
41.Emphasized the need to
42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken
44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed
45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights
46.Point out that the problem of
47.A study on...was done / developed by []
48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
49.The approach taken by [] is
50.The system developed by [] consists
51.A paper relevant to this research was published by []
52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development
54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to
56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that
58.Their work is based on the principle of
59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established
61.The...studies indicated that
62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in
analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question
63.Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
67....is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed
69.An unanswered question
70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed
73.The three prime issues can be summarized:
74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to
76.It is expected to be serious barrier to
77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
第四篇：学术论文写作英语总结
学术论文写作课程总结
科研的进步在于科研工作之间交流，讨论，阅读。在第一节课，老师就告诉我们，面对全球众多的科研工作者来说，本领域学者之间的交流多以文字的形式进行。英语作为世界各国人们交流的一种流通语言，让那些非英语为母语和以英语为母语国家的科研人员不会对我们投稿的英语学术论文所要表达的内容产生歧义，才能达到学术交流与进步的目的。
在本次的英语学术论文写作课程学习中，我们组经历了第一次的细致分工，到以后的分工与合作相结合的进步。由于我的研究方向为InSAR监测矿区，在本次论文写作中主要负责我们‘空天地一体化矿区环境灾害监测’中D-InSAR监测矿区部分的实验以及数据分析的工作。同时，在小组汇报的过程中共同进行了第一部分Introduction部分的汇报，完成了Authors and Keywords部分PPT的制作与汇报工作。从选择汇报PPT模板、搜集资料、总结资料，再到最后制作修改完成终稿，最后是台下的汇报演练，每个步骤的实践经历都给了我弥足珍贵的经验。
回首这学期本门课程的学习，我发现自己在慢慢地积累中有了很多的收获。首先，作为一个学制只有2年的工程硕士，在本学期已经完成了自己学位论文的开题工作，在下一个学期就要着手于自己学位论文的撰写工作。无论是发表期刊论文，还是撰写自己的学位论文，插入、添加参考文献都曾经是写作的一大难题。本次课程老师给我们介绍了几款文献管理器（Noteexpress，Endnote）。通过对文献管理器软件的学习与使用，让我熟悉了文献管理器，在本学期的其他专业课程中的论文写作中已经可以熟练使用，极大的方便了论文写作。其次，语料库的检索分析，制定自己论文写作方向，都对我的论文写作有着十分重要的作用。
接着就是自己关于学术论文写作方面的收获。从第一节课开始，老师给我们写学术论文的正确态度，给初入学术写作的我论文写作方面奠定了很好的基础。原来对英语论文的态度就是从中文的论文通过翻译软件直接进行翻译。在本次课程中，我们在老师的带领下，通过小组合作的形式，对
introduction，methodology,results,conclusion等几个论文的主体部分，以及title，authors,abstract，keywords进行了细致的学习，理解了每个部分在论文中所起到的作用，以及写作这些部分的英文论文的时候所需要注意的时态语法主语人称等方面的问题。也让我明白，英语学术论文的写作，不应该是简单的中译英，而更重要的是自己的学术内容与思想能够清晰而又高效的传达出来，进而实现学术交流与提高的作用。
最后，在本次课程学习结束之后，仍有许多改进以及进步的空间。对目标期刊阅读量没有达到预期的效果，是急需要改进的问题。但是课程中让我学习到查阅、参考英文文献的方法。作为一个日常科研学习停留在国内文献的研究生，深刻的意识到了此中不足。在今后的科研学习中需要更加注重吸收国外先进的研究成果。同时，在课堂上其他小组的汇报时，缺少深入的探讨与交流，这也是在今后课题组学习与研究中应该注意与改进的问题。
第五篇：《英语学术论文写作》作业要求
12英语双学位《英语学术论文写作》作业要求
一、查资料
找一篇可靠的、正规的、有价值的、符合英语专业研究范围的论文，中英文版的皆可。建议找稍微长一点，这样分析起来有话可说。
二、写分析
运用上课学到的知识和自己的认识，分析该文章作为一篇学术论文而具有的特点，不要遗漏重要方面，尽量做到重点突出、层次分明、思路清晰。该分析本身也是一篇完整的文章，应结构完整，具有较好的逻辑性和连贯性。分析文章用中英文写皆可。字数视找到的文章的性质和特点而定，可多可少，但建议不要少于2000字为宜。分析文章的题目可以参考：《XXXXXXXXXX》的学术论文特点分析，或Characteristics of Academic Paper XXXXXXXXXX。
三、排版和装订
分析文章的题目用四号字加粗；正文用小四号字常规体；正文中的小标题用小四号加粗，一律左对齐。中文用宋体，英文用Times New Roman。行间距为2倍。段首缩进四个字符。文章底端右下角署上班级（双学位班级）和姓名。
找到的文章和你自己的分析文章装订在一起，源论文在前，你的分析文章在后。左侧订两个钉子。
四、提交
需同时提交纸质稿和电子稿。
纸质稿在最后一堂课带来交给班长。
电子稿：将分析文章的电子稿和找到的源文章的电子稿打包压缩后在最后一堂课之前发到班长邮箱。文件名和邮件名统一用自己的姓名。
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