英语必修四复习提纲-Unit4 Body language

第一篇：英语必修四复习提纲-Unit4 Body language

英语必修四复习提纲-Unit4 Body language Unit4 Body language 1.基础梳理

statement greet represent association dormitory canteen flight curious Colombia approach defend cheek major Jordan dash spoken Spain Italy crossroads posture be likely to facial function ease ast ease lose face truly false anger turn one’s back to fist yawn repectiful subjective hug rank cassette 2，词语归纳 1）major 作形容词，表示“较大的，较多的，主要的”，虽然含有表较多的意思，但不能与than连用与比较级，常用作定语。

还可以指同姓兄弟中年长的，大的。作名词，表示“陆军等的少校，少将；（音乐）大调，主修课程，某专业的学生”。作动词，表示“主修（大学里某一学科）”，后多用介词in引出具体的科目。2）represent 作动词，表示“代表，表现，描绘”。

represent sth to sb向某人陈述某事，常带有不满或者愤怒的情绪。represent…as… 把……说成……。3）curious 表示“好奇的，求知的，古怪的”。

be curious about…/be curious to do… 对……好奇/感兴趣。be curious+that从句。

curiosity是名词，“好奇心”。4）introduce 作及物动词，表示“介绍”，不可带双宾语，后常跟介词to。表示“使认识，使注意”，介词to后面接被了解的东西。表示“引进，推行，采用”。5）touch 作动词，表示“触摸，接触，触及，轻碰”。

表示“感动，触动”，可直接跟宾语，也常用作被动语态，多跟by引起的短语或者从句。touch on/upon sth涉及/论及某事。touch down着陆。

作名词，表示“接触，手法，风格”，是可数名词。

表示“触觉，触感”，是不可数名词，若前有形容词修饰时，可使用不定冠词。表示“联系”，常用在下列短语： keep touch with 与……保持联系 get into touch with 与……取得联系 lose touch with与……失去联系 be out of touch with与……无联系 at a touch一触即发。

a near touch侥幸脱险，九死一生。6）be likely to 表示“很有可能……，有希望……”。likely是形容词，后接不定式，likely不能用probable替换。

likely还常用在“It is likely that+从句”的句型中，可以用probable替换。7）general 作形容词，表示“大体的，一般的，普遍的”。in general总的来说，大体上，通常。

as a general rule在通常情况下，一般而言。8）aviod 作及物动词，表示“避免，消除”后接名词或者代词。后跟动名词，不能接不定式。

avide…like the plague极力回避……，尽量躲开……。9）express 作动词，意为“表示，表达”。

express oneself（清楚地）表达自己的意思。express sth to sb向某人表达某事。作形容词，表示“急速的，特殊的”。作名词，表示“快车，快递”。10）similar 是形容词，表示“相似的，类似的”。be similar to… 与……相似。be similar in…在……方面相似。11）at ease 表示“舒适，快活，自由自在，无忧无虑”，也可以用at one’s ease表示。put/set sb at（one’s）ease 使某人感到舒适，不拘束。take a ease轻松，放心。

at ease还可以表示“稍息”，用作军事口令。with ease容易地，无困难地。12）punish 是动词，表示“惩罚，体罚”。

punish sb for doing sth因（做）某事惩罚某人。punish…with/by…用……处罚……。punish还可以表示“痛打”。3.语法

详见Unit2的语法知识。

第二篇：英语必修四课文

必修四 Unit1 A STUDENT OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE

It is 5:45 am and the sun is just rising over Gombe National Park in East Africa.Following Jane's way of studying chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest.Jane has studied these families of chimps for many years and helped people understand how much they behave like humans.Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day.This means going back to the place where we left the family sleeping in a tree the night before.Everybody sits and waits in the shade of the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off.Then we follow as they wander into the forest.Most of the time, chimps either feed or clean each other as a way of showing love in their family.Jane warns us that our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the afternoon and she is right.However, the evening makes it all worthwhile.We watch the mother chimp and her babies play in the tree.Then we see them go to sleep together in their nest for the night.We realize that the bond between members of a chimp family is as strong as in a human family.Nobody before Jane fully understood chimp behaviour.She spent years observing and recording their daily activities.Since her childhood she had wanted to work with animals in their own environment.However, this was not easy.When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, it was unusual for a woman to live in the forest.Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project.Her work changed the way people think about chimps.For example, one important thing she discovered was that chimps hunt and eat meat.Until then everyone had thought chimps ate only fruit and nuts.She actually observed chimps as a group hunting a monkey and then eating it.She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other, and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system.For forty years Jane Goodall has been outspoken about making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals.She has argued that wild animals should be left in the wild and not used for entertainment or advertisements.She has helped to set up special places where they can live safely.She is leading a busy life but she says: “Once I stop, it all comes crowding in and I remember the chimps in laboratories.It's terrible.It affects me when I watch the wild chimps.I say to myself, 'Aren't they lucky?” And then I think about small chimps in cages though they have done nothing wrong.Once you have seen that you can never forget...“

She has achieved everything she wanted to do: working with animals in their own environment, gaining a doctor's degree and showing that women can live in the forest as men can.She inspires those who want to cheer the achievements of women.Unit2 A PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE

Although he is one of China's most famous scientists, Yuan Longping considers himself a farmer, for he works the land to do his research.Indeed, his sunburnt face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, for whom he has struggled for the past five decades.Dr Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice.In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output.This special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same fields.Now more than 60% of the rice produced in China each year is from this hybrid strain.Born into a poor farmer's family in 1930, Dr Yuan graduated from Southwest Agricultural College in 1953.Since then, finding ways to grow more rice has been his life goal.As a young man, he saw the great need for increasing the rice output.At that time, hunger was a disturbing problem in many parts of the countryside.Dr Yuan searched for a way to increase rice harvests without expanding the area of the fields.In 1950, Chinese farmers could produce only fifty million tons of rice.In a recent harvest, however, nearly two hundred million tons of rice was produced.These increased harvests mean that 22% of the world's people are fed from just 7% of the farmland in China.Dr Yuan is now circulating his knowledge in India, Vietnam and many other less developed countries to increase their rice harvests.Thanks to his research, the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world of hunger.Using his hybrid rice, farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before.Dr Yuan is quite satisfied with his life.However, he doesn't care about being famous.He feels it gives him less freedom to do his research.He would much rather keep time for his hobbles.He enjoys listening to violin music, playing mah-jong, swimming and reading.Spending money on himself or leading a comfortable life also means very little to him.Indeed, he believes that a person with too much money has more rather than fewer troubles.He therefore gives millions of yuan to equip others for their research in agriculture.Just dreaming for things, however, costs nothing.Long ago Dr yuan had a dream about rice plants as tall as sorghum.Each ear of rice was as big as an ear of corn and each grain of rice was as huge as a peanut.Dr Yuan awoke from his dream with the hope of producing a kind of rice that could feed more people.Now, many years later, Dr Yuan has another dream: to export his rice so that it can be grown around the globe.One dream is not always enough, especially for a person who loves and cares for his people.Unit3 A MASTER OF NONVERBAL HUMOUR

As Victor Hugo once said, ”Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face", and up to now nobody has been able to do this better than Charlie Chaplin.He brightened the lives of Americans and British through two world wars and the hard years in between.He made people laugh at a time when they felt depressed, so they could feel more content with their lives.Not that Charlie's own life was easy!He was born in a poor family in 1889.His parents were both poor music hall performers.You may find it astonishing that Charlie was taught to sing as soon as he could speak and dance as soon as he could walk.Such training was common in acting families at this time, especially when the family income was often uncertain.Unfortunately his father died, leaving the family even worse off, so Charlie spent his childhood looking after his sick mother and his brother.By his teens, Charlie had, through his humour, become one of the most popular child actors in England.He could mime and act the fool doing ordinary everyday tasks.No one was ever bored watching him-his subtle acting made everything entertaining.As time went by, he began making films.He grew more and more popular as his charming character, the little tramp, became known throughout the world.The tramp, a poor, homeless man with a moustache, wore large trousers, worn-out shoes and a small round black hat.He walked around stilly carrying a walking stick.This character was a social failure but was loved for his optimism and determination to overcome all difficulties.He was the underdog who was kind even when others were unkind to him.How did the little tramp make a sad situation entertaining? Here is an example from one of his most famous films, The Gold Rush.It is the mid-nineteenth century and gold has just been discovered in California.Like so many others, the little tramp and his friend have rushed there in search of gold, but without success.Instead they are hiding in a small hut on the edge of a mountain during a snowstorm with nothing to eat.They are so hungry that they try boiling a pair of leather shoes for their dinner.Charlie first picks out the laces and eats them as if they were spaghetti.Then he cuts off the leather top of the shoe as if it were the finest steak.Finally he tries cutting and chewing the bottom of the shoe.He eats each mouthful with great enjoyment.The acting is so convincing that it makes you believe that it is one of the best meals he has ever tasted!

Charlie Chaplin wrote, directed and produced the films he starred in.In 1972 he was given a special Oscar for his outstanding work in films.He lived in England and the USA but spent his last years in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977.He is loved and remembered as a great actor who could inspire people with great confidence.Unit4

COMMUNICATION: NO PROBLEM?

Yesterday, another student and I, representing our university's student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year's international students.They were coming to study at Beijing University.We would take them first to their dormitories and then to the student canteen.After half an hour of waiting for their flight to arrive, I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously.I stood for a minute watching them and then went to greet them.The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain.After I met them and then introduced them to each other, I was very surprised.Tony approached Julia, touched her shoulder and kissed her on the cheek!She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence.I guessed that there was probably a major misunderstanding.Then Akira Nagata from Japan came in smiling, together with George Cook from Canada.As they were introduced, George reached his hand out to the Japanese student.Just at that moment, however, Akira bowed so his nose touched George's moving hand.They both apologizednot all members of a culture behave in the same way.In general, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today's world of cultural crossroads!Unit5 THEME PARKS — FUN AND MORE THAN FUN

Which theme park would you like to visit? There are various kinds of theme parks, with a different park for almost everything: food, culture, science, cartoons, movies or history.Some parks are famous for having the biggest or longest roller coasters, others for showing the famous sights and sounds of a culture.Whichever and whatever you like, there is a theme park for you!

The theme park you are probably most familiar with is Disneyland.It can be found in several parts of the world.It will bring you into a magical world and make your dreams come true, whether traveling through space, visiting a pirate ship or meeting your favourite fairy tale or Disney cartoon character.As you wander around the fantasy amusement park, you may see Snow White or Mickey Mouse in a parade or on the street.Of course Disneyland also has many exciting rides, from giant swinging ships to terrifying free-fall drops.With all these attractions, no wonder tourism is increasing wherever there is a Disneyland.If you want to have fun and more than fun, come to Disneyland!

Dollywood, in the beautiful Smoky Mountains in the southeastern

USA, is one of the most unique theme parks in the world.Dollywood shows and celebrates America's traditional southeastern culture.Although Dollywood has rides, the park's main attraction is its culture.Famous country music groups perform there all year in indoor and outdoor theatres.People come from all over America to see carpenters and other craftsmen make wood, glass and iron objects in the old-fashioned way.Visit the candy shop to try the same kind of candy that American southerners made 150 years ago, or take a ride on the only steam-engine train still working in the southeast USA.You can even see beautiful bald eagles in the world's largest bald eagle preserve.And for those who like rides, Dollywood has one of the best old wooden roller coasters, Thunderhead.It is world-famous for having the most length in the smallest space.Come to Dollywood to have fun learning all about America's historical southeastern culture!

If you want to experience the ancient days and great deeds of English knights and ladies, princes and queens, then England's Camelot Park is the place for you.Every area of the park is modelled after life in the days of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.In one place, you can watch magic shows with Merlin the Wizard.If you want to see fighting with swords or on horseback, then the jousting area is a good place to visit.If you do well there, King Arthur may choose you to fight in the big jousting tournament.Do you like animals? Then visit the farm area, and learn how people in ancient England ran their farms and took care of their animals.To enter a world of fantasy about ancient England, come to Camelot Park!

第三篇：必修四英语Units 3

必修四英语Units 3---5单元测试题（2）

单项选择

1.The old man is _______ with his retired life that he always wears a ______ smile.A.so satisfied;contentB.well content;contented

C.so content;contentedD.satisfied;satisfying

2.People in Tibet are ______ than they used to be.A.well offB.more better offC.much better offD.quite better off

3.City people enjoy going to the countryside______with organic food and vegetables on holidays.A.to entertainB.to be entertained

C.entertaining themselvesD.to be entertained themselves

4.Once one’s desire ______ reason, trouble is sure to follow.A.overcomesB.is overcomed byC.gets rid ofD.is ridded of

5.______in a red dress, she was easy to _______ in the big crowd.A.Being dressed;pick outB.Dressed;to be picked out

C.Having dressed;pick upD.Dressed;pick out

6.With food, water and electricity______, the village is suffering a humanity disaster.A.cut downB.cut upC.cut offD.cut in

7.However hard I tried, I just couldn’t ______them of the truth of my story.A.remindB.convinceC.ridD.inform

8.People, with the young ________, love to surf the Internet for entertainment.A.in generalB.in detailC.in particularD.in brief

9.Some people have the wrong idea that those who have ______in films must have got their parts through unusual means, especially women actresses.A.playedB.actedC.madeD.starred

10.You really shouldn’t have_____to his comment on your work so violently______he meant no harm to you.A.reacted;after allB.responded;at allC.acted;after allD.done;in all

11.They are said to have developed a new ______ to teaching, which is said to improve classroom teaching greatly.A.methodB.meansC.wayD.approach

12.Property insurance helps you to ______ against natural disasters, in front of which humans appear too small.A.preventB.defendC.protectD.shelter

13.He is not ______ the kind of man who could have done such a rude thing to a lady.You must have been mistaken.A.likelyB.possibleC.probableD.maybe

14.People _______ don’t like to be made fun of, though there are some exceptions.A.on the wholeB.in generalC.in totalD.in a way

15.Your boyfriend is a reliable person.He will never ______ what he has promised.A.turn his back onB.turn a dead earC.turn his back toD.turn his face to

16.The news that his family were safe and sound in the flood put the old man ______.A.at easeB.at comfortC.at reliefD.at life

17.In order not to _______ in front of the audience, the speaker spent many many hours preparing his speech.A.lose his faceB.lose a faceC.lose facesD.lose face

18.Things are not always what they ________.A.stand forB.appearC.representD.are

19.If you are ______about the country you are going to visit, find a book to read.A.seriousB.curiousC.anxiousD.interested20.He is famous both ___a novelist and a poet but he is more famous___his novels.A.for;asB.with;forC.as;forD.like;as

21.---He was born and grew up in the town.---_______ he knows it so well.A.No doubtB.No problemC.No curiosityD.No wonder

22.The two buildings were both _______after the same pattern.A.set upB.foundedC.modeledD.sought

23.At the sound of the bell announcing the end of class, the whole class _______.A.came to lifeB.came aliveC.was bought to lifeD.returned to life

24.When we got to the cinema, there were no tickets left.We should have booked _______.A.head of timeB.in advanceC.before longD.long before

25.More money and effort should be spent _______ the cultural relics in the world.A.to keepB.remainC.preserveD.support

II 完形填空

Back in my country, when I was a child, I used to go to “market day” with my mother.One day each week, farmers used to ___26___ their fruit and vegetables into the city.They ___27___ one street to all cars, and the farmers set up tables for their ___28___.This outdoor market was a great place to ___29___.Everything was fresher than produce in grocery stores because the farmers brought it in ___30___ after the harvest.My mother and I always got there early in the morning to get the ___31___ produce.The outdoor market was a wonderful adventure for a small child, ___32___ was like a festival — full of colors and ___33___.There are red tomatoes, yellow lemons, green lettuce, peppers, grapes, onions.The farmers did their own ___34___.They all shouted loudly for ___35___ to buy their produce.“Come and buy my beautiful oranges!They’re juicy and delicious and full of vitamins to ___36___ your children healthy and strong!”

Everyone used to ___37___ with the farmers over the ___38___ of their produce.It was like a wonderful drama in a theatre;the buyers and sellers were the “___39___” in this drama.My mother was an ___40___ at this.First, she picked the freshest, most attractive tomatoes, for example.Then she asked the price.The seller told her.“What?” she said.She looked very surprised.“ So ___41___?”

The seller looked terribly ___42___.“My dear lady!” he replied.“I’m a poor, ___43___ farmer.These are the cheapest tomatoes on the market!”

They always argued for several minutes before agreeing ___44___ a price.My mother took her tomatoes and left.Both buyer and seller were ___45___.The drama was over.26.A.carryB.takeC.bringD.fetch

27.A.openedB.closedC.startedD.stopped

28.A.produceB.goodsC.foodD.product 29.A.buyB.sellC.bargainD.shop

30.A.hurriedlyB.immediately C.directlyD.straightly

31.A.bestB.finestC.freshestD.cheapest

32.A.whoB.thatC.whichD.what

33.A.voices B.noisesC.soundsD.accent

34.A.shopping B.businessC.shoutingD.advertising

35.A.customers B.producersC.themselvesD.sellers

36.A.keepB.letC.exceptD.make

37.A.argueB.talkC.discussD.speak

38.A.orderB.priceC.qualityD.form

39.A.viewers B.listenersC.actorsD.directors

40.A.actressB.inventorC.advancerD.expert

41.A.wonderful B.excitingC.cheapD.expensive

42.A.injuredB.hurtC.damagedD.wounded

43.A.excellent B.fairC.honestD.easy

44.A.withB.toC.inD.on

45.A.disappointed B.encouraged C.satisfiedD.tired

III 阅读理解ABefore the early 1960’s people interested in the differing roles of the left and right hemispheres(半球)of the brain depended almost entirely on facts drawn from animal research, form studies of patients with one-sided brain damage.But it was possible to find out which brain hemisphere was most involved in speech and other functions in normal people by having them listen to two different words coming to the two ears at the same time.This became known as the “dichotic listening” procedure.When several word pairs are given in a row, people are unable to report them all, and most right-handers prefer to report, and report more correctly, words given to their right ears.This seems to be related to the fact that signals from the right ear, although sent to both hemispheres, are better sent to the left hemisphere which controls speech.People who have speech represented(回忆)in the right hemisphere, a very unusual occurrence even in left-handed people, more correctly report what their left ears hear.In contrast to the right-ear advantage for speech, there is generally a left-ear advantage for another type of auditory(听觉的)signal: music.When right-handed people listen to melodic patterns they report them better from the left ear.46.Which of the following would be the most proper title for the passage?

A.An Introduction to Speech Damage in Patients with Brain Damage.B.An Investigation into the Role of the Brain’s Hemispheres.C.An Analysis of Left and Right-handed People.D.An Examination of “Dichotic Listening”.47.The “dichotic listening” procedure could best be described as hearing _______.A.two different words in the same ear twiceB.the same word twice in the same ear

C.two different words in different earsD.two different words twice in two ears

48.According to the passage, right-handed people normally _______.A.have better hearing in their both ears

B.have little difficulty in reporting words given to their right ears

C.are unable to report word pairs given to their left ears

D.correctly report word pairs given in a row

49.According to the passage, music is best appreciated when heard by _______.A.the left ear of right-handers

B.people with a left-ear advantage

C.left-handers in their right ears

D.right-handed people who understand melodic patterns

B

Any mistake made in the printing of a stamp raises its value to stamp collectors.A mistake on one inexpensive postage stamp has made the stamp worth a million and a half times its original value.The mistake was made more than a hundred years ago in the British colony of Mauritius, a small island in the Indian Ocean.In 1847 an order for stamps was sent to a London printer — Mauritius was to become the fourth country in the world to issue stamps.Before the order was filled and delivered, a ball was planned at Mauritius’ Government House, and stamps were needed to send out the invitations.A local printer was instructed to copy the design for the stamps.He accidentally inscribed the words “Post Office” instead of “Post Paid” on the several hundred stamps that he printed.Today there are only twenty-six of these misprinted stamps left fourteen One Penny Orange-Reds and twelve Two Penny Blues.Because of the Two Penny Blue’s rareness and age, collectors have paid as much as ＄16 800 for it.50.Over a century ago, Mauritius _______.A.was an independent countryB.belonged to India

C.was one of the British coloniesD.was a small island in the Pacific Ocean

51.The mistake on the stamps was made _______.A.in Mauritius B.at Mauritius Government House C.in a post office D.in London

52.Stamp collectors have paid 16 800 for _______.A.fourteen One Penny Orange-RedsB.twelve Two Penny Blues

C.one One Penny Orange-RedD.one Two Penny Blue

C

Are you truly happy? Do you ever know what it means to be happy and what it takes to achieve happiness?__53___.The following are a few tips that I follow to create happiness in my life.※ Make a plan for attaining goals that you believe will make you happy.Your moods will very likely increase if you are going after something you value.※Surround yourself with happy people.It is easy to begin to think negatively when you are surrounded by people who think that way.___54___.※When something goes wrong, try to figure out a solution instead of being absorbed in self pity.Truly happy people don’t allow setbacks to affect their mood because they know that with a little thought they can turn the circumstances back to their

favor.※__55_.These few minutes will give you the opportunity to focus on the positive things in your life and will lead you to continuous happiness.※56.Whether you treat yourself to lunch, take a long, relaxing bath or simply spend a few extra minutes on your appearance, you will be subconsciously(下意识地)putting yourself in a better mood.※Finding the humor in situations can also lead to happiness.Find a way to make light of a situation that would otherwise make you happy.※Keeping healthy is another way to achieve happiness.57.A.What makes one person happy may be very different from what makes someone else happy.B.On the contrary, if you are around people who are happy, their emotional state will be infectious.C.Being overweight or not eating nutritious foods can have a negative effect on your mood．

D.These are important questions for anyone who is seeking happiness to ask themselves.E.Spend a few minutes each day thinking about the things that make you happy.F.There are some tips in life that lead to happiness.G.It’s also important to take some time each day to do something nice for yourself.IV短文改错

A public competition is held last year in a small town in Scotland to find out who

could eat most in the shortest time.At last, a man succeeds in setting a new record.In

the time given by the judges he ate a big bowl of fishes soup, and a whole chicken

cooked by different ways with ten big pieces of bread and a large cake.Besides of all

this, he had ten glasses of beer.After winning the competition the new champion went

home with two of her friends.As they were coming near his house, he sudden stopped

and said: “I say friends, please don’t tell my wife anything about the competition

today, and she won’t give me something to eat.”

第四篇：政治必修1复习提纲

思想政治

必修1《经济生活》

第一部分 生活与消费

1． 任何商品都是使用价值和价值的统一体，商品的使用价值是价值的物质承担者（要重视

商品的质量）

2． 影响价格的因素：

① 价值决定价格，价值是价格的基础，价格是价值的货币表现。社会劳动生产率提高

导致社会必要劳动时间减少，商品的价值量降低。

② 商品的供求关系影响价格，供不应求价格上涨，供过于求价格下跌。

3． 从价格变动对经济生活的影响来答题

① 价格变动对人们生活的影响

A.一般来说，当某种商品的价格上升时，人们会减少对它的购买；当这种商品价

格下降时，人们会增加对它的购买

B.不同商品价格的变动对需求量的反应程度不同，价格变动对生活必需品需求量的影响比较小，对高档耐用品需求量的影响比较大

C.消费者对既定商品的需求，不仅受其价格变动的影响，而且受相关商品价格变

动的影响（互为替代品、互补品）

② 价格变动对生产经营的影响

A.调节生产规模

B.提高劳动生产率

C.促使企业生产适销对路的高质量产品

4． 影响消费的因素

① 客观因素：

A.收入是消费的基础和前提：

a.在其它条件不变的情况下，人们的可支配收入越多，对各种商品和服务的消费量就越大

b.居民消费水平不仅取决于当前的收入，而且受未来收入预期的影响。对于

未来收入，如果人们有非常乐观的预期，那么预知将来收入的可能性就会

加大；反之，预期未来有减少收入或者失业的风险时，人们就会节制当前的消费，以备不时之需

c.社会总体消费水平的高低与人们收入差距的大小有密切的联系。人们收入

差距过大，总体消费水平会降低；反之，收入差距缩小，会使总体消费水

平提高

B.物价的变动影响人们的购买力：

物价的变动会影响人们的购买力。一般来说，物价上涨，人们的购买力普遍降

低，会减少对商品的消费量；物价下跌，则购买力普遍提高，会增加对商品的消费量

② 主观因素：受消费心理的影响（攀比，求异，从众，求实心理）

5． 怎样树立正确的消费观（如何做一个理智的消费者）

① 量入为出，适度消费

② 避免盲从，理性消费

③ 保护环境，绿色消费

④ 勤俭节约，艰苦奋斗

-．如何提高人们的消费水平

①收入是消费的基础和前提，必须保持经济的稳定增长，增加居民收入，提高消费能力。千方百计增加农民收入，继续增加中低收入户家庭收入

②居民的消费水平不仅取决于当前的收入而且受未来收入预期的影响，所以要加强社会保障，激发预期消费，实施积极的就业政策。继续完善社会保障体系。加大财政转移力度，缓解居民消费后顾之忧，切实解决居民关心的就业、教育、医疗、养老、住房等民生问题

③社会总体消费水平的高低与人的收入差距大小有密切联系。收入差距缩小，总体消费水平提高。要统筹城乡发展，注重社会公平，保障人民共享改革发展成果

④物价变动会影响人们的购买能力，因而要稳定物价水平，挖掘消费潜力。要高度重视农业生产，保证农产品稳定供应。加强市场监督和监管，对哄抬物价的行为予以严肃处理

⑤加强宏观调控，实行积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策，制定鼓励消费的政策措施，合理扩大信贷规模

⑥保障消费者合法权益，营造和谐消费环境。深入推进诚信建设，大力整顿和规范市场经济秩序，强化商品及商品服务质量

⑦要大力发展经济特别是农村经济

第二部分 生产、劳动与经营

1． 生产与消费的辩证关系原理

① 生产决定消费

A． 生产决定消费的对象

B． 生产决定消费的方式

C． 生产决定消费的质量和水平

D． 生产为消费创造动力

② 消费对生产具有重要的反作用

A． 消费是生产的目的B． 消费对生产的调整和升级起着导向作用

C． 消费是生产的动力

D． 消费为生产创造出新的劳动力

2． 我国的基本经济制度

① 含义：我国社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度（所有制）是以公有制为主体、多种

所有制经济共同发展

② 原因：

A.适合社会主义初级阶段生产力发展不平衡、多层次的状况，符合社会主义的本质要求

B.实践证明，它有利于促进生产力的发展，有利于增强我国的综合国力，有

利于提高人民的生活水平

③ 途径：

A．第一，必须毫不动摇地巩固和发展公有制经济

B．第二，毫不动摇地鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济的发展

C．第三，形成各种所有制经济平等竞争、相互促进的新格局

3．公司经营成功的主要因素

①制定正确的经营战略

②公司要提高自主创新能力，依靠技术进步、科学管理等手段，形成自己的竞争优势

③要诚信经营，树立良好的信誉和企业形象

④以人为本，贯彻科学发展观

4．如何解决劳动者就业问题

①国家：要大力发展经济，促进就业，实施积极的就业政策

② 劳动者：要树立自主择业观、竞争就业观、职业平等观、多种方式就业观 ③ 企业：要大力提高经济效益

5．如何维护劳动者的合法权益

①国家：在实施积极的就业政策，扩大多渠道就业的同时，规范和协调劳动关系，加强劳动保护，改善劳动条件，完善社会保障体系，颁布和实施《劳动法》

② 劳动者：自觉的履行劳动者的义务是获得权利、维护权益的基础；依法签订劳动合同是维护劳动者合法权益的重要依据；当自己的权益受到侵害时，可以通过投诉、协商、申请调解、申请仲裁、向法院起诉等途径加以维护；劳动者要增强权利意识和法律意识，依法维护自己的合法权益

③ 企业：增强法制意识和道德意识，遵守劳动法和职业道德，自觉维护劳动者的合法

权益

6． 如何选择正确的投资方式

① 要注意投资的回报率，也要注意投资的风险性

② 投资要注意多元化

③ 投资要量力而行

④ 投资要注意考虑个人利益，同时要考虑国家利益，做到利国利民，同时不可违反国

家法律、政策

第三部分收入与分配

1． 我国的分配制度：我国现阶段实行按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度

2． 我国现阶段的分配方式

① 按劳分配（主体）：国有企业和集体企业的劳动者的工资、奖金和津贴

② 按个体劳动者的劳动成果分配（从属）：个体劳动者、个体经济

③ 按生产要素分配（从属）：资本、土地、技术、劳动（私营企业和外资企业中职工的工资、奖金和津贴）、管理、信息

3． 在收入分配方面如何实现社会公平

① 坚持和完善按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度

② 保证居民收入在国民收入分配中占合理比重、劳动报酬在初次分配中占合理比重

是实现社会公平的重要举措

③ 再分配更加注重公平是实现社会公平的另一重要举措

4． 怎样正确处理公平和效率的关系

① 初次分配和再分配都要处理好效率和公平的关系，既要提高效率又要促进公平② 既要反对平均主义，又要防止收入差距悬殊

③ 既要落实分配政策，又要提倡奉献精神

④ 在鼓励人们创业致富的同时，倡导回报社会和先富帮后富

5． 影响财政收入的因素

① 经济发展水平，是基础性作用，二者是根与叶、源与流的关系

② 分配政策，与国家财政集中的财富有关

6． 财政的作用

① 促进社会公平、改善人民生活的物质保障

② 具有促进资源合理配置的作用

③ 具有促进国民经济平稳运行的作用

第四部分发展社会主义市场经济

1． 社会主义市场经济的基本特征

① 基本标志：坚持公有制为主体

② 根本目标：以共同富裕为根本目标

③ 在社会主义经济条件下，国家能够实行强有力的宏观调控

2． 国家宏观调控的原因和手段

① 原因：

A． 为了弥补市场调节的不足

B． 是由我国的社会主义性质决定的C． 社会主义公有制及共同富裕目标要求国家必须发挥宏观调控的职能 ② 手段：以经济手段和法律手段为主，辅之以必要的行政手段

3． 如何促进国民经济又好又快的发展

① 提高自主创新能力，建设创新型国家。② 加快转变经济发展方式，推动产业结构优化升级。

③ 统筹城乡发展，推进社会主义新农村建设。

④ 加强能源资源节约和生态环境保护，增强可持续发展能力。

⑤ 推动区域协调发展。缩小区域发展差距。

4．怎样提高开放型经济

①对外开放是长期的基本国策

② 我国对外开放的格局，形成了全方位、宽领域、多层次的对外开放格局 ③ 提高开放型经济水平基本战略：把“引进来”和“走出去”相结合④ 我国实行对外开放坚持的原则：必须始终坚持独立自主、自力更生的原则

第五篇：政治必修二复习提纲【精品】（范文模版）

民主

民主选举：方式：直接、间接、等额和差额

民主决策：决策形式：间接；直接【4个制度：1.社情民意反映（拓宽民意反映渠道、是决策机关科学决策的重要前提）2.专家咨询（提高决策科学性）3.社会公示（增强决策透明度和公民参与度）

4.社会听证（决策利民）】

民主管理：城市、农村 意义：扩大基层民主、是社会主义民主最为广泛而深刻的实践，重点推进

民主监督：3个制度（主要渠道）：信访举报、人大代表联系群众、舆论监督；3个形式：监督听证会、民主评议会、网上评议政府

公民

权利：1.选举和被选举权2.政治自由3.监督权

义务：1.维护国家统一和民族团结2.遵守宪法和法律3.维护国家安全、荣誉和利益4.服兵役和参加民兵组织

原则：1.法律面前人人平等2.权利义务相统一3.个人利益与国家利益相结合政府

性质（国家权力机关的执行机关）+宗旨（为人民服务）+原则（对人民负责）+职能（1.保障人民民主和维护国家长治久安2.组织社会主义经济建设<内容：经济调节、市场监管、社会管理、公共服务。作用：促进社会经济发展、提高生活水平>3.组织社会主义文化建设）+依法行政【意义：贯彻依法治国方略，提高行政管理水平的基本要求。本质：坚持全心全意为人民服务的根本宗旨，体现了对人民负责的原则。重要意义：1.有利于保障人民群众的权力和自由2.有利于加强廉政建设，保证政府及其工作人员不变质，增强政府的权威3.有利于防止行政权力缺失和滥用，提高行政管理水平4.有利于带动全社会尊重法律·遵守法律·维护法律，推进社会主义民主法制建设。（提高依法行政水平：1.加强立法工作，提高立法质量，以严格规范行政执法行为2.加强行政执法队伍建设，促进严格执法、公正执法和文明执法，不断提高执法能力和水平

3.深化行政管理体制改革，努力形成权责一致、分工合理、决策科学、执行顺畅、监督有力的行政管理体制）】= 政府权威

人民代表大会制度：含义：按照民主集中制原则，由人民选举代表组成人民代表大会作为国家权力机关，统一管理国家社会事务的政治制度

地位“我国政体、根本政治制度