第一篇：熊海虹主编《高等学校研究生英语综合教程 上》课后练习答案
Unit One Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A 7.D 2.C 8.C
3.B 9.A
4.C 10.D
5.D 11.A
6.D 12.B Task 2 1.public(c)6.public(a)2.discipline(b)
3.strength(a)
4.reference(a)9.references(c)14.reference(b)
5.strength(d)10.personality(a)15.personality(c)7.demonstrated(b)8.discipline(c)11.discipllining(d)12.demonstrates(a)13.public(d)
Task 3 1.employment 6.credit
2.paid 7.cite
3.adjust
4.setting
5.discouraged 10.rules
8.demonstrate
9.teamwork
Unit Two Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A 6.A 2.B 7.B
3.B 8.C
4.C 9.A
5.B 10.C
Task 2 1.bud(n.);budding(adj.)3.taste(n.);tasted(v.)
2.access(n.);access(v.)4.fool(n.);fooling(v.)6.garnish(v.);garnishes(n.)8.concern(n.);concerned(v.)10.practiced(v.);practice(n.)5.produces(v.);produce(n.)7.reigns(v.);reign(n.)
9.named(v.);name(n.)
Task 3 1)integration
2)choice
3)handed
4)aspiring
5)steaming 6)masterpieces
7)pleasure
8)partake
9)amazing
10)presented
Unit Three Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C
4.B
5.A
6.B
7.C
8.A Task 2 1.stack up against
2.struck a chord 3.amounted to
4.chopping off 5.appeal to
6.pick up on 10.pulled off
7.turned out 11.thrust upon
8.fade away 12.be kept clear of 9.brought together
Task 3 1)swirling
2)delivered
3)glowed
4)intervals
5)converge 6)wanderings
7)navigate
8)jealousy
9)presence
10)absorbed
Unit Four Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A 2.A 3.C
4.B
5.B
6.C
7.D
8.C
9.A
10.C Task 2 1.maintained(a)
2.romantic(a)
3.essential(a)
4.essentials(c)5.dimension(c)
6.intimate(a)
7.maintains(c)
8.defies(b)9.intimated(d)
10.dimensions(a)
11.defy(a)
12.romantic(b)13.dimensions(b)
14.maintain(d)
15.intimate(c)
Task 3 1)prerequisite
2)date
3)Respect
4)important 5)whomever
6)candidates
7)highly
8)essential 9)suitable
10)sufficient
Unit Five Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.B 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.A
7.B 8.D 9.C 10.A
11.C 12.D 13.B
Task 2 1.A.masterpieces 2.A.committed 3.A.executing 5.A.inventors 6.A.breath 7.A.physical 8.A.discipline 9.A.practice 10.A.reaction
B.mastered B.commission B.execution B.represented B.investors B.breathing B.physiological B.routine
B.performed B.reconciliation
C.mastery C.commitment C.executive C.presented C.innovator C.breathtaking C.psychological C.discipline C.perfect
C.resistance
D.proper D.response
D.present D.breathless
4.A.presentation Task 3 1)written
2)practiced
3)adapted
4)fundamental
5)soul 6)described
7)mental
8)state of being
9)pictured
10)exercises 11)control
12)experiences
13)including
14)individuals
15)medical
Unit Six Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.B
2.D
3.A
4.C
5.B
6.A
7.C
8.D
9.B
10.C
Task 2 1.contented
2.convention
3.tall
4.curiously
5.Convention 6.content
7.execute
8.curious
9.execute
10.count 11.content
12.conventions
13.count
14.convention
15.tall
Task 3 1)sheer
2)subject
3)contradictory
4)worldly
5)chaotic 6)sophisticated
7)violence
8)glamorous
9)crime
10)safest
Unit Seven Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A
2.C
3.B
4.B
5.C
6.A
7.B
8.C
9.A
10.C
Task 2 Step 1 partially proverbial alteration Step 2 unfold refinement liar
unselfishness/selfishness indestructible
considerable
imperfect
criminal traitor
employee mistake philanthropist 5.alteration 10.unfolds 15.proverbial 1.indestructible 6.traitor
11.refinement 2.mistook
7.considerable 3.unselfishness 8.liar
4.imperfect
9.employees 14.partially 12.philanthropist 13.criminal
Task 3 1.So far as I'm concerned 2.should endeavor to measure whether predetermined goals are being achieved 3.has been engrossed in conversation with all night 4.draw conclusions from the results of a single survey 5.He had no friends nor acquaintances 6.did she tell him about the attack 7.as we had seen 8.that he had had a family himself 9.the problems you mention are inherent in the system 10.young people conscientious in their work/young people who are conscientious in their work 11.deviated from her custom 12.at the peril of your own life/at your own peril 13.taken on a new dimension 14.capable of looking after myself 15.in much the same way as it was 200 years ago 16.rescue the sailors from the sinking ship 17.Portugal participated in the war 18.due to our ignorance
Unit Eight Vocabulary in Action Task 1 Step 1 1.boot---e, m
2.bound--c, j 3.fatal--b, q
4.negotiate--g, n 5.net---a, f, 1
6.the odds--h, i 7.reward--k, o
8.vacuum---d, p Step 2 1.boot(m)
2.vacum(p)
3.rewarded(o)
4.reward(k)
5.net(f)6.negotiating(n)7.odds(h)
8.odds(i)
9.Fatal(b)
10.negotiations(g)
Task 2 1.A.black and white
B.in black and white
C.black-and-white 2.A.on the scene
B.sets the scene
C.behind the scenes 3.A.make no difference
B.make a difference
C.make any difference
D.make all the difference 4.A.work on
B.works against
C.work out 5.A.spread to
B.spreading out
C.spread through
Task 3 1.A 6.B
2.B 7.C
3.B 8.B
4.D 9.D
5.A 10.C
Unit Nine Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A
2.D
3.B
4.B
5.C
6.A
7.B
8.A
9.C
10.A
Task 2 1.crammed(b)
2.balloon(a)
3.crash(a)
4.crammed(a)
5.crashed(a)6.crammed(d)
7.ballooned(c)
8.crash(b)
9.balloon(b)
10.slumped(b)11.trust(c)
12.trust(d)
13.liberal(c)
14.slump(c)16.trust(b)
Task 3 1)A
2)D 3)B
4)B
5)C
6)C
7)A
8)A
Unit Ten Vocabulary in Action Task 1 I.A
2.C
3.D
4.B
5.B
6.B
7.C
8.D
9.A
10.B
Task 2 1.underlying
2.immune
3.impart
4.imperative
6.diffused
7.foremost
8.scholarly
9.illuminated
Task 3 1)deeper
2)contribute
3)explore
4)potential
6)productive
7)likely
8)produce
9)Nationally
15.liberals(b)9)D
10)D
5.vulnerable 5)how
10)dedicated
10.eloquence
第二篇：高等学校研究生英语系列教材_综合教程(下)主编熊海虹 课后答案
Unit One
Task 1
1.provinces b.2.woke a.3.haunt b.4.trouble a.5.weathers d.6.wakeb.7.coined c.8.trouble b.9.weather c.10.province c.11.coin a.12.value a.13.haunts a.14.has promised a.15.trouble c.16.coin b.17.promise d, 18.values c.19.refrain b.20.valued e.Task 2
1.tranquil 2.ultimately 3.aftermath 4.cancel out
5.ordeal 6.drastic 7.legacy 8.deprivations
9.suicidal 10.anticipated 11.preoccupied 12.adversities
13.aspires 14.nostalgia 15, retrospect
Task 3
1.a mind-blowing experience
2.built-in storage space
3.self-protection measures
4.short-term employment
5.distorted and negative self-perception
6.life-changing events
7.all-encompassing details
8.a good self-image
Unit Two
Task1
I.A.entertainmentB.entertaining
2.A.attached B.attachment
3.A.historically B.historic
4.A.innovativeB.Innovations
5.A.flawed B.flawless
6.A.controversy B.controversial
7.A.revise B.revisions
8.A.commentary B.commentator
9.A.restrictive B.restrictions
10.10.A.heroicB.heroics
Task 2
1.ethnic 2.corporate 3.tragic 4.athletic 5.underlie
6.stack 7.intrinsic 8.revenue 9.engrossed 10.award Task 3
1)revenues 2)receipts 3)economic 4)rewards 5)athletes
6)sponsor 7)spectators 8)maintain 9)availability 10)stadiums
11)anticipated 12)publicity
Unit Three
Task 1
1.B 2, D 1 A 4, C 5, A 6.B 7,C 8.A 9.B 10.C
Task2
LA.discrete B.discreet C.discretion
2.A.auditors B.auditorium C.audit D.auditory E.auditedA.conception B.contrivance C.contrive D.conceive
4.A.giggling B.gasped C.gargling D.gossip
5.A.affectionate B.passion C.affection D.passionate
6.A.reluctant B.relentless C.relevant
7.A.reverence B.reverent C.revere
8.A.peeping/peep B.peered C.perceive D.poring
Task3
1)gain 2)similarities 3)diverse 4)enrich 5)perspective
6)discover 7)challenging 8)specific 9)adventure 10)enlightens
11)opportunities 12)memories 13)joyful 14)outweighs 15)span)Unit Four
Task 1
1)uncomfortable 2)reading 3)immerse 4)deep 5)access 6)concentration
7)stopped 8)altered 9)change 10)different 11)decoders
12)disengaged 13)variations 14)words 15)tighter
Task 2
1.D 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.C
Task 1
Step 1
l)i 2)f 3)a 4)b 5)h 6)j 7)c 8)e 9)d 10)g
Step 2
1)fidgety2)crushing3)pithy4)foraging5)definitive ,6)propelled7)applauded8)ubiquity9)duly10)curtail
Task 2
1.above 2.on 3.to 4.on 5.on/about 6.to 7.with 8.at 9.on/about10.in
Task 3
1.may have a subtle effect on
2.provide free access toe-books
3.isinthe midst ofa sea change
4.has been onthe faculty ofHarvard University
5.a voracious book reader
6.you'll stay focused onit
7.the conduit for information
8.your check came asanabsolute godsend
9.lost the thread ofthe story
10.stroll through elegant prose
Unit Five
Task 1
1.A2.C3.D4.B5.C6.B7.C8.D9.A10.C11.B12D.13.D14.A15.B
Task2
1.sheer2.slip3desert4.revenge5.sheered6.level7.deserted8.skirted
9.protested10.duplicates11.level12.revenge13.skirt14.protests15.slip16.duplicate
第三篇：熊海虹主编《高等学校研究生英语综合教程 下》课后习题答案
Unit One
Task 1 1.provinces b.2.woke a.3.haunt b.4.trouble a.5.weathers d.6.wakeb.7.coined c.8.trouble b.9.weather c.10.province c.11.coin a.12.value a.13.haunts a.14.has promised a.15.trouble c.16.coin b.17.promise d, 18.values c.19.refrain b.20.valued e.Task 2
1.tranquil 2.ultimately 3.aftermath 4.cancel out 5.ordeal 6.drastic 7.legacy 8.deprivations 9.suicidal 10.anticipated 11.preoccupied 12.adversities 13.aspires 14.nostalgia 15, retrospect Task 3
1.a mind-blowing experience 2.built-in storage space 3.self-protection measures 4.short-term employment 5.distorted and negative self-perception 6.life-changing events 7.all-encompassing details 8.a good self-image
Unit Two Task1
I.A.entertainmentB.entertaining 2.A.attached B.attachment 3.A.historically B.historic 4.A.innovativeB.Innovations 5.A.flawed B.flawless 6.A.controversy B.controversial 7.A.revise B.revisions 8.A.commentary B.commentator 9.A.restrictive B.restrictions 10.10.A.heroicB.heroics
Task 2 1.ethnic 2.corporate 3.tragic 4.athletic 5.underlie 6.stack 7.intrinsic 8.revenue 9.engrossed 10.award Task 3 1)revenues 2)receipts 3)economic 4)rewards 5)athletes
6)sponsor 7)spectators 8)maintain 9)availability 10)stadiums 11)anticipated 12)publicity
Unit Three Task 1 1.B 2, D 1 A 4, C 5, A 6.B 7,C 8.A 9.B 10.C Task2 LA.discrete B.discreet C.discretion 2.A.auditors B.auditorium C.audit D.auditory E.audited 1 A.conception B.contrivance C.contrive D.conceive 4.A.giggling B.gasped C.gargling D.gossip 5.A.affectionate B.passion C.affection D.passionate 6.A.reluctant B.relentless C.relevant 7.A.reverence B.reverent C.revere
8.A.peeping/peep B.peered C.perceive D.poring Task3 1)gain 2)similarities 3)diverse 4)enrich 5)perspective 6)discover 7)challenging 8)specific 9)adventure 10)enlightens 11)opportunities 12)memories 13)joyful 14)outweighs 15)span)
Unit Four Task 1 1)uncomfortable 2)reading 3)immerse 4)deep 5)access 6)concentration 7)stopped 8)altered 9)change 10)different 11)decoders 12)disengaged 13)variations 14)words 15)tighter Task 2 1.D 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.C
Task 1 Step 1 l)i 2)f 3)a 4)b 5)h 6)j 7)c 8)e 9)d 10)g Step 2 1)fidgety2)crushing3)pithy4)foraging5)definitive , 6)propelled7)applauded8)ubiquity9)duly10)curtail Task 2 1.above 2.on 3.to 4.on 5.on/about 6.to 7.with 8.at 9.on/about10.in Task 3 1.may have a subtle effect on 2.provide free access toe-books 3.isinthe midst ofa sea change 4.has been onthe faculty ofHarvard University 5.a voracious book reader 6.you'll stay focused onit 7.the conduit for information 8.your check came asanabsolute godsend 9.lost the thread ofthe story 10.stroll through elegant prose
Unit Five Task 1 1.A2.C3.D4.B5.C6.B7.C8.D9.A10.C11.B12D.13.D14.A15.B Task2 1.sheer2.slip3desert4.revenge5.sheered6.level7.deserted8.skirted 9.protested10.duplicates11.level12.revenge13.skirt14.protests15.slip16.duplicate
Unit Six Task 1 I.C 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.C lI.B 12.A Task2 1.Water isnot an effective shield 2.engulfed inflames 3.the rights ofsovereign nations 4.outpaced its rivals inthe market 5.There's no need tobelabor the point 6.She invoked several eminent scholars 7.from two embattled villages 8.According tothe witness's testimony 9.Inspite ofour best endeavors 10.After many trials and tribulations Task2 1)remain2)childish3)reaffirm4)precious5)equal6)measure
7)greatness8)journey9)leisure10)fame11)obscure12)prosperity
Unit Seven Task1 I.C 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.B 10.B Task2 1.patrons b.2.designated b.3.reference d.4.inclination c5.host d.6.diffusing b.7.host c8.inclination a.9.references c.10.patrons a.11.reference a.12.host a.13.diffuses a..14.designate a.15.designate c.Task3 1)alive2)awakened3)trip4)stone5)remains6)beyond7)records 8)social 9)across10)surrounding11)mental12)miracle13)having 14)failure15)participate
Unit Eight Task 1 1.B 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.A 9.A 10.C Task2 1.A.outburst B.bursting C.outbreak 2.A.adverse B.adversity C.advised 3.A.distinguishes B.distinct C.distinguished 4.A.sight/vision B.view C.outlook D.visions 5.A.implicit B.implicit/implied C.underlying 6.A.washed B.awash C.washing 7.A.jumped/sprang B.springs C.leap D.jumped 8.A.trail B.trail/track C.trace D.track E.trace 9.A.sensed B.sensible C.sense D.sensitive E.sensational 10.A.prosperous B.prosperity C.prospects D.prophecy Task3 1)echoes2)pays heed to3)hidden4)objectively5)decipher6)presence7)conviction 8)shot9)however10)slaughter11)bare12)trim13)are connected to14)strive15)yield
Unit Nine Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.D Task2 I.explain, plain, complained, plain 2.tolerate, tolerant, tolerance 3.consequence,sequence,consequent 4.commerce, commercial, commercial, commercialism, commercially 5.arouse, arising, arise, arousal 6.irritant, irritation, irritable, irritate
7.democratic, dynamic, automated, dramatic
8.dominate, dominant, predominant, predominate 9.celebrate, celebrity, celebrated, celebration 10.temporal, contemporary, temporary Task3 I)encompassing2)standard3)constraints4)presented5)resolution6)constitute 7)entertainment8)interchangeably9)distinction10)fuzzy11)technically 12)devoted to13)ranging14)competing15)biases
Unit Ten Task 1 1)beware of2)unpalatable3)delineate4)Ingrained5)amplify 6)supplanted7)pin down8)discretionary9)stranded10)swept through Task2 1.that happy-to-be-alive attitude2.anl-told-you-so air
3.the-end-justifies-the-means philosophy4.Aheart-in-the-mouth moment 5.a now-or-never chance6.a touch-and-go situation 7.a wait-and-see attitude8.too-eager-not-to-lose 9.a cards-on-the-table approach10.anine-to-five lifestyle 11.a look-who's-talking tone12.around-the-clock service 13.a carrot-and-stick approach14.a rags-to-riches man 15.a rain-or-shine picnic Task3 I)exquisite2)soothe3)equivalent4)literally5)effective 6)havoc7)posted8)notify9)clumsy10)autonomously
第四篇：熊海虹主编《高等学校研究生英语综合教程_上》1-10单元原文+翻译(个人整理方便学习)
Unit One
TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS
David G.Jensen
核心员工的特征
大卫·G．詹森 What exactly is a key player? A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted.I asked a clientto define it for me.“Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done.On my team of seven process engineer and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said.“Key players are essential to my organization.And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just that: the staff that another manager will not want to see leave.We recruit only key players.”
1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。
在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。” This is part of a pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change.They want to hire a “key player” from another company.Every company also hires from the ranks of newbies, and what they're looking for is exactly the same.“We hold them up to the standards we see in our top people.If it looks like they have these same traits, we'll place a bet on them.” It's just a bit riskier.2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。“It's an educated guess,” says my hiring manager client.Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate that risk.You need to help them identify you as a prospective “key player”.3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。4 Trait 1: The selfless collaborator
John Fetzer, career consultant and chemist, first suggested this trait, which has already been
written about a great deal.It deserves repeating because it is the single most public difference between academia and industry.“It's teamwork,” says Fetzer“ The business environment is less lone-wolf and competitive, so signs of being collaborative and selfless stand out.You just can't succeed in an industry environment without this mindset” 4特征1：无私的合作者
职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。” 5 Many peptides and grad students have a tough time showing that they can make this transition because so much of their life has involved playing the independent-researcher role and outshining other young stars.You can make yourself more attractive to companies by working together with scientists from other laboratories and disciplines in pursuit of a common goal—and documenting the results on your resume.This approach, combined with a liberal use of the pronoun “we” and not just “I” when describing your accomplishments, can change the company's perception of you from a lone wolf to a selfless collaborator.Better still, develop a reputation inside your lab and with people your lab collaborates with as a person who fosters and initiates collaborations—and make sure this quality gets mentioned by those who will take those reference phone calls.5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从 “单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。6 Trait 2: A sense of urgency Don Haut is a frequent contributor to the aas.sciencecareers.org discussion forum.He is a former scientist who transitioned to industry many years ago and then on to a senior management position.Haut heads strategy and business development for a division of 3M with more than $2.4 billion in annual revenues.He is among those who value a sense of urgency.6特征2：紧迫感
唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。7 “Business happens 24/7/365 which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well,” says Haut.“One way that companies win is by getting 'there' faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move quickly, but you have to know how to decide where 'there' is!This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast and have the courage to act on their convictions.This requirement needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management.” 7“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” 8 Trait 3: Risk tolerance Being OK with risk is something that industry demands.“A candidate needs to have demonstrated the ability to make decisions with imperfect or incomplete information.He or she must be able to embrace ambiguity and stick his or her neck out to drive to a conclusion,” wrote one of my clients in a job description.8特征3：风险容忍度
企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道。Haut agrees.“Business success is often defined by comfort with ambiguity and risk-personal, organizational, and financial.This creates a disconnect for many scientists because success in academia is really more about careful, studied research.Further, great science is often defined by how one gets to the answer as much as by the answer itself, so scientists often fall in love with the process.In a business, you need to understand the process, but you end up falling in love with the answer and then take a risk based on what you think that answer means to your business.Putting your neck on the line like this is a skill set that all employers look for in their best people.” 9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的，组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。” 10 Another important piece of risk tolerance is a candidate's degree of comfort with failure.Failure is important because it shows that you were not afraid to take chances.So companies consistently look for candidates who can be wrong and admit it.Everyone knows how to talk about successes—or they should if they're in a job search—but far fewer people are comfortable talking about failures, and fewer still know how to bring lessons and advantages back from the brink.“For my organization, a candidate needs to have comfort discussing his or her failures, and he or she needs to have real failures, not something made up for interview day.If not, that person has not taken enough risk.” says Haut.10风险容忍度的另外一个要点是求职者对失败的承受度。失败很重要，因为这表示你不怕冒险。所以各家公司总会寻找有可能犯错误并敢于承认错误的求职者。大家都知道如何谈论成功——或者当他们在寻找工作的时候应该知道。但很少有人乐意谈论失败，更少有人知道如何从失败的边缘吸取教训和获得经验。“对我的企业来说，求职者需要坦然地谈论他或她的失败，而且他或她需要有真正的失败经历，而不是特意为面试而杜撰的东西。如果做不到的话，那么这个人冒的风险还不够，”豪特说。11 Trait 4: Strength in interpersonal relationships Rick Leach is in business development for deCODE Genetics.Leach made the transition to industry recently, on the business side of things'“.I asked him about this key trait because in his new business role, interpersonal abilities make the difference between success and failure.”Scientists spend their lives accumulating knowledge and developing technical acumen,“ he says, ”but working for a business requires something else entirely—people skills.The scientist who is transitioning into the business world must prioritize his or her relationship assets above their technical assets.To suddenly be valued and measured by your mastery of human relationships can be a very scary proposition for a person who has been valued and measured only by his mastery of things,“ says Rick.11特征4：善于处理人际关系
瑞克·李奇在迪科德遗传工程公司从事业务拓展。李奇最近才转行到企业，做业务方面的工作。我向他咨询这个重要特征，是因为在他的新业务角色中，人际沟通能力在成功和失败之间发挥着很大的作用。“科学家毕生都在积累知识，培养技术上的敏锐感，”他说，“但为企业工作需要完全不同的东西——人际交往的能力。想转行到企业界的科学家们必须优先考虑他们的社会关系资源而不是技术资源。对一个以前一直根据专业知识水平被评价的人来说，突然之间要根据他的人际交往能力来评价他，真是十分令人恐惧。” 12 It would be a mistake, however, to assume that strong people skills are required only for business people like Leach.Indeed, the key players I've met who work at the bench in industry have succeeded in great measure because they've been able to work with a broad variety of personalities, up and down the organization.12然而，如果认为只有像李奇那样的生意人才需要熟练的人际沟通技巧，那就错了。事实上，我所遇见的在企业工作的核心费工们之所以取得成功，很大程度上是因为他们能够与公司上下各种各样的人共事。Unit Two
CULINARY DELIGHTS IN CHINA 中餐被公认为全球最佳美食之一，其种类之丰富，工艺之繁复，使其理所当然地成为游客大快朵颐的乐事之一。
中国美食 Chinese cuisine is a brilliant facet of Chinese culture, which is proven by the fact that Chinese restaurants are found scattered everywhere throughout the world.Today, the culinary industry is developing even more rapidly than before.A decade ago, Beijing had a few thousand restaurants, while today there are over 100,000 restaurants of different sizes in the city.1中国美食是中国文化一道绚烂的风景线，这点从世界各地随处可见的中餐馆可以窥见。当今，烹饪业正以前所未有的速度在发展。10年前，北京只有几千家餐馆，而今天却有10万多家大小不等的餐馆遍布市内。2 Regional Chinese Cuisines It is widely acknowledged that from the Ming(1368-1644)dynasties onwards, there are eight major schools of Chinese based op regional cooking.They came from Shandong, Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, and Anhui provinces.In addition to these traditional cuisines, the culinary industry in China has undergone great changes, as almost every place has its own local specialties, and as the different cuisines gather together in big cities, such as Beijing.2地方美食
众所周知，明朝以来出现了八大菜系，分别是山东菜、四川菜、广东菜、福建菜、江苏菜、浙江菜、湖南菜和安徽菜。除了这些传统菜系，中国的烹饪业也经历了巨大的变化：每个地方都形成了自己的特色菜，不同菜系汇集于诸如北京这样的大城市。Sichuan, known as Nature's Storehouse, is also a storehouse of cuisine.Here, each and every restaurant provides delicious yet economical culinary fare.The ingredients for Sichuan cuisine are simple but the spices used are quite different.Sichuan cuisine is famous for its spicy and hot food, yet just being hot and spicy does not necessarily , distinguish it from other hot and spicy cuisines such as Hunan or Guizhou cuisines.What is really special about Sichuan cuisine is the use of Chinese prickly ash seeds, the taste of which leaves a feeling of numbness on one's tongue and mouth.Besides this unique spice, Sichuan dishes are usually prepared with other spices such as chili pepper.Using fermented bean sauce and a set of unique cooking methods.Sichuan cuisine is now famous and popular across the world.In recent years, there have appeared many more renowned restaurants specializing in Sichuan cuisine, such as the Tan Family Fish Head restaurant.3被誉为“天府之国”的四川也是个美食之都。在那里的任何一家餐馆都能找到既可口又经济实惠的美食。川菜的原料虽简单，但调料却大有讲究。川菜以口味辣著称，但仅是口味辣还不能使川菜区别于其他辣口味的菜系，比如湖南菜和贵州菜。川菜的特别之处在于花椒的使用。尝过花椒之后，人们的舌头和嘴巴会留下酥麻的感觉。除了花椒之外，川菜还常用辣椒粉之类的调料。因使用豆豉作配料，再加上一套独特的烹饪方式，如今川菜在全世界都十分有名和受欢迎。近几年涌现了一大批著名的专做川菜的餐馆，比如谭鱼头。4 Guangdong Province is located in southern China, with a moderate climate and abundant produce all year round.As one of the earliest ports open to foreign trade, the province has developed a culinary culture with its own characteristics that has exerted a far-reaching influence on other parts of China as well as throughout the world where it is the most commonly available Chinese cuisine.Guangdong cuisine is famous for its seafood as well as for its originality and refined cooking processes.Various soups in this cuisine are loved by people all over the country.4广东省在中国南部，全年气候温和，物产丰富。它还是最早对外开放的通商口岸之一。广东的餐饮文化独具特色，对中国其他地方乃至全世界产生了深远的影响。广东菜以其好生猛海鲜、追求新奇、细致考究的烹饪方法而著称。广东菜中的各式煲汤如今已深受全国各地人民喜爱。Zhejiang cuisine is light and exquisite, and is typical of food from along the lower Yangtze River.One famous dish is West Lake Vinegar Fish, which looks pretty and has the delicate refreshing flavors of nature.Many Chinese restaurants in China, as well as in other parts of the world, serve this dish, but often the flavor is less authentic compared to that found in Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang Province, which has unique access to the fish and water of West Lake.5浙江菜口味清淡，精致玲珑，是长江下游区域菜肴的代表。西湖醋鱼是其中的一道名菜。这道菜鲜美，酥嫩，带着自然的清香。中国乃至世界各地的中餐馆大都能找得到这道菜，但口味往往不及在浙江杭州吃得那般纯正。因为只有杭州拥有来自西湖的鱼和水。6 Every Dish Has a Story The names of Chinese dishes are diverse, but behind each of the famous dishes is an interesting story explaining why it is popular.A good name can make the dish more interesting;however, some names are so eccentric that they may confuse people, both Chinese and foreigners.If you only translate the names literally with no explanation, you could make a fool of yourself.6每道菜都有一段故事
中国菜名五花八门，而每道名菜都有一段有趣的故事，说明它如何博得人们的喜爱。一个好名字能使这道菜更有意思；但有些菜名太怪异了，听起来让人一头雾水，不要说外国人难以理解，就是中国人往往也不是很清楚。你要是望文生义，准得闹出笑话来。Take Goubuli steamed buns in the city of Tianjin for example.These popular buns are all of the same size and handmade.When served in neat rows on a tray, they look like budding chrysanthemum flowers.The wrapping is thin, the fillings are juicy, the meat, tender and the taste delicious and not at all greasy.Then, why the name? 7拿天津“狗不理”包子来说吧。“狗不理”纯手工制作，大小均等，深受欢迎。这些包子整整齐齐地放在托盘上时，看上去就像是含苞欲放的菊花。皮儿很薄，馅儿饱蘸肉汁，口感柔软，香而不腻。可为什么叫“狗不理”呢? 8 There is an interesting story behind it.Goubuli steamed buns were first sold in Tianjin out 150 years ago.A local man by the name of Gouzi(Dog)worked as an apprentice in a shop selling baozi(steamed buns).After three years, he set up his own baozi shop.Because his buns were so delicious, he soon had a thriving business with more and more people coming to buy his buns.As hardworking as Gouzi was, he could not keep up with demand so his customers often had to wait a long time to be served.Impatient, some people would call out to urge him on, but as he was so busy preparing the buns, he didn't answer.People therefore came to call his buns Goubuli, meaning ”Gouzi pays no attention.“ This eccentric name, however, has had very good promotional effects, and has been used ever since.Goubuli is now a time-cherished brand name in Tianjin.8“狗不理”的背后有一段有趣的故事。大约150年前，“狗不理”包子在天津初次亮相。当地有个小伙子，名叫狗子，在一家包子店当学徒。三年后，自己单独开了一家包子店。他做的包子味道鲜美，因此生意十分红火，吸引了越来越多的顾客。狗子工作十分卖力，可他还是满足不了大家的需要，顾客们只得等很长时间。有些顾客等得不耐烦了，就在外面嚷嚷着催他快点，可狗子忙着做包子呢，哪有时间搭理。后来人们就把他做的包子称作“狗不理”，意思是“狗子不搭理他们”。可就是这个有点怪里怪气的名字，反倒起了很好的广告作用，这个名字一直沿用到了今天。如今“狗不理”已经成为天津的老字号。9 In Zhejiang cuisine, there is a well-known dish called Dongpo Meat.This dish of streaky pork is prepared over a slow fire where the big chunks of pork are braised with green onion, ginger cooking wine, soy sauce, and sugar.The finished dish is bright red in color and the meat is tender and juicy and, like the Goubuli buns, not at all greasy.This dish was named after Su Dongpo(1037-1101), a great poet of the Northern Song Dynasty(960-1127), who created it when he was an official in Hangzhou.It is said that, when he was in charge of the drainage work for the West Lake, Su Dongpo rewarded workers with stewed pork in soy sauce, and people later named it Dongpo Meat, to commemorate this gifted and generous poet.9浙江菜里有一道深受欢迎的菜，叫东坡肉。这道菜是把五花肉切成大块，配上青葱，在锅底放些生姜，然后加料酒、酱油和糖用慢火做出来的。这道菜色泽红亮，酥嫩多汁，如“狗不理”一样毫无肥腻之感。它以北宋时代大诗人苏东坡的名字命名。苏东坡在杭州做官时发明了这道菜。据说，他当时负责西湖的排污工程，经常拿红烧肉犒劳工人。后来为了纪念这位才华横溢、慷慨大方的诗人，人们就把它称作东坡肉。Fujian cuisine boasts a famous dish called Buddha Jumping over the Wall, the number one dish of the province.This dish is prepared with more than 20 main ingredients including chicken, duck, sea cucumber, dried scallop, tendon, shark lip, fish maw and ham.All these ingredients are placed into a ceramic pot, with cooking wine and chicken broth, and then cooked over a slow fire until the meat is tender and juicy and the soup becomes smooth and thick.Then it is served with more than a dozen garnishes such as mushrooms, winter bamboo shoots and pigeon eggs.It is famous for leaving a lingering aftertaste in the mouth.The story behind the name of the specialty goes as follows: 10佛跳墙是福建莱里的一道名菜，亦被称作福建第一菜。这道莱的主料不下20种，有鸡肉、鸭肉、海参、干贝、蹄筋、鱼唇、鱼肚、火腿配料10多种，有蘑菇、冬笋、鸽蛋等。所有的原料均放在一个陶罐里，加上料酒和鸡汤后，用文火炖，一直炖到肉汁鲜美，柔润细腻，汤味浑厚。轻舔一口，余香满口。这道特色菜的背后有这么一个故事： 11 Buddha Jumping over the Wall was created in a restaurant called Gathering Spring Garden in Fuzhou, Fujian, during the reign of the Qing Emperor, Guangxu(1875-1908).It was named Eight Treasures Stewed in a Pot and the name was later changed to blessing and Longevity.One day, several scholars carne to Gathering Spring Garden for a meal.When the dish was served, one of the scholars improvised a poem: ”Fragrance spreads to the neighborhood once the lid lifts, / One whiff and the Buddha Jumps the wall, abandoning the Zen precepts” Hence the name of the dish!11佛跳墙是由福州市一个叫聚春园的餐馆在清朝光绪年间发明的，早先菜名为八珍锅，而后改为福寿全。一日，几位秀才到聚春园饮酒。菜上桌时，其中一位即兴赋诗一首“坛启荤香飘四邻，佛闻弃禅跳墙来。”佛跳墙这一菜名便由此得来。12 Warmth and Hospitality Expressed by Food In the eyes of Chinese, what is important about eating, especially at festivals, is to eat in a warm atmosphere.Often the young and old still sit in order of seniority, and the elders select food for the young while the young make toasts to the elders.Chinese people like to create a lively, warm, and harmonious atmosphere during meals.12食物传达的温馨和盛情
在中国人看来，吃最重要的，尤其在过节时，莫过于是吃饭时的温馨气氛。吃饭时，年长的和年少的按照年龄大小依次坐好，在欢乐祥和的气氛中，说说笑笑。席间，长辈为晚辈夹菜，晚辈给长辈敬酒，营造出一派欢乐、温馨、和谐的气氛。A hostess or host in China will apportion the best parts of the dishes to guests.Using a pair of serving chopsticks, she or he places the best part of a steamed fish or the most tender piece of meat on the plate of the most important guest.Such a custom is still popular, especially among the elder generation, as a way of expressing respect, concern and hospitality.13在中国，主人会把最好的莱分给客人。他们用公筷把清蒸鱼最好的部分或最嫩的肉夹给最重要的来宾。这种习俗用来表达尊敬、关怀和好客之意，至今在老一辈的中国人中还是很流行。Such culinary customs have had a certain influence on the character of the Chinese people.In a.sense, it has strengthened the collective spirit of the nation.At a party or a banquet, everyone first takes into consideration the needs of the group;with the eating process also being a time to show humility and concern for others.14这种饮食习俗对中国人的性格也有几分影响。从某种意义上说，它增强了人们的集体主义精神。无论在聚会还是在宴席上，人们首先考虑大家的需求，把吃饭当成是谦卑有礼和关怀他人的场合。15 In China, food eaten during festivals is particularly important.At different festivals, people partake of different fare.For example, on the eve of the Spring Festival, people in the north always eat.jiaozi, meat and vegetable dumplings, at family reunions.This is a way of bidding farewell to the old year and welcoming the New Year.The Lantern Festival is a day of celebration, and on this day people like to eat yuanxiao, sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour, to symbolize family reunion and perfection.At the Duanwu Festival, people eat zongzi, glutinous rice wrapped in triangular shape in reed leaves, to commemorate the beloved poet Qu Yuan(c.1339-c.278 BC), who drowned himself in the Miluo River after being politically wronged.Legend has it that people at the time threw zongzi into the river in the hope that the dragon would not take him away.This later gradually developed into a custom of making and eating zongzi during the Duanwu Festival.15中国人特别在乎过节时吃什么，不同的节日吃不同的食物。比如除夕夜全家团圆时，北方人吃肉饺或菜饺，象征辞旧迎新。元宵节吃元宵，元宵是糯米粉做的甜团子，象征家庭团圆、美满。端午节吃粽子，人们用芦苇叶子把糯米包成三角形的粽子是为了纪念受人爱戴的诗人屈原。屈原因遭政治迫害自沉于汨罗江。传说古时候人们把粽子投到江中，希望水中的龙不要带走他。之后，端午节包粽子和吃粽子的习俗就慢慢形成了。Unit Three Leisure without literature is death and burial alive.—Seneca, Roman philosopher
WHY HARRY'S HOT? 没有文学的休闲生活犹如死亡抑或活埋。
——西尼加(古罗马哲学家)
《哈利波特》风行之迷 J.K.Rowling swears she never saw it coming.In her wildest dreams, she didn't think her Harry Potter books would appeal to more than a handful of readers.“I never expected a lot of people to like them,” she insisted in a recent interview.“Well, it turned out I was very wrong, obviously.It strikes a chord with an enormous number of people.” That's putting it mildly.With 35 million copies in print, in 35 languages, the first three Harry Potter books have earned a conservatively estimated $480 million in three years.And that was just the warm-up.With a first printing of 5.3 million copies and advance orders topping 1.8 million, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the fourth installment of the series, promises to break every bookselling record.Jack Morrissey, 12, plainly speaks for a generation of readers when he says, “The Harry Potter books are like life, but better.” 1J．K．罗琳发誓说自己从来没有过这种预想。她做梦也没有想到会有那么多人对她的书感兴趣。“我从来没有指望过有这么多人喜欢它，”在最近的一次访谈中她仍然这样说，“可是，很显然，我大错特错了。它在许多人心中产生了共鸣。”她说得很委婉。《哈利波特》系列丛书的前三册被翻译成了35种语言，已出版3,500万册，据保守估计，这三册书在三年时间里已经赚了四亿八千万美金。而这还只是个开始。《哈里波特》系列丛书的第四册《哈利波特与火焰杯》初版530万册，加上高达180万册的订单，有望创造新的畅销书销售记录。12岁的杰克·莫里西的话很清楚地表达了他们这一代读者的想法。他说：“《哈利波特》就如同生活，但比生活更美好。” Amazingly, Rowling keeps her several plotlines clear of each other until the end, when he deftly brings everything together in a cataclysmic conclusion.For pure narrative power, this is the best Potter book yet.2让人称奇的是，罗琳让每一册书的情节相互独立，但最后，她却能够巧妙地把它们衔接起来，形成一个意想不到的结局。单从叙述能力而言，《哈利波特与火焰杯》也是《哈利波特》系列丛书中最好的一本。When the book finally went on sale at 12:01 am.Saturday, thousands of children in Britain and North America rushed to claim their copies.Bookstores hosted pajama parties, hired magicians and served cookies and punch, but nobody needed to lift the spirits of these crowds.In one case, customers made such a big, happy noise that neighbors called the cops.At a Borders in Charlotte, N.C., Erin Rankin, 12, quickly thumbed to the back as soon as she got her copy.“I heard that a_ major character dies, and I really want to find out who,“ she said.But minutes later she gave up.“I just can't do it.I can't read the end first.”
3当这本书终于在星期六午夜12：01面市时，在英国和北美，成千上万的孩子争相购买。书店举办了睡衣派对，邀请了一些魔术师表演，并提供曲奇饼和潘趣酒，可是没人需要这些，因为人们个个情绪高涨。有一次，顾客们发出了巨大的欢呼声，以致邻居们实在难以忍受而报了警。在美国北卡罗来纳州的夏洛特市“边界”连锁书店，12岁的艾琳·兰金一拿到书就快速翻到最后一页。“我听说有一个主角死了，我真的很想知道是谁，”她说。但是几分钟后她放弃了。“我做不到，我不能先看书的结尾。” 4 The only sour note in all the songs of joy over this phenomenon has come from some parents and conservative religious leaders who say Rowling advocates witchcraft.reading of the books has been challenged in 25 school districts in at least 17 states, and the books have been banned in schools in Kansas and Colorado.But that's nothing new, says Michael Patrick Hearn, a children's book scholar and editor of The Annotated Wizard, of Oz.“Any kind of magic is considered evil by some people,” he says.“The Wizard of Oz was attacked by fundamentalists in the mid-1980s.” 4在对“哈利波特”现象的一路欢歌中，出现的唯一一个不和谐音符来自干一些父母和保守的宗教领袖。他们认为罗琳在宣扬巫术。至少在17个州的25所学校校区内，阅读《哈利波特》受到了质疑，而在堪萨斯州和科罗拉多州的学校里，《哈利波特》系列丛书则被明令禁止。但是作为儿童图书专家和《绿野仙踪》的编辑，迈克尔·帕特里克·赫恩觉得这并不奇怪。“无论何种魔法都会被有些人视为邪恶，”他说，“《绿野仙踪》就曾经在80年代中期遭到正统派基督教徒们的抨击。” But perhaps the most curious thing about the Potter phenomenon, especially given that it is all about books, is that almost no one has taken the time to say how good— or bad—these books are.The other day my 11-year-old daughter asked me if I thought Harry Potter was a classic.I gave her, I'm afraid, one of those adult-sounding answers when I said, “Time will tell.” This was not an outright lie.There's no telling which books will survive from one generation to the next.But the fact is, I was hedging.What my daughter really wanted to know was how well J.K.Rowling stacks up against the likes of Robert Louis Stevenson or Madeleine L'Engle.5但是对于“哈利波特”现象最让人感到好奇的事情可能是几乎没有人会花时间去讨论这些书有多好或者多糟，尤其是当这些评论仅仅涉及书本身的时候。有一天，11岁的女儿问我是否认为《哈利波特》是经典之作，我给出了一个恐怕听起来十分成人化的回答，“时间会证明一切的。”这不能算是一个彻头彻尾的谎言，因为谁也没有办法预测有哪一本书能够代代相传。但事实上，我在闪烁其词。我女儿真正想知道的是：与罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森和马德琳·英格这一类人相比较，罗琳到底有多棒。I could have told her that I thought they were beautifully crafted works of entertainment, the literary equivalent of Steven Spielberg.I could also have told her I thought the Potter books were derivative.They share so many elements with so many children's classics that sometimes it seems as though Rowling had assembled her novels from a kit.However, these novels amount to, much more than just the sum of their parts.The crucial aspect of their appeal is that they can be read by children and adults with equal pleasure.Only the best authors—and they can be as different as Dr.Seuss and Philip Pullman“ and, yes, J.|K.Rowling—can pull that off.6我本可以告诉她我认为这些书是精心构思的通俗作品，是堪比史蒂文·斯皮尔伯格之电影的文学作品。本来我还可以告诉她我认为《哈利波特》系列丛书没有什么新意，它们与众多儿童经典作品有太多相似之处，所以有时候会给读者一种感觉，仿佛罗琳组装编织了这些故事。但是，这些故事绝对不仅仅是各个部分的简单相加。它们如此受欢迎的关键之处就在于无论是大人还是小孩都能够从阅读中获得乐趣。只有最好的作家——他们能够与苏斯博士和菲利普·普尔曼，当然还有罗琳一样与众不同——才能够做到这一点。7 P.L.Travers, the author of the Mary Poppins books, put it best when she wrote, ”You do not chop off a section of your imaginative substance and make a book specifically for children, for—if you are honest— you have, in fact, no idea where childhood ends and maturity begins.It is all endless and all one.There is plenty for children and adults to enjoy in Rowling's books, starting with their language.Her prose may be unadorned, but her way with naming people and things reveals a quirky and original talent.7《(欢乐满人间》的作者帕梅拉·林登·特拉弗斯概括得精辟至极。她写到，“你不能把你想象的东西砍掉一部分然后写成一本专给孩子看的书，坦白地说，因为事实上你根本无从知道童年究竟是什么时候结束，而成人期又是什么时候开始的。它们相互连接、浑然一体。”在罗琳的书中，从语言开始，就有足够多的让大人和孩子都喜欢的东西。也许她文风朴实，但是她给人和物取名的方式显示了独特的原创才能。The best writers remember what it is like to be a child with astonishing intensity.Time and again, Rowling articulates just how defenseless even the bravest children often feel.Near the end of the second book Dumbledore, the wise and protective headmaster, is banished from Hogwarts.This terrifies Harry and his schoolmates—“With Dumbledore gone, fear had spread as never before”—and it terrified me.And in all of Rowling's books there runs an undercurrent of sadness and loss.In the first book the orphaned Harry stares into the Mirror of Erised, which shows the viewer his or her utmost desires.Harry sees his dead parents.“Not until I'd reread what I'd written did I realize that that had been taken entirely-entirely-from how I felt about my mother's death,” Rowling said.“In fact, death and bereavement and what death means, I would say, is one of the central themes in all seven books.” Do young readers pick up on all this deep intellectualism? Consciously, perhaps not.But I don't think the books would have their broad appeal if they were only exciting tales of magical adventure, and I know adults would not find them so enticing.8优秀作家关注孩子特点的能力达到惊人的程度。罗琳不只一次地清楚表达出，即便是最勇敢的孩子也经常会表现得那么无助。在《哈利波特》(二)中，当那位智慧的、对学生呵护有加的魔法学校校长邓布利多被驱逐出霍格华兹时，哈利和他的同学们都感到恐惧万分。“邓布利多走了，前所未有的恐惧蔓延开来。”而这也让我很害怕。在罗琳所有的书中都流淌着一种潜在的伤感与迷失。在《哈利波特》(一)中，变成孤儿的哈利盯着那面能够说出每个人内心深处愿望的厄里斯魔镜看，他看见了逝去的双亲。“直到我自己重读我写过的东西，我才意识到这个情节完完全全——完完全全地——来自于我对于母亲去世的感觉，”罗琳说，“事实上，我可以说，死亡、丧亲之痛以及死亡意味着什么是所有这七册书的中心主题之一。”而年轻的读者们能够领会这一份深刻的理性吗?也许不能自觉地做到这一点吧。但是我认为，如果这些书只是一些有关魔幻之旅的有趣的故事，那么它们就不可能有这么广泛的吸引力。而且我知道，那样的话成人就不会被它吸引。9 The Harry Potter books aren't perfect.What I miss most in these novels is the presence of a great villain.And by great villain I mean an interesting villain.Long.John Silver is doubly frightening because he is both evil and charming.If he were all Bad, he wouldn't frighten us half as much.Voldemort is resistible precisely because he is just bad to the bone.That said, I should add that in the new book Rowling outdoes herself with a bad guy so seductive you'll never see him coming.And he is scary.9《哈利波特》系列丛书不尽完美。在这些丛书中我最想看到的是一个绝妙的反面角色。我这里说的“绝妙的反面角色”是指“有趣的反面角色”。因为高个子约翰·希尔弗既邪恶又迷人，所以他才让人更觉害怕。如果他仅仅只是坏的话，他带给我们的恐怖感会减少一大半。伏地魔王让人抗拒就是因为他仅仅只是一个十足的坏蛋。这么一说，我想在罗琳超越自己的这本新书中加上这样一个反面角色。这个角色是如此的有魅力，你是永远也见不到的，而且他相当令人恐惧。That quibble aside, Rowling’s novels are probably the best books children have ever encountered that haven't been thrust upon them by an adult.I envy kids reading these books, because there was nothing this good when I was a boy-nothing this good, I mean, that we found on our own, the way kids are finding Harry.We affectionately remember The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew, but try rereading them and their charm fades away pretty quickly.Rowling may not be as magisterial as Tolkien or as quirky as Dahl, but her books introduce fledgling readers to a very high standard of entertainment.With three books left to go in the series, it's too early to pass final judgment.But considering what we've seen so far, especially in the latest volume, Harry Potter has all the earmarks of a classic.10除了这些吹毛求疵的意见，罗琳的书可能是孩子们所接触到的最好的书，而且阅读这些书也不是家长强加的任务。我羡慕那些阅读这些书的孩子，因为在我还是个孩子的时候，可没有这么好的东西——我的意思是说，我们没有通过自己去发现有这么好的东西，不像现在的孩子，他们找到了哈利。我们深深地记着哈迪男孩和南茜·朱尔，但是当我们尝试着重新阅读这些角色的时候，他们的魅力很快就散去了。罗琳的书也许不如托尔金的书那么具有权威性，也不如达尔的作品那般跌宕起伏，但是她的书将涉世未深的读者带入了一个相当高的娱乐水准。(《哈利波特》系列丛书还有三册尚未出版，现在下定论还为时尚早。但是，就目前我们看到的情况来看，特别是在最后一册，《哈利波特》具备了经典作品的所有特征。Unit Four The following text is extracted from Marriages and Families by Nijole V.Benokraitis.The book has been used as a textbook for sociology courses and women's studies in a number of universities in the United States.It highlights important contemporary changes in society and the family and explores the choices that are available to family members, as well as the constraints that many of us do not recognize.It examines the diversity of American families today, using cross-cultural and multicultural comparisons to encourage creative thinking about the many critical issues that confront the family of the twenty-first century.下面的文章选自奈杰尔贝诺克瑞提斯的婚姻与家庭。此书在美国的一些大学里被用作社会学和妇女研究等课程的教材，它强调了在当代社会和家庭中所发生的重要变化，探索了家庭成员所面临的选择，以及我们很多人都还未意识到的种种约束。该书还审视了当今美国家庭的多样性，运用跨文化和多元文化的比较，以激发创造性思维来研究21世纪家庭所面临的许多严峻问题。
LOVE AND LOVING RELATIONSHIPS
Nijole V.Benokraitis
爱和情感连系
奈杰尔·贝诺克瑞提斯 Love-as both an emotion and a behavior-is essential for human survival-The family is usually our earliest and most important source of love and emotional support.Babies and children deprived of love have been known to develop a wide variety of problems-for example, depression, headaches, physiological impairments, and neurotic and psychosomatic difficulties-that sometimes last a lifetime.In contrast, infants who are loved and cuddled typically gain more weight, cry less, and smile more.By five years of age, they have been found to have significantly higher IQs and to score higher on language tests.1爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。它既是一种情感，又是一种行为。家庭通常是我们最早和最重要的爱和情感支持的来源。众所周知，缺乏爱的婴幼儿会产生各种各样的问题，如抑郁症、头痛、生理残疾、神经质或身心疾病，这些病有时会伴随他们一生。而对比之下，拥有爱和拥抱的婴儿通常体重增加得快，哭得少，而笑得多。到了五岁时，他们的智商和语言测试的分数明显比前一类儿童高得多。Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults.It is for these reasons that people's early intimate relationships within their family of origin1 are so critical.Children who are raised in impersonal environments(orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families)show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems.2很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况，以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。正是因为这些原因，人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要。在人情冷漠的环境中(如孤儿院，某些寄养家庭，或缺乏关爱的家庭)长大的孩子会出现情感和社会性发育不良，语言和运动技能迟缓，以及精神健康问题。3 Love for oneself, or self-love, is also essential for our social and emotional development.Actress Mae West once said, “I never loved another person the way I loved myself.” Although such a statement may seem self-centered, it's actually quite insightful Social scientists describe self-love as an important oasis for self-esteem.Among other things, people who like themselves are more open to criticism and less demanding of others.Fromm(1956)saw self-love as a necessary prerequisite for loving others.People who don't like themselves may not be able to return love but may constancy seek love relationships to bolster their own poor self-images.But just what is love? What brings people together?
3对自己的爱，或者说自爱，对我们的社会性和情感发展也是至关重要的。女演员梅·韦斯特曾说过，“我从没有像爱自己那样爱过别人。”虽然这样的话听起来似乎有些以自我为中心，实际上却是相当有见地。社会学家将自爱描述为自尊的一个重要基础。从别的方面来说，自我喜欢的人更乐于接受批评，对别人的要求也不那么苛刻。弗罗姆(1956)认为自爱是爱别人的先决条件。不喜欢自己的人也许不懂得回报爱，而却有可能不停地寻找爱的关系来改变卑微的自我形象。那么到底什么是爱?是什么让人们走到一起? 4 Love is an elusive concept.We have all experienced love and feel we know what it is;however, when asked what love is, people give a variety of answers.According to a nine-year-old boy, for example, “Love is like an avalanche where you have to run for your life.” What we mean by love depends on whether we are talking about love for family members, friends, or lovers.Love has been a source of inspiration, wry witticisms, and even political action for many centuries.4爱是一个难以描述的概念。我们都经历过爱，觉得我们知道爱是什么，然而当被问到什么是爱时，人们给出的答案却不尽相同，比如一个九岁的男孩说，“爱像雪崩，你必须快跑才能活命。”爱对我们来说意味着什么，这取决于我们所指的是家人之间、朋友之间还是恋人之间的爱。几百年来爱都是灵感、俏皮的揶揄、甚至是政治活动的来源。Love has many dimensions.It can be romantic, exciting, obsessive, and irrational-It can also be platonic, calming, altruistic, and sensible? Many researchers feel that love defies a single definition because it varies in degree and intensity and across social contexts.At the very least, three elements are necessary for a loving
relationship:(1)a willingness to please and accommodate the other person, even if this involves compromise and sacrifice;(2)an acceptance of the other person's faults and shortcomings;and(3)as much concern about the loved one's welfare as one's own.And, people who say they are “in love” emphasize caring, intimacy, and commitment.5爱有很多层面，它可能是浪漫的，令人激动的，让人着迷的，或者是非理性的。它也可能是柏拉图式的，令人平静的，无私的，或者理智的。许多研究者觉得爱没有一个唯一的定义，它有程度和强度之分，并且跨越了社会背景。拥有恋爱关系至少需要具备三个元素：1)愿意取悦和迁就另一方，即使需要妥协或牺牲；2)能接受另一方的错误和缺点；3)关心爱人的幸福像关心自己一样。而且，说自己“处于恋爱中”的人们重视相互之间的关心、亲密和忠诚。6 In any type of love, caring about the other person is essential.Although love may, involve passionate yearning, respect is a more important quality.Respect is inherent in all love: “I want the loved person to grow and unfold for his own sake, and in his own ways, and not for the purpose of serving me.” If respect and caring are missing, the relationship is not based on love.Instead, it is an unhealthy or possessive dependency that limits the lovers' social, emotional, and intellectual growth.6不管是哪种类型的爱，关心另一方是非常必要的。虽然爱可能包含激情的渴望，然而相互尊重才是更重要的品质。相互尊重是所有爱的共性：“我想要我爱的人为他自己成长发展，并且用他自己的方式，而不是为了迎合我。”如果没有尊重和关怀，两人的关系就不是建立在爱的基础上；反而成为一种不健康的或者是具有占有欲的依赖，而这会限制爱的双方在社会、情感和智力方面的发展。Love, especially long-term love, has nothing in common with the images of love or.frenzied sex that we get from Hollywood, television, and romance novels.Because of these images, many people believe a variety of myths about love.These misconceptions often lead to unrealistic expectations, stereotypes, and disillusionment.In fact, “real” love is closer to what one author called “stirring-the-oatmeal love”(Johnson 1985).This type of love is neither exciting nor thrilling but is relatively mundane and unromantic.It means paying bills, putting out the garbage, scrubbing toilet bowls, being up all night with a sick baby, and performing myriad other ' oatmeal“ tasks that are not very sexy.7爱，特别是长久的爱，和我们从好莱坞、电视、或爱情小说中获得的对爱和狂热的性爱的印象完全不同。由于这些印象的缘故，许多人对爱有各种各样的误解，这些误解常常会导致不现实的期望、固定模式或幻觉破灭。事实上，“真”爱更接近于一位作家(约翰逊，1995)所称的“搅燕麦粥之爱”。这种爱既不令人激动也不能令人兴奋，但是它却是实实在在的，不浪漫的。它是付账单，倒垃圾，刷马桶，孩子生病时守夜，以及完成其他各种各样不那么性感的“搅燕麦粥”的任务。Some partners take turns stirring the oatmeal.Other people seek relationships that offer candlelit gourmet meals in a romantic setting.Whether we decide to enter a serious relationship or not, what type of love brings people together?
8有些伴侣们轮流来“搅燕麦粥”，其他人则寻求一种能带来浪漫的烛光美餐的恋爱关系。不管我们是否决定建立认真的恋爱关系，是什么样的爱让我们走到一起? 9 What attracts individuals to each other in the first place? Many people believe that ”there's one person out there that one is meant for“ and that destiny will bring them together.Such beliefs are romantic but unrealistic.Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are ”filtered out“ by formal or informal rules on partner
eligibility due ton factors such as age, race, distance, Social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearance.9一开始让人相互吸引的是什么?许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的”，而且命运会将你俩带到一起。这样的想法很浪漫却不现实。实证研究发现，是文化标准和价值观而非命运，将人们连系在一起。我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人，因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局，这些准则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表。10 Beginning in childhood, parents encourage or limit future romantic liaisons by selecting certain neighborhoods and schools.In early adolescence, pear norms influence the adolescent's decisions about acceptable romantic involvements(”You want to date who?!“).Even during the preteen years, romantic experiences are cultured in the sense that societal and group practices and expectations shape romantic experience.Although romance may cross cultural or ethnic borders, criticism and approval teach us what is acceptable romantic behavior and with whom.One might ”lust“ for someone, but these yearnings will not lead most of us to ”fall in love“ if there are strong cultural or group bans.10从童年开始，父母们就通过选择某个街区和学校，或是鼓励或是限制孩子未来的情感关系。在青少年早期，同伴们的标准也会影响青少年决定哪些情感关系是可以接受的(“你想和谁约会?”)。甚至在13岁之前，情感经历就由社会和群体的活动和期望所决定和培养起来了。虽然爱情可以跨越文化和民族的界线，但批评和赞同教会了我们什么是可以接受的浪漫行为和与谁发生浪漫行为。一个人也许会对另一个人产生“欲望”，但是如果有强烈的文化或族群反对，我们中的大多数人即使有这样的渴望也不会因此而爱上某人的。11 Regan and Berscheid(1999)differentiate between lust, desire, and romantic love.They describe lust as primarily physical rather than emotional, a condition that may be conscious or unconscious.Desire, in contrast, is a psychological in which one wants a relationship that one doesn't now have, or to engage in an activity in which one is not presently engaged.Desire may or may not lead to romantic love(which the authors equate with passionate or erotic low).Regan and Berscheid suggest that desire is an essential ingredient for initiating and maintaining romantic love.If desire disappears, a person is no longer said to be in a state of romantic love.Once desire diminishes, disappointed lovers may wonder where the ”spark“ in their relationship has gone and may reminisce regretfully(and longingly)about ”the good old days“.11里根和波谢德(1999)曾把贪欲、性欲和浪漫的爱加以区分。他们把贪欲描述为身体上的而非情感上的兴奋，是一种有意识的或无意识的状态。相反性欲是一种心理状态，在这种心理状态下，一个人想建立一种目前还不具有的恋爱关系，或者是想进行一种目前还没有进行的行为。性欲可能会成为或不会成为浪漫的爱情(作者把浪漫的爱情等同于充满激情或性欲的爱)。里根和波谢德认为：性欲是点燃并维持浪漫爱情的必要成分。一旦性爱消失了，一个人就不能再说成是还处在浪漫恋情中。一旦欲望消失了，失望的恋人就会诧异原来他们关系中的“火花”去哪儿了，他们可能会很遗憾地(而且渴望地)怀念“过去的美好时光”。One should not conclude, however, that desire always culminates in physical intimacy or that desire is the same as romantic love.Married partners may love each other even though they rarely, or never, engage in physical intimacy.In addition, there are some notable differences between love-especially long-term love-and romantic love.Healthy loving relationships, whether physical or not(such as love for family members), reflect a balance of caring, intimacy, and commitment.12然而，我们不应就此得出性欲总是以身体的亲密接触告终，或性与浪漫爱情是同一回事的结论。结了婚的伴侣们可以深爱对方，即使很少或从来没有身体的亲密接触。此外，爱，尤其是长期的爱，和浪漫的爱是有很大区别的。健康的恋爱关系，不管它们是有性的或是无性的(比如对家人的爱)都反映了关怀、亲密和忠诚的平衡。Unit Five The term yoga comes from a Sanskrit word which means yoke or union.Traditionally, yoga is a method joining the individual self with the Divine, Universal Spirit, or Cosmic Consciousness.Physical and mental exercises are designed to help achieve this goal, also called self-transcendence or enlightenment.On the physical level yoga postures, called asanas, are designed to tone, strengthen, ana align me body.These postures are performed to make the spine supple and healthy and to promote blood flow to all the organs, glands, and tissues, keeping all the bodily systems healthy.On the mental level, yoga uses breathing techniques(pranayama)and meditation(dydna)to quiet, clarify, and discipline the mind.However, experts are quick to point out that yoga is not a religion, but away of living with health and peace of mind as its aims.“瑜伽”这个词源于梵语，意思是“结合”或“联合”，传统上瑜伽是一种把个人和神，万物之灵或无穷的意识联合在一起的方法。为了帮助达到这个也被称为“自我超越”或“启蒙”的目的，设计了身体上和精神上的锻炼方法。在身体上，设计了各种瑜伽姿势来使人的身体结实、强壮，有协调性，练习这些体位能使脊柱变得柔软健康，血液更通畅地到达各器官、腺或人体组织，从而使身体各系统更健康穹在精神上，瑜伽使用呼吸法和冥想使心境平和、澄净，精神得到很好的修养。但是专家们很快指出瑜伽不是一种宗教，而是将健康与平和的心境结合在一起的一种生活方式。
YOGA IN AMERICA
Douglas Dupler
瑜伽在美国
道格拉斯·多普勒 Yoga originated in ancient India and is one of the longest surviving philosophical systems in the world.Some scholars have estimated that yoga is as old as 5,000 years;artifacts detailing yoga postures have been found in India from over 3,000 B.C.Yogis claim that it is a highly developed science of healthy living that has been tested and perfected for all these years.Yoga was first brought to America in the late 1800s when Swami Vivekananda.an Indian teacher and yogi, presented a lecture on.meditation in Chicago.Yoga slowly began gaining followers, and flourished during the 1960s when there was a surge of interest in Eastern philosophy.There has since been a vast exchange of yoga knowledge in America, with many students going to India to study and many Indian experts coming here to teach, resulting in the establishment of a wide variety of schools.1瑜伽起源于古印度，是世界上最古老的哲学体系之一。一些学者估计，瑜伽至少有5,000年的历史；印度曾出土过3,000年前的表现瑜伽姿势的手工艺品。瑜伽师们认为，经过几千年的考验和完善，瑜伽已经发展成为一门养生的成熟科学。19世纪晚期，印度学者、瑜伽师斯瓦米·维韦卡南达在芝加哥做了一场关于冥想的演讲，从此瑜伽传人了美国。慢慢地有人开始练习瑜伽，并在20世纪60年代东方哲学热盛行的时候形成了学习瑜伽的高潮。从此，瑜伽知识在美国传播开来，许多学徒专程前往印度学习，很多印度瑜伽师也来到美国教学，创办了大量瑜伽学校。Today, yoga is thriving, and it has become easy to find teachers and practitioners throughout America.A recent Roper poll, commissioned by Yoga Journal, found that 11 million Americans do yoga at least occasionally” and six million perform it regularly.Yoga stretches are used by physical therapists and professional sports teams, and the benefits of yoga are being touted by movie stars and Fortune 500 executives.Many prestigious schools of medicine have studied and introduced yoga techniques as proven therapies for illness and stress.Some medical schools, like UCLA, even offer yoga classes as part of their physician training program.今天的美国，瑜伽已十分盛行，瑜伽教练和练习者随处可见。最近一项由《瑜伽月刊》委托洛普民调机构所做的调查显示，有1,100万的美国人至少会偶尔做一次瑜伽，另有600万的美国人会经常做瑜伽。瑜伽已被广泛应用于身体治疗和专业运动队的日常训练，做瑜伽的好处也被电影明星和《财富》杂志世界500强企业的总裁们争相吹捧。许多医学名校已经研究并提出能够有效缓解疾病和压力的瑜伽术了。包括加州大学洛杉矶分校在内的一些医学院甚至还为内科医学专业的学生开设了瑜伽课程。There are several different schools of hatha yoga in America;the two most prevalent ones are Iyengar and Ashtanga yoga8.Iyengar yoga was founded by B.K.S.Iyengar, who is widely considered as one of the great living innovators of yoga.Iyengar yoga puts strict emphasis on form and alignment, and uses traditional hatha yoga techniques in new manners and sequences.Iyengar yoga can be good for physical therapy because it allows the use of props like straps and blocks to make it easier for some people to get into the yoga postures.Ashtanga yoga can be a more vigorous routine, using a flowing and dance-like sequence of hatha postures to generate body heat, which purifies the body through sweating and deep breathing.2美国有许多不同的哈他(传统)瑜伽学派，其中影响最大的是艾扬格派和阿斯汤加派。艾扬格瑜伽的创立者是波·可·斯·艾扬格，他是世界上目前仍健在的最伟大的瑜伽改革者之一。艾扬格瑜伽十分注重姿势的精准，它采用新的方式和顺序练习传统瑜伽。艾扬格瑜伽有助于身体治疗，因为它允许练习者使用瑜伽伸展带、瑜伽砖等辅助器材来减少做瑜伽动作的难度。阿斯汤加瑜伽有着更精准的要求，练习者要用舞蹈般流畅的动作来练习传统瑜伽，从而使身体发热，并通过出汗和深呼吸来净化自己的身体。Yoga routines can take anywhere from 20 minutes to two or more hours, with one hour being a good time investment to perform a sequence of postures and a meditation.Some yoga routines, depending on the teacher and school, can be as strenuous as the most difficult workout, and some routines merely stretch and align the body while the breath and heart rate are kept slow and steady.Yoga achieves its best results when it is practiced as a daily discipline, and yoga can be a life-long exercise routine, offering deeper and more challenging positions as a practitioner becomes more adept.The basic positions can increase a person's strength, flexibility and sense of well being almost immediately.but it can take years to perfect and deepen them, which is an appealing and stimulating aspect of yoga for many.3做瑜伽没有场地的限制，一套瑜伽动作通常需要20分钟到两个小时或者更多的时间，而一个小时左右的时间则是一系列动作和冥想的最佳选择。根据瑜伽师和学派的不同，一些瑜伽动作做起来辛苦异常，而另一些却只是在呼吸和心跳平稳的情况下调整和伸展肢体。每天练习瑜伽会达到最好的效果，随着动作越来越熟练，你就可以加大强度和难度，这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了。练习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量，改善柔韧性并使人感到舒适的效果，但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要日积月累的练习，这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。4 Yoga is usually best learned from a yoga teacher or physical therapist, but yoga is simple enough that one can learn the basics from good books on the subject, which are plentiful.Yoga classes are generally inexpensive, averaging around 10 dollars per class, and students can learn basic postures in just a few classes.Many YMCAs, colleges, and community health organizations offer beginning yoga classes as well, often for nominal fees.If yoga is part of a physical therapy program,' it can be.reimbursed by insurance.4能向瑜伽教练或身体治疗师学习瑜伽是最好不过了，但因为瑜伽入门并不难，所以也可以从大量的介绍瑜伽的正规书籍中自学它的基本动作。瑜伽课的学费一般不贵，平均一堂课10美元，学员们在几节课内就能学会基础的瑜伽动作。许多地方的基督教青年会、大学和社区健康协会都开办有瑜伽入门学习班，而且通常只象征性地收取一点儿费用。如果是作为身体治疗项目的一部分，瑜伽费用还能算在医疗保险的范围之内。Yoga can also provide the same benefits as any well-designed exercise program, increasing general health and stamina reducing stress.and improving those conditions brought about by sedentary lifestyles.Yoga has the added advantage of being a low-impact activity that uses only gravity as resistance, which makes it an excellent physical therapy routine: certain yoga postures can be safely used to strengthen and balance all parts of the body.5瑜伽还能带来和精心设计的练习一样的效果，使人增强体质、焕发活力，并帮助人们舒缓压力和久坐带来的疲劳。瑜伽的另一个优点是，除了地心引力外，它不需承担额外的阻力，这使它成为身体治疗方法的不二之选；特定的瑜伽动作能安全有效地增强人的力量，提高身体的平衡度。Meditation has been much studied and approved for its benefits in reducing stresses-related conditions.The landmark book, The Relaxation Response, by Harvard cardiologist Herbert Benson, showed that meditation and breathing techniques for relaxation could have the opposite effect of stress, reducing blood pressure and other indicators, Since then, much research has reiterated the benefits of meditation for stress reduction and general health.Currently, the American Medical Association recommends meditation techniques as a first step before medication for borderline hypertension cases.6研究表明，冥想能帮助人们缓解压力。哈佛心脏医学家赫伯特·班森在他划时代的著作《放松反应》里说道，冥想和呼吸技巧能使身体放松，达到与压力相反的效果，并使血压等一系列指标回落。从那以后，越来越多的研究都重申了冥想对减压和身体健康的积极影响。现在，美国医学协会已推荐把冥想疗法替代药物治疗用于治疗疑似高血压的第一步了。7 Modern psychological Studies have shown that even slight facial expressions can cause changes in the involuntary nervous system;yoga utilizes the mind/body connection, that is, yoga practice contains the central ideas that physical posture and alignment can influence a person's mood and self-esteem, and also that the mind can be used to shape and heal the body.Yoga practitioners claim that the strengthening of mind/body awareness can bring eventual improvements in all facets of a person's life.7现代心理学研究表明，即使细微的表情变化也会引起神经系统的自主改变；而瑜伽正是身体和心灵的绝妙结合——瑜伽练习的中心思想就是，身体的姿态将影响人的心情和自我意识，而人的精神又能塑造和治愈人的身体。瑜伽练习者认为，精神／体质的加强最终将为生活的各方面都带来好处。8 Yoga can be performed by those of any age and condition, although not all poses should be attempted by everyone.Yoga is also a very accessible form of exercise;all that is needed is a flat floor surface large enough to stretch out on, a mat or towel, and enough overhead space to full raise the arms.It is a good activity for those who can't go to gyms, who don' t like other forms of exercise, or have, very busy schedules.Yoga should be done on an empty stomach, and teachers recommend waiting three or more hours after meals.Loose and comfortable clothing should he worn.8虽然有些姿势并不适合所有人练习，但是任何年龄段的人在任何条件下都能练习瑜伽。练瑜伽的准备工作也很简单；只需一块可以伸展肢体的平地、一块草垫或毛巾和一个足以抬起手臂的空间就可以展开练习了。对去不了体育馆、不喜欢其他体育运动和十分忙碌的人来说，瑜伽是一项再好不过的活动了。练习时应穿着宽松舒适的服装并保持空腹，瑜伽师推荐饭后三小时以上为宜。Beginners should exercise care and concentration when performing yoga postures, and not try to stretch too much too quickly, as injury could result.Some advanced yoga postures, like the headstand and full lotus position, can be difficult and require strength, flexibility, and gradual preparation, so beginners should get the help of a teacher before attempting them.9初学者在练习时应集中注意力，小心动作不要做得太过太快，以免受伤。一些高阶的瑜伽动作，如头倒立式和全莲花坐式，需要有很好的力量、柔韧性和日积月累的练习作准备，因此初学者应在瑜伽师的指导下做这些动作。Yoga is not a competitive sport;it does not matter how a person does in comparison with others, but how aware and disciplined one becomes with one's own body and limitations.Proper form and alignment should always be maintained during a stretch or posture, and the stretch or posture should be stopped when there is pain, dizziness, or fatigue.The mental component of yoga is just as important as the physical postures.Concentration and awareness breath should not be neglected.Yoga should be done with an open, gentle, and non-critical mind: when one stretches into a position, it can be thought of as accepting and working on one's limits.Impatience, self-criticism and comparing oneself to others will not help in this process of self-knowledge.While performing the yoga of breathing(pranayama)and meditation(dyana), it is best to have an experienced teacher, as these powerful techniques can cause dizziness and discomfort when done improperly.10瑜伽不是竞技体育；练瑜伽不需要和别人比，练瑜伽的目的是提高自己的觉悟和身心自律能力。做瑜伽必须保持姿势的正确，一旦感到疼痛、头晕或疲劳就必须停止。做瑜伽时，身体和精神一样重要，要注意集中精力去感受呼吸。练习时必须心胸开阔、平和；当你伸展肢体做每一个瑜伽动作时，你就是在接受挑战去达到自己的极限。不耐烦、自责和与他人相比都不利于这一过程中自我认识的实现。当练习呼吸法(调息)和冥想法(禅定)时，最好由经验丰富的瑜伽师来指导，因为一旦练习不当，这些技巧性很强的动作会使人感到头晕不适。11 Although yoga originated in a culture very different from modern America, it has been accepted and its practice has spread relatively quickly.Many yogis are amazed at how rapidly yoga's popularity has spread in America, considering the legend that it was passed down secretly by handfuls or adherents tor many centuries.11虽然瑜伽的发源地与现代美国文化迥异，但它却得到了认同，并很快地传播开来。许多世纪以来，瑜伽只是在极少信徒的言传身教中得以流传，而今它在美国快速普及，这使许多瑜伽师感到很惊异。There can still be found some resistance to yoga, for active and busy Americans sometimes find it hard to believe that an exercise program that requires them to slow down, concentrate, and breathe deeply can be more effective than lifting weights or running, However, ongoing research in top medical schools is showing yoga's effectiveness for overall health and for specific problems, making it an increasingly acceptable health practice.12也有一些人反对瑜伽，因为勤奋忙碌的美国人很难相信这项要他们放慢速度、集中精力进行深呼吸的运动会比举重或慢跑更有效。然而，越来越多的来自顶尖医学院的研究结果表明，瑜伽对全身健康和特殊病症都有好处，这也使越来越多的人接受这项健康的运动。Unit Six
HERE IS NEW YORK 也许没有人像E．B．怀特那样抒情、那样成功地捕捉到纽约这个城市。这篇短文向仍然热爱纽约的人们展现了它永恒的经典特质。
这就是纽约
E．B．怀特 On any person who desires such queer prices.New York will bestow the gift of loneliness and the gut of privacy.It is this largess that accounts for the presence within the city's walls of a considerable section of the population;for me residents of Manhattan are to a large extent strangers who have pulled up stakes somewhere and come to town seeking sanctuary or fulfillment or some greater or lesser grail.The capacity to make such dubious gifts is a mysterious quality of New York.It can destroy an individual, or it can fulfill him, depending a good deal on luck.No one should come to New York to live unless he is willing to be lucky.1纽约将孤寂与独处当作赠礼，赐予所有向往这份奇特礼物的人们。纽约城内数量庞大的居民中，冲着这份赠礼而来此落脚的绝不在少数；曼哈顿也因此聚集了众多异乡客，他们背井离乡到此闯荡，有的为了寻求庇护，有的为了一展抱负，还有的为了实现心中或大或小的愿望。纽约之所以神秘，便在于它总能赐予这般扑朔迷离的馈赠，能使人万劫不复，也能让人飞黄腾达，皆为运气使然。如果有谁打算碰碰运气，不妨到纽约来。New York is the concentrate of art and commerce and sport and religion and entertainment and finance, bringing to a single compact arena the gladiator, The evangelist, the promoter, the actor, the trader, and the merchant.It carries on its lapel the inexpugnable odor of the long past, so that no matter where you sit in New York you feel the vibrations of great times and tall deeds, of queer people and events and undertakings, I am sitting at the moment in a stifling hotel room in 90-degree heat, halfway down an air shaft, in midtown.No air moves in or out of the room, yet I am curiously affected by emanations from the immediate surroundings.I am 22 blocks from where Rudolph Valentino lay in state, eight blocks from where Nathan Hale was executed, five blocks from the publisher's office where Ernest Hemingway hit Max Eastman on the nose, four miles from where Walt Whitman sat sweating out editorials for the Brooklyn Eagle,34 blocks from the street Willa Cather lived in where she came to New York to write books about Nebraska, one block from where Marceline used to clown on the boards of the Hippodrome, 36 blocks from the spot where the historian Joe Gould kicked a radio to pieces in full view of the public, 13 blocks from where Harry Thaw shot Stanford White, five blocks from where I used to usher at the Metropolitan Opera and only 112 blocks from the spot where Clarence Day the elder was washed of his sins in the Church of the Epiphany(I could continue this list indefinitely);and for that matter I am probably occupying the very room that any number of exalted and somewise memorable characters sat in, some of them on hot, breathless afternoons, lonely and private and full of their own sense of emanations from without.2纽约集艺术、商业、体育、宗教、娱乐和金融于一城，城内拳击手、传教士、推销员、演员、经纪人、商人齐聚一堂，同场竞技。纽约的领口上弥漫着绵延悠长、挥之不去的历史气息，不管坐在纽约城的哪个角落，你都能感受到那些辉煌时代和宏伟业绩的搏动，那些奇妙人物、事件和活动的余音。此时此刻，我正坐在市中心一问令人窒息的旅馆客房里，它位于通风井中部，屋内温度高达华氏90度。房间里没法子通风，但说来也怪，我还是捕捉到了周遭事物散发出来的讯息。离这儿22个街区之外，鲁道夫·瓦伦帝诺在长眠；8个街区之外，内森·黑尔曾被处以极刑；5个街区之外的出版社办公室中，欧内斯特·海明威的拳头同马科斯·伊斯特曼的鼻子来了一次亲密接触；4英里外，沃尔特·惠特曼呕心沥血地为《布鲁克林之鹰》写作社论；34个街区之外，威拉·凯瑟刚来纽约时曾居住于此，创作了许多以内布拉斯加州为题材的作品；1个街区之外，玛尔瑟琳在纽约剧院大楼里演出过丑角笑剧；36个街区之外，历史学家乔·古尔德在众目睽睽之下将一个收音机踢得粉碎；13个街区之外，哈里·索开枪击毙了斯坦福·怀特；5个街区之外是我曾做过领座员的大都会剧院；112个街区之外则矗立着老克拉伦斯·戴洗去罪恶的主显节教堂(类似的例子，我可以无限制地罗列下去)。这样想来，或许有一些显赫的大人物也曾在我现在栖身的屋子里住过，有的也许就是在某个热得让人喘不过气来的下午安坐于此，形单影只，与世隔绝，脑子里却满是各自捕捉到的屋子外边散发出来的讯息。When I went down to lunch a few minutes ago I noticed that the man sitting next to me(about eighteen inches away along the wall)was Fred Stone.The 18 inches are both the connection and the separation that New York provides for its inhabitants.My only connection with Fred Stone was that I saw him in The Wizard of Oz around the beginning of the century.But our waiter felt the same stimulus from being close to a man from Oz, and after Mr.Stone left the room the waiter told me that when he(the waiter)was a young man just arrived in this country and before he could understand a word of English, he had taken his girl for their first theater date to The Wizard of Oz.It was a wonderful show, the waiter recalled—a man of straw, a man of tin.Wonderful!(And still only eighteen inches away.)“Mr.Stone is a very hearty eater,” said the waiter thoughtfully, content with this fragile participation in destiny, this link with Oz.3几分钟前，我下楼吃午饭，发现坐在我旁边的竟然是弗里德·斯通(他靠墙坐着，离我大约18英寸远)。18英寸是纽约为其居民之间设定的既联系又分隔的距离。我同弗里德·斯通之间的唯一联系就是我有幸在本世纪初上演的《绿野仙踪》里看过他的表演。没想到，招待我们的服务员竟也同我一样，为能同一个“绿野仙踪人士”如此亲密接触而兴奋不已；斯通离开后，他告诉我说，他(即服务员本人)刚到美国时年纪轻轻，甚至听不懂英语，但他同女朋友的首次剧院约会就是去看《绿野仙踪》。那是非常棒的演出，他回忆道——稻草人啊，铁皮人啊。真是棒极了!(还是在18英寸之外)“斯通先生的胃口总是那么好，”他还不无体贴地感叹，似乎为同“绿野仙踪”分享些许命运交集而心满意足呢。New York blends the gift of privacy with the excitement of participation;and better than most dense communities it succeeds in insulating the individual(if he wants it, and almost everybody wants or needs it)against all enormous and violent and wonderful events that are taking place every minute.Since I have been sitting in this miasmic air shaft, a good many rather splashy events have occurred in town.A man shot and killed his wife in a fit of jealousy.It caused no stir outside his block and got only small mention in the papers.I did not attend.Since my arrival, the greatest air show ever staged in all the world took place in town.I didn't attend and neither did most of the eight million other inhabitants, although they say there was quite a crowd.I didn't even hear any planes except a couple of westbound commercial airliners that habitually use this air shaft to fly over.The biggest oceangoing ships on the North Atlantic arrived and departed.I didn't notice them and neither did most other New Yorkers.I am told this is the greatest seaport in the world, with 650 miles of waterfront, and ships calling here from many exotic lands, but the only boat I've happened to notice since my arrival was a small sloop tacking out of the East River night before last on the ebb tide when I was walking across the Brooklyn Bridge.I heard the Queen Mary blow one midnight, though, and the sound carried the whole history of departure and longing and loss.The Lions have been in convention.I've see not one Lion.A friend of mine saw one and told me about him.(He was lame, and was wearing a bolero.)At the ball grounds and horse parks the greatest sporting spectacles have been enacted.1 saw no ballplayer, no race horse.The governor came to town.I heard the siren scream, but that was all there was to that-an 18-inch margin again.A man was killed by a falling cornice.I was not a party to the tragedy, and again the inches counted heavily.4纽约城赐予人们独处孤居之礼的同时，也奉上一份参与的兴奋；同其他人口稠密的社区相比，纽约能更好地将个人与每时每劾在他周围发生的重大的、猛烈的、奇妙的事件隔离开来(只要他需要，而几乎每个人都想要或需要这种隔离)。自打我搬进这乌烟瘴气的通风井以来，城里已发生了好些惹人注目的事件。妒火中烧之下，一个男人开枪打死了自己的妻子，但此事却并未在他所处街区以外的地方引起任何反响，报纸上也只是稍稍提到几笔。我当时并不在现场。我来到城里以后，世界上规模空前的飞行表演恰好在纽约举行。当时我并没到场，城中800万居民也大多没有去观摩，尽管据宣称，到现场捧场的观众不在少数。我甚至没有听到飞机的轰鸣声，只是间或有几架西行的商业航班从通风井上空飞过。北大西洋上最大的远洋轮船在纽约进进出出，可我并没有留意，大多数纽约人也没有注意到。纽约港被称为世界上最大的港口，沿港码头绵延650英里，停泊着来自他乡异域的船只，但我来到纽约之后，只有在前天夜里经过布鲁克林大桥时看到过一艘单桅帆船罢了，其时，它正抢在退潮前急急驶出东河。不过，一天半夜里我还听到了玛丽女王号的汽笛声，这一声长鸣传达了“离行--期许--惘然”这一完整过程。狮子会会员们齐聚集会，我却连他们的人影都没看到过。我的一位朋友倒是撞见一个，并告诉过我(据他描述，那人瘸着脚，身穿一件短开衫)。棒球场和赛马场上如火如荼的比赛也已拉开序幕，我却连一个球员、一匹赛马都没见着。州长驾临城中，我听到警报尖鸣，但仅此而已——又是18英寸的距离使然。有人被从天而降的一截房檐砸中，死于非命。我却并未卷入这场惨剧，究其原因，还是这18英寸的距离使然。I mention these events merely to show that New York is peculiarly constructed to absorb almost anything that comes along(whether 1,000-foot liner out of the East or a 20,000-man convention out of the West)without inflicting the event on its inhabitants so that every event is, in a sense, optional, and the inhabitant is in the happy position of being able to choose his spectacle and so conserve his soul.In most metropolises, small and large, the choice is often not with the individual at all.He is thrown to the Lions.The Lions are overwhelming the event is unavoidable.A cornice falls, that it hits every citizen on the head, every last man in town.I sometimes think that the only event that hits every New Yorker on the head is the annual St.Patrick's Day parade, which is fairly penetrating-the Irish are a hard race to tune out, there are 500,000 of them in residence, and they have the police force right in the family.5我提到这些，仅仅为了表明纽约城是一座建构奇特的城市，这里发生的事件包罗万象(城东1,000英尺长的班轮也好，城西2万人的集会也罢)，但种种事件却又未被强加到每个居民身上。因此，从某种意义上说，每个事件都有可供选择的余地，居民们大可随心所欲地选择心仪的场景来体味，保护其灵魂免受侵害。在许多都市里，无论是大都会还是小城市，个人往往没有这种选择的自由。他必然会同狮子会会员们狭路相逢。狮子会会员无处不在，各种事件避无可避。一截房檐从天而降，必然会砸到每个市民头上，无一幸免。我有时想，能够砸到每个纽约人头上的事件恐怕只有一年一度的圣帕特里克节游行，其影响之广，可谓无孔不入——爱尔兰是一个不可小觑的民族，纽约城中居住的爱尔兰人有50万之众，他们还拥有自己的武装力量。The quality in New York that insulates its inhabitants from life may simply weaken them as individuals.Perhaps it is healthier to live in a community where, when a cornice falls, you feel the blow;where, when the governor passes, you see at any rate his hat.6在将居民同其周边生活隔离开来的同时，纽约也会弱化他们作为个体的存在。也许，生活在一个普通社区里，生活反而会健全些：在那里，当一截房檐从天而降时，你总会感受到疼痛；在那里，当州长经过时，至少他的帽子会映入你的眼帘。I am not defending New York in this regard.Many of its settlers are probably here merely to escape, not face, reality.But whatever it means, it is a rather rare gift, and I believe it has a positive effect on the creative capacities of New Yorkers-for creation is in part merely the business of forgoing the great and small distractions.7说到这点，我并不是在为纽约辩护。很多人选择这里落脚也许只是为了逃避现实，而不是面对现实。但无论如何，这都是非常希罕的礼物，而且我也相信这给纽约客的创造力带来了积极的影响——因为在一定程度上，创造就是将大大小小令人分心的事物抛之脑后的过程。Although New York often imparts a feeling of great forlornness or forsakenness it seldom seems dead or unresourceful;and you always feel that either by shifting your location 10 blocks or by reducing your fortune by five dollars you can experience rejuvenation.Many people who have no real independence or spirit depend on the city's tremendous variety and sources of excitement for spiritual sustenance and maintenance of morale.In the country there are a few chances of sudden rejuvenation-a shift in weather, perhaps, or something arriving in the mail.But in New York the chances are endless.I think that although many persons are here from some excess of spirit,(which caused them to break away from their small town), some, too, are here from a deficiency of spirit, who finds in New York a protection, or an easy substitution.8尽管纽约常常带给人一种强烈的失落感或被遗弃感，但她却很少显得死气沉沉或乏味无趣，你总会生出如下想法：只需变换一下位置，搬到10个街区以外，或者稍稍破一下财，花掉5美元，你就能立刻重获生机，神采奕奕。许多缺乏自主精神的人纷纷从纽约城的多姿多彩及令人兴奋的活动中寻求支柱，支撑和维系他们的精神和信念。在这个国家的其他地方，这种立竿见影的“重生”机会少之又少——或许只有天气的变化或新到的邮件才能带来些许惊喜。但在纽约，这种机会却是无穷无尽的。在我看来，尽管有不少人来到纽约是因为他们活力过剩，无法宣泄(这促使他们背井离乡，来到纽约)，同时，也不乏一些人是因为精神匮乏才来到纽约，在这里寻求庇护或某种轻而易举就能得到的替代品。Unit Seven
ON HUMAN NATURE Frank and Lydia Hammer 我对人类的了解越多，对他们的期望就越低。和以前相比，我现在常常以较宽松的标准把一个人叫做好人。
——塞缪尔·约翰逊博士
论人性
弗兰克，莉迪亚·汉默尔 1 Human nature is the basis of character, the temperament and disposition;it is that indestructible matrix upon which the character is built, and whose shape it must take and keep throughout life.This we call a person's nature.1人性是性格、气质和性情的基础，性格正是基于这种牢不可破的基质之上的，它必须以这种基质的形式存在，并将它保留终生，这种基质，我们称之为一个人的本性。2 The basic nature of human beings does not and cannot change.It is only the surface that is capable of alteration, improvement and refinement;we can alter only people's customs, manners, dress and habits.A study of history reveals that the people who walked this
earth in antiquity were moved by the same fundamental forces, were swayed by the same passions, and had the same aspirations as the men and women of today.The pursuit of happiness still engrosses mankind the world over.2人类的本性不会也不能改变，只有一些表面特征才会变化、改善和进一步提升；我们可以改变人们的风格、举止、衣着和习惯。一项历史研究表明，曾经行走在地球上的古人们和今天的男男女女们受着同样的基本力量驱使，被同样的激情左右并有着同样的抱负，时至今日，对幸福的追求仍然是全世界人类全身心投入的事业。Moreover no one wishes his nature to change.One may covet the position of President or King, but would not change places with them unless, it meant the continuance of his own identify.Each man sees himself as unique, and so far as he is concerned the hub of the universe, different from any other individual.Apologies are in order when Mr.Smith is mistaken for Mr.Jones.3此外，没有人希望改变自己的本性，有人可能会觊觎总统或国王的职位，但不会和他们交换位置，除非那意味着他自己身份的继续。每个人都把自己看成是独特个体，而且，就他而言，他就是宇宙的中心，有别于其他任何人。如果有人把史密斯先生误认作琼斯先生，这人就该道歉。Every man unfolds a distinct character over which circumstances and education have only the most limited control.No two people will ever draw the same conclusions from the same experiences, but each must interpret events and fit them into the mosaic of his own life's pattern.Human nature is ever true itself, not to systems of faith or education.Each holds to the structure of the mold into which the soul was cast at the time of its individualization.The qualities born in one remain as potentials whether they have a chance to develop or not.Under pressure, or change of interest, they can partially or wholly disappear from view, tor considerable periods of time;but nothing can permanently modify them, nothing can obliterate them.4每个人都表现出一种与众不同的性格，而环境和教育对性格的影响都极其有限。两个人从相同的经历中也不会得出相同的结论，但是两个人会各自分析这些事件并将它们融合到自己丰富的生活模式中去。人性总是忠于它本身，而不受信仰或教育体制左右。一个人的个性和他独特的天性在出生时就已经形成了，而且不会改变。一个人与生俱来的品质，无论是否有机会发展，都保持为潜力。在遭受压力或兴趣变化的情况下，他们会部分或全部地消失相当一段时间，但是没有什么能永久地改变他们，也没有什么能把他们抹去。5 The constancy of human nature is proverbial, as no one believes that a man can fundamentally change his nature.This is why it is so difficult for one who has acquired an unsavory reputation to re-establish himself in public confidence.People know from experience that an individual who in one year displays knavish characteristics-seldom in the next becomes any different.Nor does a thief become a trustworthy employee, or a miser a philanthropist.Nor does a man change and become a liar, coward or traitor at fifty or sixty;if he is one then, he has been one ever since his character was formed.Big criminals are first little criminals, just as giant oaks are first little acorns.5人性的恒定性是众所周知的，因为没有人相信一个人能够从根本上改变他的本性。这就是为什么一个恶名远扬的人很难重建公众对他的信心。人们凭经验知道某一年中表现出无赖性格的人不太可能在第二年有任何改观。小偷也不会变成值得信赖的员工。吝啬鬼也不可能变成慈善家。而且，一个人不会在五六十岁的时候变成谎话精、懦夫或叛徒，如果那时候他是，那么早在他性格形成的时候他就已经是了。大罪犯最初都是小罪犯，正如大橡树最初都是小橡果。Although man is potentially perfect he is far from being actually so.If he were actually perfect there would be nothing for preachers and humanitarians to do;no use for churches, schools, courts and prisons.Therefore while it is impossible to change human nature, it can be studied, controlled and directed, and this should be the supreme function of our religious, educational and social institutions.6尽管人类有完美的潜质，但事实上他远远没有达到完美。如果事实上他已经是完美的，那么那些神父、教师和人道主义者便会无事可做；那些教堂、学校、法庭和监狱便会无所用处。因此虽然人性是不可能改变的，但是人们可以研究它、控制它和引导它。而且这应该是我们的宗教机构、教育机构和社会机构的最高职能。Man is perfect as a seed is perfect, germinally.The spirit is perfect, but when it inhabits human structures, it participates in the imperfections of the later;and during its association with matter takes on the mortal weakness, desires and limitations.But the spirit, the inner man, remains untouched and undefiled by evil.Only the outer man-the personality and the physical body-becomes imperfect, due to ignorance, wrong thinking and violation of the law of being.The outer man, too, was originally perfect, but man has so desecrated and abused it that today it is a far cry from the original model.7人类在胚胎期是完美的，就好比一粒种子，在幼芽期是完美的一样。精神是完美的，但它栖居到人类肉体结构中后，便参与其中，表现出后者的不完美。在它与物质的联系过程中呈现出凡人的弱点、欲望和局限。但是精神，也就是人的内在，却仍能免遭邪恶的染指和玷污。只有外在的人——个性和躯体，由于无知、思想错误和违反自然规律而变得不完美。外在的人，原本也是完美的，但是由于人类如此的亵渎和滥用，今天，它已经与原型相去甚远。8 Man's majesty and nobility are taken for granted, although his faults and weaknesses are constantly paraded before our eyes.Only when behavior deviates from the normal does it attract attention.The good neighbor, the conscientious citizen, the kind father and faithful husband pass unnoticed.But the murderer, robber or wife beater is singled out for ublicity, because such conduct is unusual.8人们想当然地认为人类是伟大和高尚的，尽管他的过错和弱点不断地暴露在我们面前。只有当人类行为偏离常规时才会引起人们的注意。人们对好邻居、良民、慈父和贞夫视而不见，但杀人犯、抢劫犯或殴打妻子的人却成为公众瞩目的焦点。因为这些行为非同寻常。9 Man's inherent goodness, moreover, is revealed by his countless acts of heroism, unselfishness and sacrifice.Daily one reads of men saving others at the peril of their
own lives.One plunges into the surf and rescues a swimmer from drowning;another dashes into a burning house and carries a stranger to safety;others snatch a child from the wheels of death;many give their blood so that others may live.Countless unnamed and unrecorded men have given their lives for their fellowmen, not only on the battlefront but on the home-front as well.9人类固有的优点还体现在不计其数的英雄主义行为、充满无私和牺牲精神的举动上，每天我们都会读到人们冒着生命危险挽救他人生命的事迹：有人跃入水中拯救溺水的泳者；有人冲进火场将陌生人带出险境；有人从死亡的车轮下救出孩子；许多人献出鲜血使他人生命得以延续。数不胜数的不知姓名、不被记载的人们，不仅在战场上，而且还在战争的大后方，为了他们的同胞献出了生命。
10Human nature does not and cannot change but unfolds its inherent pattern.Man has a nature and its laws can be known.We can only endeavor to understand man as he is.10人性不会也不能改变，它只展现它固有的模式。它有天性而且这种天性的规律是可知的。我们只能尽力去了解人类的真实面貌。Unit Eight It's almost a common sense that wearing a seat belt can keep passengers from being injured or being killed in a car accident.But recent research done by John Adams shows more complicated statistics.More car accidents are caused by the reckless drivers who wear seat belts.THE HIDDEN DANGER OF SEAT BELTS
David Bjerklie 安全带可以避免乘客在车祸中受伤或死亡，这几乎是常识。但是，约翰．亚当斯最近所做的研究得出了更加复杂的统计数据。当司机系着安全带时，他们开车无所顾忌，更多车祸因此而发生。
座椅安全带的隐患
大卫·布杰克里 Seat belts still decrease our risk of dying in an accident, but the statistics are not all black and white.In fact, according to one researcher, seat belts may actually cause people to drive more recklessly.1座椅安全带固然能降低我们在车祸中死亡的危险，但从统计数据看，情况并不是那么绝对。事实上，据一位研究者说，安全带可能会使人们在驾车时更加肆无忌惮。If there's one thing we know about our risky world, it's that seat belts save lives.And they do, of course.But reality, as usual, is messier and more complicated than that.John Adams, risk expert and emeritus professor of geography at University College London, was an early skeptic of the seat belt safety mantra.Adams first began to look at the numbers more than 25 years ago.What he found was that contrary to conventional wisdom, mandating the use of seat belts in 18 countries resulted in either no change or actually a net increase in road accident deaths.2对于这个有危险的世界，如果有一件事我们还算了解，那就是座椅安全带可以救命。当然，它确实可以救命。但实际情况通常要更混乱、更复杂。伦敦大学学院的风险专家、地理学荣誉教授约翰·亚当斯早就质疑安全带能保证驾车安全的信条。亚当斯最早开始查看统计数字是早在25年前的事了。他的发现与人们的普遍看法恰恰相反——在18个强制使用安全带的国家，要么交通事故死亡率根本没有变化，要么实际上反而导致了死亡率的净增长。How can that be? Adams' interpretation of the data rests on the notion of risk compensation, the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive;as changes in the level of risk.Imagine, explains Adams, a driver negotiating a curve in the road.Let's make him a young male.He is going to be influenced by his perceptions of both the risks and rewards of driving a car.The considerations could include getting to work or meeting a mend for dinner on time, impressing a companion with his driving skills, bolstering his image of himself as an accomplished driver.They could also include his concern for his own safety and desire to live to a ripe old age, his feelings of responsibility for a toddler with him in a car seat, the cost of banging up his shiny new car or losing his license.3怎么会这样?亚当斯用风险补偿的概念来解释这些数据资料，这个概念就是：人们往往会根据他们意识到的风险程度的改变来相应地调整自己的行为。亚当斯解释说，假设一位司机驾车途中要过一个窄弯道，这名司机是个男青年，那么他会受到自己对以下两方面认知的影响：驾车的风险和驾车的回报。他所考虑的东西可能包括：能够准时上班或准时赶赴朋友的饭局、让同伴对他的驾车技术留下深刻印象、使自己作为熟练驾车手的形象更加巩固。他还可能考虑到自身的安全问题、长命百岁的愿望、对车上年幼乘客的责任感、撞毁自己的漂亮新车或驾驶证被没收的代价。Nor will these possible concerns exist in a vacuum.He will be taking into account the weather and the condition of the road, the amount of traffic and the capabilities of the car he is driving.But crucially, says Adams, this driver will also be adjusting his behavior in response to what he perceives are changes in risks.If he is wearing a seat belt and his car has front and side air bags and anti-skid brakes to boot, he may in turn drive a bit more daringly.这些可能的担心也不是孤立存在的。他还要考虑到天气和路况、交通拥挤的程度和所驾车子的性能。但亚当斯说，关键的是这个司机还将根据他对风险变化的判断来调整自己的行为。如果他系上了安全带，而他的车子带有前、侧气囊和防滑刹车系统，他驾起车来可能会更大胆。The point, stresses Adams, is that drivers who feel safe may actually increase the risk that they pose to other drivers, bicyclists, pedestrians and their own passengers(while an average of 80% of drivers buckle up, only 68% of their rear-seat passengers do).And risk compensation is hardly confined to the act of driving a car.Think of a trapeze artist, suggests Adams, or a rock climber or motorcyclist.Add some safety equipment to the equation-a net, rope or helmet respectively-and the person may try maneuvers that he or she would otherwise consider foolish.In the case of seat belts, instead of a simple, straightforward reduction in deaths, the end result is actually a more complicated redistribution of risk and fatalities.For the sake of argument, offers Adams, imagine how it might affect the behavior of drivers if a sharp stake were mounted in the middle of the steering wheel? Or if the bumper were packed with explosives.Perverse, yes, but it certainly provides a vivid example of how a perception of risk could modify behavior.4亚当斯强调说，问题就在于自我感觉安全的司机们实际上对其他司机、骑自行车者、行人和自己车上的乘客来说是更大的危险(平均80％的司机系安全带，而同车后座的乘客只有68％系安全带)。风险补偿绝不仅限于驾车行为。亚当斯说，类似的还有表演高空秋千的艺人、攀岩者或摩托车手。如果在他们的安全等式上增添某种安全装置——比如说分别给他们一张救生网、一根保险绳或一个头盔——这个人可能就会试着做些平时认为很愚蠢的技巧性表演。因此，安全带并非简单、直截了当地减少死亡人数，而是对风险和死亡事故进行了更加复杂的再分配。为了说明其中的道理，亚当斯提出人们可以想象一下，如果在方向盘中间安一个尖头的木桩，司机开车时会受到怎样的影响?或者在保险杠上装满炸药呢?这简直是丧心病狂，是的，不过这确实提供了一个生动的例子，来说明人们如何根据对风险的判断来调整行为。In everyday life, risk is a moving target, not a set number as statistics might suggest.In addition to external factors, each individual has his or her own internal comfort level with risk-taking.Some are daring while others are cautious by nature.And still others are fatalists who may believe that a higher power devises mortality schedules that fix a predetermined time when our number is up.Consequently, any single measurement assigned to the risk of driving a car is bound to be only the roughest sort of benchmark.5日常生活中，风险是不断移动的靶子，而并不像统计数据那样是个固定数字。除了外部因素外，每个人对于冒险都有自己内在的安全尺度。有些人天生大胆而有些人天生谨慎，还有些人是宿命论者，他们会认为，有一种更强大的力量设计了死亡时间表，预先确定了我们的死期。因此，对驾车风险做任何单一的测算所得到的肯定只是最粗略的基准数据。Adams cites, as an example the statistical fact that a young man is 100 times more likely to be involved in a severe crash than is a middle-aged woman.Similarly, someone driving at 3:00 a.m.Sunday is more than 100 times more likely to die than someone driving at 10:00 a.m.Sunday.Someone with a personality disorder is 10 times more likely to die.And let's say he's also drunk.Tally up All these factors and consider them independently says Adams, and you could arrive at.a statistical prediction that a disturbed, drunken young man driving in the middle of the night is 2.7 million times more likely to be involved in a serious accident than would a sober, middle-aged woman driving to church seven hours later.亚当斯引用了这样的统计事实作例子：青年男子发生严重撞车事故的概率比中年妇女高100倍。同样，在星期天凌晨3点钟驾车的人比同一天上午10点钟驾车的人死亡风险高出100多倍，有人格障碍的人比一般人死亡风险高10倍。亚当斯说，假如这个人还喝醉了，汇总所有这些因素并分别加以考虑，就会得到一个具有统计性的预测：一位心理失常又喝醉酒的青年男子在午夜驾车，7个小时后一位头脑清醒的中年妇女驾车去教堂，前者发生严重交通事故的概率比后者高270万倍。The bottom line is that risk doesn't exist in a vacuum and that there are a host of factors that come into play, including the rewards of risk, whether they are financial, physical or emotional.It is this very human context which risk exists.That is key, says Adams, who titled one of his recent blogs: What Kills You Matters-Not Numbers.Our reaction to risk very much depends on the degree to which it is voluntary(scuba diving), unavoidable(public transit)or imposed(air quality), the degree to which we feel we are in control(driving)or at the mercy of others(plane travel), and the degree to which the source of possible danger is benign(“doctor's orders), indifferent(nature)or malign,(murder and terrorism).We make dozens of risk calculations daily, but you can book odds-that most of them are so automatic or visceral-that we barely notice them.6问题的要点就在于风险并不是孤立存在的，它会受到许多因素的影响，包括承担风险所带来的种种回报——无论是财产方面的、身体方面的，还是情感方面的。这正是风险赖以存在的真实的人类社会。亚当斯说，这才是问题的关键，正如他把近期的一篇博客题目定为《关键的是置人于死地的东西，而不是数字》。我们对风险的反应多半取决于它在多大程度上是自发的行为(如戴水肺潜水)、是不可避免的(如公共交通)、还是强加给我们的(如空气质量)；取决于我们认为在多大程度上是我们能控制的(如驾驶)或是由别人控制的(如乘飞机)；还取决于这种潜在危险在多大程度上是出于好意(如医生的指令)、无意的(如自然因素)或恶意的(如谋杀和恐怖活动)。我们每天要做几十遍风险计算，但是可以确信的是，多数时候人们对风险的计算自然而然或者说是出自本能，以至于我们几乎注意不到我们在做计算。Unit Nine
THE HOUSING CRISIS GOES SUBURBAN
住房危机走向郊区
迈克尔·格伦沃尔德
在过去的五年里，弗吉尼亚州费尔法克斯县的住房价格增长速度是家庭收入增长速度的12倍．今天，该县中等家庭不得不将其收入的54％用于购买位于该县的普通住房；在2000年，这个数字是26％。形势如此严峻，以至于费尔法克斯县最近开始对年收入90，000美元的家庭提供住房补贴；很快，这个数字可能提高到110，000美元。Seventy years after President Franklin D.Roosevelt declared that the Depression had left one-third of the American people ”ill-housed, ill-clothed and ill-nourished,“2 Americans are well-clothed and increasingly over nourished.But the scarcity of affordable housing is a deepening national crisis, and not just for inner-city families on welfare.The problem has climbed the income ladder and moved to the suburbs, where service workers cram their families into overcrowded apartments, college graduates have to crash with their parents, and firefighters, police officers and teachers can't afford to live in the communities they serve.1富兰克林·罗斯福总统曾经说经济大萧条造成1／3的美国人住房简陋、衣衫褴褛、营养不良，然而70年后的今天，美国人却是穿着考究、营养日益过剩。但是，廉价房稀缺是一场日益加深的民族危机，而不仅仅是依靠福利为生的城市家庭的危机。这个问题已经波及中产阶级，并向郊区蔓延，在那里服务工作者及其家属挤在过于狭小的公寓里，大学毕业生不得不借宿在父母家，而消防队员、警察和教师在他们所服务的社区也买不起房。2 Home ownership is near an all-time high, but the gap is growing between the Owns and the Own-Nots —as well as the Owns and the Own-80-Miles-From-Work.One-third of Americans now spend at least 30% of their income on housing, the federal definition of an ”unaffordable“ burden, and half the working poor spend at least 50% of their income on rent, a ”critical“ burden.The real estate boom of the past decade has produced windfalls for Americans who owned before it began, but affordable housing is now a serious problem for more low-and moderate-income Americans than taxes, Social Security4 or gas prices.2住房拥有率接近历史最高位，但有房户和无房户之间的差距越来越大，有房户和房子离工作单位80英里远的有房户之间的差距也越来越大。现在，1／3的美国人花费至少30％的收入用于住房，联邦政府将这种情况定义为“无力支付”的负担，而有一半的穷打工仔花费至少50％的收入用于租房，这种情况被称为“极其严重”的负担。在过去10年里，房地产迅猛发展，这使得在此之前就已经购置房产的美国人大赚特赚了一把，但现在廉价房对中、低收入的美国人来说，是一个比税收、社会保险、汽油价格更严重的问题。3 America used to care a lot about affordable housing.Roosevelt signed housing legislation in 1934 and 1937, providing mortgages, government apartments and construction jobs for workers down on their luck.In 1949, Congress.set an official goaljjf ”a decent home and a suitable living environment for every American family,“ and in 1974, President Richard M.Nixon began offering subsidized rent vouchers to millions of low-income tenants in private housing.For half a century, most housing debates in Washington revolved around how much to expand federal assistance.3美国曾经非常关注廉价房问题。1934年和1937年，罗斯福签署了住房立法，提供抵押贷款、政府公寓，并为那些穷困潦倒的工人提供建筑工作。1949年，国会树立了官方目标——“让每一个美国家庭都能拥有一个体面的家和宜居环境，”而到了1974年，尼克松总统开始对数以百万计的低收入租户在私有住房方面提供租金补贴凭单。半个世纪以来，在华盛顿发生的大多数住房方面的辩论都围绕着一个主题：即应该在多大程度上扩大联邦政府的资助。But for the past two decades, the only new federal housing initiative has been HOPE VI5, a Clinton administration program that has demolished 80,000 units of the worst public housing and built mixed-income developments in their place.The program has eliminated most of the high-rise hellholes that gave public housing a bad name and has revived some urban neighborhoods.But it has razed more subsidized apartments than it has replaced.4但在过去20年中，唯一的联邦住房新提案就是HOPE VI，也就是克林顿政府拆毁80,000单位的最差公共住房，重建混合收入寓所来取而代之。该计划已经拆除了大部分高度危险的房子，它们曾使公共住房声名狼藉，并已重建了一些城市的社区。但是它更多的是把享有补贴的公寓房夷为平地而不是取而代之。Overall, the number of households receiving federal aid has flatlined since the early 1990s, despite an expanding population and a ballooning budget.Congress has rejected most of President Bush's proposed cuts, but there has been virtually no discussion of increases;affordable-housing advocates spend most of their time fighting to preserve the status quo.5总的来说，自90年代初以来，接受联邦援助的家庭数已经降到最低，尽管人口不断增加、预算不断膨胀。美国国会已经拒绝了美国总统布什提出的大部分的削减计划，但几乎没有讨论过增加计划；廉价房的倡导者花费的大部分时间都被用于努力争取保持现状。6 And it's a tough status quo.Today, for every one of the 4.5 million low-income families that receive federal housing assistance, there are three eligible families without it.Fairfax County has 12,000 families on a waiting list for 4,000 assisted apartments.”It's golden when you get one—nobody wants to give it up,“ says Conrad Egan, chairman of the Fairfax housing authority.It sounds odd, but the victims of today's housing crisis are not people living in ”the projects“, but people who aren't even that lucky.6而现状真是很艰难。今天，有450万低收入家庭享受联邦住房救助，还有3倍于此的家庭符合被救助资格，却拿不到救助。费尔法克斯县有12,000户家庭在排队轮候4,000套救助公寓。“这太宝贵了，一旦拥有，没有人愿意放弃。”费尔法克斯住房委员会主席康拉德·艾根这样说。这听起来奇怪，但如今住房危机的受害者不是那些已经享受“救助计划”的人，而是那些没那么幸运去享受这个计划的人。7 Some liberals6 dream of extending subsidies to all eligible low-income families, but that $100 billion-a-year solution was unrealistic even before the budget deficit ballooned again.So even some housing advocates now support time limits on most federal rent aid.The time limits included in welfare reform 10 years ago were controversial, but studies suggest they've helped motivate recipients to get off the dole.And unlike welfare, housing aid is not a federal entitlement, so taking it away from one family after a few years would provide a break for an equally deserving family.7一些自由派人士梦想着对所有合格的低收入家庭都给予补贴，但是这个每年要斥资上千亿美元的解决办法很不现实，即便是在预算赤字再度膨胀之前也不现实。因此，即使一些曾经主张住房政策的人，现在也支持对大多数联邦租房救济金实行时间限制。人们对10年前福利改革中所涉及的时限问题有争议，但研究表明，这些时限有助于激励受助人摆脱对福利的依赖。和福利不同的是，住房救济金不是联邦所赋予的权利，因此几年后对一个家庭停止供给意味着给另一个同样需要救济的家庭一个喘息的机会。”It's a no-brainer,“ says David Smith, an affordable-housing advocate in Boston.”You can't sustain the internal contradiction of no limits.“ 8“这是显而易见的事，”大卫·史密斯——波士顿的一位廉价房的倡导者说，“你不能让内在矛盾无限地延续。” The root of the problem is the striking mismatch between the demand for and the supply of affordable housing —or, more accurately, affordable housing near jobs.Fifteen million families now spend at least half their income on housing, according to Harvard's Joint_CenterfOTHousing Studies: many skimp on health care, child care and food to do so.Others reduce their rents by overcrowding, which studies link to higher crime rates, poorer academic performance and poorer health;Los Angeles alone has 620.000 homes with more than one person per room.Other workers are enduring increasingly long commutes from less expensive communities, a phenomenon known as ”driving to qualify“.9问题的根源是廉价房的供需，或者更准确地说，工作地点附近的廉价房的供需之间极不协调。据哈佛大学住宅联合研究中心提供的数据，现在有1,500万个家庭至少把他们一半的收入用于支付住房费用；许多人为了住房甚至在医疗保健、照顾儿童和食品等方面节省开支。其他人为了减少租金，居住条件极为拥挤，研究表明，拥挤的居住条件与高犯罪率、学习成绩差、以及健康状况不佳紧密相关；仅洛杉矶就有62万户家庭多人共居一室。其他工作者居住在较为便宜的社区，忍受着越来越长距离的交通往返，这种现象被称为“驾驶以保生活质量”。10 This creates all kinds of lousy outcomes—children who don't get to see their parents, workers who can't make ends meet when gas prices soar, exurban sprawl, roads clogged with long-distance commuters emitting greenhouse gases.”I don't think we're creating strong communities by forcing people into their cars four hours a day,“ says Cathy Hudgins.chairwoman of the housing committee for the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors.Affordable housing also helps make communities competitive;it's not clear how Fairfax can keep creating jobs if workers can't afford to live there.10这造成各种不良结果——孩子们看不到父母；当汽油价格飙升、城市向外扩张、道路上堵满了长途通勤的打工者、他们的汽车排放着温室气体，劳动者根本就入不敷出。费尔法克斯县监督委员会的会长凯西·哈金斯说：“我认为如果我们迫使人们平均每天四个小时呆在汽车里，我们就无法建立强大的社区。”廉价房也可以使社区具有竞争力；如果打工者没钱住在那里，我们还真不知道费尔法克斯县怎能一直创造就业机会。The best thing local officials can do to promote affordable housing is to get out of the way—stop requiring one-acre lots and two-car garages, and stop blocking low-income and high-density projects.11为促进廉价房，地方官员最好不要挡在路上——不要要求一英亩最小面积和两车位的车库、不要阻止低收入和高密度的项目。Washington politicians, on the other hand, have the federal budget at their disposal.But Congress hasn't supported new construction since the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit of 1986, which creates nearly 100,000 units of affordable housing a year, enough to replace half the units that are torn down or converted to market rents.Bush proposed a home-ownership tax credit during his 2000 and 2004 campaigns, but it turned out to be the rare tax cut he didn't pursue.A bill pending in Congress would divert a percentage of profits from federally chartered institutions such as Fannie Mae to a national affordable-housing trust fund8, but it seems stalled.The only affordability ideas with any traction at the national level are not really housing ideas;for example, one way to make housing more affordable to workers would be to raise their incomes—through higher minimum wages, lower payroll taxes or an expanded Earned Income Tax Credit.12另一方面，联邦预算由华盛顿政界人士决定。但是，美国国会自1986年施行低收入住房税收抵免政策以来没有再支持过新的建设项目，该政策每年造就近100,000套廉价住房，足以取代被拆除或被转变为市场化招租的那些住房总数的一半。布什在2000年和2004年的竞选中提出了房屋所有权税收抵免政策，这是一项极好的政策，但是他最终竟然没有实行。一项等待国会投票的法案可能会把一些联邦特许机构——如房利美——的利润按照一定的百分比转移到国家廉价房信托基金名下，但这项法案似乎停滞不前。唯一的用国家力量促进支付能力的办法并不是有关住房的办法；例如，有一个方法可以让劳动者更能够负担得起住房费用，那就是提高他们的收入——通过提高最低工资、降低工资税或扩大收入税收抵免等方式。13 There is one clear solution to the affordable-housing crisis: a real estate crash.It's the one housing issue that attracts media attention—because it would hurt the Owns.But while an easing of prices could be devastating for lower-income Owns with risky mortgages, it probably wouldn't bring home ownership within reach for many Own-Nots.Prices have too far to fall;in 2000, two-thirds of the home sales in Fairfax were for $250,000 or less, but last year, fewer than one-twentieth were.And even a modest price slump could trigger a construction slowdown that would make shortages of affordable housing for moderate-income families even worse.13解决廉价房危机的一个明确办法：房地产市场崩溃。这是一个能够吸引媒体关注的住房问题——因为这会伤害有房户。但是对于使用风险贷款的低收入房屋所有人来说放松价格可能是毁灭性的，另一方面对于无房者来说，它也不会带来居者有其屋的结果。价格下降还有很大的空间；在2000年，费尔法克斯2／3的房屋销售价格不高于$250,000，但去年只有不到1／20的房屋以此价格出售。即便价格小幅下滑都可能引发建设减速，从而使中等收入家庭缺乏廉价房的局面变得更糟糕。Eventually, politicians may rediscover housing—not as an urban poverty issue, but as a middle-class quality-of-life issue, like gas prices or health care.Home ownership is often described as the American dream, but these days many workers would settle for a decent rental that won't bankrupt their families.14最终，政治家可能重新发现住房问题不是一个城市贫困问题，而是一个中产阶级的生活质量问题，正如燃油价格或医疗保健一样。居者有其屋通常被称为是美国梦，但如今许多劳动者为了使他们的家人不至于破产，宁愿租一所体面的房子居住。Unit Ten
ACADEMY IN TIMES OF CRISIS 普林斯顿大学校长在其任职演说中提到：与接受高等教育这项权利相伴的是各种义务。
危机时代，大学该扮演的角色
雪莉·M．泰夫曼 Today the academy holds a highly privileged place in American society because of a about the long-standing national consensus about the value of education.One of my predecessors, President Harold Dodds, said in his inaugural address in 1933 that ”No country spends money for education, public or private, so lavishly as does the United States.Americans have an almost childlike faith in what formal education can do for them.“ That faith is based on a conviction that the vitality of the United States, its creative and diverse cultural life, its is national security and the robustness of its democratic institutions owe much to the quality of institutions of higher education.1今天，由于长期以来美国人对教育价值的共识，大学在美国社会中占有得天独厚的地位。一位前任校长哈罗德·多兹1933年在就职演说中曾提到，“没有哪个国家像美国这样，不论对公立教育还是私立教育的投入都是如此地慷慨大方。美国人民对正规教育所能起到的作用抱有一种近乎天真的信念。”这一信念是在这样一个深信不疑的基础上确立的，即美国的活力、它富有创造性和多样化的文化生活、它具有惊人独创力的经济、它的国家安全以及它健全的民主制度——极大地依赖于其高等教育机构的质量。Our society’s confidence in its institutions of higher education is expressed through the generous investments of the federal and state government in basic and applied research, investment that wisely couple support for research with support for graduate education.It is also expresses through federal and state investments that subsidize the cost of higher education for those who cannot afford to pay, investments by private foundations and charities who see collegesand universities as the best routes for achieving their strategic goals, and investments by individuals and by the private sector, who see universities as the incubators of future health and prosperity.In return for this broad support, society rightfully expects certain things from us.It expects the generation of new ideas and the discovery of new knowledge, the exploration of complex issues in an open and collegial manner and the preparation of the next generation of citizens and leaders.In times of trouble, it is especially important that we live up to these expectations.2我国社会对高等教育机构的信心通过以下几点表现出来：联邦政府和州政府对基础研究和应用研究给予大量投资，这些投资明智地将对研究的支持与对研究生教育的支持结合起来；联邦政府和州政府对无力负担高等教育学费的学生给予资助；一些私人基金会和慈善机构给予投资，他们认为高等院校是达成其战略目标的最佳途径；一些个人和私人部门给予投资，他们认为高等院校是未来健康发展和富裕繁荣的孵化器。社会当然期望我们能有所作为以回报这种广泛的支持。社会期望我们产生新思想，开发新知识，以一种开放和共同协作的方式探索复杂的问题，培养未来一代公民和领导者。当处于困境的时候，我们不辜负这些期望就尤为重要。3 The medieval image of the university as an ivory tower, with scholars turned inward in solitary contemplation, immunized from the cares of the day, is an image that has been superseded by the modern university constructed not of ivory, but of a highly porous material, one that allows free diffusion in both directions.The academy is of the world, not apart from it.Its ideals, crafted over many generations, are meant to suffuse the national consciousness.Its scholars and teachers are meant to move in and out of the academy in pursuit of opportunities to use their expertise in public service, in pursuit of creative work that will give us illumination and insight and in pursuit of ways to turn laboratory discoveries into useful things.Our students engage the world with a strong sense of civic responsibility, and when they graduate they become alumni who do the same.This is as it should be.3中世纪大学的形象是一座象牙塔，学者们远离社会进行孤独的沉思，不关心窗外之事——这一形象已被现代大学所取代——现代大学不是象牙构筑的，而是高度开放的机构，允许内外自由交流。高校是属于社会的，而不是游离于社会之外的。高校的理想，经由多少代人的铸造，旨在渗入国民意识之中。学者和教师必定要周旋于学院内外以寻觅运用他们的才能为公众服务的机会，寻觅能给我们带来启发和见识的创造性工作，寻觅把实验室的研究发现转化为实际应用的途径。我们的学生在从事社会活动时怀有一种强烈的公民责任意识，并且当他们毕业若干年后成为老校友时仍然会这样做。这些都是理所当然的。4 The search for new ideas and knowledge is not and cannot be motivated by utilitarian concerns.Rather it depends on the ability to think in new and creative ways.When the Nobel laureate John Nash developed the mathematical concepts underlying non-cooperative game theory8 as a graduate student at Princeton, he could not foresee that those concepts would be used today to analyze election strategies and the causes of war and to make predictions about how people will act.When Professor of Molecular Biology Eric Wieschaus' set out as a young scientist to identify genes that pattern the body plan of the fruit fly embryo, he could not know that he would identify genes that play a central role in the development of human cancer.We have learned that we cannot predict with any accuracy how discoveries and scholarship will influence future generations.We also have learned that it is unwise to search only in predictable places, for new knowledge often depends upon preparing fertile ground in^obscure places where serendipity and good luck, as well as deep intelligence, can sprout.Freedom of inquiry, which is one of our most cherished organizing principles, is not just a moral imperative, it is a practical necessity.4探索新思想和新知识不是依靠也不应该依靠功利主义动机，而是依靠以新颖的和创造性的方式进行思考的能力。当诺贝尔奖获得者约翰·纳什在普林斯顿大学读研究生时推动了构成“非合作博弈论”基础的数学概念的发展时，他可能根本不会想到这些概念会在今天被用于分析选举策略、战争起因及预测人的行为表现等方面。当还是一名年轻科学家的分子生物学教授埃里克·维绍斯着手识别决定果蝇胚胎身体结构模式的基因时，他可能不知道他会识别出在推动对人类癌症的研究中起到关键性作用的基因。由此得知，我们无法准确地预测科学发现及学术成就将如何影响未来一代又一代的人们。同时，我们也得知，只在可预知的领域来挖掘知识是不明智的，因为新知识往往依赖于在未知领域准备好肥沃的土壤，在那些领域，好运气同深奥的智慧一样能开花结果。我们最珍视的组织原则之一——探索的自由，不仅仅从道德上说是必需的，而且它也是一个实际需要。5 Just as we have an obligation to search widely for knowledge, so we also have an obligation to ensure that the scholarly work of the academy is widely disseminated, so that others can correct it when necessary, or build on it, or use it to make better decisions, develop better products or construct better plans.In the days ahead, I hope that our country's decision-makers will draw on the knowledge that resides on our campuses, on historians who can inform the present through deep understanding of the past, philosophers who can provide frameworks for working through issues of right and wrong, economists whose insights can help to get the economy back on track, engineers who know how to build safer buildings, scientists who can analyze our vulnerabilities to future attack and develop strategies for reducing those vulnerabilities, and scholars in many fields who can help us understand the motivations of those who would commit acts of terrorism here and throughout the world.5就像我们有义务广泛寻求新知识一样，我们也有义务确保我们的学术研究能够被广泛地传播。只有这样，别人才能对其做出必要的修正，或将其发扬光大，或依据它来作出更好的决定，开发出更好的产品，或构建出更好的规划。在日后的岁月中，我希望我们国家的决策者根据留存于大学的知识来做决定，咨询能通过对过去的深刻理解而洞悉现在的历史学家们；咨询能提供明辨是非原则的哲学家们；咨询能以其洞察力使经济回归正轨的经济学家们；咨询知道如何建造更安全建筑的工程师们；咨询能分析我们容易招致未来袭击的软肋并能制订出弥补这些弱点的战略的科学家们；以及咨询能帮助我们弄清恐怖分子在我国及世界各地实施恐怖行动的动机的多个领域的学者们。Let me now turn to the third obligation that we have to society: the education of the next generation of citizens and leaders.Princeton's view of what constitutes a liberal arts education was expressed well by Woodrow Wilson, our 13th President, whose eloquent words I read at Opening Exercises:”What we should seek to impart in our colleges, is not so much learning itself as the spirit of learning.It consists in the power to distinguish good reasoning from bad, in the power to digest and interpret evidence, in the habit of catholic observation and a preference for the non-partisan point of view, in an addiction to clear and logical processes of thought and yet an instinctive desire to interpret rather than to stick to the letter of reasoning, in a taste for knowledge and a deep respect for the integrity of the human mind.“ 6现在，请允许我来阐述一下我们应对社会所尽的第三项义务：培育下一代的公民与领导者。普林斯顿大学所提倡的对大学文科教育的见解，我校第13任校长伍德罗。威尔逊曾作过精辟的表述，我在开学典礼上曾诵读过他的雄辩的语句：“在大学里我们应当努力传授的，与其说是知识本身还不如说是做学问的精神。它包括：辨别正确推理与错误推理的能力，消化与阐释论据的能力，广泛观察的习惯，对于持客观见解的偏好，执着于清晰有条理的思维过程，本能地热衷于阐释内涵而不拘泥于推论的字面意思，对知识的鉴赏力，对人类健全心智的无限尊重。” 7 Wilson, and the presidents who followed him, rejected the narrow idea of a liberal arts education as preparation for a profession.While understanding the importance of professional education, they made it clear that at Princeton we should first and foremost cultivate the qualities of thought and discernment in our students in the belief that this will be most conducive to the health of our society.Thus we distinguish between the acquisition of information, something that is essential for professional training, and the development of habits of mind that can be applied in any profession.Consequently we celebrate when the classics scholar goes to medical school, the physicist becomes a member of Congress, or the historian teaches primary school.If we do our job well as educators, each of our students will take from a Princeton education a respect and appreciation for ideas and values, intellectual openness and rigor, practice in civil discourse and a sense of civic responsibility.During these troubled times, our students and our alumni will be called upon to exercise these qualities in their professions, their communities and their daily lives.By so doing, and through their leadership, their vision and their courage, they will help to fulfill Princeton's obligation to society and bring true meaning to our motto, ”Princeton in the nation's service and in the service of all nations."
7威尔逊及其继任者们拒绝这一狭隘的观念：即大学文科教育只限于为某种职业做准备。他们在了解职业教育重要性的同时，更清楚在普林斯顿首先应该培养学生的思考能力和洞察力，坚信这才最有益于社会健全发展。因此我们对以下两方面做了区分：对职业素质的培养有重要作用的信息获取和能够应用于任何职业的思维习惯的发展。所以，当古典文学家走进医学院、物理学家成为国会议员或历史学家执教小学的时候，我们便感到庆幸。如果我们作为教育家做好我们的工作，我们的每一个学生将从普林斯顿的教育中学会尊重和欣赏各种理念与价值、思维的开放与严谨、社交实践与公民责任感。在这困难重重的年代，我们将号召我们的学生和校友们在他们的职业中、在他们的团体和日常生活中实践这些品质。通过这样做，通过他们的领导力、洞察力和勇气，他们将帮助履行普林斯顿对社会的义务和实践我们的座右铭：“普林斯顿——为国家服务，为世界服务!”
第五篇：研究生英语下册综合教程-熊海虹-翻译-完全整理
Unit 1
The Hidden Side of Happiness 1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways.Nobody asks for any of it.But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.Their refrain might go something like this: “I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it.”
1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。他们可能都会这样说：“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。” We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances.Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest.In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved.2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中：在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。对那些令人极度恐慌的经历做出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某些方面有了改善。This and other promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth.This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide: What doesn't kill you can actually make you stronger.Post-traumatic stress is far from the only possible outcome.In the wake of even the most terrifying experiences, only a small proportion of adults become chronically troubled.More commonly, people rebound-or even eventually thrive.3诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理：大难不死，意志弥坚。创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来——甚至最终会成功发达。Those who weather adversity well are living proof of the paradoxes of happiness.We need more than pleasure to live the best possible life.Our contemporary quest for happiness has shriveled to a hunt for bliss-a life protected from bad feelings, free from pain and confusion.4那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证：为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气：一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。This anodyne definition of well-being leaves out the better half of the story, the rich, full joy that comes from a meaningful life.It is the dark matter of happiness, the ineffable quality we admire in wise men and women and aspire to cultivate in our own lives.It turns out that some of the people who have suffered the most, who have been forced to contend with shocks they never anticipated and to rethink the meaning of their lives, may have the most to tell us about that profound and intensely fulfilling journey that philosophers used to call the search for “the good life”.5这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面——一种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质——是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人——他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义——或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为对“美好生活”的探寻)最有发言权。This broader definition of good living blends deep satisfaction and a profound connection to others through empathy.It is dominated by happy feelings but seasoned also with nostalgia and regret.“Happiness is only one among many values in human life,” contends Laura King, a psychologist at the University of Missouri in Columbia.Compassion, wisdom, altruism, insight, creativity-sometimes only the trials of adversity can foster these qualities, because sometimes only drastic situations can force us to take on the painful process of change.To live a full human life, a tranquil, carefree existence is not enough.We also need to grow-and sometimes growing hurts.6这种对美好生活的更为广泛的定义把深深的满足感和一种通过移情与他人建立的深切联系融合在一起。它主要受愉悦情感的支配，但同时也夹杂着惆怅和悔恨。密苏里大学哥伦比亚分校的心理学家劳拉·金认为:“幸福仅仅是许许多多人生价值中的一种。”慈悲、智慧、无私、洞察力及创造力—有时只有经历逆境的考验才能培育这些品质，因为有时只有极端的情形才能迫使我们去承受痛苦的改变过程。只过安宁的、无忧无虑的生活是不足以体验一段完整的人生的。我们也需要成长——尽管有时成长是痛苦的。In a dark room in Queens, New York, 31-year-old fashion designer Tracy Cyr believed she was dying.A few months before, she had stopped taking the powerful immune-suppressing drugs that kept her arthritis in check.She never anticipated what would happen: a withdrawal reaction that eventually left her in total body agony and neurological meltdown.The slightest movement-trying to swallow, for example-was excruciating.Even the pressure of her cheek on the pillow was almost unbearable.7在纽约市皇后区一间漆黑的房间里，31岁的时装设计师特蕾西.塞尔感到自己奄奄一息。就在几个月前，她已经停止服用控制她关节炎的强效免疫抑制药。她从没预见到接下来将要发生的事：停药之后的反应最终使她全身剧烈疼痛，神经系统出现严重问题。最轻微的动作——比如说试着吞咽——对她来说也痛苦不堪。甚至将脸压在枕头上也几乎难以忍受。Cyr is no wimp-diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis at the age of two, she had endured the symptoms and the treatments(drugs, surgery)her whole life.But this time, she was way past her limits, and nothing her doctors did seemed to help.Either the disease was going to kill her or, pretty soon, she felt she might have to kill herself.8塞尔并不是懦弱的人。她在两岁时就被诊断得了幼年型类风湿性关节炎，一生都在忍受着病症和治疗(药物、手术)的折磨。但是这一次，她实在不堪忍受了，她的医生所做的一切似乎都不起作用。要么让疾病结束她的生命，要么她就得很快了结自己的生命了。As her sleepless nights wore on, though, her suicidal thoughts began to be interrupted by new feelings of gratitude.She was still in agony, but a new consciousness grew stronger each night: an awesome sense of liberation, combined with an all-encompassing feeling of sympathy and compassion.“I felt stripped of everything I'd ever identified myself with,” she said six months later.“Everything I thought I'd known or believed in was useless-time, money, self-image, perception.Recognizing that was so freeing.”
9然而，在经历了若干个不眠之夜后，她想自杀的念头开始被新的感激之情所打断。虽然她仍然感到痛苦，但一种新的意识每一夜都变得更加强烈：一种令人惊叹的解脱感，结合着一种包容一切的同情和怜悯的情感。“我感到一切我曾经用来认同自己身份的东西都被剥夺了，”六个月后她这样说道，“一切我认为我知道或相信的事物—时间、金钱、自我形象、对事物的看法—都毫无价值了。意识到这一点真是让我感到解脱。” Within a few months, she began to be able to move more freely, thanks to a cocktail of steroids and other drugs.She says now there's no question that her life is better.“l felt I had been shown the secret of life and why we're here: to be happy and to nurture other life.It's that simple.”
10在几个月内，得益于类固醇加其他药物的鸡尾酒疗法，她开始能够更加自如地活动了。她说，毫无疑问她现在的生活状况有了好转。“我感觉我窥探到了生命的秘密以及我们生存的意义，那就是快乐地生活，同时扶持他人。就这么简单!” Her mind-blowing experience came as a total surprise.But that feeling of transformation is in some ways typical, says Rich Tedeschi, a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte who coined the term “post-traumatic growth”.His studies of people who have endured extreme events, like combat, violent crime or sudden serious illness show that most feel dazed and anxious in the immediate aftermath;they are preoccupied with the idea that their lives have been shattered.A few are haunted long afterward by memory problems, sleep trouble and similar symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.But Tedeschi and others have found that for many people-perhaps even the majority-life ultimately becomes richer and more gratifying.11她这种不可思议的经历完全是个惊喜。但是北卡罗来纳大学夏洛特分校心理学教授里奇·特德斯基认为，这种转变的感觉从某些方面看却是很典型的。里奇·特德斯基教授首创了“创伤后成长”一词。他对那些经历了诸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、突患重病等极端事件的人群进行了研究，这些研究表明，在刚经历不幸后大多数人随即都会感到茫然和焦虑。他们一心想的就是，自己的生活完全被毁了。有少部分人事后很久了还不断被记忆问题、失眠以及类似的创伤后应激障碍所折磨。但特德斯基和其他学者发现，对很多人(可能甚至是绝大多数人)来说，生活最终会变得更加丰富和更加令人满足。Something similar happens to many people who experience a terrifying physical threat.In that moment, our sense of invulnerability is pierced, and the self-protective mental armor that normally stands between us and our perceptions of the world is torn away.Our everyday life scripts-our habits, self-perceptions and assumptions-go out the window, and we are left with a raw experience of the world.12许多经历过恐怖的人身威胁的人会遇到类似的情况。在事情发生的那一瞬间，我们的安全感被冲破了，平时处于我们与我们对世界的种种看法之间的自我保护的精神盔甲被剥离了。我们的日常生活轨迹(我们的习惯、自我认识和主观意念)全部被抛到九霄云外，只剩下对世界的原始体验。13 Still, actually implementing these changes, as well as fully coming to terms with a new reality, usually takes conscious effort.Being willing and able to take on this process is one of the major differences between those who grow through adversity and those who are destroyed by it.The people who find value in adversity aren't the toughest or the most rational.What makes them different is that they are able to incorporate what happened into the story of their own life.13尽管如此，要实际实现这些转变并完全接受新的现实，通常需要有意识地付出努力。是否愿意并有能力承担这个过程，就是那些在灾难中成长和那些被灾难所摧毁的人之间主要的区别之一。认为灾难有价值的人并不是最坚强或最理性的人。使他们与众不同的是他们能够将所遭遇的事融入他们自己的人生历程中。”Eventually, they may find themselves freed in ways they never imagined.Survivors say they have become more tolerant and forgiving of others, capable of bringing peace to formerly troubled relationships.They say that material ambitions suddenly seem silly and the pleasures of friends and family paramount-and that the crisis allowed them to recognize life in line with their new priorities.14最终，他们可能会发现自己以从未想到过的方式获得了解脱。幸存者往往说他们变得更加宽容，也更能原谅别人，能够缓和原本糟糕的关系。他们说物质追求突然间变得很无聊，而朋友和家庭带来的快乐变得极为重要，他们还说危机使他们能够按照这些新的优先之事来重新认识生活。People who have grown from adversity often feel much less fear, despite the frightening things they've been through.They are surprised by their own strength, confident that they can handle whatever else life throws at them.“People don't say that what they went through was wonderful,” says Tedeschi.“They weren't meaning to grow from it.They were just trying to survive.But in retrospect, what they gained was more than they ever anticipated.”
15从灾难中成长起来的人尽管经历过恐怖的事情，但他们的恐惧感往往大为减少。他们对自己的力量感到吃惊，相信不管今后生活中将要遭遇什么，他们都能应付。特德斯基说：“人们不会说他们所经历的是美好的。他们并不是特意要通过这样的经历来成长。他们只是尽其所能生存下来。但回顾起来，他们的收获远远大于他们所预料的。In his recent book Satisfaction, Emory University psychiatrist Gregory Berns points to extreme endurance athletes who push themselves to their physical limits for days at a time.They cycle through the same sequence of sensations as do trauma survivors: self-loss, confusion and, finally, a new sense of mastery.For ultramarathoners, who regularly run 100-mile races that last more than 24 hours, vomiting and hallucinating are normal.After a day and night of running without stopping or sleeping, competitors sometimes forget who they are and what they are doing.16埃默里大学精神病学家格列高利·伯思斯在他的近作《满足》中指出，极限耐力运动员每次训练都要使自己的身体连续数天处于极限状态。他们和经历创伤的幸存者所经历的感觉过程一样：自我失落，困惑，最后获得一种新的驾驭感。对于经常跑超过24小时的100英里比赛的超级马拉松运动员来说，呕吐和产生幻觉是常事。在一昼夜不停歇不睡觉地跑步之后，竞赛者有时会忘了自己是谁，忘了自己在干什么。For a more common example of growth through adversity, look to one of life's biggest challenges: parenting.Having a baby has been shown to decrease levels of happiness.The sleep deprivation and the necessity of putting aside personal pleasure in order to care for an infant mean that people with newborns are more likely to be depressed and find their marriage on the rocks.Nonetheless, over the long haul, raising a child is one of the most rewarding and meaningful of all human undertakings.The short-term sacrifice of happiness is outweighed by other benefits, like fulfillment, altruism and the chance to leave a meaningful legacy.17更普遍的在逆境中成长的例子要数生命中最大的挑战之一：为人父母。生育孩子一直被认为会降低幸福程度。为了照顾婴儿而睡眠不足并且必须将自己的消遣撇到一边，意味着有了新生儿的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面临婚姻的危机。然而，长远看来，养育孩子是所有人类活动中最有意义、最值得去做的一件事情。短时间内牺牲了幸福，却有了更多的收获，比如满足感、无私以及有机会留下一笔意义深远的遗产。Ultimately, the emotional reward can compensate for the pain and difficulty of adversity.This perspective does not cancel out what happened, but it puts it all in a different context: that it's possible to live an extraordinary rewarding life even within the constraints and struggles we face.In some form or other, says King, we all must go through this realization.“You're not going to be the person you thought you were, but here's who you are going to be instead-and that turns out to be a pretty great life.”
18总之，情感上的回报可以弥补灾难带来的痛苦和艰难。这种精神收获并不能抵消所发生的苦难，但是它可以把这些苦难全部放在另一个不同的背景中来看待，那就是即使我们面临约束和挣扎，我们仍然可以生存得极有价值。金指出，我们所有的人都必须以这样或那样的形式经历这种觉悟。“你将不再是自己心目中曾经的你，取而代之的是一个新的你—而事实会证明生活从此将非常美好。”
Unit 2 Commercialization and Changes in Sports 1.Throughout history sports have been used as forms of public entertainment.However, sports have never been so heavily packaged, promoted, presented and played as commercial products as they are today.Never before have decisions about sports and the social relationships connected with sports been so clearly influenced by economic factors.The bottom line has replaced the goal line for many people, and sports no longer exist simply for the interests of the athletes themselves.Fun and “good games” are now defined in terms of gate receipts, concessions revenues, the sale of media rights, market shares, rating points, and advertising potential.Then, what happens to sports when they become commercialized? Do they change when they become dependent on gate receipts and the sale of media rights?
1在整个历史长河中，人们都是把体育当作某种形式的公众娱乐。然而，体育从未像今天这样作为一种商业产品被如此盛大地包装、推广、呈现和开展，有关体育的决策以及与体育相关的社会关系也同样从未如此显然地受到商业因素的影响。对许多人来说，账本底线已取代了球门线，体育不再只是为了运动员们自身的兴趣而存在。今天，乐趣和“好比赛”的定义取决于门票收入、特许权收人、媒体传播权的出售、市场份额、收视率以及广告潜力。那么，当体育变得商业化时，它会怎样?当体育变得依赖于门票收人和媒体传播权的出售时，它会发生变化吗？
2.We know that whenever any sport is converted into commercial entertainment, it success depends on spectator appeal.Although spectators often have a variety of motives underlying their attachment to sports, their interest in any sporting event is usually related to a combination of three factors: the uncertainty of an event's outcome, the risk or financial rewards associated with participating in an event，and the anticipated display of excellence or heroics by the athletes.In other words, when spectators refer to a “good game” or an “exciting contest”, they are usually talking about one in which the outcome was in doubt until the last minutes or seconds, one in which the stakes' were so high that athletes were totally committed to and engrossed in the action, or one in which there were a number of excellent or “heroic” performances.When games or matches contain all three of these factors, they are remembered and discussed for a long time.2我们知道，每当任何一项体育运动被转化为商业性娱乐活动时，它的成功就依赖于观众的兴趣。尽管观众对于体育的拥护背后潜藏着多种动机，但他们对体育比赛的兴趣通常与三种相结合的因素有关：比赛结果的不确定性，参加一项比赛相关的风险或经济回报，以及预期中的运动员的卓越、英勇表现。换句话说，当观众提及一场“不错的比赛”或一场“激动人心的比赛”时，这场比赛，通常在比赛即将结束的最后几分钟甚至儿秒钟时，结果仍然扑朔迷离;或者比赛涉及高额奖金，因而运动员们都全身心地投入比赛。或者比赛展示了许多出色的或者“英雄式”的表现。只要运动比赛包含所有这三方面因素，人们就会长时间记得并讨论这场比赛。
3.Commercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports.In spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format.Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a game.For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television rights.3商业化对于大多数体育运动的结构和目标没有太大的影响。尽管观众会对其产生影响，但在历史上，运动项目保持了它们的基本结构。创新也是在这一框架内进行的，并不会完全废除这项运动的基本设计。例如、奥运会的商业化导致了某些赛事规则的微小变化但其每项运动的基本结构还是和商家赞助及电视转播权出售之前基本一致。
4.Commercialization seems to affect the orientations of sport participants more than it does the format and goals of sports.To make money on a sport, it's necessary to attract a mass audience to buy tickets or watch the events on television.Attracting and entertaining a mass audience is not easy because it's made up of many people who don't have technical knowledge about the complex athletic skills and strategies used by players and coaches.Without this technical knowledge, people are easily impressed by things extrinsic to the game or match itself;they get taken in by hype.During the event itself they often focus on things they can easily understand.They enjoy situations in which players take risks and face clear physical danger;they are attracted to players who are masters of dramatic expression or who are willing to go beyond and their normal physical limits to the point of endangering their safety and well-being;and they like to see players committed to victory no matter what the personal cost.4看来，与运动的结构和目的相比，商业化更多的是影响运动参与者的取向。若要通过一项运动盈利，就必须吸引广大观众买门票或在电视上观看比赛。吸引和娱乐广大观众并非易事，因为这些观众中有很多人没有技术性的知识，因而不懂得运动员和教练采取的复杂竞技技巧和策略。由于缺乏这些技术性知识，人们容易受到运动或赛事之外的东西的影响，容易受到天花乱坠的宜传的迷惑。在比赛期间，他们经常关注那些他们容易理解的事情。他们喜欢那种运动员冒险并明显面临身体危险的情境，他们喜爱那些搜长戏剧化表现或者愿意超越正常的生理极限以致威胁到自己的安全和健康的运动员。他们喜欢看到运动员不惜代价，立志求胜。
5.For example, when people lack technical knowledge about basketball, they are more likely to talk about a single slam dunks than about the consistently flawless defense that enabled a team to win a game.Similarly, those who know little about the technical aspects of ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced until they are smooth and flawless.Without dangerous jumps, naive spectators get bored.They like athletes who project' exciting or controversial personas, and they often rate performances in terms of dramatic expression leading to dramatic results.They want to see athletes occasionally collapse as they surpass physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully compete for years without going beyond them.5比如，当人们缺乏篮球方面的技术知识时，他们更津津乐道于某一个灌篮，而不会关注球队取胜必需的因素:自始至终配合得天衣无缝的后防。同样，那些对滑冰技术知之甚少的人，他们更感兴趣的是三连跳或四连跳，而不是那些精心设计并训练直至流畅、完美的舞步。没有惊险的跳跃，无知的观众会感到厌倦。他们喜欢那些表现得激动人心或有争议性的运动员，他们往往根据戏剧化的表现是否导致戏剧化的结果来评价比赛。他们想看运动员在超越自己极限时偶尔的突然失败，而不是多年来稳操胜券，熟知自己极限而不去超越它的运动员。
6.When a sport comes to depend on entertaining a mass audience, those involved in the sport often revise their ideas about what is important in sport.This revision usually involves a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation.In fact, the people in sport may even refer to games or matches as “show-time”, and they may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as athletes.This does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectators who don't know enough to appreciate the strategic and technical aspects of the game or match.6当一项体育运动变得依赖于娱乐广大观众时，对于运动中什么才是重要的，运动参与者们往往会改变观念。这一改变常常意味着重心从所谓的美学取向向英雄主义取向转变。其实，运动员可能甚至把运动或比赛称为“表演秀”，并把自己称作表演者兼运动员。这并不意味着美学取向不复存在了，但是这确实意味着与英雄主义行为相比，它们常常退居其后，英雄主义行为吸引着那些没有足够的知识去欣赏运动或比赛的策略和技术的观众。
7.As the need to please naive audiences becomes greater, so does the emphasis on heroic orientations.This is why television commentators for US football games continually talk about danger, injuries, playing with pain, and courage.Some athletes, however, realize the dangers associated with heroic orientations and try to slow the move away from aesthetic orientations in their sports.For example, some former figure skaters have called for restrictions on the number of triple jumps that can be included in skating programs.These skaters are worried that the commercial success of their sport is coming to rely on the danger of movement rather than the beauty of movement.However, some skaters seem to be willing to adopt heroic orientations if this is what will please audiences and generate revenues.These athletes usually evaluate themselves and other athletes in terms of the sport ethic, and they learn to see heroic actions signs of true commitment and dedication to their sport.7取悦无知观众的需求越强烈，就越会强调英雄主义取向。这就是为什么美国橄榄球比赛的电视评论员喋喋不休地谈论危险、受伤、带伤比赛和胆量。不过，有些运动员意识到了与英雄主义取向随之而来的危险，并试图在他们的运动中放慢偏离美学取向的步伐。比如，一些前花样滑冰运动员已经呼吁限制滑冰项目中三连跳的数量。这些滑冰运动员担心，他们的体育项目在商业上的成功正越来越依赖于动作的危险性，而不是动作的美感。然而，另外一些滑冰运动员似乎愿意采取英雄主义取向，只要这样能取悦观众，获得收入。这些运动员用体育道德规范去评价自己和他人，他们还学会把英雄主义行为看成是真正地投入及为运动献身的标志。8.Commercialization also leads to changes in the organizations that control sports.When sports begin to depend on generating revenues, the control of sport organizations usually shifts further and further away from the players.In fact, the players often lose effective control over the conditions of their own participation in the sport.These conditions come under the control of general managers，team owners，corporate sponsors, advertisers, media personnel, marketing and publicity staff, professional management staff, accountants, and agents.8商业化同样会导致那些控制体育的组织发生变化。当体育开始依赖于创造收入时，体育组织的控制权就会离运动员越来越远。事实上，运动员常常对于自身的体育参与环境失去有效控制。这些环境越来越受控于下列人员:总经理、运动队老板、企业赞助商、广告商、传媒人员、营销和宜传推广人员、专业管理人员、会计师以及经纪人。
9.The organizations that control commercial sports are usually complex, since they are intended to coordinate the interests of all these people, but their primary goal is to maximize revenues.This means that organizational decisions generally reflect the combined economic interests of many people having no direct personal connection with a sport or with the athletes involved.The power to affect these decisions is grounded in a variety of resources, many of which are not even connected with sports.Therefore athletes in many commercial sports find themselves cut out of decision-making processes even when decisions affect their health and well-being.9那些控制商业体育的组织通常非常复杂，这是因为它们企图协调上述所有人的利益，但它们的首要目标还是盈利最大化。这意味着组织决策通常反映的是许多人的混合利益，而他们与体育或相关运动员没有直接联系。影响这些决策的力量根植于各种不同的资源，其中许多甚至与体育没有关联。因此，许多商业体育中的运动员发现自己被逐出了决策过程，即便这些决策影响到他们的健康和幸福。Unit 3 Oslo 1.I remember on my first trip to Europe going alone to a movie in Copenhagen.In Denmark you are given a ticket for an assigned seat.I went into the cinema and discovered that my ticket directed me to sit beside the only other people in the place, a young couple locked in the sort of passionate embrace associated with dockside reunions at the end of long wars.I could no more have sat beside them than I could have asked to join in-it would have come to much the same thing-so I took a place a few discreet seats away.1记得我第一次去欧洲旅行的时候，我在哥本哈根独自一人去看电影。在丹麦，电影票是对号入座的。我走进电影院，发现在我的票对应的座位旁，只有一对年轻情侣，这对情侣如胶似漆地拥抱在一起，如同一场持久战争结束后码头上亲人的团聚。我很不情愿坐在他们旁边，就如我绝不会要求加入他们的行为一样——这两者对我来说并没有什么不同——因此我谨慎地隔几个座位坐了下来。
2.People came into the cinema, consulted their tickets and filled the seats around us.By the time the film started there were about 30 of us sitting together in a tight pack in the middle of a vast and otherwise empty auditorium.Two minutes into the movie, a woman laden with shopping made her way with difficulty down my row, stopped beside my seat and told me in a stern voice, full of glottal stops and indignation, that I was in her place.This caused much play of flashlights among the usherettes and fretful re-examining of tickets by everyone in the vicinity until word got around that I was an American tourist and therefore unable to follow simple seating instructions and.I was escorted in some shame back to my assigned place.2人们陆续地走进影院，参照电影票找到位子，在我们周围坐了下来。电影开场时，这个宽敞空旷的观众席中间，扎堆地坐了约30人。电影开场两分钟后，一个拎着大包小包购物袋的女士艰难地挤到我这排，在我座位旁停下，并用严厉的口吻愤怒地朝我用充满了喉塞音的丹麦语说道，我坐在了她的位子上。女引座员马上打开手电筒查看情况，身边所有的人都不安地重新确认自己票上的座位号，直到大家都清楚了，我是一个美国游客，因此没有遵循简单的就座指示。在羞愧中我被送回指定的位子。
3.So we sat together and watched the movie, 30 of us crowded together like refugees in an overloaded lifeboat, rubbing shoulders and sharing small noises, and it occurred to me then that there are certain things that some nations do better than everyone else and certain things that they do far worse and I began to wonder why that should be.3接下来我们坐在一起看电影，30人如同一艘超载的救生船上的难民一般挤作一团。肩膀相互摩擦着，忍受着各种细小的噪声。那时我想，有些国家在某些事情上做的比任何其他国家都好，然而在另外一些事情上，他们却糟糕很多。我开始思考为何会有如此反差。
4.Sometimes a nation's little contrivances are so singular and clever that we associate them with that country alone-double-decker buses in Britain, windmills in Holland(what an inspired addition-to a flat landscape: think how they would transform Nebraska)，sidewalk cafes in Paris.And yet there are some things that most countries do without difficulty that others cannot get a grasp of at all.4有时候某个国家的小发明是如此独特和精巧，以至于我们总是由它而联想到这个国家——英国的双层巴士，荷兰的风车（给原本单调的景观增添了多么美妙的创意：想想这些风车是如何改变了内布拉斯加州），还有巴黎人行道上的露天咖啡馆。然而，也有一些事情，大部分国家能不费吹灰之力地办到，但某些国家却完全想不到。
5.The French, for instance, cannot get the hang of queuing.They try and try, but it is beyond them.Wherever you go in Paris,you see orderly lines waiting at bus stops, but as soon as the bus pulls up the line instantly disintegrates into something like a fire drill at a lunatic asylum as everyone scrambles to be the first aboard, quite unaware that this defeats the whole purpose of queuing.5比如说，法国人无法掌握排队的窍门。他们一遍遍地尝试，但这似乎超出了他们的能力范围。无论你去巴黎的任何地方，总会看到整齐的队伍在公交车站候车。但一旦公交车靠站，队伍立刻瓦解，就像精神病院的消防演习一样，所有人都争抢着第一个上车，完全没意识到，这样一来排队的意义就荡然无存了。
6.The British, on the other hand, do not understand certain of the fundamentals of eating, as evidenced by their instinct to consume hamburgers with a knife and fork.To my continuing amazement, many of them also turn their fork upside——down and balance the food on the back of it.I’ve lived in England for a decade and a half and I still have to quell an impulse to go up to strangers in pubs and restaurants and say, “Excuse me.Can I give you a tip that'll help stop those peas bouncing all over the table?”
6另一方面，英国人则不能领略吃的基本要领。证据就是他们本能地使用刀叉来食用汉堡。更令我惊讶的是，他们大多数都把叉子颠倒放置，将食物搁在它的背上。我已经 在英国居住了 15年，但我仍不得不压制这种冲动，想要走向酒吧或餐馆里的陌生人说：“打扰一下，可以允许我告诉你一个小技巧吗？那样你就不会把豆子散落在整张桌子上了。
7.Germans are flummoxed by humor, the Swiss have no concept of fun, the Spanish think there is nothing at all ridiculous about eating dinner at midnight, and the Italians should never, ever have been let in on the invention of the motor car.7德国人被幽默困扰，瑞士人对乐趣毫无概念，西班牙人丝毫不觉得在半夜吃晚饭有什么滑稽之处，而意大利人从不，也绝不会让别人告诉他们汽车是如何发明的。
8.One of the small marvels of my first trip to Europe was the discovery that the world could be so full of variety, that there were so many different ways of doing essentially identical things, like eating and drinking and buying cinema tickets.It fascinated me that Europeans could at once be so alike-that they could be so universally bookish and cerebral, and drive small cars, and live in little houses in ancient towns, and love soccer, and be relatively unmaterialistic and law-abiding, and have chilly hotel rooms and cosy and inviting places to eat and drink-and yet be so endlessly, unpredictably different from each other as well.I loved the idea that you could never be sure of anything in Europe.8这次欧洲之旅带给我很多惊奇的小事，其中一个就是我发现世界竟能如此多样化，对于本质上相同的事物处理起来却方式各异，比如说吃喝或是买电影票。有趣的是，欧洲人有时可以突然变得如此相似——他们普遍好学而理性，开着小车，住在古镇的小房子里，喜欢足球，不怎么注重物质生活，遵纪守法，而且他们住寒冷的宾馆房间，去温暖舒适的地方吃喝——然而却同时拥有着如此琢磨不透、永无止尽的差异。在欧洲没有什么是百分之百肯定的，对此我十分赞同。
9.I still enjoy that sense of never knowing quite what's going on.In my hotel in Oslo where I spent four days after returning from Hammerfest, the chambermaid each morning left me a packet of something called Bio Tex Bla, a “minipakke for ferie, hybel og weekend” according to the instructions.I spent many happy hours sniffing it and experimenting with it, uncertain whether it was for washing out clothes or gargling or cleaning the toilet bowl.In the end I decided it was for washing out clothes-it worked a treat-but for all I know for the rest of the week everywhere I went in Oslo people were saying to each other, “You know, that man smelled like toilet-bowl cleaner.”
9我仍然享受着对事情进展的未知感。从哈默菲斯特返回后，我在奥斯陆的宾馆呆了四天，女服务员每天早上都留给我一盒叫做Bio Tex Bla的东西，说明上说是一种 “minipakke for ferie，hybel og weekend”。我不清楚它到底是用来洗衣服的，还是漱口的，或是用来清洗抽水马桶的，我通过闻它的气味，并试验它各种可能的用法，度过了好几个快乐的小时。最后我判定它是甩来洗衣服的——它的确有效——然而就我所知，在奥斯陆度过的剩下几周中，无论我去哪儿，都听见有人互相议论：“你知道吗?那个人身上有马桶清洁剂的味道。”
10.When I told my friends in London that I was going to travel around Europe and write a book about it, they said, “Oh, you must speak a lot of languages.”
10当我告诉伦敦的朋友，我将周游欧洲并写成书时，他们说：“喔，你肯定会说很多语言吧。”? 11.“Why, no,” I would reply with a certain pride, “only English,” and they would look at me as if I were crazy.But that's the glory of foreign travel, as far as I am concerned.I don't want to know what people are talking about.I can't think of anything that excites a greater sense of childlike wonder than to be in a country where you are ignorant of almost everything.Suddenly you are five years old again.You can't read anything, you have only the most rudimentary sense of how things work, you can't even reliably cross a street without endangering your life.Your whole existence becomes a series of interesting guesses.“为什么，我不会，”我会带着一点傲气回答，“我只会英语。”然后他们就看着我，好像我疯了。但是就我而言，那正是国外旅游的美妙之处。我并不想知道人们在说些什么。置身于一个对你而言完全陌生的国家，能激发一种孩子般的好奇心。除此之外，我想不出还有什么更好的办法。突然之间你又回到了五岁。你无法读懂任何东西，你对事物运行方式只有最基本的感知，你甚至无法安全地穿过马路。你的整个存在变成了一系列有趣的猜想。
12.I get great pleasure from watching foreign TV and trying to imagine what on earth is gonging on.On my first evening in Oslo, I watched a science program in which two men in a studio stood at a lab table discussing a variety of sleek, rodent-like animals that were crawling over the surface and occasionally up the host's jacket.“And you have sex with all these creatures, do you? ”the host was saying.看国外电视节目，试着想象到底发生了什么事，这让我乐此不疲。在奥斯陆的第一个晚上，我收看一个科学节目，演播室里的两个男子站在一张实验桌旁，讨论着一种有着光滑皮毛的貌似啮齿目的动物，它们在桌面上爬行，偶尔爬上主持人的外套。主持人正在说：“那么你与所有这些动物做爱，是吗？
13.“Certainly,” replied the guest.“You have to be careful with the porcupines, of course and the lemmings can get very neurotic and hurl themselves off cliffs if they feel you don't love them as you once did, but basically these animals make very affectionate companions, and the sex is simply out of this world.” “当然，”嘉宾回答道，“你必须对豪猪十分小心，当然，旅鼠若是感觉你不再像以前那样爱它们，会变得焦躁不安并跳下悬崖，但总的来说，这些动物是非常亲切的伴侣，并且性也是十分美妙的。
14.“Well, I think that's wonderful.Next week we'll be looking at how you can make hallucinogenic drugs with simple household chemicals from your own medicine cabinet, but now it's time for the screen to go blank for a minute and then for the blights to come up suddenly on the host of the day looking as if he was just about to pick his nose.See you next week.” 14 “哎呀，我觉得那很棒。下周让大家见识一下你是怎么用药柜中的简单家庭用药制造出致幻药的。让荧幕空白几分光突然亮起，然后让灯光突然亮起，照在主持人身；让他看起来似乎就像正要抠鼻子。下周见。”
15.After Hammerfest, Oslo was simply wonderful.It was still cold and dusted with greyish snow, but it seemed positively tropical Hammerfest, and I abandoned all thought of buying a furry hat.I went to the museums and for a day-long way out around the Bygdoy' peninsula, where the city's finest houses stand on the wooded hillsides, with fetching views across the icy water of the harbour to the downtown.But mostly I hung around the city center, wandering back and forth between the railway station and the royal palace, peering in the store windows along Karl Johans Gate, the long and handsome main pedestrian street, cheered by the bright lights, mingling with the happy, healthy, relentlessly youthful Norwegians, very pleased to be alive and out of Hanunerfest and in a world of daylight.When I grew cold, I sat in cafe and bars and eavesdropped on conversations that I could not understand or brought out my Thomas Cook European Timetable and studied it with a kind of humble reverence, planning the rest of my trip.去过哈默菲斯特后，就觉得奥斯陆简直妙不可言。天气依然很冷，到处还撒着灰蒙蒙的雪花，但是比起哈默菲斯特来那可要暖和多了，这也让我彻底放弃了想要买毛皮帽的想法。我参观了博物馆，并花了一天时间游览巴度半岛，那里丛林茂密的山坡上矗立着该城市最美的房子，其视野可跨越海港冰面一直延伸到市区，十分迷人。但是大多数时间我就在市中心闲逛，在火车站和皇宫之间来回溜达，在卡尔约翰街向街旁的商店橱窗里张望。在路边明亮的灯光的照耀下,长长的卡尔约翰步行街富丽堂皇，与健康快乐、不屈不挠又充满朝气的挪威人融合在一起。我很高兴能离开哈莫斯菲特并来到这个充满活力、犹如白昼的世界。当我觉得寒意逼人时，我便进入咖啡馆或酒吧坐下，偷听那些我无法明白的对话，亦或拿出我的《托马斯库克欧洲时刻表》，满怀敬意地加以研究，做接下来的旅行安排。
16.Thomas Cook European Timetable is possibly the finest book ever produced.It is impossible to leaf through its 500 pages of densely printed timetables without wanting to dump a double armload of clothes into an old Gladstone and just take off.Every page
whispers
romance: “Montreux-Zweisimmen-Spiez-Interlaken”,“Beograd-Trieste-Venezia-Verona-Milano”,“Goteborg-Lax'-(Hallsberg)-Stockholm”, “Ventimiglia-Marseille-Lyon-Paris”.Who could recite these names without experiencing a tug of excitement, without seeing in his mind's eye a steamy platform full of expectant travelers and piles of luggage standing beside a sleek, quarter-mile-long train with;a list of exotic locations slotted into every carriage? Who could read the names “Moskva-Warszawa-Berlin-Basel-Geneve” and not feel a melancholy envy for all those lucky people who get to make a grand journey across——storied continent?Who could glance at such an itinerary and not want to climb aboard? Well, Sunny von Biilow for a start.But as for me, I could spend hours just poring over the tables, each one a magical thicket of times, numbers, distances, mysterious little pictograms showing crossed knives and forks, wine glasses, daggers, miner's pickaxes(whatever could they be for?), ferry boats and buses, and bewilderingly abstruse footnotes.16《托马斯库克欧洲时刻表》可能是已出版的最优秀的书籍。当你迅速翻阅了其500页密密印刷的时间表后，你必然有冲动想要往旅行包内塞进两包衣服，然后立刻出发。每一页都低声诉说着浪漫：蒙特勒—兹怀斯门—施皮茨—因特拉肯，贝尔格莱德—的里雅斯特——威尼斯—维罗纳—米兰，哥德堡—拉赫斯河—哈尔斯贝里—斯德哥尔摩，文堤米利亚—马赛—里昂—巴黎。无论是谁吟诵这些地名，都会感受到一股强烈的兴奋，想象着雾气蒙蒙的月台，以及在400多米长的流线型车厢旁，站满了期待的旅客，堆满了行李，每个车厢里都放着一张写着外国地名的列表。当读到莫斯科—华沙—柏林—巴塞尔—日内瓦这一系列地名时，又有谁不会伤感地羡慕那些能够横跨这个历史悠久的大陆的幸运儿呢?看过这样的旅行安排，谁不想踏上行程呢？那么，桑尼.冯.比洛就是这样一个例子。但是对我来说，我可以花大量时间就这样凝视着这些列表，每一份都不可思议地包含了时刻、数量、距离、画着交叉刀叉、酒杯、匕首、矿工镐（不管做何用途）、渡轮和巴士的神奇小图，以及令人困惑的深奥脚注。
Unit 4 Is Google Making Us Stupid 1.Over the past few years I've had an uncomfortable sense that someone, or something, has been tinkering with my brain, remapping the neural circuitry, reprograming the memory.My mind isn't going——so far as I can tell——but it's changing.I'm not thinking the way I used to think.I can feel it most strongly when I’m reading.Immersing myself in a book or a lengthy article used to be easy.My mind would get caught up in the narrative or the turns of the argument, and I’d spend hours strolling through long stretches of prose.That's rarely the case anymore.Now my concentration often starts to drift after two or three pages.I get fidgety, lose the thread, begin looking for something else to do.I feel as if I'm always dragging my wayward brain back to the text.The deep reading that used to come naturally has become a struggle.1在过去的几年里，我总有一种不祥之感，觉得有什么人，或什么东西，一直在我脑袋里捣鼓不停，重绘我的脑电图，重写我的脑内存。我的思想倒没跑掉——到目前为止我还能这么说——但它正在改变。我的思维方式在变。这种感觉在我阅读的时候尤为强烈。过去总是不费劲就能让自己沉浸在一本书或一篇长文章中，被其中的叙述或不同的论点深深吸引，我还会花数小时徜徉在长篇散文中。可如今这都不灵了。现在，我翻上两三页书，注意力就开始不集中了。我会变得烦躁，抓不住重点，开始想找点其他的事情做。我感觉我似乎要硬拖着我任性的大脑才能回到文章中。原本轻松自然的深度阅读，已成了痛苦挣扎。
2.I think I know what's going on.For more than a decade now, I've been spending a lot of time online, searching and surfing and sometimes adding to the great databases of the Internet.The Web has been a godsend to me as a writer.Research that once required days in the stacks or periodical rooms of libraries can now be done in minutes.A few Google searches, some quick clicks on hyperlinks, and I've got the telltale fact or pithy quote I was after.Even when I'm not working, I'm as likely as not to be foraging in the Web's info-thickets-reading and writing emails, scanning headlines and blog posts, watching videos and listening to podcasts, or just tripping from link to link to link.(Unlike footnotes, to which they're sometimes likened, hyperlinks don't merely point to related works;they propel you toward them.)
2我想我知道到底是怎么一回事了。十多年来，我在网上花了好多时间，在因特网的信息汪洋中冲浪、搜寻、添加。对作家而言，网络就像个天上掉下来的聚宝盆。过去要在书堆里或图书馆的期刊阅览室中花上好几天做的研究，现在几分钟就齐活。“谷歌”几下，快速点开几个链接，就可以找到我所需要的事实或者精炼的引证。即使在工作之余，我也很有可能在信息丰富的网络里遨游—收发电子邮件、浏览头条新闻、点击博客、看视频、听播客或者只是从一个链接跳转到一个又一个链接。（超链接常被比作脚注，但是和脚注不一样，超链接不仅仅链接到相关作品;它们还驱使你去点击它们）
3.For me, as for others, the Net is becoming a universal medium, the conduit for most of the information that flows through my eyes and ears and into my mind.The advantages of having immediate access to such an incredibly rich store of information are many, and they've been widely described and duly applauded.“The perfect recall of silicon memory,” Wired's Clive Thompson has written, “can be an enormous boon to thinking.” But that boon comes at a price.As the media theorist Marshall McLuhan pointed out in the 1960s, media are not just passive channels of information.They supply the stuff of thought, but they also shape the process of thought.And what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away at my capacity for concentration and contemplation.My mind now expects to take in information the way the Net distributes it: in a swiftly moving stream of particles.Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words.Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski.3对我来说，像对其他人也一样，网络已经成为了一种通用的媒介，大部分信息都通过这个渠道进人我们的眼、耳，最后进人我们的大脑。能从这样一个异常丰富的信息库中直接获取信息，其优点是很多的，而且也得到了广泛的描述和适当的赞誉。“硅存储器的完美记忆性，”《连线》杂志的克莱夫•汤普森写道，“对于思想来说是一个大实惠。”但是这个实惠是要付出代价的。就像媒体理论家马歇尔•麦克卢恩在上世纪60年代所指出的那样，媒体可不只是被动的信息渠道。它们不但提供了思想的源泉，也塑造了思想的进程。网络似乎粉碎了我专注与沉思的能力。现如今，我的脑袋就盼着以网络提供信息的方式来获取信息：飞快的微粒运动。曾经我是文字海洋中的潜水者。现在我则像是摩托艇骑手在海面上风驰电掣。
4.I’m not the only one.When I mention my troubles with reading to friends and acquaintances—literary types, most of them—many say they're having similar experiences.The more they use the Web, the more they have to fight to stay focused on long pieces of writing.Some of the bloggers I follow have also begun mentioning the phenomenon.Scott Karp, who writes a blog about online media, recently confessed that he has stopped reading books altogether.“I was a lit major in college, and used to be a voracious book reader,” he wrote.“What happened?” He speculates on the answer: “What if I do all my reading on the web not so much because the way I read has changed, i.e.I'm just seeking convenience, but because the way I think has changed?”
4我并不是唯一一个有此感觉的人。当我向文学界的朋友和熟人提到我在阅读方面的困扰，许多人说他们也有相似的感受。他们上网越多，在阅读长文章时，就越难集中精力。一些我所关注的博主也提到了类似的现象。斯科特•卡普开了一个有关在线媒体的博客，最近他承认自己已经完全不读书了。“我大学读的是文学专业，曾经是一个嗜书如命的人，”他写道。“到底发生了什么事呢?”他推测出了一个答案:“如果对我来说，通过网络来阅读的真正理由与其说是我的阅读方式发生了改变，比如，我只是图个方便，不如说是我的思维方式在发生变化，那么我该怎么办呢?”
5.Bruce Friedman, who blogs regularly about the use of computers in medicine, also has described how the Internet has altered his mental habits.“I now have almost totally lost the ability to read and absorb a longish article on the web or in print,” he wrote earlier this year.A pathologist who has long been on the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School, Friedman elaborated on his comment in a telephone conversation with me.His thinking, he said, has taken on a “staccato” quality, reflecting the way he quickly scans short passages of text from many sources online.“I can't read War and Peace anymore, ”he admitted.“I've lost the ability to do that.Even a blog post of more than three or four paragraph is too much to absorb.I skim it.”
5布鲁斯•弗里德曼经常撰写有关电脑在医学领域应用的博客，他在早些时候同样提到因特网如何改变了他的思维习惯。“稍长些的文章，不管是网上的还是已经出版的，我现在几乎已经完全丧失了阅读和吸收它们的能力。”在密歇根大学医学院长期任教的病理学家布鲁斯，弗里德曼在电话里告诉我。由于上网快速浏览文章的习惯，他的思维呈现出一种“碎读”特性。“我再也读不了《战争与和平》了。”弗里德曼承认，“我失去了这个本事。即便是一篇长达三四段的博客也难以消化。我只能略微浏览一下。”
6.Anecdotes alone don't prove much.And we still await the long-term neurological and psychological experiments that will provide a definitive picture of how the Internet use affects cognition.But a recently published study of online research habits, conducted by scholars from University College London, suggests that we may well be in the midst of a sea change in the way we read and think.As part of the five-year research program, the scholars examined computer logs' documenting the behavior of visitors to two popular research sites, one operated by the British Library and one by a UK educational consortium, that provide access to journal articles, e-books, and other sources of written information.They found that people using the sites exhibited “a form of skimming activity”, hopping from one source to another and rarely returning to any source they'd already visited.They typically read no more than one or two pages of an article or book before they would “bounce” out to another site.Sometimes they'd save a long article, but there's no evidence that they ever went back and actually read it.6仅仅是趣闻轶事还不能证明什么。我们仍在等待长期的神经学和心理学的实验，这将给因特网如何影响到我们的认识一个权威的定论。伦敦大学学院的学者做了一个网络研读习惯的研究并发表了研究结果，该研究指出，我们可能已经彻底置身于阅读与思考方式的巨变之中了。作为五年研究计划的一部分，学者们检测了计算机日志，它跟踪记录了两个流行的搜索网站的用户行为，其中一个网站是英国图书馆的，另一个是英国教育社团的，他们提供了期刊论文、电子书以及其他一些文献资源。他们发现，人们上网时呈现出“一种浮光掠影般的形式”，总是从一个资源跳到另一个资源，并且很少返回他们之前访问过的资源。他们常常还没读完一两页文章或书籍，就“弹”出来转到另一个网页去了。有时候他们会保存一个篇幅长的文章，但没有任何证据表明他们曾经返回去认真阅读。
7.Thanks to the ubiquity of text on the Internet, not to mention the popularity of text—messaging on cell phones, we may well be reading more today than we did in the 1970s or 1980s, when television was our medium of choice.But it's a different kind of reading, and behind it lies a different kind of thinking—perhaps even a new sense of the self.“We are not only what we read,” says Maryanne Wolf, a developmental psychologist at Tufts University and the author of Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain, “We are how we read.” Wolf worries that the style of reading promoted by the Net, a style that puts “efficiency” and “immediacy” above all else, may be weakening our capacity for the kind of deep reading that emerged when an earlier technology, the printing press, made long and complex works of prose commonplace.When we read online, she says, we tend to become “mere decoders of information”.Our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connections that form when we read deeply and without distraction, remains largely disengaged.7多亏铺天盖地的网络文本，更别说当下时兴的手机短信，可供我们阅读的东西很可能比上世纪七八十年代要多了，那时我们选择的媒体还是电视。但是，这已是一种不同的阅读模式，背后隐藏的是一种不同的思考方式——也许甚至是一种全新的自我意识。“不仅阅读的内容塑造了我们，”塔夫茨大学的发展心理学家，《普鲁斯特与鱿鱼：阅读思维的科学与故事》的作者玛丽安娜•沃尔夫说，“阅读方式也体现了我们自身。”沃尔夫担忧，网络所倡导的将“丰富”与“时效性”置于首位的阅读方式，可能已经削弱了那种深度阅读能力，深度阅读能力的形成应归功于早期印刷术的发明，有了它，长而复杂的散文作品也相当普遍了。然而，她说，当我们在线阅读时，我们往往只是——“信息解码器”而已。我们对文句的解释，心无旁鹜、深度阅读时形成的丰富的精神联系，这些能力很大程度上已经消失了。
8.Reading, explains Wolf, is not an instinctive skill for human beings.It's not etched into our genes the way speech is.We have to teach our minds how to translate the symbolic characters we see into the language we understand.And the media or other technologies we use in learning and practicing the craft of reading play an important part in shaping the neural circuits inside our brains.Experiments demonstrate that readers of ideograms, such as the Chinese, develop a mental circuitry for reading that is very different from the circuitry found in those of us whose written language employs an alphabet.The variations extend across many regions of the brain, including those that govern such essential cognitive functions as memory and the interpretation of visual and auditory stimuli.We can expect as well that the circuits woven by our use of the Net will be different from those woven by our reading of books and other printed Works.8沃尔夫认为，阅读并非人类与生俱来的技巧，它不像说话那样融人了我们的基因。我们得训练自己的大脑，让它学会如何将我们所看到的字符译解成自己可以理解的语言。而媒体或其他我们用于学习和练习阅读的技术在塑造我们大脑的神经电路中扮演着重要角色。实验表明，表意字读者（如中国人）为阅读所创建的神经电路和我们这些用字母语言的人有很大的区别。这种变化延伸到大脑的多个区域，包括那些支配诸如记忆、视觉设释和听觉刺激这样的关键认知功能的部位。我们可以预料，使用网络阅读形成的思维，一定也和通过阅读书籍及其他印刷品形成的思维不一样。
9.Sometime in 1882, Friedrich Nietzsche bought a typewriter.His vision was failing, and keeping his eyes focused on a page had become exhausting and painful, often bringing on crushing headaches.He had been forced to curtail his writing, and he feared that he would soon have to give it up.The typewriter rescued him, at least for a time.Once he had mastered touch-typing, he was able to write with his eyes closed, using only the tips of his fingers.Words could once again flow from his mind to the page.91882年，弗里德里希•尼采买了台打字机。此时的他，视力下降得厉害，长时间盯着一张纸会令他感觉疲惫、疼痛，还常常引起剧烈的头痛。他只得被迫缩减他的写作时间，并担心自己今后恐怕不得不放弃写作了。但打字机救了他，起码一度挽救过他。他终于熟能生巧，闭着眼睛只用手指尖也能打字—盲打。心中的词句又得以倾泻于纸页之上了。
10.But the machine had a subtler effect on his work.One of Nietzsche's friends, a composer, noticed a change in the style of his writing.His already terse prose had become even tighter, more telegraphic.“Perhaps you will through this instrument even take to a new idiom,” the friend wrote in a letter, noting that, in his own work, his “`thoughts' in music and language often depend on the quality of pen and paper.”
10然而，新机器也使其作品的风格发生了微妙的变化。尼采的一个作曲家朋友注意到他行文风格的改变。他那已经十分简练的行文变得更紧凑、更电文式了。“或许就因为这个仪器，你甚至可能会喜欢上一个新短语，”这位朋友在一封信中提到，在他自己的作品中，他“在音乐和语言方面的‘思想’常常要依赖于笔和纸的质量”。
Unit 5 An Alpine Divorce 1.John Bodman was a man who was always at one extreme or the other.This probably would have mattered little had he not married a wife whose nature was an exact duplicate of his own.1约翰•伯德曼是一个常常走极端的人。这本来应该没什么，但可惜，他妻子的性格整个儿是他的翻版。
2.Doubtless there exists in this world precisely the right woman for any given man to marry and vice versa;but when you consider that one human being has the opportunity of being acquainted with only a few hundred people, and out of the few hundred that there are but a dozen or less whom one knows intimately, and out of the dozen, one or two close friends at most, it will easily be seen, when we remember the number of millions who inhabit this world, that probably, since the Earth was created, the right man has never yet met the right woman.The mathematical chances are all against such a meeting, and this is the reason that divorce courts exist.Marriage at best is but a compromise, and if two people happen to be united who are of an uncompromising nature there is bound to be trouble.2毋庸置疑，对于任何一个男人，这世上总会有一个相当合适的女人能和他成家，反之亦然。但是如果你考虑一下：每个人仅有机会结识几百个人而已，在这几百个人之中熟知的只有那么干几人甚至更少，在这十几个人之中又最多只有一两个知心朋友；别忘了，居住在这世上的人有多少个百万，因此显而易见：自地球存在以来，这合适的男人极有可能从来就没有遇到过他那个合适的女人。从概率上来讲，这样相遇的机会微乎其微，这也正是离婚法庭存在的原因。婚姻充其量不过是一种妥协，而如果恰好两个个性上互不妥协的人结合了，那就肯定会有麻烦。
3.In the lives of these two young people there was no middle distance.The result was bound to be either love or hate, and in the case of Mr.and Mrs.Bodman it was hate of the most bitter and egotistical kind.3对于两个这样的年轻人来说，生活没有什么中间点。其结局注定要么是爱，要么是恨，而就伯德曼夫妇而言，他们到头来有的是那种最刻骨、最傲慢的恨。
4.In some parts of the world, incompatibility of temper is considered a just cause for obtaining a divorce, but in England no such subtle distinction is made, and so until the wife became criminal, or the man became both criminal and cruel, these two were linked together by a bond that only death could sever.Nothing can be worse than this state of things, and the matter was only made the more hopeless by the fact that Mrs.Bodman lived a blameless life, while her husband was no worse than the majority of men.Perhaps, however, that statement held only up to a certain point, for John Bodman had reached a state of mind in which he resolved to get rid of his wife at all hazards.If he had been a poor man he would probably have deserted her, but he was rich, and a man cannot freely leave a prospering business because his domestic life happens not to be happy.4在这世界上的某些地方，夫妻性情不合就能够成为离婚的正当理由，但是在英格兰，并没有如此微妙的区分，所以除非妻子犯罪，或丈夫犯罪并且为人残暴，否则两者的婚姻关系将一直维系下去，直至死神将他们分开。没有什么比这种事情更糟糕的了，而更令人绝望的是伯德曼太太为人无可厚非，而她丈夫也并不比一般男人差。然而，也许上面的表述只能说在某种程度上是正确的，因为约翰•伯德曼已经忍无可忍，下定决心不管付出什么代价也要摆脱他的妻子。如果他是个穷人，也许他会抛弃她，但是他很富有，而一个人不能因为家庭生活碰巧不幸就轻易放弃一份蒸蒸日上的事业。
5.When a man's mind dwells too much on one subject, no one can tell just how far he will go.The mind is such a delicate instrument that it is easily thrown off balance.Bodman's friends—for he had friends—claimed that his mind became unhinged.Whether John Bodman was sane or insane at the time he made up his mind to murder his wife, will never be known, but there was certainly craftiness in the method he devised to make the crime appear the result of an accident.Nevertheless, cunning is often a quality in a mind that has gone wrong.一个人的心思要是太专注于一件事情，没有人敢说他最后会做出什么来。大脑是如此微妙的一个思维工具，以至于它容易失去平衡。伯德曼的朋友（他确实有几个朋友）事后声称他精神错乱。下定决心要谋杀妻子时，约翰•伯德曼的神智清醒还是不清醒，现在已无从知晓，但无疑他把谋杀方案设计成看起来像是意外事件，这种方式的确很狡猾。不过，一般来说，脑子有问题的人才狡猾。
6.Mrs.Bodman well knew how much her presence afflicted her husband, but her nature was as relentless as his, and her hatred of him was, if possible, more bitter than his hatred of her.Wherever he went she accompanied him, and perhaps the idea of murder would never have occurred to him if she had not been so persistent in forcing her presence upon him at all times and on all occasions.So, when he announced to her that he intended to spend the month of July in Switzerland, she said nothing, but made her preparations for the journey.On this occasion he did not protest, as was usual with him, and so to Switzerland this silent couple departed.6伯德曼太太非常清楚，她的存在相当折磨她的丈夫，可她的冷酷无情跟他不相上下，而她对他的恨——有可能的话——恐怕比他对她的恨还更入骨。不管他去哪儿，她都跟着。要不是任何时间任何场合，她都要顽固地强行出现在他面前，他也许永远不会心生谋杀之念。就这样，他一跟她说打算七月份去瑞士度假，她二话不说就打点行李。往常他总会抗议，但这次没有，于是这对无话可说的夫妇动身去了瑞士。
7.There was a hotel near the mountain-tops which stood on a ledge over one of the great glaciers.It was a mile and a half above sea level, and it stood alone, reached by a toilsome road that zigzagged up the mountain for six miles.There was a wonderful view of snow-peaks and glaciers from the verandahs of this hotel, and in the neighborhood were many picturesque walks to points more or less dangerous.7有一间旅馆位于一座很高的冰川的脊架上，离山峰只有几步之遥。旅馆海拔一点五英里，孑然独立，仅有一条长六英里、盘旋而上的崎岖山路可以到达。在旅馆的回廊可以观赏到雪峰和冰川的美景，旅馆附近小道遍布，沿路风景如画，但通往的地点多少都带点儿危险。
8.John Bodman knew the hotel well, and in happier days he had been intimately acquainted with the vicinity.Now that the thought of murder arose in his mind, a certain spot two miles distant from this inn continually haunted him.It was a point of view overlooking everything, and its extremity was protected by a low and crumbling wall.He arose one morning at four o'clock, slipped unnoticed out of the hotel, and went to this point, which was locally named the Hanging Outlook.His memory had served him well.It is exactly the spot, he said to himself.The mountain which rose up behind it was wild and precipitous.There were no inhabitants nearby to overlook the place.The distant hotel was hidden by a shoulder of rock.8约翰•伯德曼对这家旅馆很熟悉，以前日子还挺幸福的时候他常来这一带。如今既然已生谋杀之念，他就总是不由自主地想起距离客栈两英里的某个地方。从那地方可以俯瞰周围，它的尽头被一堵破败的矮墙挡住。一天凌晨四点，他偷偷溜出旅馆，来到了这儿—当地人叫“悬望角”。这儿和他印象中的丝毫不差。就是这里了，他对自己说。“悬望角”背靠的山荒芜而陡峭。附近也无人居住，所以没人会俯视这里。而且远处的旅馆还被山肩遮住了。
9.One glance over the crumbling wall at the edge was generally sufficient for a visitor of even the strongest nerves.There was a sheer drop of more than a mile straight down, and at the distant bottom were jagged rocks and stunted trees that looked, in the blue haze, like shrubbery.9站在破墙边沿朝外望，胆子再大的游客也不敢看第二眼。峭壁陡直垂下约有一英里，底下怪石林立，杂树丛生，蓝色雾霭笼革下，看起来就像灌木丛。
10.“This is the spot,” said the man to himself, “and tomorrow morning is the time.”
10“就是这里了!”他想，“而且就明天早上!”
11.John Bodman had planned his crime as grimly and relentlessly, and as coolly, as he had ever concocted a deal on the stock exchange.There was no thought in his mind of mercy for his unaware victim.His hatred had carried him far.11约翰•伯德曼冷酷，无情，沉着地谋划着他的罪行，一如他在证券交易所策划交易。对于那位还蒙在鼓里的受害者，他心中没有一丝怜悯。怨恨让他丧失了所有理智。
12.The next morning after breakfast, he said to his wife: “I intend to take a walk in the mountains.Do you wish to come with me?”
12第二天，用过早餐，他对妻子说：“我想去山里面走走。你想不想跟我一起去?”
13.“ Yes,” she answered briefly.13“好啊，”她回答得很干脆。
14.“Very well, then,” he said, “I shall be ready at nine o'clock.”
14“那就好，”他说：“我九点出门。”
15.At that hour they left the hotel together, to which he planned to return alone shortly.They spoke no word to each other on their way to the Hanging Outlook.The path was practically level, skirting the mountains, for the Hanging Outlook was not much higher above the sea than the hotel.15九点整，两个人一起出了旅馆，按计划，用不了多久他就会一个人回来。一路上谁也没说话。只是在山间绕来绕去，基本上是平路，因为“悬望角”的海拔和旅馆差不多。16.John Bodman had formed no fixed plan for his procedure when the place was reached.He resolved to be guided by circumstances.Now and then a strange fear arose in his mind that she might cling to him and possibly drag him over the precipice with her.He found himself wondering whether she had any premonition of her fate, and one of his reasons for not speaking was the fear that a tremor in his voice might possibly arouse her suspicions.He resolved that his action should be sharp and sudden, that she might have no chance either to help herself or to drag him with her.Of her screams in that desolate region he had no fear.No one could reach the spot except from the hotel and no one that morning had left the premises.到了目的地后，约翰•伯德曼也没有什么固定计划。他决定伺机而行。他心中时不时生出一种恐惧，害怕她会死死地拽住自己，一起坠下悬崖。他不自觉地想：厄运当头，她是否已有预感，他一直没有说话，就是怕自己颤抖的声音会引起她的怀疑。他决心要突然行动，干脆利落，让她无法自救，更没机会把他也拉下去。至于她要尖叫，他倒是一点也不害怕。因为这地方人迹罕至，只有从旅馆有一条路可以过来，而他知道那天早晨没有人离开那幢楼。
17.Curiously enough, when they came within sight of the Hanging Outlook, Mrs.Bodman stopped and shuddered.Bodman looked at her through the narrow slits of his veiled eyes, and wondered again if she had any suspicion.No one can tell, when two people walk closely together, what unconscious communication one mind may have with another.17这时“悬望角”已经在望了，伯德曼太太却停住了脚步，还打了个冷战，这着实令人怀疑。伯德曼先生眼睛微眯，审视着太太，又开始怀疑她是否已有所警觉。没人敢说，两个人这样紧挨着走路，他们的大脑之间会有什么无意识的交流。
18.“What is the matter?” he asked gruffly.“Are you tired?”
18“怎么了?”他生硬地问道，“累了?”
19.“John,” she cried, with a gasp in her voice, calling him by his Christian name for the first time in years, “don't you think that if you had been kinder to me at first, things might have been different?”
19“约翰，”她叫道，声音中带着喘息，好多年没有叫过他的教名了，“你不觉得如果你当初对我好点儿，事情也许会不一样?”
20.“It seems to me,” he answered, not looking at her, “that it is rather late in the day for discussing that question.”
20“我觉得，”他答道，眼睛看着别处，“现在讨论这个问题已经太晚了。”
21.“I have much to regret,“ she said quaveringly.”Have you nothing?“ 21“我有很多遗憾，”她声音发颤，“你就没有?”
22.”No,” he answered.22“没有，”他答道。
23.“Very well,” replied his wife, with the usual hardness returning to her voice, “I was merely giving you a chance.”
23“很好，”伯德曼太太答道，语气又恢复了一贯的生硬，“我只是想给你一次机会。”
24.Her husband looked at her suspiciously.24她丈夫盯着她，心生疑虑。
25.“What do you mean?” he asked.“Giving me a chance? I want no chance nor anything else from you.A man accepts nothing from one he hates.My feelings towards you are, I imagine, no secret to you.We are tied together, and you have done your best to make the bondage insupportable.”
25“你什么意思？”他问，“给我机会？我不要你的机会，也不要你别的什么。男人不会接受他憎恨的人的任何东西。我想我对你的感觉对你来说不是秘密。我们是硬绑在一起的，而你更是想方设法让这份关系变得让人忍无可忍。”
26.“Yes,” she answered, with her eyes on the ground, “we are tied together-we are tied together！”
26“没错，”她答道，眼睛看着地上，“我们是绑在一起的—我们是绑在一起的!”
27.She repeated these words under her breath as they walked the few remaining steps to the Outlook.Bodman sat down upon the crumbling wall.The woman dropped her alpenstock on the rock, and walked nervously to and fro, clasping and unclasping her hands.Her husband caught his breath as the terrible moment drew near.她低声反复嘀咕着这句话，两人走完剩下的几步来到了“悬望角”。伯德曼坐在那摇摇欲坠的破墙上。他妻子则把登山杖扔在了石头上，心神不宁地走来走去，拳头摄了又松，松了又撰。随着那可怕时刻的临近，他屏住了呼吸。
28.“Why do you walk about like a wild animal?” he cried.“Come here and sit down beside me, and be still.” 28 “你干嘛像个野兽走来走去?”他叫道，“过来坐我旁边，安静点。”
29.She faced him with a light he had never before seen in her eyes—a light of insanity and of hatred.她面对着他，眼中闪耀着一种他从未见过的光芒—一种疯狂和憎恨的光芒。
30.“I walk like a wild animal,” she said, “because I am one.You spoke a moment ago of your hatred of me, but you are a man, and your hatred is nothing to mine.Bad as you are, much as you wish to break the bond which ties us together, there are still things which I know you would not stoop to.There is no thought of murder in heart, but there is in mine.”
30她说:“我走起来像个野兽，因为我本来就是。你刚才说了你对我的恨，但你是男人，比起我的恨你的不值一提。尽管你人很坏，非常想了断这份将我们绑在一起的关系，但我知道有些事你还是不会去做的。我知道你没想过谋杀我，但是我想过。”
31.The man nervously clutched the stone beside him, and gave a guilty start as she mentioned murder.31 听到谋杀，他不由得一惊，心里有些负罪感，双手紧张地抓着身旁的石头。
32.“Yes,” she continued, “I have told all my friends in England that I believed you intended to murder me in Switzerland.”
32“是的，”她接着说，“我已经跟我英格兰的所有朋友说我肯定你打算在瑞士谋杀我。”
33.“Good Lord！” he cried.“How could you say such a thing?”
33“我的上帝！你怎么能说出这样的话？”他大叫。
34.“I say it to show how much I hate you—how much I am prepared to give up for revenge.I have warned the people at the hotel, and when we left two men followed us.The proprietor tried to persuade me not to accompany you.In a few moments those two men will come in sight of the Outlook.Tell them, if you think they will believe you, that it was an accident.”
“我这么说是要让你瞧瞧我有多恨你，让你瞧瞧为了报复你我准备付出什么样的代价。我已经让旅馆的人提高警惕，我们出门时就有两个人跟着我们。旅馆老板还劝我别跟你来。再过一会儿那两个人就会看到“悬望角”了。如果你觉得他们会相信你的话，那你就跟他们说只是个意外吧。”
35.The mad woman tore from the front of her dress shreds of lace and scattered them around.Bodman started up to his feet, crying, “What are you about？” But before he could move toward her she threw herself over the wall, and went shrieking and whirling down the awful abyss.35 这个疯女人一把扯碎了裙子前片上的花边，并撒落一地。伯德曼站起身，喊道:“你在做什么?”但是，他还没来得及靠近她，她就已经跳过矮墙，尖叫着，翻滚着，掉进了那令人生畏的万丈深渊。
36.The next moment two men came hurriedly round the edge of the rock, and found the man standing alone.Even in his bewilderment, he realized that if he told the truth he would not be believed.36不一会儿，有两个人急急忙忙来到石头边，发现伯德曼一个人愣在那里。尽管内心一团乱麻，但他知道就算实话实说也没人会相信他。
Unit 6 Inaugural Address 1.Vice President Johnson, Mr.Speaker, Mr.Chief Justice, President Eisenhower, Vice President Nixon, President Truman, reverend clergy, fellow citizens, we observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom—symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning—signifying renewal, as well as change.For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three quarters ago.1约翰逊副总统，主持人先生，首席大法官先生，艾森豪威尔总统，尼克松副总统，杜鲁门总统，尊敬的牧师，我的公民同胞们，今天我们庆祝的不是政党的胜利，而是自由的胜利。这象征着一个结束，也象征着一个开端；意味着延续也意味着变革。因为我已在你们和全能的上帝面前，宣读了我们的先辈在大约175年前拟定的庄严誓言。
2.The world is very different now.For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life.And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe—the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God.当今的世界已经大不相同。人类的巨手掌握的力量既能消除人间一切形式的贫困，也能毁灭一切形式的人类生命。但我们的先辈为之奋斗的那些革命信念，在世界各地仍然处于争论之中——这个信念就是：人的权利并非来自国家的慷慨，而是来自上帝的恩赐。
3.We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution.Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans—born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage—and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.今天，我们不敢忘记我们是第一次革命的继承者。让我在此时此地告诉我们的朋友，同样也告诉我们的敌人:这支火炬已经传递给新一代美国人——这一代人出生在本世纪，在战争中受过锻炼，在艰难困苦的和平时期受过磨练，他们为我国悠久的传统感到自豪——他们不愿目睹或听任人权渐趋毁灭，对于这些人权我国一向坚定不移，而且在当今国内和世界范围我们也同样全力拥护。
4.Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.让每个国家都知道——不论它希望我们繁荣还是希望我们衰落——为确保自由的存在和胜利，我们将付出任何代价，承受任何重负，应付任何艰难，支持任何朋友，反抗任何敌人。5.This much we pledge—and more.这些就是我们的誓言——而且还有更多。
6.To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends.United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.Divided, there is little we can do—for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.对那些和我们有着共同文化和精神渊源的老盟友，我们保证待以挚友那样的忠诚。如果我们团结一致，就能在许多合作事业中无往不胜。如果我们分歧对立，就会一事无成——因为我们不敢在争吵不休、四分五裂时迎接强大的挑战。
7.To those new States whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny.We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view.But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom—and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.7对那些我们欢迎其加入到自由行列中来的新国家，我们格守我们的誓言：决不让一种更为残酷的暴政来取代一种消失的殖民统治。我们并不总是指望他们会支持我们的观点。但我们始终希望看到他们坚强地维护自己的自由——而且要记住，在历史上，凡愚教的狐假虎威者，终必葬身虎口。
8.To those peoples in the huts and villages across the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required—not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right.If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.对世界各地身居茅舍和乡村、为摆脱普遍贫困而斗争的人们，我们保证尽最大努力帮助他们自立，不管需要花多长时间——之所以这样做，并不是因为共产党可能正在这样做，也不是因为我们需要他们的选票，而是因为这样做是正确的。自由社会如果不能帮助众多的穷人，也就无法保全那些少数的富人。
9.To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge—to convert our good words into good deeds—in a new alliance for progress—to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas.And let every other power know that this Hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.对我国南面的姐妹共和国，我们提出一项特殊的保证：在争取进步的新同盟中，把我们善意的话变为善意的行动，帮助自由的人们和自由的政府摆脱贫困的枷锁。但是，这种充满希望的和平革命决不可以成为敌对国家的牺牲品。我们要让所有邻国都知道，我们将和他们在一起，反对在美洲任何地区进行侵略和颠覆活动。让所有其他国家都知道，本半球的人仍然想做自己家园的主人。
10.To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support—to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective—to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak—and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.10对联合国，主权国家的世界性议事机构，我们在战争手段大大超过和平手段的时代里最后的、最美好的希望所在，我们重申予以支持：防止它仅仅成为谩骂的场所；加强它对新生国家和弱小国家的保护；扩大它的行使法令的管束范围。
11.Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.11最后，对那些与我们作对的国家，我们提出一个要求而不是一项保证：在科学释放出可怕的破坏力量，把全人类卷入预谋的或意外的自我毁灭的深渊之前，让我们双方重新开始寻求和平。
12.We dare not tempt them with weakness.For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.12我们不敢以怯弱来引诱他们。因为只有当我们毫无疑问地拥有足够的军备，我们才能毫无疑问地确信永远不会使用这些军备。
13.But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course—both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.13但是，这两个强大的国家集团都无法从目前所走的道路中得到安慰——发展现代武器所需的费用使双方负担过重，致命的原子武器的不断扩散理所当然使双方忧心忡忡。但是，双方却争着改变那制止人类发动最后战争的不稳定的恐怖均势。
14.So let us begin anew—remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof.Let us never negotiate out of fear.But let us never fear to negotiate.14因此让我们双方重新开始——双方都要牢记，礼貌并不意味着怯弱，诚意永远有待于验证。让我们决不要由于畏惧而谈判。但我们决不能畏惧谈判。
15.Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.15让双方都来探讨使我们团结起来的问题，而不要纠缠那些使我们分裂的问题。
16.Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms—and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.16让双方首次为军备检查和军备控制制订认真而又明确的提案——把毁灭他国的绝对力量置于所有国家的绝对控制之下。
17.Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and encourage the arts and commerce.17让双方寻求利用科学的神奇力量，而不是激发科学的恐怖因素。让我们一起探索星球，征服沙漠，根除疾患，开发深海，并鼓励艺术和商业的发展。
18.Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah—to “undo the heavy burdens...and to let the oppressed go free.”
18让双方团结起来，在全世界各个角落倾听以赛亚的训令——“卸下沉重的负担，让被欺压者得到自由。”
19.And if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved.19如果合作的滩头阵地能逼退猜忌的丛林，那么就让双方共同作一次新的努力——不是建立一种新的均势，而是创造一个新的法治世界，在这个世界中，强者公正，弱者安全，和平将得到维护。
20.All this will not be finished in the first 100 days.Nor will it be finished in the first 1,000 days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet.But let us begin.20所有这一切不可能在今后一百天内完成。也不可能在今后一千天或者在本届政府任期内完成，甚至也许不可能在我们的有生之年内完成。但是，让我们开始吧。
21.In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than in mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course.Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty.The graves of young Americans who answered the call to service surround the globe.21同胞们，我们方针的最终成败与其说掌握在我手中，不如说掌握在你们手中。自从我国建立以来，每一代美国人都曾受到召唤去证明他们对国家的忠诚。响应召唤而献身的美国青年的坟墓遍及全球。
22.Now the trumpet summons us again—not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need;not as a call to battle, though embattled we are—but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, “rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation”—a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.22现在，号角已再次吹响——不是召唤我们拿起武器，虽然我们需要武器；不是召唤我们去作战，虽然我们严阵以待——它召唤我们为迎接黎明而肩负起漫长斗争的重任，年复一年，“从希望中得到欢乐，在磨难中保持耐性，”——对付人类共同的敌人：专制、贫困、疾病和战争本身。
23.Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in that historic effort? 23为反对这些敌人，确保人类更为丰裕的生活，我们能够组成一个包括东西南北各方的全球大联盟吗？你们愿意参加这一历史性的努力吗？
24.In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger.I do not shrink from this responsibility—I welcome it.I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation.The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it—and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.在漫长的世界历史中，只有少数几代人在自由处于最危急的时刻被赋予保卫自由的责任。在这一责任面前，我绝不会退缩——我欢迎它。我不相信我们中间有人想同其他人或其他时代的人交换位置。我们为这一努力所奉献的精力、信念和忠诚，将照亮我们的 国家和所有为国效劳的人——而这火焰发出的光芒定能照亮全世界。
25.And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country.25因此，美国同胞们，不要问国家能为你们做些什么——而要问你们能为国家做些什么。
26.My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.26全世界的公民们，不要问美国将为你们做些什么，而要问我们能共同为人类的自由做些什么。
27.Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own.27最后，不论你们是美国公民还是其他国家的公民，请用我们所要求于你们的力量和牺牲的高标准来要求我们。问心无愧是我们唯一可靠的奖赏，历史是我们行动的最终裁判，让我们走向前去，引导我们所热爱的国家，我们祈求上帝的福佑和帮助，但我们知道，上帝在尘世的工作必定是我们自己的工作。
Unit7 the poetry of architecture 1 The science of Architecture, followed out to its full extent, is one of the noblest of those which have reference only to the creations of human minds.It is not merely a science of the rule and compass, it does not consist only in the observation of just rule or of fair proportion;it is , or ought to be, a science of feeling more than of rule, a majesty of a building depend upon its pleasing certain prejudices of the eye, than upon its rousing certain trains of meditation in the mind, it will show in a moment how many intricate question of feeling are involved in the raising of an edifice;it will convince us of the truth of proposition, which might at first have appeared startling, that no man can be an architect who is not a metaphysician.建筑科学，如果得以充分体现的话，是只与人类心智创造有关的科学中最高贵的科学之一。它不仅仅是尺子与圆规的科学，不仅仅需要遵守恰当的规则或合适的比例，它是或者应该是，一门重感情胜过于规则的科学，它更多的是服务于心灵，而非眼睛。如果我们明白，一座建筑的美和雄伟，很大程度上取决于它能引发心灵的一系列沉思，而非来自于它能满足视觉上的某种偏爱，我们很快就会发现，一座建筑的兴建会涉及多少错综复杂的情感问题。我们会因此而相信一个乍然一听不无惊人的论点，那就是，一个人如果不是玄学家，就无法成为建筑师。To the illustration of the department of this noble science which may be designated The Poetry of Architecture, this and some future articles will be dedicated.It is this peculiarity of the art which constitutes its nationality;And it will be found as interesting as it is useful, to trace in the distinctive characters of the architecture of nations, not only its adaptation to the situation and climate in which it has arisen, but its strong similarity to, and connection with, the prevailing turn of mind by which the nation who first employed it is distinguished.对这一高尚科学进行说明的文本及今后要写的一些文章都将收入进我暂命名为《建筑之诗意》一书中。正是这一艺术特性构成了它的民族性。建筑不仅与其周围的环境和气候相适应，也与率先采用这种风格的民族的主流性情极其相似，密切关联，这些都可以从各民族的建筑特征中得以追溯，我们会发现，这种追溯既有益，亦有趣。I consider the task I have imposed upon myself the more necessary, because this department of the science, perhaps regarded by some who have no ideas beyond stone and mortar as chimerical, and by others who think nothing necessary but truth and proportion as useless, is at a miserably low ebb in England.And what is the consequence?We have Corinthian columns placed beside pilasters of no order at all, surmounted by monstrosified pepper-boxes, Gothic in form and Grecian in detail, in a building nominally and peculiarly “National”;we have Swiss cottages, falsely and calumniously so entitled, dropped in the brick-fields round the metropolis;and we have staring square-windowed, flat-roofed gentlemen’s seat, of the lath and plaster, mock-magnificent, Regent’t park description, rising on the woody promontories of Derwent Water.在我看来，赋予自己这项任务显得尤为重要，因为这门科学在英国正处于可悲的低谷之中：在那些只知石头和砂浆的人看来，它是虚妄幻想；在那些满脑袋只有事实和比例的人看来，它毫无用处。那么结果是什么呢？我们看到科林斯式的柱子竖立在杂乱无章的壁柱旁边，上面是怪异的胡椒罐式的塔顶，形式上是哥特式的，细节上是希腊式的，这种建筑美其名曰别具“民族特色”；我们看到所谓的“瑞士小屋”散落在周围的一片砖砌的房子中实在是糟践了这一名称；我们看到那些平顶、有着显眼的方窗，用条板和石灰建造而成的乡绅别墅，它们仿照摄政王公园的样式，冒充宏伟的气势，耸立在德文特湖林木丛生的岬角上。How deeply is it to be regretted, how much is it to be wondered at, that, in a country whose school of painting, though degraded by its system of meretricious coloring, and disgraced by hosts of would-be imitators of inimitable individuals, is yet raised by the distinguished talent of those individuals to a place of well-deserved honor, and the studios of whose sculptors are filled with designs of the most pure simplicity, and most perfect animation;the school of architecture should be so miserably debased!多么令人惋惜，多么令人惊异啊。在这个国家，绘画学派虽然受到华而不实的着色方法的损害，并因成群试图东施效颦的模仿者而蒙羞，但在那些天分超群的画家的带动下，绘画享受着当之无愧的荣耀，雕塑家的工作室里随处可见最朴素却最富有生气的设计。而建筑界竟会堕落到如此悲惨的境地！There are, however, many reasons for a fact so lamentable.In the first place, the patrons of architecture(I am speaking of all classes of buildings, from the lowest to the highest)are a more numerous and less capable class than those of painting…There, the power is generally diffused.Every citizen may box himself up in as barbarous a tenement as suits his taste or inclination;The architect is his vassal, and must permit him not only to criticize, but to perpetrate.The palace or the nobleman’s seat may be raised in good taste, and become the admiration of a nation;but the influence of their owner is terminated by the boundary of his estate: he has no command over the adjacent scenery,And the possessor of every 30 acres around him has him at his mercy.The streets of our cities are examples of the effects of this clashing of different tastes;and they are either remarkable for the utter absence of all attempt at embellishment, or disgraced by every variety of abomination…
不过，现实之所以令人惋惜，原因是多方面的。首先，建筑（我指的是所有等级的建筑，从最低等级到最高等级）的出资人，相比于绘画的赞助者来说，人数更庞大，能力却相形见绌。在建筑领域，权利总体上是分散的。每个公民可以按照自己的品味或爱好，住进粗鄙的房屋里。建筑师是他的仆从，不仅必须听任他批评，还得容忍他胡作非为。宫殿或贵族的宅邸也许能建出好品味，可以成为举国欣赏的对象，但这些建筑的主人的影响力到了地产的边界便中断了：他无法控制周边的景观。他住宅周围的人，只要拥有30英亩土地，就能对他随意摆布。我们的城市街道就体现了不同品位相互冲突的结果：他们或是因为毫无装饰之企图而引人注目，或是因为布满各种面目可憎的建筑而有失脸面。。。I shall attempt, therefore, to endeavor to illustrate the principle from the neglect of which these abuses have arisen;That of unity of feeling, the basis of all grace, the essence of all beauty.We shall consider the architecture of nations as it is influenced by their feelings and manners, as it is connected with the scenery in which it is found, and with the skies under which it was erected;We shall be led as much to the street and the cottage as to the temple and the tower;And shall be more interested in buildings raised by feeling, than in those corrected by rule.We shall commence with the lower class of edifices, proceeding from the roadside to the village, and from the village to the city;and, if we succeed in directing the attention of a single individual more directly to this most interesting department of the science of architecture, we shall not have written in vain.因此，我要尽力尝试对建筑原则进行阐释。正是由于漠视了原则，才会产生这些恶果。建筑的原则是感情的统一，这是所有优雅的基础、所有美得本质。当我们考察民族建筑时，应该考虑到它受到了人类情感和风俗的影响，它关乎周围的景致，关乎其下的那片天空。我们不仅应该考察殿堂与高塔，也要考察街道和村舍。我们应该将兴趣更多的投向用感情搭建而成的建筑，而不是用规则制定出来的建筑。我们应该从建筑的低级层次开始，从路边到村庄，再从村庄到城市；如果我们能够成功地进行引导，哪怕只有一个人为此更加直接的注意到建筑学中这最为有趣的领域，我们就没有白费笔墨。
Unit8 像大山一样思考 奥尔多•利奥波德
A deep chesty bawl echoes from rimrock to rimrock,rolls down the mountain,and fades into the blackness of the night.It is an outburst of wild defiant sorrow,an of contempt for all the adversities of the world.1一个发自肺腑的低沉而又尖厉的号叫在悬崖之间回荡，最后划过大山，消逝在远方深沉的夜色中。这声号叫爆发出一种充满野性和反抗的哀愁，爆发出对世界上一切逆境的蔑视。
Every living thing(and perhaps many a dead one as well)pays heed to that call.To the deer it is a reminder of the way of flesh,to the pine a forecast of midnight scuffles and of blood upon the snow,to the coyote a promise of gleaning to come,to the cowman a thread of red ink at the bank,to the hunter a challenge of fang against bullet.Yet behind these obvious and immediate hopes and fears there lies a deeper meaning,known only to the mountain itself.Only the mountain has lived long enough to listen objectively to the howl of a wolf.2大山中所有的生物(可能也包括许多死去的生物)都侧耳倾听着这声号叫。对鹿而言，它提醒了众生之道，意味着死亡近在咫尺。对松树而言，它预见了午夜的混战和雪上的血迹。对郊狼而言，它意味着有残肉可食的许诺;对牧牛者而言，它意味着银行透支的威胁;对猎人而言，它意味着撩牙对子弹的挑战。然而，在这些比较容易察觉的希望与恐惧的背后，号叫还隐藏着更深层的含义，但是只有大山自己才能领会。因为只有大山才有沧海桑田的岁月与见识，能够客观地聆听狼的号叫所隐藏的深意。
Those unable to decipher the hidden meaning know nevertheless that it is there,for it is felt in all wolf country,and distinguishes that country from all other land.It tingles in the spine of all who hear wolves by night,or who scan their tracks by day.Ever without sight or sound of wolf,it is implicit in a hundred small events:the midnight whinny of pack horse,the rattle of rolling rocks,the bound of a fleeing deer,the way shadows lie under the spruces.Only the ineducable tyro can fail to sense the presence or absence of wolves,or the fact that mountains have a secret opinion about them.3而那些无法领会其中深意的，也能感觉到它的存在，而且在所有的狼出没的地方都能感受得到。这种异样的感觉也使那些地区与其他地区区别开来。所有在夜晚听到狼号或是白天看到狼的踪迹的人，都会不自觉地背部发毛，脊部发冷。即使没有听到狼号或是看到狼迹，也可以从许多异样的情景中感知一二。比如说一只驮马半夜的嘶叫、石头刺耳的滚动声、逃亡之鹿奔跑的慌张以及云杉树下诡异的阴影等。只有那些不堪造就的新手才无法感知狼的存在，也无法理解只有大山才能体会的那种深奥。
My own conviction on this score dates from the day I saw a wolf die.Were eating lunch on a high rimrock,at the foot of which a turbulent river elbowed its way.We saw what we thought was a doe fording the torrent,her breast awash in white water.When she climbed the bank toward us and shook out her tail,we realized our error:it was a wolf.A half dozen others,evidently grown pups,sprang from the willows and all joined in a welcoming melee of wagging tails and playful maulings.What was literally a pile of wolves writhed and tumbled in the center of a open flat at the foot of our rimrock.4我对上面的说法深信不疑，是源自于我曾亲眼看到一只狼死去。那日，我们正在一个高高的悬崖上吃午餐，悬崖脚下有一条汹涌澎湃的河流。我们看到了一个东西在急流中挣扎跋涉，胸部浸在白色的水花中。我们原以为是只鹿，但等它朝我们的方向爬上岸，抖落身上的河水时，我们才发现原来它是只狼。这时，六只显然已经长大的狼息欢快地摇着尾巴，相互打斗嬉闹着从柳树丛中跳跃出来，以示它们的欢迎。的的确确，在我们所处的山崖脚下的空地上，我们看到一群狼在那里翻滚打闹。
In those days we had never heard of passing up a chance to kill a wolf.In a second we were pumping lead into the pack,but with more excitement than accuracy:how to aim a steep downhill shot is always confusing.When our riles were empty,the old wolf was down,and a pup was dragging a leg into impassable slide-rocks.5在那段日子里，没有人会错过射杀狼的机会。很快，一发发子弹射入狼群。但是由于我们太兴奋了，再加上我们都不知道怎样才能瞄准向陡峭的山下射击，所以我们的枪法都不是很准。结果在我们的子弹消耗殆尽时，只有那只老狼倒下了，还有一只小狼拖着受伤的腿躲进了山崩造成的人们无法通行的岩石堆。
We reached the old wolf in time to watch a fierce green fire dying in her eyes.I realized then,and have known her since,that there was something new to me in those eyes-something known only to her and to the mountain.I was young then,and full of trigger-itch;I thought that because fewer wolves meant more deer,that no wolves would mean a hunters’ paradise.But after seeing the green fire die,I sensed that neither the wolf nor the mountain agreed with such a view.6我们接近那只狼的时候，它眼中那绿色的充满仇恨的目光还没有完全消逝。正是在那时，并且从那时起，我意识到了，在那双眼睛里，有我未曾领会的道理—某种只有狼和大山才知晓的道理。但是当时我太年轻气盛，总有扣动扳机的冲动。我认为狼群的减少就意味着鹿群的增加。而狼群的消失则意味着猎人天堂的到来。但是自从我看到那只老狼眼中渐渐消逝的仇恨的绿光时，我才意识到，无论是狼还是大山，肯定不会认同我这样一种看法。
Since then I have lived to see state after state extirpate its wolves.I have watched the face of many a newly wolfless mountain,and seen the south-facing slopes wrinkle with a maze of new deer trails.I have seen every edible bush and seeding browsed,first to anemic desuetude,and then to death.I have seen every edible tree defoliated to the height of a saddle horn.Such a mountain looks as if someone had given God a new a pruning shears,and forbiddien Him all other exercise.In the end the starved bones of the hoped-for der herd,dead of its own too-much,bleach with the bones of the dead sage,or molder under the high-lined junipers.7自那以后，我看到各州都在相继扑灭自己的狼群。我眼睁睁看到了一座座刚刚扑灭狼群的大山的面貌;看到了山的南坡被鹿群踩出的纷乱的小径;看到了所有能吃的灌木、甚至是细枝嫩芽都被啃光，而这些植物因而也很快衰弱不振，不久便告死亡;我也看到了所有能吃的树叶，在马鞍高度以下的部位全都被吃得精光。看到这样的一座山，你会感觉是有人给了上帝一把剪刀，让他整夭除了剪除树木以外，什么都不许做。后来，鹿群由于数量过于庞大，再加上草木供不应求，便大批量地饿死了。(此文来自袁勇兵博客)它们的白骨与死去的鼠尾草一起变白，或是在高大的杜松树下腐朽。
I now suspect that just as a deer herd lives in mortal fear of its wolves,so does a mountain live in mortal fear of its deer.And perhaps with better cause,for while a buck pulled down by wolves can be replaced in two or three years,a range pulled down by too many fail of replacement in as many decades.8现在我想，就像鹿群生活在狼群的阴影和恐怖中一样，大山也生活在鹿群的阴影和恐怖中，也许这种恐怖有着更充分的理由。因为一只鹿被狼吃掉，两三年后很快就会有新的小鹿出生繁衍，但是，一旦一座大山被鹿群毁灭，恐怕几十年也无法恢复原貌。So also with cows.The cowman who clear his range of wolves does not realize that he is taking over the wolf’s job of trimming the herd to fit the range.He has not learned to think like a mountain.Hence we have dust bowls,and river washing the future into the sea.9牛也是这样，牧牛人在清除狼群的时候，没有意识到其实他正在做着本质上如同狼吃牛一样的工作—削减牛群数量以适应山的承受能力。牧牛人还没有学会像大山那样去思考。其结果，沙尘暴出现了，河流将我们的未来无情地冲入大海。
We all strive for safety,prosperity,comfort,long life,and dullness.The deer strives with his supple legs,the cowman with trap and poison,the statesman with pen,the most of us with machines,votes,and dollars,but it all comes to the same thing:peace in our time.A measure of success in this is all well enough,and perhaps is a requisite to objective thinking,but too much safety seems to yield only danger in the long run.Perhaps this is behind Thoreau’s dictum；
In wildness is the salvation of the world.Perhaps this is the hidden meaning in the howl of the wolf,long known among mountains ,but seldom perceived among men.10我们都在努力追求安全、繁荣、舒适、长寿和徽散的生活。鹿用它柔韧的双腿去追求;牧牛人用陷阱和毒药去追求;政治家用口诛笔伐去追求;大多数人则是用机器、选票和金钱去追求。但不管形式如何迥异，目的只有一个，那就是追求时代的和平。在这些方面取得某种程度的成功是件好事，客观地说也是必要的。但是从长远来看，太多的安全似乎只能适得其反。也许这正验证了梭罗的一句话，“野地里蕴含着对于世界的救赎”。也许，这就是隐藏在狼的哀号背后的深层含义。大山早已明白，而人类却知之甚少。
The beauty industry美容业
it is a success in so far as more women retain their youthful appearance to a greater age than in the past.”old ladies ” are already becoming rare.In a few years, we may well believe, they will be extinct.White hair and wrinkles, a bent back and hollow cheeks will come to be regarded as medievally old-fashioned.The crone of the future will be golden, curly and cherry-lipped, neat-ankled and slender.The Portrait of the Artist‟s Mother will come to be almost indistinguishable, at future picture shows, from the Portrait of the Artist‟s Daughter.This desirable consummation will be due in part to skin foods and injections of paraffin wax, facial surgery, mud baths, and paint, in part to improved health, due in its turnto a more rational mode of life.Ugliness is one of the symptoms of disease, beauty of heath.In so far as the campaign for more beauty is also a campaign for more health, it is admirable and, up to a point, genuinely successful.Beauty that is merely the artificial shadow of these symptoms of health is intrinsically of poorer quality than the genuine article.Still, it is a sufficiently good imitation to be sometimes mistakable for the real thing.The apparatus for mimicking the symptoms of health is now within the reach of every moderately prosperous person;the knowledge of the way in which real health can be achieved is growing, and will in time, no doubt, be universally acted upon.When that happy moment comes, will every woman be beautiful—as beautiful, at any rate, as the natural shape of her features, with or without surgical and chemical aid permits? 越来越多的女性能更长久的保持青春的容貌，和过去相比，这的确是一种成就。“老太太”已经很少见了。我们有理由相信，几年以后她们将彻底销声匿迹。人们会把白发和皱纹、弯曲的背部和凹陷的双颊视为中世纪的过时风尚。未来的老妇人会拥有卷曲的金发、樱红的嘴唇、光洁的脚蹂、苗条的身材。在未来的画展中，人们将难以分辨哪一幅肖像是艺术家的母亲，哪一幅是艺术家的女儿。这种可人心意的成就，部分可以归功于护肤品、石蜡注射、面部整形、泥浴和化妆，部分可以归功于由于更为理性的生活方式而改善的健康状况。丑陋是疾病的症状之一，美丽则是健康的特征。鉴于追求美丽也是追求健康，这种努力值得赞许，一定程度上也真正获得了成功。模仿健康的外壳，制造人为的假象，这种美丽和真实存在相比，本质上要略胜一筹。不过，作为模仿，它相当出色，有时足以乱真。如今，每个中等富裕的人都买得起相关装备以妆扮出健康的样子，如何真正获得健康的知识也在日益增长，并且无疑会得到适时而全面的推广。当那个幸福的时刻到来的时候，每一位女性是不是都会美丽动人——不管是否用了整形手术、化学试剂，女性是不是能够发挥出天生的丽质？
The answer is emphatically: no.for real beauty is as much an affair of the inner as of the outer self.The beauty of a porcelain jar is a matter of shape, of color, of surface texture.The jar may be empty or tenanted, by spiders, full of honey or stinking slime—it makes no difference to its beauty or ugliness.But a woman is alive, and her beauty is therefore not skin deep.The surface of the human vessel is affected by the nature of its spiritual contents.I have seen women who, by the standards of a connoisseur of porcelain, were ravishingly lovely.Their shape, their color, their surface texture were perfect.And yet they were not beautiful.For the lovely vase was either empty or filled with some corruption.Spiritual emptiness or ugliness shows through.And conversely, there is an interior light that can transfigure forms that the pure aesthetician would regard as imperfect or downright ugly.答案是斩钉截铁的：“不”。真正的美丽，事关外在的自我，同样也事关内在的自我。瓷瓶的美丽取决于它的形状、颜色和表面质地。饼子可以是空的，也可以由蜘蛛入住。可以装满蜂蜜，也可以装满散发恶臭的烂泥，这一切都影响不到瓷瓶的丑或美。但是女性是活生生的，因此她的美丽就不仅仅是表面的。身体这具容器的外表不会受到精神内涵的影响。我见过一些女性，按照鉴赏家欣赏瓷瓶的标准，她们相当美丽可爱。体型、肤色、肤质样样完美无瑕。但是，她们并不美丽。因为这可爱的花瓶要么是空空如也，要么装满堕落，泄露出了精神的空虚与丑陋。相反，在纯碎的审美家看来不算完美甚至是丑陋不堪的外形，可以在心灵之光的作用下变得美丽。
There are numerous forms of psychological ugliness.There is an ugliness of stupidity, for example, of unawareness(distressingly common among pretty women.)An ugliness also of greed, of lasciviousness, of avarice.All the deadly sins, indeed, have their own peculiar negation of beauty.On the pretty faces of those especially who are trying to have a continuous”good time”, one sees very often a kind of bored sullenness that runs all their charm„
心理上的丑陋有众多不同的形式。有一种丑陋是愚蠢，比如愚蠢到懵懂无知（这是漂亮女性令人苦恼的通病）同样，贪婪、淫欲、财迷心窍也是丑陋。所有致命的罪过以各自特有的方式否决了美丽。尤其是那些想要不断享受“美好时光”的人的娇艳面庞上，人们常常能够看到那种百无聊奈的阴郁神情，这神情将她们的魅力全部抹杀。
Still commoner and no less repellent is the hardness which spoils so many pretty faces.Often , it is true, this air of hardness is due not to psychological causes, but to the contemporary habit of over-painting.In Paris, where this over-painting is most pronounced, many women have ceased to look human at all.Whitewashed and ruddled, they seem to be wearing marks.One must look closely to discover the soft and living face beneath.But often the face is not soft, often it turns out to be imperfectly alive.The hardness and deadness are from within.They are the outward and visible signs of some emotional or instinctive disharmony, accepted as a chronic condition of being.更为常见而且同样令人反感的还有冷漠，它令多少美丽的容颜为之减色。实际上，这种冷漠的神态往往不是心理因素造成的，而是因为人们在现在时代养成了浓妆艳抹的习惯，在巴黎，浓妆艳抹的现象最为明显，许多女性看起来根本就不像是人。扑满白粉又抹上胭脂以后，她们像是戴上了面具。人们需要仔细地看，才能发现下面那柔和而鲜活的脸庞。不过，这脸庞往往并不柔和，看起来缺乏活力，从内心散发出默然的沉沉死气。它们是情绪或者天性和谐的外在显性表征，是公认的慢性的病态存在。
So long as such disharmonies continue to exist, so long as there is good reason for sullen boredom, so long as human begins allow themselves to be possessed and hagridden by monomaniacal vices, the cult of beauty is destined to be ineffectual.Successful in prolonging the appearance of youth, or realizing or simulating the symptoms of health, the campaign inspired by the cult remains fundamentally a failure.Its operations do not touch the deepest source of beauty—the experiencing soul.It is not by improving skin foods and point rollers, by cheapening health motors and electrical hair-removers, that the human race will be made beautiful;it is not even by improving health.All men and women will be beautiful only when the social arrangements give to every one of them an opportunity to live completely and harmoniously, when there is no environmental incentive and no hereditary tendency toward monomaniacal vice.In other words, all men and women will never be beautiful.But there might easily be fewer ugly human beings in the world than there are at present.We must be content with moderate hopes.只要这样的不和谐继续存在，只要确实有温怒和厌倦的理由，只要人类听任偏执罪恶的支配和折磨，对美好的时尚观念将注定不起作用。这种时尚观念所激发的行为成功延长了青春的容貌，实现或模仿了健康的外表，但从根本上说，这些举措都是失败的。它的运作没有接触到美得最深的根源——感受中的灵魂。人类想要变美，无法通过改良护肤品和美容器材，无法通过越来越便宜的健身器和电动除毛器，甚至无法通过提高健康水准。只有当社会给每一个成员机会，让他们完整而和谐地生活，只有当偏执的邪恶丧失了诱发的环境，拜托了遗传的倾向，所有的男人和女人才能实现美丽。换言之，不可能所有的男人和女人都美丽，但是和现在相比，这个世界上无疑能够少一些丑陋的人。我们应该满足于这微薄的祈盼。
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