第一篇：2013职称英语综合B 阅读理解押题1
综合B-1 *第十九篇
The Family 家庭(第1题答案出处)
The structure结构，构成 of a family takes different不同 forms形式 around the world and even in the same society社会.The family's form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences.Until recently, the most common form in North America was the nuclear family，consisting of a married couple with their minor children.(第2题答案出处)The nuclear family is an independent unit.It must be prepared to fend for itself.Individual family members strongly depend on one another.There is little help from outside the family in emergencies.Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so.In North America，the elderly often do not live with the family;they live in retirement communities and nursing homes.There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies，such as North America，and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits，who live in harsh environments.The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility.In harsh conditions，mobility allows the family to hunt for food.For North Americans，the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility.(第5题答案出处)
The nuclear family was not always the North American standard.In a more agrarian time，the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family.This might have included grandparents，mother and father，brothers and sisters，uncles，aunts，and cousins.In North America today，there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households.Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced，separated，or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families.The structure of the family，not just in North America, but throughout the world，continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.本文的标题很短，且可能涉及的范围较广，需要读中心句。本文中心思想——“在全世界，甚至在同一个社会中，家庭结构有着不同的形式。家庭的构成形式随着不断变化 的社会和经济影响而改变。”，全文以核心家庭为主线，分段诠释了在工业社会以及农业社会中，核心家庭的特点。
练习:
1.Another good title标题 for this passage would be_____.-----主题类 A)What Makes构成 a Family? B)The Life of the Inuits.C)Living with Hardship.D)The Failure of the Nuclear Family.看到“title标题”得知，此题分类为主题类。A和D有“family“，优先考虑。选项A与文章的中心一致。
解题思路
七、答案的特征
1）与文章中心思想一致
2）选项中含有中心词（标题、中心句中的词）
2.A nuclear family is defined as_____.-----细节类
A)a married couple with their minor children
B)a single father with，minor children
C)parents，grandparents，and children D)parents，children，and aunts and uncles
找出关键词，直接可找到答案A
解题思路 细节类
1.不要读题，直接找到问题或选项中关键词—— 1）找到关键词，意味着找到答案的位置
2）人名、地名、数字、大写专有名词可做关键词 3）四个选项有至少三个是相同的单词或短语 4）有引号的词可做关键词
5）找到题干与文章的逻辑关系，如题干中有because，就在文中找是否有because或so
3.The information in this passage would most likely be found in_____.-----细节类
A)an anthropology人类学 textbook教科书
B)a biology生物学 textbook
C)a mathematics数学 textbook D)a geography地理 textbook
尝试找提问中的关键词和4个选项都包含的“textbook”，发现原文没有提到。此时，意识到此题有一定的延展性，需要通过了解选项的意思找到答案。基础薄弱的同学可以借助字典，选项A为“人类学教科书”，与家庭的主题有直接联系。
解题思路
七、答案的特征
1）与文章中心思想一致
2）选项中含有中心词（标题、中心句中的词）3）与原文重复多的选项 4）出现相对性词的选项
5）对错题要求找错误项是，绝对性词选项是答案 6）答案较难找的题，优先考虑符合一般常识的选项
4.The information in the first paragraph is presented mainly through _____.A)listing statistics
B)telling a story
C)pointing out similarities D)pointing out differences
解题思路
七、答案的特征
10）两个对立概念的选项，其中一项是答案
11）出现多个疑似选项时，离关键词越近的越有可能是答案
12）关键词附近有中文注释的词要格外注意，很有可能就是答案
5.The word mobility移动性 means_____.A)money B)readiness敏捷 to move移动 C)organization D)skill
解题思路 词汇类
1.找到“”引号中的词在原文的位置
2.简单的题直接查字典解决，有时需联系上下文推测词义 3.代入选项的词，检查是否正确
The Family 家庭
The structure of a family takes different forms around the world and even in the same society.The family's form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences.在全世界，甚至在同一个社会中，家庭结构有着不同的形式。家庭的构成形式随着不断变化 的社会和经济影响而改变。Until recently, the most common form in North America was the nuclear family，consisting of a married couple with their minor children.直到最近，北美洲最普遍的家庭形式为核心家庭，由一对夫妇和他们 未婚的孩子构成。The nuclear family is an independent unit.It must be prepared to fend for itself.Individual family members strongly depend on one another.核心家庭是一个独立的单位。它必须能够照料自己。家庭成员紧密依赖着彼此。There is little help from outside the family in emergencies.在紧急情况下，外界提供给家庭的帮助微乎其微。Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so.核心家庭中，只有当条件允许的时候，才会照料家中年长的亲属。In North America，the elderly often do not live with the family;they live in retirement communities and nursing homes.在北美洲，老人很少和家人一起生活，他们一般住在退休社区和养老机构。
There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies，such as North America，and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits，who live in harsh environments.在工业社会，例如北美洲，核心家庭之间有很多相似点。在居住在恶劣环境中的因纽特人的社会中，家庭间也有很多相似点。The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility.In harsh conditions，mobility allows the family to hunt for food.核心家庭结构良好地适应于流动性的生活。在恶劣的条件下，流动性能让一个家庭吃饱饭。For North Americans，the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility.对北美洲人来说，找工作和提高社会地位同样需要流动性。
The nuclear family was not always the North American standard.核心家庭并不总是北美洲人的标准。In a more agrarian time，the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family.在农业社会时期，小型的核心家庭经常是大家庭的一部分。This might have included grandparents，mother and father，brothers and sisters，uncles，aunts，and cousins.其中可能包括了祖父母、父母、兄弟姐妹、叔伯、阿姨以及表兄弟姐妹。In North America today，there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households.Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced，separated，or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families.在现在的北美洲，单亲家庭的数目大幅度增加。由核心家庭构成的单亲家庭的数目是美国由于离婚、分居或者未婚导致的单亲家庭的两倍。The structure of the family，not just in North America, but throughout the world，continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.不仅在北美洲，在世界范围内，家庭结构都会随着不断变化的条件而改变。
第二篇：2014年职称英语阅读理解押题
（三十五）Putting plants to work（植物效能）
1.What does the writer say about plants concerning solar energy? C Plants have been using solar energy for billions of years.2.Why do some scientists study how plants convert sunlight carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches? B Because they want green plants to become a new source of energy.3.According to the fifth paragraph, under what conditions are algae able to use solar energy to make hydrogen? B When there is no oxygen in the air.4.Researchers have met with difficulties when trying to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently.Which one of the following is one such difficulty? D It is too slow for algae to produce hydrogen when the sulfate is removed.5.What is NOT true of algae? C They are cheap to eat.（三十六）Listening device provides landslide early warning（听觉仪器提供早期山崩预警）
1.What does “such natural disasters” in the first paragraph refer to? D Landslides 2.Which of the following statements is true of landslides? D All of above 3.Why do researchers develop a new device to monitor signs of landsides? C Because the common methods can cause false alarms.4.Which of the following statements is NOT true of the device, according to paragraph 4? A It is filled in with gravel.5.According to the context, what does the word “positives” in the fifth paragraph mean? B Evidences.（三十七）“Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning（“不要在就餐时间以外饮酒”有了新含义）
1.Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people A who drink alcohol outside of meals.2.Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”? C It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.3.Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day? A 3 drinks.4.Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage? B Laryngeal cancer.5.According to the last paragraph, tissue’s lower exposure to alcohol D reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.（三十八）2012版教材改为“Life Form Found” on Saturn's
C Origen has joined hands with Embrex in producing cell-injecting machines.5.The technology of freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken can do all the following EXCEPT that A farmers can order certain strains of chicken only.（四十）Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety（教数学，教焦
虑）（2012新增）
1.What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph?
D Female teachers' confidence in their math skills is related to girl's math skills.2.What is implied in the third paragraph?
B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers' confidence in teaching the subject.3.According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.4.The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings A prove a strong link between female teachers' math anxiety and their female students' math achievements.5.David Geary thinks that
B the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.第四十一篇
Too Little for Global Warming
1.What do the authors of the new analysis presented at the University of Uppsala intend to say?
D Oil and gas will run out so fast that Earth’s doomsday will never materialize.2.Nations that signed the Kyoto Protocol agree to
B cut CO2 emissions.3.What are the estimates of the world’s oil and gas reserves? D 3,500 billion by a growing numher of scientists.4.Which of the following about Nebojsa Nakicenovic is true? D He thinks that IPCC’s estimates are more optimistic than the Swedes.5.Which of the following is the near explanation of Nakicenovic's assertion that“„ such a switch would be disastrous „”?
B A switch to burning coal would produce disastrous environmental problems.第四十二篇
Renewable Energy Sources
1.What are the energy resources that are not renewable according to the article?
D A and B.2.China’s Three Gorges Dam
C is the largest of all the hydroelectric dams in the world.3.Which is the country with the first commercial power station that makes use of ocean currents produced by tides? B Norway.4.Which of the following statements is true of wind power?
D All of the above.5.According to the article, resources such as wind B are renewable so sustainable.第四十三篇 Forecasting Methods
1.Whnt factor is NOT mentioned in choosing a forecasting method? A Imagination of the forecaster.2.Persistence method will work well
B if weather conditions do not change much.3.The limitation of the trends method is the same as the persistence method in that Titan（2012年4月真题）
（三十九）Clone farm（克隆农场）
1.Which statement is the best description of the new era of factory farming according to the first paragraph? C Cloned chickens are bulk-produced every hour.2.Which institution has offered $4.7 million to fund the research? A The US’s National Institute of Science and Technology.3.In the third paragraph, by saying “Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there,” Mike Fitzgerald means that he wishes D chickens’ could grow to the same weight but with less feed.4.Which of the following statements about Origen and Embrex is correct according to the fifth paragraph? D the weather features need to be constant for a long period of time.4.Which method may involve historical weather data? C Both climatology method and analog method.5.It will be impossible to make weather forecast using the analog method
A when the current weather scenario differs from the analog.第四十四篇
Defending the Theory of Evolution1 Still Seems Needed
1.According to the first paragraph, which of the following statements about the theory of evolution is true?
B School boards oppose AIBS’s effort to defend the theory of evolution..2.Which one of the following is NOT the reason for an overall lack of teaching Darwin’s theory? D Darwin’s theory is denied as the central theory of biology.3.AIBS is composed of
A more than 80 societies and 250,000 members.4.According to Weis in the 5th paragraph, the theory of evolution A is fundamental to the development of modern genetics, molecular biology and genomics..5.Why do people replace the term creationism with the term intelligent design nowadays？
D Because the term creationism is too direct.第四十五篇
2012版教材改为Small But Wise（2012年4
A Not yet.4.Which of the following about the African hush elephant and the African elephant is true?
C They are two genetically distant species.5.People were confused in their attempts to control malaria in Europe in the early 1900s, because scientists
A identified only one mosquito species instead of six species.第四十九篇
U.S.Scientists Confirm Water on Mars
1.What was discovered by NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander on Mars? C）Water in a soil sample.2.Why did the first two attempts to deliver samples fail? C）The samples got stuck inside the scoop.3.Which one of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer?
A）Scientists have been trying to break the ice-rich layers of 4.Where are the scientists involved in the research from? C）They are from both America and Canada.5.Which of the following do you think is the best description of Phoenix’s Surface Stereo Imager Camera, according to your understanding of the passage?
A）It imitates human vision and is able to capture three-dimensional images.第五十篇 Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities
1.The two new studies, lead-authored by Professor Peter D.Loeb
D both A and C.2.According to the second paragraph, when did cell phones actually help to reduce pedestrian and traffic fatalities?
B Before the number of cell phone users reached a critical mass
3.What is said about cell phone use in paragraph 4? 月真题）
第四十六篇Ants have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers”（蚂蚁作为生态工程师对环境影响巨大）（2012新增）.Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers? C Because their activity affects the environment.2.As predators, ants ？
A prey on small as well as large animals.3.Dir Sanders' study centered on how ants？
D produce such a big impact on the environment.4.What does paragraph 6 tell us? B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.5.What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph? C How do human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem? 第四十七篇
Listening to Birdsong（A级）
1.What does the first paragraph say about zebra finches?
C）Male zebra finches change their songs in female zebra finches' presence.2.What did the researchers find in their study of female zebra finches?
A）Female finches liked songs male finches sang for them.3.What is meant by “concert songs” in the seventh paragraph? B）Songs sung by male finches for female finches.4.What is NOT true of directed communication? D）Male zebra finches sing to themselves.5.Which of the following can best reflect the theme of the passage?.B）Birdsongs as communication.第四十八篇
“Hidden” Species May Be Surprisingly Common 1.Which of the following about the significance of the research on cryptic species is NOT true?
D The results of the research can help our understanding of “survival of the fittest.”
2.What was scientists’ understanding of cryptic species? D Moth B and C.3.Do scientists know how many cryptic species exist?
B The number of traffic deaths was reduced in the late 1980s and part of the 1990s due to cell phone use
4.What is said about cell phone use in the mid-1980s in paragraph 5? A It had a life-taking effect because there weren't enough cell phones in use then.5.Which of the following statements DOES NOT answer the question(What caused the “life-saving effect” to occur in the early 1990s？)?
B The number of cell phone users reached about 100 million.
第三篇：2013年职称英语理工A阅读理解押题文章
2013年职称英语理工A阅读理解押题文章
Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright
Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day.These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us don't question.But an international team of researchers, including Dr.Richmond from GW's Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, have discovered that human walking upright , may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high-quality resources.The team of researchers from the U.S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources, in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large apeto walk on two legs.“These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, ”said Dr.Richmond.The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource.Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands.Over time, intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong.Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea.The first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto University's “outdoor laboratory” in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest.Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut—the oil palm nut, which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not.The chimpanzees“ behavior was monitored in three situations:(a)when only oil palm nuts were available,(b)when a small number of copula nuts were available, and(c)when coula nuts were the majority available resource.When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time.Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether.The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely.In such high-competition settings, the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four.Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource ,but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available-even their mouths.The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University”, was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rate and unpredictable resources.Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees' activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.问题：
1.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs? A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.B Chimpanzee's behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs.C Human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation to carrying precious resources.D Our ancestors' ecological conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees.2.Dr.Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of finding A when humans began walking on two legs.B What made our ancestors walk upright.C what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors.D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources.3.Kyoto University’s study discovered that chimpanzees
A regarded both types of nut as priced resources.B preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts.C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.D ignored both types of nut altogether.4.Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto University's experiment? A Because they imitated the human way of walking just for fun.B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them.C Because they wanted to get to the nut-rich forest faster by walking that way.D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.5.What can we infer from the reading passage? A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were.B Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors.C Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages.D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival.答案与题解：
1.A第一段第一句和第二句说明，大多数人对人类直立行走习以为常,并不质疑这种习惯。而A的内容正好与此相反，所以是答案。其他选项所述内容均可从第一段和第二段推断出
2.B 文章报道，科学家通过实验证实黑猩猩直立行走是为了解放前肢，让前肢搬运对其生命至关重要的资源，从而推断出人类祖先也经历了从四足到二足的进化过程。科学家想通过对黑猩猩的实验解释人类直立行走的成因。所以B是答案，A、C、D选项不是科学家进行研究的目的。
3.C第五段明白无误地描述了黑猩猩全然不顾油棕榈坚果（ignored the oil palm nuts altogether),集中精力抢运可乐果。所以C是答案，B、C、D的内容不符合文章原意。4.D黑猩猩用后肢直立行走，搬运资源的效率提高了四倍。选项D符合原意，是答案。选项A、B、C的内容文章中没有提到，所以不是答案。
5.D 了解了通篇文章的意思，就会选择选项D。人类直立行走是受生态环境所迫，是人类生存的一种手段，直立行走是自然选择的结果。选项A和C的内容文章中没有涉及。文章中有选项B的内容，但它不是文章的主旨。参考译文：
第四十八篇 研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因
我们大多数人每天都走路而且手里搬着东西。这样的活动看似太简单，大多数人没有疑问。但是一个国际研究者（包括乔治•华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院的Richmond博士）团队已经发现了人类直立行走可能源于数百万年以前适应搬运稀有的、高质量的资源。这些来自美国、英国、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了当代黑猩猩争抢食物时的行为特征，试图对什么样的生态环境竟然导致大猿（一种我们与现存的黑猩猩一样的600万年前的祖先）直立行走作出解释。
“这些黑猩猩居住的生态环境和我们最早的祖先开始直立行走时是相同的，” Richmond博士说。研究结果显示，当黑猩猩需要独占一种资源时，它们就从四肢行走转换为直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它们的双手，这使得它们能搬更多的东西。久而久之，双足活动的强烈爆发可能导致了解剖学上的变化，因此这种变化也就成为自然选择的主题，在那种情况下，对食物或其他资源的争夺是十分激烈的。有两项研究是在几内亚完成的。第一项研究是在京都大学博苏森林的一块天然空地——“室外实验室”进行的。研究者们允许森林里的黑猩猩能得到两种不同的坚果，一种叫油棕榈坚果，自然界随处可见，一种叫可乐果，自然环境中不常见。人们监控黑猩猩在下列三种情形下的行为：(a)只有油棕榈坚果；（b)只有少量的可乐果，大多数是油棕榈坚果;(c)大多数是可乐果，少数是油棕榈坚果。
当稀有的可乐果数量很少时，黑猩猩一次就会拿得多。同样，当大部分是可乐果时，黑猩猩对油棕榈坚果根本视而不见。黑猩猩认为可乐果才是珍贵的资源，并为得到可乐果激烈竞争。
处于这种激烈竞争的环境中，黑猩猩直立行走的频率增加了四倍。很显然，双足行走可以使它们拿走更多的稀有资源，而且，为了尽可能地一口气多拿，它们积极利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。
第二项研究是在牛津布鲁克斯大学的Kimberley Hockings进行的。该研究历时14个月，主题是博苏的黑猩猩抢劫粮食，场景是它们不得不为稀有和不可预知的资源竞争。在这项研究中，黑猩猩35%的活动是直立行走。而这一次研究再一次证实了黑猩猩的直立行走与它们试图一次搬走尽可能多的东西有关。
第四篇：2012年职称英语理工A新增阅读理解押题
+第四＋五篇
Small But Wise On December 14,NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space.The telescope is called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan.Don't let its small size fool you:WISE has a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects2 in the known universe,including asteroids,faint stars,blazing galaxies3 and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are born.“I'm very excited because we're going to be seeing parts of the universe that we haven't seen before,”said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project.Since arriving in space,the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth,held by gravity in a polar orbit4(this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap5).Its camera is pointed outward,away from the Earth,and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every 11 minutes.After six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky.The pictures taken by WISE won't be like everyday digital photographs,however.WISE stands for“Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.”As its name suggests,the WISE camera takes pictures of features that give off infrared radiation6.Radiation is energy that travels as a wave.Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light7 that becomes visible in a rainbow,is an example of radiation.When an ordinary digital camera takes a picture of a tree,for example,it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree.When these waves enter the camera through the lens,they're processed by the camera,which then puts the image together.Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras don't see them,and neither do the eyes of human beings.Although invisible to the eye,longer infrared radiation can be detected as warmth by the skin.That's a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes can't.Not everything in the universe shows up in visible light.Asteroids,for example,are giant rocks that float through space 一but they absorb most of the light that reaches them.They don't reflect light,so they're difficult to see.But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them.During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.Brown dwarfs8 are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISE's pictures.These objects are“failed” stars 一which means they are not massive enough to jump start9 the same kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun.Instead,brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down.They're so dim that they're almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spectrum they glow.词汇：
trashcan / 'træʃ,kæn/n．垃圾箱 infrared/'infrə'red/ adj．红外线 asteroid/'æstərɔid/ n.小行星 dwarf/dwɔ:f/ n.矮星 注释：
1.NASA（美国国家航空航天局）是缩写词，全称是National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2.the wildest objects ：任何你能想象得到的天体。wild 有“未被人驯养的”“荒唐的”“离奇的”意思。3.faint stars, blazing galaxies：指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天体。
4.polar orbit：极地轨道。指轨道平面与赤道面夹角为90。的人造地球卫星轨道。人造卫星运行时能到达南北极区上空，即卫星能飞经全球范围的上空。需要在全球范围内进行观测和应用的气象卫星、导航卫星、地球资源卫星等都采用这种轨道。5.lap：一圈。原指竞赛场的一圈或游泳池的一个来回，如： She overtook the other runners on the last lap.她最后一圈超过了其他参赛者。6.infrared radiation：红外线辐射 7.spectrum of light：光谱，即，光辐射的波长分布区域。
8.Brown dwarfs：褐矮星。褐矮星非常暗淡，很难发现它们，要确定它们的大小就更加困难。9.jump start: 启动 练习：.What is so special about WISE? A It is small in size but carries a large camera.B It is as small as a trashcan.C Its digital camera can help astronomers to see the unknown space.D Never before has a telescope carried a digital camera in space.2.Which is NOT the synonym for the word “snap” in the third paragraph? A make.B shoot.C take D photograph.3.The camera on WISE A is no different from an ordinary camera.B does not see infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does.C catches the infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does not.D reflects light that human eyes can see.4.Which of the following is NOT correct about“asteroids” according to paragraph 7? A Asteroids float through space giving off visible light.B Asteroids do not reflect light that reaches them.C It is difficult to take asteroids' pictures by ordinary cameras, D The WISE telescope can take pictures of asteroids 5.What is implied in the last paragraph? A Brown dwarfs give off visible light.B Brown dwarfs give off infrared radiation.C Brown dwarfs are power stars like the sun.D Brown dwarfs are impossible to see with the WISE telescope.答案与题解：
1.C 短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。WISE 的特殊之处就在于，虽然体积小，但它的数码相机能拍到任何天体，所以能够帮助天文学家观测到宇宙空间中（in the known universe）的未知天文现象。其他选项都不是短文表达的意思。
2.A snap 是个多义词，可以解释为“拍照”，更为确切的意思是“拍快照”。这里shoot, take 和photograph 都是snap 的同义词。
3.C 短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。人类的肉眼和普通相机看到的光是visible lights，看不见红外线辐射（infrared radiation)，而WISE 的相机能够看到。
4.A 短文第七段第二句说并非所有的宇宙中的物体都会发出可见光，比如asteroids，所以A是正确选项。其他选项的内容都可以在该段中找到。
5.B 最后一段的第一句说，褐矮星能出现在WISE 照片中，根据上文对WISE 望远镜的描述只有WISE 望远镜才能拍到红外线射线，所以B是正确选择。
+第四十六篇
Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers”
Research by the University of Exeter1 has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as “ecosystem engineers” and predators.The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building2 activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial3 and very aggressive, defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.”
“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we found is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups4.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the grassland food web,” Sanders said.The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found across Europe, including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers.At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect, showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.Dr Frank van Veen, another author on the study, said:“What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatory impacts have the bigger effect — thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.”
Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass5 but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity6 is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness.However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem． Ants are important in below ground processes8 through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.词汇：
predator /' predətə/ n．食肉动物
nutrient/' nju:triənt/ n ．营养物；adj．营养的 decomposer/,di:kəm'pəuzə/ n．腐生物；分解体 prey/prei/ v．捕食；n．被捕食的动物 subtlety/ 'sʌtlti/ n，微妙，精妙 herbivore/ 'hʒ:bivɔ: / n ．食草动物 注释：
1.the University of Exeter ：埃克斯特大学。1851 年建校，位于英国西南部重要商业中心埃克斯特市，是英国著名的传统大学之一。2.nest building ：筑巢
3.territorial ：领地的。在此用来形容蚂蚁的本性，即具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力保卫自己的领地。
4.an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups ：其他动物群体在数量和品种上的增长。5.biomass ：物质名词，由bio和mass 两部分组成，意为“生物量”“生物质”。6.biodiversity ：物质名词，由bio和diversity 两部分组成，意为“生物多样性”。7.the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem ：蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。8.below ground processes ：土壤下面的（工作）过程，即影响生态环境的过程。练习：.Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers? A Because they build their own nests.B Because they collect food.C Because their activity affects the environment.D Because they are predators.2.As predators, ants A prey on small as well as large animals.B collect nutritious food from the soil C collect food as decomposers.D prey on species much higher up the food chain.3.Dir Sanders' study centered on how ants A can manage to thrive in huge numbers.B defend their resources and territory against other predators.C attack those invading animals for survival.D produce such a big impact on the environment.4.What does paragraph 6 tell us? A Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.C Ants' predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.D At higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area.5.What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph? A What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live? B How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem? C How do human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem? D How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment? 答案与题解：
1.C 短文的第一段提供了答案。A不是正确答案，因为并不是因为蚂蚁会筑巢才被誉为生态系统工程师，而是因为它们筑巢和获取食物的方式改变了土壤的营养水平，为整个食物链提供了很好的生态环境（见第二段）。
2.A答案能够从短文的第三段直接找到。该段告诉我们，蚂蚁的掠食范围很广，甚至包括比它们体积更大的动物（larger animals)。prey 在这里的意思是“捕猎，捕食”，作为动词，后面跟介词on或upon。
3.D Dirk Sanders说：“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the
subtleties of it.”（第五段）所以，D是正确选择。句中the subtleties of it 的意思是：蚂蚁对环境影响的精妙之处。
4.B 短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，蚂蚁数量小（a low density of ants）的话，能使其他动物的品种和数量增加（increased the diversity and density of other animals），从而给环境带来积极影响；第三句说，如果蚂蚁的数量大（At higher densities），就不可能产生同样的影响，或者是相反的影响，这表明，蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵销蚂蚁给环境带来的积极影响。第七段Dr Frank van Veen 表达了大体相同的内容。
5.C 最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案。第二句告诉我们，蚂蚁极易受人类的影响（these organisms are highly responsive to human impact），第三句告诉我们，科学家还不清楚人类对蚂蚁这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用（”it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.”）。
第四十五篇 ： 小而聪明
12月14日，美国国家航空航天局发射了一个体积小而威力大的望远镜，它的名字叫“WISE”（聪明），大约只有一个垃圾盒子那么宽。你可千万不要轻视这个小东西，WISE可是一款商强数码相机，它将在人类已知的宇宙里拍摄任何你所能想到的天体，包括小行星、那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察的天体，以及自行星和恒星诞生以来的巨大尘埃云。
Ned Wright是主持WISE项目的科学家，他说：“我十分兴奋，因为我们就要看到以前从未看到过的那部分宇宙”。
到达宇宙空间后，WISE由于受极地轨道重力作用，一直在围绕地球旋转。（这意味着，每转一圈，它就离南极和北极靠近）。它的镜头是向外的，远离地球。每11分钟WISE就会抓拍天空一个不同的部分。六个月之后，它将把整个天空拍摄完毕。
然而，WISE拍摄的相片不会像我们日常的数码相片。WISE是Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer（广域红外勘测探测器）的缩写。正如名字所示，WISE能拍到发出红外线辐射物体的相片。
辐射是波浪状行进的一种能量。人能看到的光，包括大家熟悉的、在彩虹里看到的光谱就是射线的一个例子。当普通的数码相机给一棵树照相时，它能接收到树反射回来的、可见的光波。光波通过镜头进入到相机里，相机对它进行加工，然后把图像合成。
红外线的波长比可见光长，所以，普通的数码相机捕捉不到他们，人眼也看不到这种射线。尽管人们看不到，人的皮肤能感受到较长红外线带来的温暖。
这就是为什么WISE能捕捉到其他望远镜看不到的物体的主要原因。宇宙中，不是所有的东西都以可见光的方式呈现出来。例如，小行星是在太空中漂浮的大岩石，但是小行星吸收射到他们表面的大部分光。他们不能反射光，所以要看到他们很困难。但他们却释放出红外线，所以，像WISE这样的红外线望远镜才能够捕捉到它们的图像。WISE的任务就是拍摄成千上万的小行星图像。
WISE的另一任务是为另外一种太空深处的天体一褐矮星拍照。这种天体是“失败的”恒星，它们是一些不够大，不能像太阳的能量那样启动相同的反应。褐矮星只能缩小和冷却。他们发出的光如此之微弱，人们根本看不到，但是在线外频谱中，它们是发光的。
第四十六篇 蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”对环境影响巨大
埃克斯特大学所做的研究表明，蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”和食肉动物的行为对当地的环境影响巨大。该研究发表在动物生态杂志上，它表明蚂蚁对当地的环境有两大显著的影响。
第一，通过筑巢而挪动土壤或采集食物，蚂蚁影响土壤的营养水平。这可间接影响当地从腐生物到食物链高层的许多动物种群的数量。
第二，它们捕食的动物种类很多，包括那些被大量工蚁攻击的大猎物。Dirk Sanders是该大学生态和保护中心所做的此项研究的作者，他说：“蚂蚁是高效的食肉动物，而且能大量繁殖。它们具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力对抗其他的食肉动物来保卫自己的领地。所有这些都意味着蚂蚁对周围环境影响巨大。”
“在该研究中，我们第一次对蚂蚁带来的影响程度及微妙程度进行研究。所得到的发现是：尽管是食肉动物，蚂蚁的出现能促使其他动物族群在数量和品种上的增长。并对当地的环境起到切实重要的作用，对大草原的食物链影响巨大。”Sanders说。
该研究在德国进行，它对花园黑蚂蚁和一般的红蚂蚁在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影响力进行研究。黑蚂蚁和红蚂蚁在整个欧洲包括英国都能找到。研究发现，一个地区的蚂蚁密度小，而其他动物尤其是食草动物和腐生物的数量和种类会增多。如果蚂蚁的密度大，就不可能产生同样的影响，或者产生相反的影响，这表明，蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵消蚂蚁给环境带来的积极影响。
Dr Frank van Veen是本研究的另一作者，他说：“我们的发现是：如果蚂蚁的数量少，其对土壤的营养水平的影响会对动物族群产生积极的效果。如果蚂蚁的数量增加，其捕食的影响会达到最大化，因此会抵消蚂蚁通过生态工程给环境带来的积极影响。”
蚂蚁是生态系统的重要组成部分，不仅因为它占有很大部分的生物量，而且因为其作为生态系统工程师的角色。蚂蚁具有难以想象的多样性，但极易受人类的影响，这就使它的多样性有显著的减少。然而，科学家还不消楚人类对蚂蚁这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。蚂蚁通过变动物理的和化学的环境，通过对植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影响而对生态环境起至关重要的作用。
第五篇：2012职称英语综合B词汇
abandon=give up abide by=adhere to=stick to abide by=stick to Abnormal=unusual Abrupt=sudden abundant=plentiful accelerate=step up account for=explain accumulate=collect Accused of=charged with achieve=attain adverse=unfavorable Allocate=distribute=assign annoy=irritate Anyhow=anyway appalling=dreadful assert=state firmly Astonish=shock=surprise authentically=genuinely ban=forbid barren=bare branch=division Break=beat call of=cancel capability=ability census=count childish=immature concise=short and clear conscientious=careful Consideration=account Consolidate=strengthen contaminate=pollute courteous=respectable coverage=reportage Credible=convincing decent=honest deliberately=intentionally Demolish=pull down densely=compactly depict=describe Deter=inhibit=prevent diligent=hardworking dimly=faintly disorder=confusion distress=hazard=danger diverse=varied draft==formulate duplicate=copy Eligible=entitled =qualified eligible=entitled=qualified endeavor=try endeavor=try=test eternal=everlasting exhaustive=extremely thorough Exhibit=show extinction=dying out Extract=take out fascinate=intrigue faulty=wrong find fault with=criticize framework=skeleton gangster=violent criminals Gorgeous=lovely grasp=take hold of hail=acclaim harness=utilise(utilize)improved=better
in conjunction=together inevitable=certain ingenious=clever Insane=crazy insist on=demand
invaluable=extremely useful investigate=look into isolate=solitary last=past
lately=recently Legal=lawful
Lethal=Deadly=fatal Lure=attraction
make up one’s mind=decide Manual=physical mighty=very strong mildly=gently minute=slight mock=laugh at motive=reasons
notably=particularly Now and then=occasionally=sometimes numerous=many obvious=clear Odd=strange omit=fail
orthodox=conventional Outrageous=unacceptable participate in=take part in particularly=especially perceive=notice permit=allow
persist=continue phase=stage
Physician=doctor porcelain=china possess=own
postulate=assume practically=almost preserve=keep previously=before
Principal organizers=planners prior to=before
Probe=explore=investigate provoke=elicit pull up=stop
Readily=willingly
Recommend=propose=suggest Regret=sorry regulate=control rely on=depend on Remedy=cure remove=take off resident=occupant safe=secure scare=frighten scatter=separate seldom=rarely settle=solve shabby=unfair shine=polish speed=velocity
spur=encourage
Stand point=point of view steadily=continuously substantial=significant Summit=top of mountain Terminate=put an end to tolerate=put up with touching=moving tremble=shake(shook)uneasy=anxious vague=imprecise vanish=disappear
wholesome=Vigorous=healthy widen=broaden widen=broaden
without bias=fairly
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