职称英语卫生幺建华押题阅读理解2

第一篇：职称英语卫生幺建华押题阅读理解2

第四部分：阅读理解（第31~45题，每题三分，共45分）

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项。请根据文章的内容，从每题所给的4个选项中选择1个最佳答案，涂在答题卡相应的位置上。

第十五篇

Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay1

Staying positive2 through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill, new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus3, researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition4 were less likely to fall ill.The findings, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, build on evidence that a“positive emotional style”5 can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat6 or runny nose.“People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus, “explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Camegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.“And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe.” Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to7 catching a cold, but some questions remained as to8 whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits, self-perceived health and emotional “style".Those who tended to be happy, energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style, while those who were often unhappy, tense and hostile had a negative style.The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.0ver the next six days, the volunteers reported on any aches, pains, sneezing or congestion they had, while the researchers collected

objective data, like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes, happy people were less likely to develop a cold.词汇：

bay/ n．绝境，穷途末路 flu／n.流行性感冒

virus/n．病毒 disposition/ n．本性，性情 psychosomatic/adj.身心的 boost /vt＆n．提高，举起 scratchy/adj.刺痛的，使人发痒的 runny/adj.流黏液的 Pittsburgh/n．匹兹堡（美国城市）colleague/n．同事 susceptible/adj.易感的，敏感的 catch／vt.感染到

trait / n．特质；特性 perceive/vt.发觉，觉察；理解 energetic/adj.精力充沛的，精神饱满的 easy-going／adj．随和的 tense/adj．紧张的 hostile/adj.敌意的

nasal/adj．鼻的 ache/n．（长时间连续的）疼痛，酸痛 sneeze/打喷嚏 congestion/n.充血

mucus／n.黏液 woe/n.痛苦，苦恼；（复）灾难，苦头 注释：

1．Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay：情绪乐观的人不易患感冒o warm people原意是“热心肠的人，情绪高昂的人”，keep/hold．．at bay是“使„„走投无路，不使„„接近”的意思，因此本题目如果直译则是“情绪高昂的人可能让感冒不能得逞”或“情绪高昂的人可能远离感冒” 或“情绪高昂的人可能拒感冒于千里之外”。

2．staying positive：保持积极向上（的情绪）

3．exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus：使健康的志愿者接触感冒（病毒）或流感病毒expose原意是“使暴露，使面临”，这里expose sb.to sth．是“使„„接触„„”的意思。

4．sunny disposition：乐观开朗的个性

5．positive emotional style：乐观情绪型，情绪积极型 6．scratchy throat：嗓子痛

7．susceptible to：对„„敏感的，容易受到„„影响的 8．as to：关于，至于 练习: 1.According to a study author, when people with a positive emotional style do get a cold, they may think A.that their illness is very serious.B.that their illness is not so serious.C.that they do not get any illness at all.D.that the illness they get is not a mild one.2.People with a positive emotional style may have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT A.happy.B.selfish.C.easy-going.D.energetic.3.Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that people with a negative emotional style may have? A.Hostile.B.Unhappy.C.Warm-blooded.D.Tense.4.How did the researchers test their volunteers? A.By giving everyone nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.B.By giving everyone a medicine that help lessen the probability of catching cold.C.By giving everyone an injection boosting immune function.D.By investigating everyone's characteristics, interests and hobbies.5.Which of the following items is NOT included in the data that the

researchers collected? A.Mucus production.B.Aches and pains.C.Sneezing or congestion.D.Blood test.答案与题解：

1．B 本题答案来自第三段，其中第二句说：“当他们的确患感冒时，他们认为病情并不太严重”。

2．B 选项A、C、D在第五段第二句均提到，只有B项没提到，而且从逻辑推理，情绪乐观的人绝不会是“自私自利”的人。

3．C 选项A、B、D也均在第五段第二句提到，而C项“热情洋溢”也不应属于情绪低落、消极的人所应有的性格特征。

4．A 第六段第一句说的就是“研究者给这些志愿者一些含有感冒病毒或某种流感病毒的滴鼻剂”，这正是本题答案。

5．D 选项A、B、C在第六段第二句均提到，而D项则不在其中之列。

第二篇：2013职称英语押题阅读理解

C级押题 Eat to Live A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it‘s not much fun — and it might not even be necessary.We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don‘t start to diet until old age.Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse‘s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks.The genetic rejuvenation won‘t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindler‘s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3.Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old —

equivalent to about 70 human years.The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice.The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production 一

probably bad news for mouse health.In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes.But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes."This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,‖ says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D.C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful.―There‘s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,‖ he says.If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver.As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example.A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isn‘t sure the trade-off is worth it.―The mice get less disease, they live longer, but they‘re hungry,‖ he says.―Even seeing what a diet does, it‘s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: ‗I can only eat half of that,.‖

Spindler hopes we soon won‘t need to diet at all.His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.词汇：

meager adj.不足的 youthful adj.有青春活力的

vigor n.精力，活力

metabolize vt.使（一种物质）进入新陈代谢过程

genetic adj.基因的 rejuvenation n.恢复活力，返老还童 注释：

1.hang on to ：继续保留。例如：You should hang on to that painting 一

it might be worth a lot of money one day.你应该继续保留那幅画-----或许有一天它会值很多钱。

2.The genetic rejuvenation won‘t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins：老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆转老鼠在其他方面的老化，但却有助于肝脏代谢药物或除去毒素。other damage caused by time 岁月造成的莫他方面的破坏，即―其他方面的老化‖。metabolize drugs：代谢药物，即―使药物参与新陈代谢以提高药效‖。get rid of：摆脱，除去。

3.half-ration和 half-feed 都是指―老鼠饲料正常定量（normal diet)的一半‖。

4.free radical production:指体内自由基的产生(形成）。

5.kick in：意为―开始起作用‖。

如：We‘re still waiting for the air conditioning to kick in.我们还在等着空调开始起作用。

6.be worth it：意为―值得，有益‖。如：They are expensive, but they are worth it.那些东西很贵，但划得来。练习：

1.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? A Eating less than usual might make us live longer.B If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy.C Dieting might not be needed.D We have to begin dieting since childhood.2.Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2? A To describe the influence of old age on mice.B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.C To tell us how mice‘s liver genes behave.D To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs.3.What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage? A They will not experience free radical production.B They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime.C They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes.D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.4.According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?

A The mice that started dieting in old age.B 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young genes.C Calorie restriction that works in people.D Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective.5.According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that A calorie restriction is very important to young people.B seeing the effect of a diet, people will like to eat less than normal.C dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.D drugs do not have the effects of calorie restriction.答案与题解：

1.D第一段第一句讲―节食可能不是非做不可的事‖，第二句讲―即使上了年纪再节食，我们

仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力‖，因此，―我们必须从小就开始节食‖是错误的，D是答案。

2.B第二段提及―一只髙龄老鼠‖的时候，作者谈到，―只要连续四周限制它进食，它的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力‖。据此，―为了描述节食对老鼠所产生的影响‖最好地回答了题干中的问题o 3.D 第四段提到，―正常饲养的老鼠随着年龄的增长有 46 条肝脏基因会发生变化，这种变化与炎症和有机体组织无限激增有关‖，因此，D正确。

4.A 第四段最后一个句子讲―但最惊人的发现是那些上了年纪才开始节食的老鼠也能从70%的基因变化中受益‖。―最惊人的‖自然是―最令研究人员感兴趣的‖。

5.C 文章的最后两段谈及 Spindler 对节食的看法。首先，他不能肯定节食是否值得。.其次, 他希望在不久的将来，我们不必节食。所以我们可以推知，他认为节食不是得以健康长寿的好办法。参考译文

为生存而食

粗茶淡饭或许能给你健康和长寿，但这并不有趣——很有可能也没必要。即便在年老以后才

开始节食我们也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。

加州大学 Riverside 分校的斯蒂芬•斯潘德尔及其同事发现，只要连续四周限制一些衰老的老鼠进食，它们的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力。虽然老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆

转它们在其他方面的老化，但是却有助于这些老鼠的肝脏对药物的新陈代谢和清除毒素。

斯潘德尔的队员们一直给其中的三只老鼠正常量的饲料，而给另外三只老鼠正常量饲料的一半，给三只 34个月大的老鼠（相当于人类年龄的 70岁）喂了一个月的半量饲料，之前这三只老鼠的饲料量是正常的。

研究者们检查了这些老鼠肝脏的 11,000 种基因的活性，发现正常饲养的老鼠有46 种基因随

年龄的改变而改变。这些改变都与体内自由基的产生有关——这对老鼠的健康来说不是什么好消息。而对于那些终身都在节食的老鼠来说，那 46种基因中的 27 种仍然继续保持着青春活力。但

是最令人吃惊的发现却是那些只是在老年时期节食的老鼠们受益于 70%的基因变异。

―这只是第一个这些效果迅速起作用的暗示‖，来自华盛顿特区周边的国家老年学学院的哈勃•华纳说。

至今仍然没有人清楚卡路里的控制对人类来说是否如同对老鼠那样有效，但是斯潘德尔对此充满了希望：―有足以引人注意的证据表明这同样有效。‖ 如果这确实也对人类有效，我们有理由相信肝脏也可能恢复活力。举个例子，随着我们一天天衰老，我们的身体对药物的新陈代谢越来越没有效率。短时期内的节食，斯潘德尔说到，完全足以保证药效。

但是斯潘德尔并不确定这个方法值得尝试。―老鼠患病少了，寿命延长了，但是它们很饥饿，‖他说，―即使能清楚地认识到节食的功效，人们仍然很难在餐馆中说自己只能吃一半的食物。‖ 斯潘德尔希望我们根本就不用节食。他的公司，加利福尼亚州的寿命遗传学公司，正在寻找有限制卡路里效能的药物

C级押题 Common-cold Sense You can‘t beat it, but you don‘t have to join it.2 Maybe it got the name ―common cold‖ because it‘s more common in winter.The fact is, though, being cold doesn‘t have anything to do with getting one 3.Colds are caused by the spread of rhinoviruses, and, at least so far, medical science is better at telling you how to avoid getting one than how to get rid of one4.Children are the most common way cold viruses are spread to adults, because they have more colds than adults – an average of about eight per year.Why do kids seem so much more easily to get colds than their parents? Simple.They haven‘t had the opportunity to become immune to many cold viruses.There are more than 150 different cold viruses, and you never have the same one twice.Being infected by one makes you immune to it – but only it.5

Colds are usually spread by direct contact, not sneezing or coughing.From another person‘s hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes is the most common route.6 The highest concentration of cold viruses 7 anywhere is found under the thumbnails of a boy, although the viruses can survive for hours on skin or other smooth surfaces.Hygiene is your best defense.Wash your‘ hands frequently, preferably with a disinfectant soap, especially when children in your household have colds.But even careful hygiene won‘t ward off 8 every cold.So, what works when a coughing, sneezing, runny nose 9 strikes? The old prescription of two aspirins, lots of water, and bed rest is a good place to start.But you‘ll also find some of the folk remedies10 worth trying.Hot mixtures of sugar(or honey), lemon, and water have-real benefits.词汇：

rhinovirus ／ n.鼻病毒

preferably ／adv.更可取地，更好地 virus ／n．病毒

disinfectant／n． 消毒剂，杀菌剂

immune／adj.免疫的，有免疫力的 prescription ／n．诀窍；处方，药infect ／vt．传染，侵染，感染

sneeze／vi．打喷嚏

remedy ／n．治疗，治疗法，药品

thumbnail／n．拇指甲 注释：

1．标题―common-cold sense‖实际上是在单词―commonsense‖（常识）中插入cold（感冒）一词，意为―关于感冒的常识‖。2．―You can‘t beat it, but you don‘t have to join it‖字面上的意思是―你无法打败它，但你并不是非得加入它的行列不可‖，实际上指的是目前尚没找到彻底对付感冒的办法，但至少我们可以试图预防感冒。

3． ．．．being cold doesn‘t have anything to do with getting one。动名词短语―being cold‖意思是―感到冷‖，在句中作主语；动词短语―not have anything to do with something‖意思是―与某事无关‖，在句中作谓语；最后一个不定代词―one‖指的是―一种感冒‖，作宾语。整句话的意思是―受凉和得感冒并没有什么因果关系‖。

4.．．． medical science is better at telling you how to avoid getting one than how to get rid of one.医学与其说能教你如何摆脱感冒，不如说它能告诉你如何预防感冒。

5．Being infected by one makes you immune to it--but only it.被一种病毒感染过后使你对它产生免疫力——但只是对这种（病毒）而言。be immune to sth．意思是―对某物有免疫力‖或―不受某事的影响‖。

6.From another person‘s hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes is the most common route．这是一个倒装句，按照正常语序句子应该是The most common route is from another person‘s hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes，意为―最普通的（传染）途径是从别人的手传到你的手中，再传到你的鼻子或眼睛里去‖。

7．The highest concentration of cold viruses：感冒病菌最集中的地方 8．ward off:避开，防止 9．runny nose:流鼻涕

10．folk remedies:土药方，偏方 全文翻译

关于感冒的常识

目前尚没有找到彻底对付感冒的方法，但至少我们可以预防感冒。感冒这一名称的由来是因为这种病症常见于冬天。而事实上受凉和感冒并没有什么因果关系。感冒是由鼻病毒的传播引起的，而且直到今天，医学能告诉你的只是如何去预防而不是如何根治感冒。

感冒病毒经常通过儿童传染给成人，因为儿童易得感冒——平均一年里有8次左右。为什么小孩比父母更加容易得感冒？答案很简单。儿童不可能对多种感冒病毒都具有免疫能力。

感冒病毒有150多种。一个人不可能两次感染上同一病毒。被一种病毒感染后人体就会产生对它的免疫力。但这种免疫力只是针对这一种病毒。

感冒传播的途径通常不是打喷嚏和咳嗽，而是身体的直接接触。最普通的途径是从别人的手传到你的手中，再传到你的鼻子或眼睛里去。感冒病毒最集中的地方是小孩的拇指甲盖里，尽管在皮肤等光滑表面上病毒也能存活几个小时。

保持卫生是最好的预防方法：经常用消毒肥皂洗手，尤其是当家里有小孩患感冒时。

然而即使注意卫生也不能预防所有的感冒。当你咳嗽、打喷嚏、流鼻涕时该怎么办？

服两片阿司匹林，大量喝水，睡一觉，这个老法子还是很有效的。也可以试试一些偏方，用热开水加糖（或蜂蜜）和柠檬汁内服，这个方法也很管用。练习：

1.According to the essay, you may have a cold because A

the weather is too cold.B

the spread of rhinoviruses gets people infected.C another person‘s coughing passes the cold to you.D you wash your hands too often.2.The best way to keep yourself from getting colds is A to keep yourself clean.B

to use a disinfectant soap.C to take two aspirins every day.D to drink lots of water.3.Children have more colds because A

they are usually infected about eight times each year.B

they are not immune to many cold viruses yet.C

they never wash their hands so that their thumbnails are dirty.D

they don‘t like eating lemon.4.When you are having a cold, A

it is always the same kind of cold that you had last time.B

it may be the same kind of cold that ‗you had last time.C

It is certainly not the same kind of cold that you had last time.D

it is probably not the same kind of cold that you had last time.5.When one is having a cold, he may often have all the following symptoms EXCEPT A coughing.B

Having a sore throat.C having a runny nose.D having a stomachache.答案与题解：

1．B 第一段虽然提到了感冒常发生于冬天，但紧接下去说得很清楚：受凉并不会导致感冒，所以A不是正确答案。文章第四段第一句说得明白：感冒通常是由于与感冒的人身体直接接触而传染的，而不是由打喷嚏或咳嗽传染的，所以C项也不是正确答案。至于D更是错误。答案B与第一段第四句的意义相吻合，因此是正确答案。

2．A 第五段的第一句话―Hygiene is your best defense‖意思是―卫生是你的最佳防御‖，与A项相吻合，因此A项是正确答案。同一段中提到的用消毒肥皂洗手，虽然也是保持卫生的手段之一，但仅是一个具体措施，不是全部措施，所以B项不是正确答案oc项提到的服阿司匹林是治感冒的手段之一，而非预防手段（况且没有说到―一天服两片‖！）D项提到的多喝水在文中也指治疗手段，所以C和D都不是正确答案。

3．B 第二段中提到儿童平均一年得八次感冒，这是一个统计数据而不是儿童得感冒的原因；文中并没有说―儿童从不洗手‖；文中也没有说―儿童不喜欢吃柠檬‖；所以A、C、D都不对。B项与第二段最后一句意思一样，是正确答案。4．C 第三段提到有150多种感冒病毒，而人们绝不会被同一种病毒侵害两次，因为得了一次感冒后对相应的病毒就获得了免疫力，所以只有C项才符合第三段的内容。

5．D 本题谈的是文中提及的感冒症状。文中并没有提到得了感冒就胃疼，实际上文中根本就没有―stomachache‖这个词或相关的字眼，所以D项是正确答案。

C级押题

Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at

Bay Staying positive2 through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill, new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus3, researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition4 were less likely to fall ill.The findings, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, build on evidence that a ―positive emotional style‖5 can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat6 or runny nose.―People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,‖ explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.―And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe.‖

Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to7 catching a cold, but some questions remained as to8 whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits, self-perceived health and emotional ―style‖.Those who tended to be happy, energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style, while those who were often unhappy, tense and hostile had a negative style.He researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six days, the volunteers reported on any aches, pains, sneezing or congestion they had, while the researchers collected objective data, like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes, happy people were less likely to develop a cold.词汇：

bay／n．绝境，穷途末路

flu／（influenza的简称）n．流(行性)感（冒）virus ／n.病毒

disposition ／n．本性，性情

psychosomatic ／adj.心身的，身心的boost／vt．& n．提高，举起 scratchy／adj．刺痛的，使人发痒的 runny／adj.流黏液的 Pittsburgh／n．匹兹堡（美国城市）

colleague／n．同事 susceptible／adj, 易感的，敏感的catch／vt．感染到 trait ／n.特质；特性

perceive／vt．发觉，觉察；理解

energetic／adj.精力充沛的，精饱满的 easy-going／adj．随和的 tense ／adj.紧张的 hostile／adj.敌意的

nasal ／adj.鼻的 ache／n．（长时间连续的）疼痛，酸痛 sneeze ／vi．打喷嚏

congestion ／n.充血

mucus ／n．黏液

woe ／n.痛苦，苦恼；（复）灾难，苦头 注释：

1．Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay：情绪乐观的人不易患感冒。warm people原意是―热心肠的人，情绪高昂的人‖，keep/hold..at bay是―使……走投无路，不使……接近‖的意思，因此本题目如果直译则是―情绪高昂的人可能让感冒不能得逞‖或―情绪高昂的人可能远离感冒‖或―情绪高昂的人可能拒感冒于千里之外‖。

2．staying positive:保持积极向上（的情绪）

3．exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus：使健康的志愿者接触感冒（病毒）或流感病毒。expose原意是―使暴露，使面临‖，这里expose sb．to sth．是―使……接触……‖的意思。4．sunny disposition:乐观开朗的个性

5．positive emotional style:乐观情绪型，情绪积极型 6．scratchy throat:嗓子痛

7．susceptible to:对……敏感的，容易受到……影响的 8．as to: 关于，至于 全文翻译：

乐观情绪助你远离感冒

最新研究显示，保持乐观积极的情绪是预防感冒的最佳途径。一项令健康受试者接触感冒病毒的实验证明，积极情绪类型的受试者受感染的几率相对较小。

这个名为―积极情绪可以帮助预防感冒及其他疾病‖的发现被刊登在《身心医学》期刊上，而究其原因则分为客观和主观两方面。客观原因是积极乐观的情绪有助于增强免疫系统的功能，而主观原因则是：心情快乐的人较少受到咽痛和流鼻涕的困扰。

来自匹兹堡卡内基，梅隆大学的Sheldon Cohen博土是此研究的主要参与者，他解释道―积极情绪类型的人对于病毒的免疫反应可能较常人不同‖，―而且当患感冒时，他们往往不会把自己的病情想象得太糟糕。‖

在此前一项更早的研究中，Cohen及其同事就曾经发现，积极情绪型的人对感冒病毒似乎不太敏感，但当时并不能确定引起这种区别的是性格特征因素。

在这次新的研究实验中，研究者对193名健康的受试者进行了规范的性格测试，包括自我认为的健康程度以及情绪类型等。其中那些更倾向于心情愉快、精力充沛且平易近人的受试者为积极情绪型，而那些总是心情不快、紧张并对旁人心存敌意的受试者则属于消极情绪类型。研究者给每位受试者提供了含有感冒病毒或某类流感病毒的滴鼻液，在接下来的六周里，每位受试者每天汇报他们各自的身体反应，如疼痛、鼻塞、打喷嚏等。而研究者则要统计各种客观数据，如受试者每日黏液分泌物化验结果等。根据实验的一些客观统计数据（如鼻涕化验结果），Cohen及其同事发现，积极情绪类型的人患感冒的机会相对更小一些。练习：

1.According to a study author, when people with a positive emotional style do get a cold, they may think A

that their illness is very serious.B

That their illness is not so serious.C

that they do not get any illness at all.D

that the illness they get is not a mild one.2.People with a positive emotional style may have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT A happy.B selfish.C easy-going.D energetic.3.Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that people with a negative emotional style may have？ A Hostile.B Unhappy.C Warm-blooded.D Tense.4.How did the researchers test their volunteers? A

By giving everyone nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.B

By giving everyone a medicine that help lessen the probability of catching cold.C

By giving everyone an injection boosting immune function.D

By investigating everyone‘s characteristics, interests and hobbies.5.Which of the following items is NOT included in the data that the researchers collected? A Mucus production.B Aches and pains.C

Sneezing or congestion.D Blood test.答案与题解：

1．B 本题答案来自第三段，其中第二句说：―当他们的确患感冒时，他们认为病情并不太严重。

2．B 选项A、C、D在第五段第二句均提到，只有B项没提到，而且从逻辑推理，情绪乐观的人绝不会是―自私自利‖的人。

3．C 选项A、B、D也均在第五段第二句提到，而C项―热情洋溢‖也不应属于情绪低落、消极的人所应有的性格特征。

4．A 第六段第一句说的就是―研究者给这些志愿者一些含有感冒病毒或某种流感病毒的滴鼻剂‖，这正是本题答案。

5．D 选项A、B、C在第六段第二句均提到，而D项则不在其中之列。

第三篇：2012职称英语押题

To Have and have not 1.why did the writer want to to have a change of scene 2.what attracted the writer the light coming from inside 3.the writer found the stock of top quality 4.what was unusual about the she seemed to know him 5.the writer disliked the back he saw nothing he really like

Going Her Own Way 1.maria wanted to attend technical high school 2.in those days,most Italian girls did not go to high school 3.you can infer from this passage only boys usually attend 4.maria’s father probably had very traditional views 5.high school teachers in Italy in quite strict

A Tale of Scottish Rural Life 1.what is sunset song mainly

the lives of rural Scottish 2.which statement is not true she married only once

3.what is the opening section

the history of kinraddie 4.who are responsible for ewan

the germans

5.the word sunset occurring in

the end of traditional life

Pop Music in Africa

1.this passage is about how

more serious than most 2.for people outside of Africa

both familiar and different 3.the musicians mentioned in

write about serious problems 4.eric wainaina music in boston 5.witness mwaijaga writes about

she has had a difficult life

Why So Many Children 1.in a traditional agricultural

can be an advantage 2.when countries become

the birth rate generally 3.according to this passage

industrialized low birth 4.Saudi Arabia is mentioned

Factors other than the 5.In mexico,Thailand,and

Has tried to improve the

EAT to Live

1.which of the following not

we have to begin dieting 2.why does the author mention

to illustrate the effect of 3.what can be inferred about

they are more likely to suffer 4.which of the following most

the mice that started dieting 5.according to the last two

dieting is not a good method

New us Plan for Disease Prevention 1.which is not true of chronic

they often result in unhealthy 2.the author mentions all the

higher survival rate for cancer 3.the article indicates that more

much less money needed for 4.the $15 million program is

promoting disease prevention 5.early cancer screening can help

cancer death rate

The Operation of International Airlines 1.in operating airlines it is essential

cater to the need of passengers 2.the following are all mentioned

the tourist industry is experiencing

3.the improvements the airlines

showing more movies during 4.there is not much the airlines

speeding up customs procedure 5.which of the following is a bad

travel on the flight they booked

Sauna

1.ceremonial bathing various forms 2.what is understood by some

saunas with smoke

3.according to the third except

curing asthma

4.according to the fourth because

pores are cleaned by sweat 5.who are advised not to take

all of the above

Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist 1.the question raised in the first

that was never thought of before 2.the project funded by the national

was to find out why some buildings 3.the column mentioned by dr.was part of the building close to 4.A surprising discovery made by

Some floor framing systems are 5.What dr.reinhorn said in the last

Blast engineering emerges as a Americans Get Touchy 1.the word “practically”in the

nearly 2.which is not among the embrace 3.some parents tearchers excep diseases could be transmitted 4.which following is true in some countries,it’s usual 5.we can infer that

positive

Women Staying in Mini-Skirts for 1.debenhams could most a department store 2.british women are happy the climate of great britain 3.we can infer from the second most women no longer wore 4.which following statements true from the age of 23,skirt length 5.the word “zoom” in the first soar

Defending the Theory of Evolution 1.according to the first paragraph school boards oppose AIBS’s 2.which one of not the reason darwin’s theory is denied as 3.AIBS is composed

more than 80

4.According to weis in the 5th

Is fundamental to the 5.Why do people replace the

The term creationism is too

Narrow Escape

1.why was it “too late” by the

rocks loosened by melting 2.the first reason given to

that climbers above you 3.what is likely to be cailloux

rocks are falling

4.what is sarcastic in the words

being hit by a rock isn’t 5.in what sense was toby ”safe”

the overhanging rock would

Finding Enlightenment in Scotland 1.scotland is thought to have

the ideas proposed by some 2.which of the following

to find ways to improve 3.smith’s idea of “enlightened

the prosperity of all nations 4.which of the following true

it is still alive in a broad sense 5.the institute for system level

the tradition of Scottish higher

The Beginning of American Literature 1.what does “that hope” in

the hope to start a new life 2.when did American literature

long before the year 1,000 3.what can we learn from the

about the everyday life of 4.the main purpose of the last

early-day experience 5.which of the following true

some british writers had great

Older Volcanic Eruptions

1.why did older volcanic eruptions

they killed off life more 2.how did wignall calculate

by comparing the proportion 3.when did dinosaurs become

million years ago 4.what can be inferred from

the cause of their extinction 5.what is the main thesis of

older volcanic eruptions were

School Lunch

Properly

provide choose finding Standards portion examined Consume understanding increased Criticize nutritional affect habits

prevent

A Powerful Influence

Ever Curious harmful staring at

absorbed

Make word holding Steps negotiating seriously discuss

Necessarily

absolutely going

The Old Gate

Reasons diseases demolished

Stroke actual boundary storage Unfashionable maintain set up Preservation down replaced Chance job

Family History

Attracted

find

fairly

one

Going

decision quite

cause Avoided

connected

treat

for way

get

might

Helen and Martin

Would up weakened curiosity Become warning bothered Confidence ignoring through Gaining on took help quiet

第四篇：2011年职称英语卫生类押题（定稿）

Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor

The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking，said medical experts after a five-year research study.Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer.They said patients are younger，especially women.According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute，more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else.Following breast cancer，it has the second-highest incidence rate.“An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer，”said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years.Among them，1,483 were male.Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke，according to the report.However，more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term，close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about l irritated eyes and throat.About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women’s bedrooms were adjacent to2 the kitchen.However，local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer.Some claimed they may change food preparation methods.“Unless my family and I don’t eat at home every day，I must stay in the kitchen to cook，”said Xu Li.a 45-year-old local woman.“I know the fumes are bad for the skin，but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer.I have already started frying less.’’

Doctors said women’s lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition，but was closely related to family cancer history，unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.Other experts agreed with He.3

“Smoking is by far the biggest cause4 of lung cancer for men，”said Dr Tan Binyong，honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University’s Medical College.“It’s true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women.”

He’s research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling5 fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time，6 experts said.词汇：

1.What a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers?

D Patients with lung cancer become younger，especially females.2.Which of the following diseases is the most common among the local residents in Shanghai?

B Breast cancer.3.What symptoms may be complmned of by most women with lung cancer after long term.close

contact with cooking oil fumes?

A Irritated eyes and throat.4.What was the local women’s reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer?

B Surprised.5.Which of the following has relatively little connection with women’s lung cancer?

D Personal health and physical condition.第十八篇

Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics

Most older people with so-called typeⅡdiabetes could stop taking insulin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes iust three times a week，according to new medical research results reported in the Copenhagen newspaper Berlingske Tidende on Monday.Results from tests conducted on diabetics at the Copenhagen Central Hospital Rigshospitalet’s Center for Muscle Research showed that physical exercise can boost the body’s ability to utilise insulin by 30 per cent，the newspaper reported.This is equal to1 the effect most elderly diabetics get from their insulin medication today，it said.Researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and a group of men with type II，all more than 60 years of age，exercise on bicycles six times a week for three months.After the three months the doctors measured how much sugar the test subjects’ muscles could utilise as a measure for how well their insulin worked.2

Associate Professor3 Dr.Hemming Dela of the Muscle Research Center said the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulin utilisation as the healthv non-exercising persons.“This means that the insulin works just as well for both groups.Physical exercise cannot cure people of diabetes，4 but it can eliminate almost all their symptoms.At the same time it can put off5 the point at which they have to begin taking insulin or perhaps completely avoid insulin treatment，”Dela was quoted as saying.6

Insulin isa hormone produced by the pancreas，controlling sugar in the body and used against diabetes.Dela said that to achieve the desired effect diabetics need only exercise to the point where they begin to work up7 a sweat，but that the activity has to be maintained since it wears off8 after five days without sufficient exercise.Most diabetics realise that they have to watch their diet while remaining unaware of9 the importance of exercise，Dela added.1.How could most elderly type II diabetics stop taking insulin?

C By doing brisk exercise for half an hour at least three times a week.2.Physical exercise may increase the body ability to utilise insulin bv B 30 per cent.3.The subjects of the research tests conducted at the Copenhagen Central Hospital included

A elderly non-diabetic men.B elderly type II diabetic men.D both A and B.4.To what a degree have diebetics to exercise in order to achieve the desired effect?

A To the degree where they begin to sweat.5.According to Dela，among most diabetics the importance of exercise is the importance of watching their diet.C less understood than

Preventing Child Maltreatment

Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-long consequences.There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment.Data for many countries，especially low-and middle-income countries，are lacking.Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study.Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used.Nonetheless.international studies reveal that approximately 20%of women and 5-10%of men report being sexually abused as children，while 25-50%of all children report being physically abused.Additionally，many children are subject to1 emotional abuse(sometimes referred to as2 psychological abuse).Every year，there are an estimated 31,000 homicide deaths in children under 15.This number underestimates the true extent of the problem，as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to3 falls，bums and drowning.Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences.Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development.Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems.Consequently，as adults，maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural，physical and mental health problems.Via the behavioural and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer，suicide and sexually transmitted infections.4

Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment，there is an economic impact，including costs of hospitalization, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health costs.A number of risk factors for child maltreatmenthave been identified.These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment.It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for5 maltreatment.A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated ,such as being either under four years old or an adolescent ,being unwanted, or failing to fulfil the expectations of parents and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.6

1.The difficult situation in the global estimates of the child maltreatment is due to the following factors EXCEPT according to the passage.C there is a shortage of the professional date collectors

2.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

B 25-50% of all children were reported to have been physically abused.3.Many homicide deaths in children under 15 are wrongly categorized into the following types EXCEPT according to the passage.B diarrhea

4.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the bad impact caused by child maltreatment?

A The child will behave badly in his memory of his childhood when、he grows up.5.The maltreated chidlren often bear all the following characteristics EXCEPT according to the passage.D thev often try their best to meet the requirements from their parents

第三十四篇

Be Alert to1 Antimicrobial Resistance

The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue.Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics normally used for their treatment(multi-drug resistant bacteria)，so pose particular difficulties，as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy.They constitute a growing and global public health problem.WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to 1imit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics，reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases2 on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.The article has drawn attention to the issue of AMR3(antimicrobial resistance)，and，in particular，has raised, awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear，this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission，and to define the most effective measures for control.Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers，managers of hospitals，patients，as well as national governments.the pharmaceutical industry，and international agencies.WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance;rational antibiotic use，including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics：introducing or

enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription;and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures.including the use of hand-washing measures，particularly in healthcare facilities.Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries，and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies，and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO’s World Health Day 2011.练习：

1.Why is the use of antibiotics arousing globally increasing interest?

A.The misuse of the antibiotics has caused stronger bacteria resistance and no new drugs against the bacteria are available at present.2.Which of the following is true of the article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases?

C A new strain has been found to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.3.Who of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage to take cautious and proper action about the AMR?

D Those who study in universities.4.All the following recommendations to the governments from WHO is true EXCEPT

D limit on the hospitals to store more antibiotic drugs than they Can use.5.What can you infer from the passage?

B Even with the new strains against the existing antibiotics，the transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms is still under control.

第五篇：2014职称英语卫生类考前押题

2014职称英语卫生类考前押题（A级）[1] 2014年3月27日 来源：51Test.NET 考试必看 加入收藏

【51Test.NETa real danger in rural areas, where people live off the water on their land．The girls researched ways to recycle oil and worked with a local oil-recycling company on the issue．Now, the “Don't Be Crude” program runs oil collection sites-tanks that hold up to 460 gallons-where people in the community can dispose of their oil.4.Five years ago.11-year-old Ryan Hreljac was a little boy with a big dream: for all the people in Africa to have clean drinking water.His dream began in the first grade when he learned that people were dying because they didn't have clean water, and that as little as $ 70 could build a well.“We really take water for granted,” says Ryan, of Kemptville, Ontario, in Canada． “In other countries, you have to plan for it.” Ryan earned the first $ 70 by doing extra chores(零工), but with the help of others, he has since raised hundreds of thousands of dollars.His efforts led to the start of the Ryan's Well Foundation, which raises money for clean water and health-related services for people in African countries and developing countries.Paragraph 1________.A．Provide Clean Water B．Dig 0il Wells C．Save Clean Water D．Don 't Litter E．Don't Be Crude F．Protect Wildlife

24、Paragraph 2________.A．Provide Clean Water B．Dig 0il Wells C．Save Clean Water D．Don't Litter E．Don't Be Crude F．Protect Wildlife

25、Paragraph 3________.A．Provide Clean Water B．Dig 0il Wells C．Save Clean Water D．Don't Litter E．Don't Be Crude F．Protect Wildlife

26、Paragraph 4________.A．Provide Clean Water B．Dig 0il Wells C．Save Clean Water D．Don't Litter E．Don't Be Crude F．Protect Wildlife

27、oying placed the buckets at all public-access areas to________.A．make new materials B．preserve wetland and animals C．have clean air D．have clean water E．collect cigarette butte F．collect despoiled oil

28、People are grateful to Carter Dunham for his efforts to________.A．make new materials B．preserve wetland and animals C．have clean air D．have clean water E．collect cigarette butte F．collect despoiled oil

29、Disposed oil and many other items can be reused to________.A．make new materials B．preserve wetland and animals C．have clean air D．have clean water E．collect cigarette butte F．collect despoiled oil 30、Ryan, with the help of others, is fulfilling his dream of help African people to________.A．make new materials B．preserve wetland and animals C．have clean air D．have clean water E．collect cigarette butte F．collect despoiled oil 第4部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。

31、根据下列材料，回答31-45题 Eat More, Weigh Less, Live Longer

Clever genetic detective work may have found out the reason why a near starvation diet prolongs the life of many animals.Ronald Kahn at Harvard Medical School in Boston, US, and his colleagues have been able to extend the lifespan(寿命,)of mice by 18 per cent by blocking the rodent's(啮齿动物)increase of fat in specific cells.This suggests that thinness--and hot necessarily diet--promotes long life in “ calorie(热量卡)restricted” animals.“It's very cool work.” says aging researcher Cynthia Kenyon of the University of California, San Francisco.“These mice eat all they want, lose weight and live longer.It's like heaven.” Calorie restriction dramatically extends the lifespan of organisms as different as worms and rodents.Whether this works in humans is still unknown, partly because few people are willing to submit to such a strict diet.But many researchers hope they will be able to trigger the same effect with a drug once they understand how less food leads to a longer life．One theory is that eating less reduces the increase of harmful things that can damage cells.But Kahn's team wondered whether the animals simply benefit by becoming thin.To find out, they used biology tricks to disrupt the insulin(胰岛素)receptor(受体)gene in lab mice--but only in their fat cells.“Since insulin is needed to help fat cells store fat, these animals were protected against becoming fat,” explains Kahn.This slight genetic change in a single tissue had dramatic effects.By three months of age, Kahn，those modified mice had up to 70 per cent less body fat than normal control mice，despite the fact that they ate 55 per cent more food per gram of body weight．In addition．Their lifespan increased．The average control mouse rived 753 days，while the thin rodents averaged a lifespan of 887 days．After three years，all the control mice had died，but one—quarter of the modified rodents were still alive．

“That they get these effects by just manipulating the fat cells is controversial，”says Leonard Guarente of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology，who studies calorie restriction and aging．But Guarente says Kahn has yet to prove that the same effect is responsible for increased lifespan in calorie．restricted animals．“It might be the same effect or there might be two routes to long life，”he points out，“and that would be very interesting．”

Ronald Kahn and his colleagues can make mice live longer by_________． A．offering them less food B．giving them a balanced diet C．disrupting the specific genes in their fat cells D．preventing them growing larger

32、According to the passage．we do not know whether humans will benefit from taking in fewer calories partly because_________． A．humans，worms and rodents are different B．most people are not willing to be put on a strict diet C．the effect is not known D．genetic changes in tissues can not be performed on humans

33、What does the last sentence in the third paragraph imply? A．People like to lose weight，but they do not like to eat less． B．People want to go to heaven．but they do not want to die． C．Mice will go to heaven if they lose weight． D．Mice enjoy losing weight．

34、The average modified mouse lived_________． A．3 years B．753 days C．More than 3 years D．887 days

35、What can be inferred from the passage about the route to long life? A．It remains to be studied． B．It has already been discovered． C．Eating more leads to long life． D．Eating less leads to long life．

36、根据下列材料，回答36-50题 Valuing Childhood

The value of childhood is easily blurred(变得模糊不清)in today’S world．Consider some recent developments．The child，murderers in the Jonesboro schoolyard shooting case were convicted and sentenced．Two boys，7 and 8，were charged in the murder of an 11一year-old girl in Chicago． Children who commit horrible crimes appear to act of their own will．Yet，as legal proceedings in Jonesboro showed，the one boy who was able to address the court couldn’t begin to explain his acts．though he tried to apologize．There may have been a motive—youthful jealousy(妒忌)and resentment．But a deeper question remains：Why did these boys and others in similar trouble apparently lack any inner，moral restraint? That question echoes for the accused in Chicago，young as they are．They wanted the girl’s bicycle，a selfish impulse common enough among kids．

Redemption(拯救)is a practical necessity．How can value be restored to young fives distorted by acts of violence? The boys in onesboro and in Chicago will be confined in institutions for a relatively short time．Despite horror at what was done，children are not—cannot be—dealt with as adults，not if a people wants to consider itself civilized．That’s why politicians’cries for adult treatment of youthful criminals ultimately miss the point．

But the moral void(真空)that invites violence has many sources．Family instability contributes，so does economic stress．That void，however，can be filled．The work starts with parents，who have to ask themselves whether they’re doing enough to give their children a firm sense of right and wrong．Are they really monitoring their activities and their developing processes of thought? Schools，t00，have a role in building character．So do youth organizations．So do youth enforcement agencies，which can do more to inform the young about laws，their meaning，and their observance(遵守)．

The goal，ultimately，is to allow all children a normal passage from childhood to adulthood(成年)，so that tragic gaps in moral judgement are less likely to occur．The relative few who fill such gaps with acts of violence hint at many others who don’t go that far，but who lack the moral foundations childhood should provide--and which progressive human society relies on． The two boys in Chicago were__________． A．shot B．murdered C．accused D．sentenced

37、The boys in Jonesboro and Chicago apparently lacked a sense of__________． A．right and wrong B．discipline C．shame D．safety

38、According to politicians，when children commit crimes，they should be treated in the same way as__________． A．murderers B．criminals C．victims D．adults

39、Which of the following does the writer cite as a source of moral void? A．Official corruption． B．Social injustice． C．Family stability． D．Racial discrimination． 40、Which of the statements is NOT true according to this passage? A．Parents should strengthen moral instruction． B．Schools should help create a moral sense in children． CLaw enforcement agencies should do more to help children understand laws.D．Youth organizations play no role in building character．

41、根据下列材料，回答41-55题 The Body Thieves

In the early nineteenth century in Britain，many improvements were being made in the world of medicine．Doctors and Surgeons were becoming more knowledgeable about the human body．Illnesses that had been fatal a few years before were now curable．However，Surgeons had one problem．They needed dead bodies to cut up，or dissect(解剖)．This was the only way that they could learn about the flesh and bones inside the body，and the only way to teach new surgeons to carry out operations． The job of finding these dead bodies was carded out by an unpleasant group of people called“body snatchers”．They went into graveyards(墓地)at night and，using wooden shovels to make less noise。dug up any recently buried bodies．Then they took the bodies to the medical schools and sold them．A body could be sold for between￡5 and l0，which was a lot of money at that time．The doctors who paid the body snatchers had all agreement with them—they never asked any questions．They did not desire to know where the bodies came from，as long as they kept arriving．

The most famous of these body snatchers were two men from Edinburgh called William Burke and William Hare． Burke and Hare were different because they did not just dig Up bodies from graveyards．They got greedy and thought of all easier way to find bodies.Instead of digging them up．they killed the poorer guests in Hare’s small hotel.Dr.Knox，the respected surgeon they worked for．never asked why all the bodies they brought him had been strangled(勒死)．

For many years Burke and Hare were not caught because，unsurprisingly，the bodies of their victims were never found by the police．They were eventually arrested and put on trial in 1829．The judge showed mercy to Hare and he was released but Burke Was found guilty and his punishment was to be hanged．Appropria tely，his body Was given to the medical school and he ended up on the dissecting table，just like his victims．In one small way，Justice was done.Now, over 150 years later，surgeons do not need the help of criminals to learn their skills．However．the science of surgery could not have developed without their rather gruesome(令人毛骨悚然的)help．

The problem facing British surgeons in the early 19th century was that______· A．some illnesses remained incurable B．few people were willing to work as surgeons C．medical expenses were too high D．dead bodies were not easily available

42、The body snatchers used wooden shovels because ______ A．they did not wish to spoil the dead bodies B．they wanted to keep the bodies to themselves C．they were afraid of being caught D．they were careful not to disturb anyone

43、Burk and Hare differed from other body snatchers in that______ A．they got other people to dig up bodies for them B．they sold the bodies only to one surgeon C．they dug up bodies not just from graveyards D．they resorted to murder to get bodies

44、The bodies of Burke's and Hare's victims couldn't be found by the police because______ A．they had been stolen B．they had been strangled C．they had been dissected D．they had been buried

45、The body thieves contributed in their gruesome way to______ A．medical advancement B．legal progress C．social stability D．material wealth 第5部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章面貌。

46、根据下列材料回答46-50题

The Dangers of Secondhand Smoke

Most people know that cigarette smoking is harmful to their health.Scientific research shows that it causes many kinds of diseases.In fact, many people who smoke get lung cancer However, Edward Gilson has lung cancer, and he has never smoked cigarettes.He lives with his wife, Evelyn, who has smoked about a pack of cigarettes a day throughout their marriage.(46).No one knows for sure why Mr.Gilson has lung cancer.Neverth eless, doctors believe that secondhand smoke may cause lung cancer in people who do not smoke because nonsmokers often breathe in the smoke from other people's cigarettes.(47)The US Environmental Protection Agency reports that about 53000 people die in the United States each year as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke.The smoke that comes from a lit cigarette contains many different poisonous chemicals.In the past, scientists did not think that these chemicals could harm a nonsmoker's health.(48)They discovered that even nonsmokers had unhealthy amounts of these toxic(有毒的)chemicals in their bodies.As a matter of fact, almost all of US breathe tobacco smoke at times, whether we realize it or not.For example, we cannot avoid secondhand smoke in restaurants, hotels and other public places.Even though many public places have nonsmoking areas, smoke flows in from the areas where smoking is permitted．It is even harder for children to avoid secondhand smoke．(49)Research shows that children who are exposed to secondhand smoke are sick more often than children who live in homes where no one smokes and that the children of smokers are more than twice as likely to develop lung cancer when they are adults as are children of nonsmokers.The risk is even higher for children who live in homes where both parents smoke． People are becoming very aware of the dangers of secondhand smoke．(50)

______________ A．Recently, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers.B．The Gilsons have been married for 35 years.C．This smoke is called secondhand smoke.D．However, secondhand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young.E．As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places.F．In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.47、______________ A．Recently, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers.B．The Gilsons have been married for 35 years.C．This smoke is called secondhand smoke.D．However, secondhand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young.E．As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places.F．In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.48、______________ A．Recently, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers.B．The Gilsons have been married for 35 years.C．This smoke is called secondhand smoke.D．However, secondhand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young.E．As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places.F．In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.49、______________ A．Recently, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers.B．The Gilsons have been married for 35 years.C．This smoke is called secondhand smoke.D．However, secondhand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young.E．As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places.F．In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.50、______________ A．Recently, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers.B．The Gilsons have been married for 35 years.C．This smoke is called secondhand smoke.D．However, secondhand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young.E．As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places.F．In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.第6部分：完形填空(第52～65题，每题1分，共15分)下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。

51、根据下列材料，回答51-65题 The Greatest Mystery Of Whales

The whale is a warm-blooded, air-breahing animal, giving birth to its young alive, sucking them-and, like all mammals, originated on land．There are many front flippers(鳍状肢), used for steering and stability, are traces of feet.(51)of this.Its Immense strength is(52)into the great body of the big whales, and in fact most of a whale's body is one gigantic muscle．The blue whale's pulling strength has been estimated(53)400 horsepower.One specimen was reported to have towed(拖)a whaling vessel for seven hours at the(54)of eight knot(节).An angry whale will(55)A famous example of this was the fate of Whaler Essex,(56)was sunk off the coast of South America early in the last century.More recently, steel ships have(57)their plates buckled(使弯曲)in the same way.Sperm whales(抹香鲸)were known to seize the old-time whaleboats in their jaws and crash them.The greatest(58)of whales is their diving ability．The sperm whale dives to the Bottom for his(59)food，the octopus(章鱼)．In that search he is known to go as far Down as 3200 feet，where the．(60)is l400 pounds，to a square inch．Doing so he will(61)underwater long as one hour．Two special skills are involved in this storing up enough(62)(all whales ale air—breathed)and tolerating the great change in pressure．Just how he does it scientists have not(63)．It is believed that some of the oxygen is stored in a special(64)of blood vessels，rather than just held in the lungs．And it is believed that a special kind of oil in his head is some sort of compensating mechanism that(65)adjusts the internal pressure of his body．But since you can’t bring a live whale into the laboratory for study，no one knows just how these things work． A．aspects B．signs C．ways D．reasons

52、A．worked B．divided C．built D．moved

53、A．al B．in C．of D．with

54、A．number B．degree C．distance D．rate

55、A．abandon B．attack C．leave D．board

56、A．as B．who C．which D．that

57、A．had B．operated C．Seen D．caught

58、A．interest B．job C．danger D．mystery

59、A．favorite B．fast C．new D．sufficient 60、A．depth B．pressure C．level D．size 61、A．set B．become C．remain D．rest． 62、A．heat B．energy C．food D．oxygen 63、A．witnessed B．determined C．applied D．calculated 64、A．system B．place C．arrangement D．equipment 65、A．mentally B．artificially C．manually D．automatically