第一篇:09年专四作文
Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment? China’s economic growth has brought fast development to tourism since 1978.An increasing number of people start to go on traveling, which unavoidably bring harm to the environment.On the one hand, tourism leads to the destruction of ecological balance.Many so called green parks have been built to attract visitors.However, the constructions of those parks need lots of trees because they can be made into artificial chairs, tables or wood house, so tourism also causes the decline in areas of the green land, which adds the risk of floods.On the other hand, tourism causes water pollution.Some places of interest are famous for natural beauty, like some big waterfalls and lakes, but some rude behaviors, such as leaving plastic bags in the water indeed have a bad effect to water.To sum up, I think it is not worth sacrificing environment to develop economic.As citizens, everyone should do their own part to protect our environment.March 27, 2009 Dearly Lily, I have learned from an ad that a schoolboy is looking for a private English-language tutor.I think it is a good chance for you so you can get a part-time job at your free time.Most important of all, you want to be a teacher, your dream.I hope you will take the opportunity and may you succeed.Yours,Rose
第二篇:专四作文
1.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
At present, people become more cautious when they meet strangers, let alone to help them.Trust between person is at stake.Offer your idea about such a phenomenon and your suggestions to make a change.On Aiding Strangers
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
You are invited to attend a friend’s birthday party.Write a note to your friend, Mike, explaining briefly why you cannot take part in it and give him your best wishes.2.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
Nowadays Internet is revolutinizing our globe and greatly facilitating our modern life.As a matter of fact, we can do almost everything on the Net, including shopping.However, people take different attitudes towards the new way of shopping.What do you think of it?
Shopping on the Net
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
Emerson’s paper ranks on the top and earns fame for the English department.Write a note to him on behalf of the department, expressing the appreciation and good wishes to him.3.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
It is a popular phenomenon that nowadays some houses in China are labeled with foreign names and some traditional Chinese houses are demolished for the new foreign ones.Analyzing the possible reasons and the consequences of such a phenomenon.Foreign Names for Chinese Houses
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
You just got recovered from illness.Write a note to your partner, Jason, expressing your appreciation to his care and great help.4.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
Job-hunting is a tough challenge to the graduates.Someone says graduation means the coming of unemployment.Provide your opinion on such a phenomenon and give some advice for such a dilemma.Graduation, Synonym of Unemployment?
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
You have got in trouble in your computer installment.Write a note to your friend, Roger, describe briefly what it is and ask him to give you a hand.5.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
Now many universities are asking their students to evaluate their teachers.Many students are excited at this, but some teachers seem to hold different opinions.What’s your opinion?
Should Teachers Be Evaluated by Students?
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
A College English Speech Contest is to be held in the city.You want to take part in it.Write a note to Mr.Brown, inquiring the details about the contest and procedure.6.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
Career planning is an important step for graduates, and it is of great importance.Offer your idea about it.Some of the tips and potential flaws must be included in your composition.Career Planning
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
Your friend Steven has been enrolled by Yale University.Write a note to congratulate him, expressing your happiness and admiration for him.7.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
Nowadays tourism is more and more indispensable to people’s life.But which way is a better choice: joining package tour or travelling on your own?
Which Do You Prefer: Joining Package Tours or Travelling on Your Own?
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
Your friend just failed in a contest and was very sad.Write a note to your friend, Allan, comforting and encouraging him not to lose heart and make further success.8.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
A scholar’s professional ethics is essential to his career and in a sense determines his contribution to the public.What does the professional ethics really mean, and what is its importance to a scholar?
My Idea of Professional Ethics for a Scholar
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
You are informed that your friend Lily has failed her final examination and is very frustrated now.Write a note to Lily, offering some suggestions and try to cheer her up.9.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
Some people argue that athletes, while playing games, should adhere to the principle “Friendship first, competition second”, but others are against this view.They think that “Playing a game is fun when you win.” What is your opinion?
Playing a game is fun when you win
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
You have found a book in the dining hall;write a “Lost and Found” note.10.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
More and more adult students are renting flats to live away from campus, and some of them are students lovers.Some students think it unacceptable, but others think it OK.What’s your opinion?
On Cohabitation of Student Lovers
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
Write a note to Tom to invite him to see a film with you.11.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
Under the one-child policy carried out in China, the “one” generation born between 1978 and 1985 has grown up.Directly affected by the family planning policy of China, whether they feel any loneliness as the only child of the families is being discussed.Does the Only Child Feel Lonely?
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
Write a “Thank you” letter to Mr.Smith for his recommendation of your competence to the manager of the Medical Company.12.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
Many universities oblige the students to attend the spoken English test.What is your opinion?
Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
The heating system in the hotel where you live didn’t work well last night.Write to the manager to complain about this.
第三篇:专四作文万能开头
四大开头模板式写法
第一大模板法:
1.①引题+②一方观点+另一方观点+③我方观点
①引题:九大引题方法
一、在谈到„时,人们对这个充满争议的话题所持的观点各不相同。
① When talking about(it comes to / it refers to)_______, people’s opinion are divergent on such a controversial issue.二、最近经常辩论的一个问题是:
① A much debated issue these day is whether…
① There is a pubic(general)debate(discussion / controversy)today(nowadays)on(about/over/as to)the problem(issue)of …
三、最近„的问题已经引起了人们广泛的关注。
① Recently the problem(issue)of ______ + has drawn(aroused)public(worldwide)attention.或 + has caused(aroused)wide(general / considerable / international)concern.四、近来„的问题已经广为天下人所知。
① Recently the issue(problem)of … has been in the limelight(brought into focus / brought to public attention / posed among the general public).五、在过去的„年里,很多城市面临了„的严重问题。
① In recent(past)years, many cities(nations / people)have been faced with(plagued with / troubled with / experienced / witnessed / undergone)the(a / an)serious problem of(acute shortage of / alarming increase in)…
六、如今我们国家面临的最为紧迫的任务之一是„
① One of the burning(pressing / urgent)problems facing(confronting / troubling)our nation(society / world / community)today is that…
七、现在很多人谈论的最热门的话题之一是„
① One of the biggest issues(hottest topics / most popular things / most serous problems)many people talk(complain)about now is …
八、随着
① With the rapid(marked / amazing)development(increase / improvement / expansion / growth / decline)of _____,① With the general(growing / common)recognition(realization / acknowledgement)of ______,① With he general(growing / common)interest in(concern over / enthusiasm for)________,① With ________ playing an increasingly big role in ______,① With _______ attaching much importance to ______,九: 如今有一种…趋势。
① Nowadays(Currently / Recently), there is a growing(unhealthy)tendency to(in / that)…
②一方观点 + 另一方观点:两大表述方法一、一些人认为„,另一些人认为„.② The vast(overwhelming)majority of people say(think / believe/ maintain/ hold)that …, while other people(others)claim(argue / insist)that …
② Most(Many / Quite a few /Some)people say(think / believe / maintain / hold)that, but other people(others)claim that …
② The vast(overwhelming)majority of people say(think / believe/ maintain/ hold)that …, but others view quite differently(but others think a bit differently / but others think that the opposite is true).They argue(claim)that …,② The overwhelming majority would support that …, others, however, take the negative attitude.二、反对者认为…, 拥护者认为…
② Those who criticize(oppose / object to)… argue that ….They believe that …, but people who advocate(favor)…, on the other hand, maintain(assert)that…
③ 我方观点
一、就我个人而言,我认为„
③ However, I firmly believe(hold/maintain)…
③ From the personal perspective, I prefer A than B as my inclination.③ Personally, I am in favor of(support)the view(idea / opinion / argument)that…
二、agree / disagree型加入:我同意/不同意前/后者观点,我认为…
③ I agree /disagree with the former / latter.I hold(maintain / believe)that …
③ I approve / disapprove of the former / latter idea.I hold(maintain / believe)that…
③ I am(not)in favor of the former / latter idea.I hold(maintain / believe)that…
变体一:②一方观点+另一方观点+③我方观点一
变体二:①引题+③我方观点
第二大模板法:
④流行观点 + ③我方观点(五大表述方法)
一、如今人们普遍认为„, 他们说„ + 我方观点
④ Now, it is commonly(generally / widely)believed(thought / held / accepted / felt / recognized / acknowledged)that … They claim(believe / argue)that …+ For my part, I would choose to support.(表示支持流行观点)/ For me, the viewpoint sounds biased / one-sided.After considering the issue, I hold(maintain / believe)…
二、如今经常听到的一种批评声音是…他们说… + 我不同意这种观点,原因如下。
④ A criticism often heard these days is that … They say that … I disagree with this point of view for the following two / three reasons.三、对于公众来说… + 我方观点
④ To the general public, …For my part, I would choose to support.(表示支持流行观点)/ For me, the viewpoint sounds biased / one-sided.After considering the issue, I hold(maintain / believe)…
四、关于这个问题,多数人说… + 我方观点
④ In response(reaction / answer)to the event(phenomenon / idea / question), the majority of people say(think)… + For my part, I would choose to support.(表示支持流行观点)/ For me, the viewpoint sounds biased / one-sided.After considering the issue, I hold(maintain / believe)…
五、近来我们一直听到关于…的说法。+ 我方观点
④ These days we often hear that … + For my part, I would choose to support.(表示支持流行观点)/ For me, the viewpoint sounds biased / one-sided.After considering the issue, I hold(maintain / believe)…
第三大模板法:①引题 + ④流行观点 + ⑤提出质疑(四大质疑法)
一、①引题 + ④流行观点 + ⑤但是他们没有意识到„
①引题句型 + ④流行观点句型+ ⑤ But do they realize…?
二、①引题 + ④流行观点 + ⑤但是这种做法明智么?越来越多的人,包括我对此表示质疑。
①引题句型 + ④流行观点句型 + ⑤ But is it a fair(wise/reasonable)one? This way is now being questioned(challenged)by more people, including me.三、①引题 + ④流行观点 + ⑤ 但是果真如此吗?仔细分析一下,就证明这种观点站不住脚。
①引题句型 + ④流行观点句型 + ⑤ But is it true? Close examination(analysis)doesn’t bear out(证实)the claim(view/argument).四、①引题 + ④流行观点 + ⑤ 但是情况果真如此吗?我不认为,因为以下原因。
①引题句型 + ④流行观点句型 + ⑤ But is this really the case? I disagree for the following reasons.第四大模板法: ①引题 + ⑥ 让步转折句(五大转折法)
一、①引题 + ⑥ 的确„,不过„
①引题句型 + ⑥ It is true that …, but …
二、①引题 + ⑥ 似乎 „, 不过„
①引题句型 + ⑥ It seems that …, but …
三、①引题 + ⑥ 不可否认的是„, 不过„
①引题句型 + ⑥ It is undeniable that …, but … / Undeniably, …, but …
四、①引题 + ⑥ 但是尽管„, 几乎没有证据证明„
①引题句型 + ⑥ But although(Admittedly,)…, there is no(little)evidence.it is questioned(doubted)that …
五、①引题 + ⑥ 但是尽管„, 我还是认为„
①引题 + ⑥ Although …, I believe one should …
注:开头段落提出观点可以出现各种格的“我”,但之后的段落不要使用 “I” “me” “my” “we” “us” “our”!
第四篇:专四便条作文
专四作文写作技巧——如何写好英文便条
英文书信有正式与非正式之分,英文便条为非正式书信。
TEM4把写便条(note~writing)列入必考项目之一,其目的是按照要求,测试英语专业学生在基础阶段末用英语书面表达思想的能力。便条成绩在TEM4笔试成绩中虽只占10%,却如同一面镜子,能反映出学生英语书面交际的能力。有关英文便条写作,国内外学者多有论述。学者们认为,便条是一种简短信函,多使用非正式语体,它的形式比一般书信简单。例如,写便条的人与收便条的人的地址、称呼中“Dear'一词、日期中的年份以及结尾套语(complimentary close,亦称结束语),都可以省去;便条正文篇幅可小至
一、两句话。可是,TEM4便条写作而言,并不完全像以上说的那样,它有一定的限制。
英语专业四级考试大纲写便条的要求是,“根据提示写大约50-60字的通知、便条、请贴等。要求格式正确,语言得体。”英语专业四级考试大纲的要求其实也给TEM4便条制定了评分标准。TEM4便条的评分往往从格式、内容、语言、字数这四方面来考虑。因此,要想写好TEM4便条,就必须掌握TEM4便条的基本要求,注意TEM4便条写作中常见的问题,以便对症下药,充分发挥自己的英文写作水平。
TEM4便条的基本要求:
(一)格式(format)正确TEM4便条的格式与普通英文书信格式基本相同。
具体来说,它应有日期(date)、称呼(saluwfion)、正文(body)及结尾(ending),结尾包括结尾套语(complimentary close)和签名(signature)。
1.日期指写便条的日期。英文便条与汉语便条的日期写的地方有别,前者的日期一般写在便条的右上角,偶尔也见写在便条的左上角,而后者的日期则写在便条的右下角,即写在签名的下面。英文日期与汉语日期的写法也有不同,汉语一般先写年,然后再写月、日,而英文则一般把年份写在月、日的后面。另外,英文日期的月、日与年之间通常用逗号隔开。例如,2008年4月21日通常写成April 21,2008或April 21 st,2008;当然,由于是非正式书信,也可以去掉年份,写成Ap l 2l或April 21st(不过,这种写法,只是最近两年才被TEM4接受),或者写成21/4/2008或4/21/2008。日期能说明便条的有效度,没有日期,则会使人感到茫然。
2.称呼称呼是指写便条人对收便条人的称谓,一般都以Dear开头,写在日期下一两行、留出左页边空白,顶格写。TEM4试卷中一般对写便条人与收便条人之间的关系作了提示。提示中的“you”指的是写便条人,提到的另一方便是收便条人。称呼时,一般只需在其名字前加Dear即可,如Dear Susan,Dear Tom。若此人有头衔(social title),称呼时,便要保留其头衔,例如Dr.Herce,要称DearDr.Pierce,不称DearPierce。如果提示中的另一方是以MrsWang或MrWang出现,称呼时也只需在其前加Dear便可,即称DearMrsWang或DearMrWang,若只称DearWang则视为不妥。当对方为亲属时,在Dear 后面加上表示亲属关系大写的字眼即可,如DearGrandpa,DearAunt。值得一提的是,近年来TEM4也接受不带Dear的称呼。称呼后面可用逗号,也可用冒号。
3.正文正文是写便条人要叙述或谈论的事情,是便条的主要组成部分。一般书信是在称呼下方隔两行处开始写正文。但就TEM4便条而言,一般在称呼的下一行开始写正文便可。正文的首行左边一般留约5个字母宽的空白,但也可顶格写。便条的内容简单、字数少,因此,正文一般只需写一段或两段。若有两段,第二段的首行应与第一段的首行对齐写。4.结尾如前所述,结尾包括结尾套语和签名。
(1)结尾套语结尾套语的位置一般是在正文最后一行的下面,从便条的中央部分开始,稍向右缩进。当然,若正文的开头是往左顶格写,此时的结尾套语也应往左顶格写。开头字母要大写,末尾要用逗号。结尾套语为写便条人对收便条人的谦称或客套以示礼貌,措辞的变化按照不同的关系而定。现分述如下:
① 致不熟悉的人,宜用较庄重的套语,如Yours sincerely,Sincerely yours,或Sincerely等。
② 对上级、长者,除了可用上述较庄重的套语,也可用Yoursrespectfully或Respectfully yours。
③ 对一般朋友或熟人可用①中提到的较庄重的套语,也可用Yours等较为随便的套语。
④ 对密友则采用较随便的套语为宜。例如,Yours,Love,With love,Best wishes,Best regards等等。
⑤ 对亲属可用下列任何一种:Love,With love,All my love,Yours afectionately,Affectionately yours,Lovingly yours,Yo urslovingly,Your loving son(Dad?);但对亲人,不宜用Sincerelyyours~由于TEM4便条写作一般是针对考生日常生活或学习相关的事情,写作的对象一般是其朋友、老师、熟人,因此,TEM4通常只接受Yours sincerely,Sincerely yours,Sincerely,或Yours这几种结尾套语。
(2)签名即写便条人署名,位于结尾套语下,偏右。若结尾套语是往左顶格写,这时的署名也应往左顶格写。签名也由写便条人和收便条人的关系和亲疏程度而定。有时TEM4指定了写便条人的名字,签名时应采用那个名字。若无指定名字,考生也不宜用自己的真名。一般只需写名不写姓,但若用了较庄重的结尾套语,此时可签全名。
(二)内容完整一般而言,一封理想的TEM4便条应包括以下三点:
(1)写便条的原因;
(2)要告诉的事情;
(3)有关的希望、建议或要求等。便条写作提示的情况都是与人们日常生活或学习相关的事情。
例如,对别人提供的帮助表示感谢,邀请朋友参观书展,因不能准时赴约而表示道歉,把信息转告给朋友等。所提示的内容就是考生要表达的思想内容。思想内容有先后之分,要
讲究其逻辑性,还得注意其完整性。生活中有些约定俗成的东西,写作时,应考虑这方面的因素。例如,写道歉信时,一般都先向对方表示歉意或内疚,同时说明发生疏忽、过失、或错误的原因,提出弥补的办法,这样有利于取得对方的谅解。现以近年一次英语专业四级考试便条写作为例加以说明:该提示是:Yesterday you failed tO turn up for the appointmentwith your teacher,Professor Wang.Write him a note of apology an dmake a request for another meeting.YO u should also suggest the timefor the requested meting.仔细阅读这一提示,你就会发现,第一句为第二旬所要求的道歉确定了内容;为了求得对方的谅解,获得另一次会面的机会,你就必须说明前次未能赴约见面的原因。因此,本便条的内容必须包括以下四项:
(1)apologizingforfailuretOturn upforthe appointment,(2)the rea~nforfailuretOturn叩,(3)making a request for another meeting,(4)suggesting the timeflorthe requestedmeeting。其中(3)、(4)为提示中明确要求表达的内容,(1)、(2)则是根据道歉类书信特点而必须表达的内容。内容为便条写作的重头戏。写作时,切莫忽视提示中的任何信息,同时要关注交际中所需的相关信息。当然,在注意提示中的信息时,特别是首句,要注意用自己正确的语言来表达,不能完全抄提示,否则会扣分。
(三)语言得体内容和语言是一个统一体。内容抓住后,应以恰当的语言来表达。一般来说,便条的语言要简单明嘹,用词平易。当然,语言风格还应与情景一致,不同的对象,所使用的语言应有所不同。相对来说,对上级、长者、不熟悉的人的语言较为正式,对亲朋好友的语言则较为随便。不过,不管对方是谁,行文中都应体现态度诚恳礼貌。
(四)字数符合要求TEM4便条总字数(包括日期、称呼、结尾在内)的要求是约50—60个字。尽管在这数字之间还可以少l0字,或多20字,即40-80字,不过,还是篇幅适中为好,以免因显得太短或太长而扣分。二TEM4便条写作中常见的问题便条写作中常见的问题主要表现在格式、内容、语言等方面。
(一)格式方面1.日期部分往往被漏掉,或漏掉日期中年与月、日之间的逗号,或在日期后面加点,或按汉语的顺序写成(如2006年4月22日,写成April 22 2006;April 22,2006.;2006.5.9;其正确形式请参照前文的相应部分),或按汉语习惯把它写在签名的下面。2.称呼未往左顶格写,或与日期同写一行;称呼后面打句号,或未打逗号或冒号。3.把结尾套语和签名同写一行,或漏写结尾套语,或漏掉结尾套语后面的逗号。
(二)内容方面便条的内容虽简单,但漏掉必须表达的内容的情况时有发生。例如,在前文提到的那次TEM4便条写作,考生对未赴约的原因应加以说明,可不少考生只写了如下相似内容的便条:I am verysorry for missing yesterday’S appointment,SO I do hope we can mak ean other one.Sunday evening is convenient for me.W hat about you?内容方面还因理解不透,或自立标准而导致交际不成功的情况也不鲜见。还是以前文提到的那次TEM4便条写作为例,评分取样的九份答卷中就有三份类似的例子。其中一份这样写道,“I’mvery glad to receive your note.About Our appointment I think we canchan ge an other time.M aybe tomorrow,1 will
be fre an d stay athome all day.Ifyouarealsofreetomorrow,you Can callme atan ytime.Then 1 will visit you?”该提示要写一封简短的道歉信,而这位考生的答案却与此大相径庭,信中丝毫没有流露出道歉的意念。
(三)语言方面便条中的语言错误可分为理解和表达两大类,主要体现在措辞、语法、拼写等方面。
1.措辞不当措辞不当在这里既指一般遣词造句中出现的语言运用错误(performance erors),又指因未按TEM4便条测试中提供的语境遣词造句而产生的语用失误(pragmatic failures),还指因忽视对方的社会或文化背景差异而造成的语用失误。此类问题在TEM4便条写作中相当严重。我们还是以前文提到的那次TEM4便条写作为例;鉴于篇幅,且举三例:
(1)在1 would appreciate you if you could have anothermeeting with me这句话中,appreciate后面的宾语不妥。只要细心的读者翻阅一下词典,就会发现appreciate(感谢)的英文释义是be grateful for(something),若把句中的you改为it(代表后面那件事),或把appreciate改为be grateful to,或把appreciate you改为be grateful,这句话就对了。
(2)考生在便条的开头就对因病未能与王教授约会表示道歉后,接着写道:I'm anxious tO make an appointment with you.而根据上下文应该是,I'm anxious tO make another appointment withyou(??与你另订一次约会)。
(3)你(写便条人)自己因某种原因而没去赴约,况且约会的对象是你的老师,事后还要命令对方到你家来见你,或以命令的IZl吻表示要给你打电话。象“You must come tO my home”,或”Give me a call to discuss it further"这类话有失礼貌,使人读后感到不舒服。
2.语法错误便条中的语法错误有多种,常见的有冠词、词性、动词的时与体、句子结构等错误。
(1)冠词错误,如I'm anxious to make a(应为an)appointment with you.(2)词性错误,如I must make an apologize(正确为apology)for failing to turn up for the appo intment.(3)动词的时与体等方面的错误,例如:a.If you will be(应把will be改为are)free tomorrow,we shall meet again.b.I am sorry to fail(正确为to have failed而不是to fall,因事情已发生)to turn up for the appointment yesterday.(4)句子结构错误,例如:I'm very sorry.I didn't turn up for the appointment with you.Because my mother was seriously ill yesterday and I had to take her to see the doctor(应改为I'm very sorry I didn’t turn up for the appointment with you yesterday because my mother was seriously ill and I had to take her to see the doctor).3.拼写错误与别的主观题一样,便条写作中拼写错误数见不鲜。
例如:professor---profesor/profesor;convenient---conveint/convinen/convinient;receive—recieve;appointment---apointment/poitment.三建议综上所述,TEM4便条的行文虽简短、形式较简单,但写好它并非一件易事,它涉及考生的实际英语水平和临场发挥的方方面面。现就考前准备与临场发挥两方面提几点建议。
(一)考前准备1.抓好英语基本功的训练,做到多读、多背、多学。2.养成良好的学习习惯,做到多思、多问、勤查词典。3.注意英汉文化背景差异,牢记英汉书信格式上的异同之处。4.调整好心态,牢记:“功到自然成”。
(二)临场发挥1.仔细阅读、研究所给提示,包括情景、要求、与收便条人之间的关系等。2.根据提示认真构思,包括结构、语气、用词等。3.利用有把握的英文知识,简明扼要地表达提示中要表*考试~大达的思想内容。4.语言要流畅,切记以对方为重、使对方愉悦、尽量少用被动语态、避免文句单调。5.注意卷面要干净整齐,字迹要工整清晰。6.挤时间认真检查:1)格式是否正确,有无漏掉成分;2)内容是否完整,有无缺少部分;3)语言是否规范、得体,有无语法、拼写错误,等等。附:范文
April 22,2006Dear Professor Wang,I'm very sorry I didn’t keep the appointment with you yesterday because of my sick roommate.As his close friend,I had to look after him the whole day.1wonder if you’d mind having another appointment with me at your office at four O’clock tomorrow afternoon.I'm expecting your reply.Yours sincerely,George
第五篇:专四近义词
arouse, rouse
这组词均含有“唤醒,引起”的意思,两者往往可以通用。
rouse
一般作及物动词,有时也可用作不及物动词。
arouse
只作及物动词:
The fire roused the people from their sleep.大火把人们从睡梦中惊醒。
We must arouse them to fight for their own emancipation.我们必须唤醒他们起来为自己的解放而斗争。
shake, tremble, quake, shiver, quaver
这组词均含有“打破”或“挤碎”的意思。
shake
适用范围广,可用于人也可用于物。该词所表示的动作的方向既可以是水平的也可以是垂直的。
tremble
专门用于表示人体轻微、迅速地振动,特别是当人激动、怯懦、寒冷、疲惫时不自觉地发抖。
quake
可用来代替tremble,常表示剧裂震动,如地震等,也可表示人因天气寒冷发抖或因愤怒等强烈情绪而内心震动。
shiver
意为“颤抖,哆嗦”,特指因寒冷或恐惧而打寒战,多用于人。
quaver
有时表示不规则的震动或波动,尤其表示某些具有扰乱结果的震动或波动,它常常强调颤抖,特别是激动的情感对声音与言辞的影响。
To be shaken before taking.(药瓶标签用语)服前摇匀。
Her hands trembled with eagerness as she opened the letter.她拆信时,急得双手发抖。
His accusing hand stiffly extended, quaking in mute condemnation.他那控诉的手僵硬地伸出去,在无声的谴责中颤抖。
She is shivering with cold so that her teeth are chattering.她冷得直哆嗦,牙齿咯咯作响。
The breeze set the flames of the street lamps quavering.街灯在微风中摇曳着。
subject, name, title, topic
subject
意为“题目,主题”,既可以指文章、谈话、演讲等的“主要内容,主要涉及对象”,又可以指文章或演讲等的“具体名称,标题”。subject还可指学科、科目。
name
意为“名字,姓名,名称”,一般只用于人、动物或地方。
title
意为“名称,标题”,一般用于具体印发的作品、书籍。另外,一篇文章的题目如果是印出来了,那么既可以用subject又可以用title,如果在印发之前,就不能用title而要用subject,另外,title还可以作“称号,头衔”讲。
topic
一般译为“话题”,多为谈话、辩论、演讲、作文的题目。
The subject of their conversation was the war.他们谈话的主要内容是战争。
What’s the name of the film?电影的名字是什么?
The title of the article is In Search of Silence.文章的题目是“寻寂”。
Here are some topics for discussion.下面是一些讨论题目。
recall, remember, remind, recollect
这组词都有“(使„)想起”之意。
recall
意为“想起”,强调有意识地去“回忆,回想”,常与can, could等词连用,强调一次性回忆。
remember
表示“想起”,指事物自然地在记忆中出现,不强调努力或意志。
remind
表示“使„想起”,指人受到一定媒介的启发或提醒而慢慢地唤起对往事的记忆,常用在remind sb.of sth.的结构中。
recollect
意为“回想”,指把已经遗忘的事情重新想起,强调回忆过程。
I can’t recall having met him before.我记不起以前曾见到过他。
I suddenly remembered I had left the book in the library.我突然想起我把书忘在图书馆了。
Your telling me that story reminds me of another.你给我讲的故事使我想起了另一个故事。
She thought back and tried to recollect the exact wording of the letter.她回忆着,试图回想起那封信的准确字眼。
range, reach, scope, compass, scale
这是一组表示“范围”的名词,其侧重点各有不同。
range
代表的是一个可以测量的范围,在这个范围内包括一系列可变化的数量。range还特指视力、听力所能达到的距离和枪炮的射程。
reach
特指伸手可达到的距离或非常近的距离,其比喻含义指能力、权力、影响等可达到的范围。
scope
指人们所处理、研究的事物的“范围”以及所掌握、控制的“面积”。scope的比喻含义指的是所掌握的知识的宽度,即“眼界,见识”。
compass
在意义上与scope相同,是正式用语,表示活动、兴趣、能力的“界限,范围”。
scale
特指刻度、标度的范围,也指品级、级别的规模和大小的范围:
The bird now came within my range of vision.那只小鸟飞入了我的视野。
Keep the pills out of the reach of the children!把药放到孩子们够不到的地方!
Is Romanticism in the scope of your book?你的书涉及到浪漫主义吗?
Construction is not within the compass of the department.工程建设不属这个部门管辖。
This thermometer has two scales marked on it, one in Fahrenheit and the other in Centigrade.温度计上有两种刻度,一种是华氏,另一种是摄氏。
shift, move, remove, transfer
这组词均含有“移动,转移”的意思。
shift
含有“轻易地更动”或出于不正当的动机把罪过“转”到他人身上的意思。
move
应用范围很广,其中主要意思是“从一处移到另一处”。
remove
意为“拿开,移动,消除”,强调离开原来的、正常的地方或职位等做一种新的、有时是暂时的安排或改变。该词还含有把不利的东西“取消”的意思。
transfer
意为“调动,移交”,强调从一处转到另一处。
It’s no use trying to shift the blame to anybody else.想把过错推到别人身上是没用的。
Please help me move the desk to the corner.请帮我把桌子搬到墙角。
The obstacle has been removed;the two countries continued their dialogue.障碍已经排除,两国又继续对话。
The head office of the company has been transferred to New York.该公司总部已迁至纽约。
scarce, rare
这组词均含有“稀少的,少有的”的意思。
rare
强调某种东西是很少见到的,或某种现象是很少发生的,具有珍贵、贵重的意味。它的反义词是common。
scarce
形容的事物不一定有珍贵之意,而是指有些东西(通常为日用品)因匮乏或难以得到而变得稀少或缺少。它的反义词是plentiful或abundant。此外,修饰时间表示频率时,则只能用rare,而不能用scarce,此时rare的含义是“不经常发生的”
The panda is one of the rare animals in the world.熊猫是世界上稀有动物之一。
glimpse, look, sight, view
这组词都有“看,瞥见”的意思。
glance
指看一下或瞥一眼(有意识的)。
His glance silenced the audience, and he began to speak.他环视了一下,听众都不说话了,他便开始讲话。
glimpse
一般指看一眼或一瞥(无意识的)。
She caught a glimpse of her friend in the supermarket.她在超级市场里瞥见了她的朋友。
look
一般用语,表示直接用眼睛看。
Her intent look showed how much she had missed her sister.她的专心的目光说明她是多么想念她的姐姐。
sight
此词与视力和视觉有关,意指察看或视野。
She has lost sight of her dog.她看不见那条狗了。
view
常指视野,视域景色和眼界。
The tower commands a good view of the beautiful city.从这个塔上可以清楚地看到这座美丽城市的景色。
huge, enormous, immense, giant, gigantic, vast
这组词均含有“很大的”的意思。
huge
指体积和数量大得超过一定的标准,可用来形容物体,距离,程度和声音等。
They spent a huge amount of money on that villa.他们花巨款买下了那幢别墅。
enormous
着重指体积庞大,常指硕大无比,令人咋舌的事物。多用来形容形体、数量和程度,有时含有严重、紧急的意思。
The dinosaurs were enormous animals which lived on the earth long ago.恐龙是很久以前生存在地球上的巨型动物。
giant
常指身体,体积,或力量的巨大。
They took giant strides forward.他们大踏步前进。
gigantic
多用于夸张手法,强调某种事物程度的巨大、重大或极为严重,常用于隐喻。
The economy of the country has taken a gigantic leap forward.这个国家的经济有很大的飞跃。
immense
有大到不能计算的意味,常用于形容空间,也可形容程度。
This book was about the early explorers who got lost in the immense Atlantic.这本书讲的是迷失在浩瀚大西洋中的早期探险家的故事。
vast
着重指面积极为开阔,用作比喻时指阅历广、花费大等。
The lion used to live in vast areas of Africa.狮子过去生活在非洲广袤的地区。
flaw, defect, fault, mistake, error
这组词都表示“错误,缺陷”。
flaw
原意为“裂缝,裂隙”,引申为“缺点,漏洞,瑕疵”,表示存在的或出现的某种破坏了完好统一体的因素,强调对完美性或有效性的损害。
defect
意思是“欠缺,不足”,指缺乏达到完善或发挥效用所需要的东西,也常指一般的缺陷。
fault
意思是“缺点,毛病;错误,过错,责任”,一般指性格上的弱点或行为上的过失及责任。
mistake
指由于认识上的缺点而无心犯下的错误。
error
常指违反一定标准而犯的错误。mistake和error虽然常常通用,但在习惯搭配中不能互换。
如:
I can’t detect any flaw in his ingenious theory.在他的精妙理论中我找不到任何漏洞。
No one is without defects.人无完人。
She always finds fault with me.她总挑我的毛病。
I took her gloves by mistake.我错拿了她的手套。
Every man is liable to err.人人都难免犯错误。
freedom, liberty
这组词均含有“自由”的意思。
freedom
强调不受外界任何限制和约束,或者可以完全按照自己的意愿行事。
liberty
侧重于从所受的压制或压迫下解放出来。
如:
In some countries, there is no freedom of the press.在一些国家里没有新闻自由。
All the prisoners in the concentration camp wanted their liberty.集中营里所有囚犯都想得到自由。
repair, mend, fix, remedy
这组词都有“修理”的意思。
repair
意为“修理,修复”,指修理已破旧或损坏的东西,使其恢复原有的良好状况。此外,repair还可引申为“纠正,弥补,治愈”。
mend
意为“修理,修补”,是普通用语,仅指修补磨损的、破裂的、撕毁的小东西,很少用于大件物品。该词可引申为“改善,弥补,恢复健康”。
fix
意为“修理,修复”,和repair同义,两者经常换用,fix常用于美国英语中,口语色彩较浓。
remedy
意为“补救,弥补”,指对已经出现的过失及不满意的现状采取弥补措施,加以补救。
He doesn’t know how to repair the error.他不知道怎样弥补这个过失。
It’s never too late to mend.改过不嫌迟。
He tried to fix the leaking tap.他试图修漏水的水龙头。
Your faults of pronunciation can be remedied.你的发音毛病是可以矫正的。
adequate, enough, sufficient
这组词均含有“足够”的意思。
adequate
强调符合一个客观要求或标准,这个要求或标准可能不太高或不太严格。
enough
侧重份量和数量的足够。是三个词中最普通的。
sufficient
一般用于正式书面语中,且只能放在所修饰的名词前。
如:
His income is not adequate to his family’s needs.他的收入满足不了家庭需求。
Do we have enough time for a drink?我们有没有足够的时间喝点什么?
The rain is not sufficient to do any harm.这场雨不足为害。
complete, entire, total, whole
这组词都可作“完全的,全部的”讲。
complete
意为“完全的,完善的”,强调所需要的正常的部分都已具备,达到完备、无可增加的程度。
entire
意为“完全的,完整的”,可用于具体或抽象的概念,用来形容完整的、未被破坏或切割的统一体。其含义侧重物体或概念的本身,强调既不能增加,也不能减少,保持原有完整的意义。该词常用作定语。
total
意为“完全的,全部的”。强调没有任何例外,一切都被统计在内,指金钱、数量、程度等的全部,在表示抽象意义时,可与complete换用,有时也可和entire换用。
whole
意为“整个的,整体的”,强调完整、没有被忽略、遗漏或减少,此时该词和entire语义相似,只是语气稍弱,且多在口语中使用,一般多用作定语。
They own a house complete with furniture.他们拥有一幢家具齐全的房子。
The Complete Works of Tolstoy is on the shelf.《托尔斯泰全集》在书架上。
It took us an entire week to finish the work.完成这项工作花费我们整整一周时间。
He was in entire ignorance of the matter.他对这件事一无所知。
What is the total cost of the new furniture?新家具总共花了多少钱?
The new manager has a total control of the business.新任经理完全掌握公司的控制权。
The different parts were joined to form a whole group.不同的部分连接起来形成一个整体。
The whole book is on how to appreciate poetry.整个书都是关于诗歌欣赏的
aggression, invasion
这组词均含有“入侵”的意思。
aggression
主要指对别国的入侵。
invasion
指持有挑衅、敌对的企图而进行的侵占、入侵、侵犯。
如:
The Chinese government protested strongly against such barbarous aggression.中国政府强烈抗议这种野蛮的侵略行为。
The illegal search was an invasion of their civil liberties.那次非法搜查是对他们公民自由权的侵犯。
long, wish, desire, hope, expect
这组词都含有“希望”之意。
long
意为“渴望,盼望”,常与for搭配使用,有较强的感情色彩,表示对某一事物抱有热切的“希望”或强烈的“向往”。
wish
作“希望,渴望”讲,是一般用语,常用于表达过去的遗憾,对不可能达到的目标的渴求,此时常为虚拟语气。另外,还可指对别人的祝愿。
desire
意为“希望,渴望”,是正式用语,语气强于wish,指怀着急切的心情,强烈地盼望着达到某种目的,而这种殷切的希望经多方努力是可以实现的。
hope
作“希望,盼望”讲,指人期待或渴望有一定指望的事物,这种期待可能实现也可能实现不了,但常含有充满信心之意。
expect
表示“希望,期待”,指有一定的把握认为某人会做某事并期待着这种可能性的实现。
She longed to go back to the laboratory.她渴望能回到实验室。
What I like is chewing gum.I wish I had some now.我喜欢的是口香糖,真希望我现在有些口香糖。
Have you got everything that your heart desired?你一心向往的东西都有了吗?
He hoped that his extra effort on the essay would bring him a higher mark.他希望他在论文上作出的特殊努力将会使他得高分。
If I tell you to come, I expect you to come.如果我让你来,我就希望你来。
result, consequence, effect, outcome
这组词均含有“结果”的意思,指事物最后呈现的一种局面。
result
是最普通的用词,用途最广,指很多效果、后果的综合,带有“最后结果”的意味。
consequence
这个词带有贬义,一般表示一种不好的结局,常译为“后果”。
effect
与cause(原因,起因)相对,强调由某种原因直接或立即产生的结果,可译为“效果,效力,作用,影响”。
outcome
常译为“结果,结局”,常指某项活动、比赛或者悬而未决的事情最后见分晓、见输赢。
The net result of our discussions was that she agreed to take this job.我们反复商量的最终结果是她同意接受这份工作。
The high level of unemployment has produced harmful social consequences.高失业率已经造成了不良的社会后果。
The advertising campaign didn’t have much effect on sales.这次广告运动对销售未能起到多大的作用。
There were not many people who dared predict the outcome of the general election.没有人敢预测大选的结果。
prohibit, forbid, ban
这三个词皆为及物动词,表示“禁止”。
prohibit
意为“(通过法律、法令、公告、严正警告)禁止某些事情”,该词应用范围比其他两个词广,其常用结构为prohibit sb.from doing sth.。
forbid
意为“禁止”,是这三个词中最普通的词。如果我们指一般意义上的“禁止某人做某事”,就要用forbid sb.to do sth.。
ban
意为“禁止”,在这三个词中语气最强,指权威机关“正式禁止”,这种禁止可以是正面的,也可以是反面的。ban只以物作宾语,而不能以人作宾语。
The law prohibits tobacconists from selling cigarettes to children.法律禁止烟草商卖给儿童香烟。
She had been strictly forbidden to drink beer.严禁她喝啤酒。
Bicycles are banned from the new motorway.自行车禁止通行于新建的快车道。
foretell, foresee, forecast, predict
这组词均含有“预言,预测”的意思。
foretell
意为“预言,预料”,着重宣布未来的事,而不表明所预言的事情是否正确。
foresee
强调“预见,预知”,与foretell基本同义。
forecast
强调“预报”,指通过分析一些相关的信息、数据来预测。
predict
常指根据已知的事实或自然规律推断出未来的事情,可用于各种不同的场合。predict所作的预言有一定的科学性。
The Gypsy foretold that the boy would become a king.那个吉普赛人预言这个男孩将会成为国王。
The difficulties could not have been foreseen.这些困难是无法预料的。
Who can forecast what the outcome of election will be?谁能预测出选举结果?
Economists are predicting a fall in interest rate.经济专家预言利率会下降。
roughly, approximately, about, around
这组词都可表示在距离、时间、数量等方面“接近,大约”。
roughly
意为“粗略,大约”,经常用来代替approximately或about。该词常含有随便、草率的意味。
approximately
作“近于,接近”讲,表示精确程度非常接近某一标准,其误差极小甚至可忽略不计。
about
作“大约”讲,可与approximately互相使用,但它不如前者那样强调对精确度的接近,但它后面的数或量都是明确的,没有“多少不定”的意思,如,不可说“about more than two”。
around
意为“大约”,有时用于非正式场合,可以代替about或approximately
Roughly speaking, I think we are heading for the depression.大体说来,我认为我们正走向萧条。
It was approximately 100°F in the shade.在荫凉处温度约为华氏100度。
There are about 60 people in the room.这房间里大约有60个人。
He went to bed around midnight.他大约半夜才去睡觉。
accumulate, amass
这组词均含有“累积,积聚”的含义。
accumulate
强调一点一点地连续积累,从而积聚成堆。
amass
往往用于价高或量大的积聚。
The accumulated evidence isn’t enough to ensure his conviction.已收集到的证据还不足以给他定罪。
My savings are accumulating interest.我的储蓄不断生息。
Fat will be accumulated in your body if you stop doing sports.如果你停止运动,脂肪就会积聚于体内。
A speculator may try to amass great wealth.投机商会想方设法积聚钱财。
assemble, collect, gather
这组词均含有“收集,聚集”的意思。
assemble
指为了一定目的把即将分散的人或物集合为一个整体。
gather
是一般用语,指将分散的东西聚集在一起。用于人时表示“聚集,集中”之意。
collect
与gather通用,指按计划进行收集整理,其对象一般是物,偶尔也用于人,意为“集合”。
Assemble your papers and put them in this file.把你的论文收集起来,放在这个文件夹里。
You must gather the students to your side.你必须把学生团结到你这一边来。
People gathered in crowds on the street waiting for the news of victory.人们成群结队地聚集在街上,等待着胜利的消息。
trust, believe, believe in, confide
这组词均含有“打破”或“挤碎”的意思。
trust
是“信任”的意思,指信任某人的内在品质、人格、能力等,也可指“信赖”事物。trust后面接不定式的复合结构(trust sb.to do sth.),表示“放心让某人做某事,相信某人会”。另外,trust后面常跟介词in,也表示“相信,信赖”之意。
believe
后面常接名词、代词或that从句,接that从句时常表示“认为”的意思。
believe in
是“信任,信仰”的意思,常指相信某一理论或信仰某一宗教等,也指相信某事物或某人的更为本质的、内在的东西,或相信某事物的存在。
confide
是指信赖某人以致可以与之倾吐心腹话或内心的秘密。confide作及物动词时,常用在“confide sth.to sb.”;作不及物动词时,后面常与介词in连用,表示信赖某人,对某人讲真话。
A forgetful man should not trust his memory, but should write things down in a notebook.一个健忘的人不应相信自己的记忆力,而该把事情记在记事本上。
You can’t trust him to do anything right.你什么事也别指望他能做好。
She didn’t trust in her son’s ability to look after himself.她不相信儿子有能力照顾自己。
I find it impossible to believe a single word you say.我发现你的每句话都难以置信。
Is he really coming? I can hardly believe my ears.他真的要来吗?我简直不敢相信我的耳朵。
I don’t believe in his honesty.我不相信他诚实。
They don’t believe in ghosts.他们不相信有鬼神。
She confided her trouble to her friend.她把自己的烦恼告诉了朋友。
refuse, reject, decline, deny, repel
这组词均含有“打破”或“挤碎”的意思。
refuse
是表示“拒绝”这一概念的最普通的用词,语气比decline强,含有非常坚决地、不客气地拒绝的意味。refuse作及物动词时,后面常常接名词或代词表示被拒绝的对象,跟不定式表示拒绝做某事。作不及物动词时,refuse可单独使用。
reject
意为“拒不接受,不采纳”,语气比refuse更强,强调抛弃、丢弃,有时可翻译为“抵制,驳回”。
该词还常常表示由于客观条件不符合规定的标准而遭到拒绝。reject后通常只接名词或代词。decline
常常翻译为“辞谢,婉言谢绝”,指有礼貌地、语气委婉地拒绝,主要用于拒绝有关社交活动的邀请或请求等。
deny
常常作“否认,否定”讲,其后可接名词、代词、动名词或that从句。另外,deny也可作“拒绝给予”讲,这时多接双宾语,即用在deny sb.sth.结构中,并且可以与refuse互换,不过语气要比refuse更坚决。
repel
指“拒绝接受”,甚至含“抵制”的意思,语气比reject强。
It is the stupid who refuse to be taught by mistake.只有蠢人才拒绝从错误中吸取教训。
The patient’s body rejected the heart transplant.病人的身体对心脏移植有排斥反应。
She declined to have lunch with us, saying that she wasn’tfeeling well.她说身体不适而婉言谢绝与我们共进午餐。
He doesn’t dare to deny the charges, does he?他不敢否认这些指控。
embarrass, puzzle, perplex, confuse, bewilder
这组词皆有“使„困惑”的意思,都可作及物动词,常以无生命的词作主语;以有生命的词作主语时,常用被动语态。
embarrass
指“使„困惑,使„窘迫,使„为难”,含有令人不快、为难和内心混乱的意味。
puzzle
意为“使„迷惑”,指某一复杂的事件或困难难于被理解。
perplex
指“使„疑惑”,和puzzle同义,但比puzzle更为庄重,还含有“使„杂乱,使„疑虑,使„不安,使„不知如何决定”的意思。
confuse
指“使„混乱,使„糊涂”,强调使人因混淆而不知所措。
bewilder
“使„混乱,使„着慌,使„发愣”,语气最重,表示糊涂到无法思考的地步。
It embarrasses me even to think about my foolish behavior.哪怕是想一想我愚蠢的行为,我都感到困窘不安。
Her illness has puzzled all the doctors.她的病把所有的医生都难住了。
I have been puzzling my brains about this question for weeks now.对这个问题我已经苦苦思索了几个星期了。
His strange behavior had greatly perplexed her.他奇怪的行为使她大为困惑。
We were perplexed to learn of your decision.我们听说了你们的决定,感到困惑不解。
They asked so many questions that they confused me(that I got confused).他们问了我很多问题,把我都给弄糊涂了。
Don’t confuse Austria with(and)Australia.不要把奥地利与澳大利亚弄混了。
She was bewildered to find them gone.发现他们已经离去,她愣住了。
choose, select, pick out
这组词皆有“选择”之意。
choose在这三个词中是最常用的,可以表示进行一般的“选择”,有时也可以表示“决择”,它较侧重意志和判断。
select和pickout 而select和pick out通常指在三者或三者以上中作出选择。
select比 pick out 更为正式,select通常指经过慎重考虑而作出的选择select和choose有时可以通用,主要不同在于:choose往往指以个人的好恶或对个人是否合适为标准来“选择”,而select则更加强调被“选择”的事物在客观上的优劣。
choose有“选定之后就要坚持从事”的意思,而select则没有此意,例如在选择一生的职业、事业及爱人等时,只能用choose而不能用select。
choose一般指在两者之间作出选择,有时也可指在三者之间作出选择。
The samples are for you to choose from.这些样品供你挑选。
Most of the delegates to the conference are selected from model workers.出席大会的大多数人是从工人模范中挑选出来的。
The couples decide to choose gardening as their profession.这对夫妇决定选择园艺作为他们的职业。
Mary spent three hours picking out a red skirt at the store.玛丽花了三个小时在店里挑了一条红裙子。
energy, force, power, strength, vigor, might
这组词都有“力”的意思。
energy
有“力,力量,精力”之意,原是物理学用语,其含义是“能”的意思,用于人时,指人的能力、精力。
force
有“力,力量”和“势力,武力”之意,指运用或发挥出来的力量,着重“力”产生的效果,即使人或物克服阻力,按要求的方向运动,达到一定目的。
power
有“力量,能力,权力”之意,含义广泛,可指内存的或外来的、具体的或抽象的力,可引申为“势力,政权”。
strength
有“力量,体力”之意,指人或物内部存在的力量,除指人身体的力气外,还可指感情、意志、记忆、判断等能力,指物时可指法律、风俗、文笔以及舆论等的力量。该词一般做不可数名词。
vigor
有“活力,力量”之意,侧重生命的活力或生命本身内在的力量,可指“精力,干劲”等,是不可数名词。
might
有“力量,威力”之意,指强有力的、强大的、超人的力量,是不可数名词。
The work took me a lot of energy.这工作花费了我很多精力。
The old man pulled the wagon with all his force.老人用尽全力拉货车。
The man has strong desire for power.这人渴望拥有权力。
These two boys are equal in strength.这两个男孩力气相等。
It is patriotism that gives the vigor of her writings.是爱国主义精神使她的作品充满生命力。
She worked with all her might.她竭尽全力地工作。