英语科技论文翻译

第一篇：英语科技论文翻译

3G TECHNOLOGY Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the 3G TECHNOLOGY of representative technologies this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study.Therefore, control this technology and then seem to be more to deliver the importance.Now I mainly introduce some knowledge of the 3G TECHNOLOGY.Keywords GPRS, TD-SCDMA，WCDMA , EDGE ,CDMA2000 , WAP , SYMBIAN G, the third Generation, known as the Chinese meaning is refers to the third Generation of digital communication.The growth of the global 3G was rapidly in recent years.From 2002 to 2008, the 3 G operators have been gradually from the original is pale and management to the accelerated development.By June 2008, global 3 G users accumulative total up to 709 million, the total 84 countries and regions issued 3 G licenses, including effective certificate for 249 copies.Our country of 3 G development is relatively later than the advanced countries.In 2009, China was officially forward 3 G time.In the economic crisis of the downturn state，China's ministry of information industry issued three third generation mobile communication(3 G)license for China mobile, China telecom and China Unicom.China Mobile use our country with independent intellectual property rights of the 3 G standard TD-SCDMA , China Telecom get CDMA2000 license and China Unicom WCDMA license.2009 as China 3 G formal first commercial.Although the technology behind 3G may seem complicated, the ways in which 3G will affect all of our lives are easy to imagine.Just imagine having a combined camera, video-camera, computer, stereo, and radio included in your mobile phone.Rich-media information and entertainment will be at your fingertips whenever you want anywhere there is a wireless network.Mobile communication is moving from simple voice to rich media, where we use more of our senses to intensify our experiences.But not all of this will happen at once.3G is an evolution to a communications ideal that no one completely understands yet.What we do know is that mobile multimedia will hit the Japanese markets in 2001, and Europe and North America will follow soon after.3G brings together high-speed radio access and IP-based services into one, powerful environment.The step towards IP is vital.IP is packet-based, which in simple terms, means users can be “on line” at all times, but without having to pay until we actually send or receive data.The connectionless nature of IP also makes access a lot faster: file downloads can take a few seconds and we can be connected to our corporate network with a single click.3G introduces wideband radio communications, with access speeds of up to 2Mbit/s.Compared with today's mobile networks, 3G will significantly boost network capacityAt home 3G is going to affect our home and social lives in many ways.The services that 3G enables will help us to manage our personal information, simplify tasks such as grocery shopping, make better use of our time and offer services that are just fun to use.Operators will be able to develop myriad new service opportunities to attract and retain new customers.Here are some examples:

· You're sitting on a train and use this “dead” time to log on to your bank account, check your balance and pay a few billsAt work

3G will not just support the needs of businesspeople who travel a lot, but will also help new, flexible working practices, such as home-working and remote access to corporate networks outside traditional working hours.Businesspeople are often high-volume airtime users, so they represent a big opportunity for mobile operators.Here are some examples:

·

At work you receive a message from your “smart” refrigerator at home.The message tells you that certain items need restocking and an order has already been prepared for the local grocery store, which you can approve, so that your groceries are ready to collect on the way home.·

You are on the road, and urgently need to discuss a draft presentation with a number of colleagues back in the office.Pulling into a service station, you use your 3G device to hold a telephone conference with your colleagues and, at the same time, you can all view the draft presentation and make changes on line.·

A maintenance engineer is repairing some equipment on a client's premises and hits a problem.Using his 3G device, he contacts his department and downloads a demonstration video that guides him through the repair process.TECHNOLOGY 3G brings together two powerful forces: wideband radio communications and IP-based services.Together, these lay the groundwork for advanced Mobile Internet services, including personalized portals, “infotainment”, mobile commerce and unified messaging-encompassing high-speed data, superior quality voice and video and location-based services.Making 3G a reality depends on technology developments in different areas.These include

amendments to the radio interface to support wideband communications and in the core network.Supporting technologies, such as WAP and Bluetooth, also have an important role to play.This section provides a brief overview of some of the main technologies and developments involved.Ericsson supports all of these technologies and has played an active role in their development.·GPRS General Packet Radio Service(GPRS)is an enhancement to existing GSM and TDMA networks that introduces packet data transmission, enabling “always on” mobility.This means that users can choose to be permanently logged on to e-mail, Internet access and other services, but do not have to pay for these services unless sending or receiving information.When EDGE is added to GPRS, these data rates will increase up to 384kbit/s.GPRS will be implemented by adding new packet data nodes and upgrading existing nodes to provide a routing path for packet data between the mobile terminal and a gateway node.The gateway node will provide interworking with external packet data networks for access to the Internet and intranets.Benefits:

·Faster data speeds and “always on” mobility ·Almost instantaneous connection set-up

·Connection to an abundance of data sources around the world, through support for multiple protocols, including IP

·A step towards full 3G services.·TD-SCDMA All called Time Division-Synchronous CDMA , this standard is formulated by mainland China alone the 3 G standard.On June 29, 1999, the China telecom science and technology and telecommunications research institute(Datang Telecom)to the ITU, but technical invention father put forward in Siemens AG.TD-SCDMA has the characteristics of low radiation, known as the green 3 G.This standard will intelligent wireless, synchronous CDMA and software radio today the international leading technology into which, in spectrum use efficiency, the business support for flexibility, frequency flexibility and cost, and other aspects of the unique advantages.In addition, because of the huge market in China, the standard by the major telecommunications equipment manufacturer to the attention of the world, more than half of the equipment factory now announced that can support TD-SCDMA standards.This standard is made after 2.5 of the intermediate links, and the generation of directly to the 3 G transition, so it is suitable to GSM system to 3 G to upgrade.Military communication network is the core of TD-SCDMA task.·WCDMA

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access(WCDMA)is a wideband radio technique that provides far higher data rates than other radio techniques available today, up to 2Mbit/s, and highly efficient use of radio spectrum.The higher bandwidth that WCDMA provides will deliver the full potential of 3G.For example，WCDMA allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.WCDMA is fully compliant with IMT-2000 and is the air interface technology for standards in the 2GHz bandwidth(the IMT-2000 core band), known as UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)in Europe and ARIB(Association of Radio Industry Businesses)in Japan.Ericsson has been at the forefront of WCDMA development.The company delivered an experimental WCDMA system to NTT DoCoMo in Japan back in 1998.Ericsson has also set up WCDMA test systems around the world.At 2000, Ericsson announced its first family of WCDMA base stations.·EDGE

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution(EDGE)enables GSM and TDMA operators to offer 3G services using existing network frequencies.By making changes and additions to standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.·CDMA2000 CDMA2000 is a decidedly efficient 3G standard for the delivery of high bandwidth data and high capacity voice services.The evolution of the cdma2000 standard will enable mobile systems to offer data throughputs of 2 Mbit/sec and beyond.The higher bandwidth that cdma2000 provides will deliver the full potential of 3G.For example, cdma2000 also allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.CDMA2000 is fully compliant with IMT-2000 requirements for 3G.CDMA2000 will be implemented in the existing frequency bands of CMDA and TDMA at 800 and 1900 MHz, as well as in new spectrum at 2GHz in Japan.Ericsson is a leader in cdma2000 development, and a key driver in the standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.·Bluetooth

Bluetooth is an open standard for two-way, short-wave radio communications between different devices.It marks the end of cables and cords between mobile phones, palmtops, portable PCs and printers, for example.Furthermore, Bluetooth enables information between such devices to be synchronized.Diary information held on a PDA can be updated automatically when within range of a Bluetooth-enabled PC.Bluetooth is also going to be important for machine-to-machine communicationshundreds of companies are members of the worldwide WAP Forum。The latest version of the WAP standard, WAP 1.2.1, has recently been launched.Our dedicated WAP consutants are ready to assist operators and service providers sharpen their competitive edge.They help today's businesses adapt to the new economy and create cost-effective, innovative ways to communicate with customers.What will 3G give us

People will enjoy the 3G time what services it provide, the image of that, 3G is video conference on that plane;3G is patients receive timely assistance of medical experts;3G is fans will not miss the NBA basketball game;3G is to share with friends your beautiful vacation in Hawaii.· more and more 3G video phone

All along, we use QQ, MSN chat with friends remotely.As the mobile data transfer rate, image processing, transmission, mainly the acceptance of such display devices makes mobile video chat stranded.3G time to rely on high-speed 3G data transmission network, which 3G mobile phone users can “face to face” conversation.Through mobile video, As far away from the mother via cell phone together, were falling through the mobile phone lovers can meet again.·3G Push into the mobile phone shopping blowout Use the mobile internet shopping is a new way to shop, mobile shopping not only will be able to let consumer buy goods but also makes the satisfaction convenient for consumers to pick and choose goods compared with the constant.With the improvement of China's 3G network , more and more users will choose to phone shopping patterns.China's mobile phone shop will grow rapidly in a period.Online businesses not only include clothing, books, cell phones, toys, audio-visual products and other daily goods put on the network shelf, cars, laptop computers, jewelry and other luxury goods are also options for the list.One need only log out of 3G mobile phone shopping website of product information, we can buy our favorite items.Online shopping is not only cheaper than the mall , better able to send home delivery.If not satisfied can return on schedule, on-line business integrity committed to ensuring that the consumer's shopping safety.·Broadband Internet access to mobile phones to be a “small computer” Although China has just begun the road to 3G, broadband internet access business has been a bright spot, we can send and receive voice messages on the phone, write a blog, chat, search, download and so on, as well as top-notch services such as online games, mobile navigation, online chat and so on.·the key to the Mobile Office-OA system Although compared with traditional office, automation system greatly improves the working efficiency.However, the limitations of the region's OA system is limited to local area network applications, this office brings to enterprises a lot of inconvenience.Mobile office can keep in touch with units and complete work in anytime and at anywhere.3G mobile phones can download and install office, java and other office software, office software and hardware will be the traditional “compression” in the palm of a large mobile phone.·LCD TVs will be included in Mobile TV Mobile TV is to use with the operating system and streaming video-enabled smart phones to watch TV business.It is a multimedia that use CMMB technology, whether it is GPRS mobile phone or CD-MA1X phone, need to be equipped with mobile terminal operating system to install the appropriate player software.TV programs from the corresponding mobile communication company or by the corresponding SP to organize and deliver.Despite the development of a thriving scene 3G, but because mobile streaming media software, smooth video images and other technical aspects of picture quality there are some problems, Mobile TV strides also takes some time.3G技术

摘要：

21世纪是信息经济的时代，作为这个时代的代表技术，3G技术将在非常快的速度发展很快，不断创造性地将进入人们的工作，学习和生活中深。因此，控制这种技术，然后似乎更有重要性。现在，我主要介绍一些3G技术的知识。

关键字：探地雷达，TD-SCDMA，WCDMA，边缘，CDMA2000，桅索制动器，操作系统使用的手机设备

3G，全称为3rd Generation，中文含义就是指第三代数字通信。全球3G近年来快速成长，从2002年到2008年，全球3G运营商已经逐步从最初的惨淡经营转为现在的加速发展，截止2008年6月，全球3G用户累计已达到7.09亿，全球共有84个国家和地区发放了3G许可证，其中有效证为249张。

我国3G发展相对先进国家比较晚，2009年我国才正式迈进3G时代，在经济危机低迷的状态下，2009年1月7日，中国工业和信息化部为中国移动、中国电信和中国联通发放3张第三代移动通信（3G）牌照。中国移动使用我国具有自主知识产权的3G标准TD-SCDMA，中国电信获得CDMA2000牌照，中国联通获得WCDMA牌照。2009年成为中国3G正式商用年。

虽然在 3 G 后面的技术可能很复杂, 但是3 G 将会在我们生活中产生的影响是我们可以想象的。仅仅想像在你的行动电话中加入照相机、摄像机、计算机、音响以及收音机功能。这样，无论何时何地你都将能够通过无线网络获得大量的媒体信息和娱乐。

移动通信正在由单一的语音通信向多媒体方向发展,通过此途径来加深我们对外界的感觉。

但不是这全部都将立刻发生。至今为止没有一个人能够完全掌握3G的发展的进程。我们唯一确信的是2001年多媒体移动通信将冲击日本市场，而且欧洲和北美也将很快发展多媒体通信市场。

3G在带来高速的语音通路之外还集以IP为基础的服务为一身,有强大的发展环境。向IP方向发展是至关重要的。IP技术是以简单的数据包传输为基础的, 可以使用户同时上网，但是不必花钱除了我们发送或接收数据。IP 的自然无连接性可以大大提高存取速率: 文件下载只需要很短的时间，而且只需轻轻一点就能和网络连接上。

3G采用多频率通信技术,并且达到 2 Mbit/s 的通路速度。与现在的移动网络相比较,3G将会极大的提高网络容量-因此将能够支持更多的使用者, 同时能够提供更多复杂的服务。3 GSynchronous CDMA(时分同步CDMA)，该标准是由中国大陆独自制定的3G标准，1999年6月29日，中国原邮电部电信科学技术研究院（大唐电信）向ITU提出，但技术发明始祖于西门子公司，TD-SCDMA具有辐射低的特点，被誉为绿色3G。该标准将智能无线、同步CDMA和软件无线电等当今国际领先技术融于其中，在频谱利用率、对业务支持具有灵活性、频率灵活性及成本等方面的独特优势。另外，由于中国内的庞大的市场，该标准受到各大主要电信设备厂商的重视，全球一半以上的设备厂商都宣布可以支持TD—SCDMA标准。该标准提出不经过2.5代的中间环节，直接向3G过渡，非常适用于GSM系统向3G升级。军用通信网也是TD-SCDMA的核心任务。· WCDMA

宽带码分多址接入技术(WCDMA)提供的数据传送速率远远大于现在我们采用的通信方式,提供高达2Mbit/s的传输速率, 大大提高了光纤对语音信号的传输率。3G提供更宽的带宽是3G中存在的巨 大的潜能。例如，WCDMA能够使语音信号、视频信号和数据同时进行传输。

WCDMA完全遵照了IMT-2000提出的2GHz带宽标准(IMT-2000中心带宽),就像是在欧洲采用的UMTS(全球的移动传输系统)和日本采用的ARIB(语音信号工业标准联盟)。

爱立信在WCDMA的研发方面走在了前列。公司早在1988年就在日本为移动通信网络开始了WCDMA的实验活动。爱立信已经在全球建立了WCDMA的测试系统。在2000年，爱立信

宣布了他建立了WCDMA的基站。·EDGE 全球革命性的提高传输速率将是原来的GSM和TSMA运营商利用现有的设备提供3G服务。通过制定新的通信附加标准来对无线通信和网络中枢进化标准化,同时改革所有的IP业务和多媒体网络。· cdma2000 cdma2000对于提高宽带传输速率和递送高质量的语音服务无疑是3G标准最有效率的。cdma2000标准的发展将会使移动通信系统能够提供2Mbit/sec的数据传输率甚至超过这个标准。cdma2000提供的带宽向我们展示了3G的潜能。举例来说，cdma2000允许同时的传输多组声音图像数据。

cdma2000完全融合了IMT-2000标准，并且满足了3G的标准。cdma2000可以通过现有的CMDA和TDMA在800到1900 MHz的频段上实现,就像日本在2GHz的光谱中实现。

爱立信是cdma2000研发的先行者,它制定了对无线通信和网络中枢进行改革的新标准,同时也提出了对IP和多媒体网络进行改革的意见。· 蓝牙

蓝牙是在不同的装置之间进行双通道短波传输的公开标准。举例来说,它的出现标志着通过电缆进行移动通信连接掌上电脑或笔记本电脑的时代已经过去。此外，蓝牙能够说数据传输同步化。存储在智能数字助理上的日程表可以在个人计算机中蓝牙能够达到范围里面自动更新。蓝牙将成为通信领域中用于不同设备之间传输数据最重要的手段，同时它也将成为发展最快的发展领域。

蓝牙技术是终端和其他设备使用移动通信网络的关键。蓝牙即可应用到现在的2G网络也可以支持3G系统,它将会在未来的移动通信中占据越来越重要的地位。爱立信已经研制出了蓝牙装置,包括T36蓝牙手机和蓝牙掌上设备。

蓝牙是由爱立信公司首先研制的,但现在蓝牙主要是由一个特殊的世界组织来主管。此技术已在所有电信器械生产商、计算机制造商以及芯片制造商中普及。· Symbian Symbian是一个被包括爱立信，诺基亚，摩托罗拉和 Psion公司共同投资的项目。Symbian的目标是通过以下两种方式提高其在移动通信市场的份额: · 第一, 通过发展软件的核心，优化系统结构，进一步的研发手机通信设备工具(例如个人数传助手，小巧的手机和通信器材)。

· 第二,制定移动设备传输信息的标准。Symbian的EPOC操作系统已经研制成功，而且爱立信已经在R380中使用了EPOC操作系统。· 无线传输通讯协定

无线传输通讯协定(无线传输通讯协定)是一个全球性的协议，是通过移动设备访问英特网的公开标准。它可以使用户通过移动设备例如手机和便携设备访问整个移动网络和受据库服务商,不用用不同的设备完成这些任务。

无线传输通讯协定允许统过建立“无线传输通讯协定微型浏览器”组织电话信息的方向, 同样地网络浏览器经由英特网-个人计算机提供在线服务。典型地，无线传输通讯协定监控屏将会显示各种不同的服务或数据入口的若干超链接。

和采用无线传输通讯协定的手机一样,爱立信也已经宣布研制出一种无线传输通讯协定来服务开发者的装备(WapIDE)和无线传输通讯协定出入口/代理,用移动的网络在英特网和局域网络环境中来桥接无线传输通讯协定申请和服务。除此之外，爱立信提供应用专利, 像是爱立信本土化了英特网(ELI)给本地服务 , 提供时间和发展环境给无线传输通讯协定申请的无线传输通讯协定应用服务商。

爱立信是无线传输通讯协定论坛的四个最初成员之一。自从 1997 以后，当它成立的时候, 无线传输通讯协定论坛已经得到广泛的工业厂商的支持，他们大部分都是是世界无线传输通讯协定论坛的成员。最新版的无线传输通讯协定标准，无线传输通讯协定 1.2.1,刚刚被开发出来。

我们将尽全力来推进无线传输通讯协定，准备协助运营商和服务提供商在竞争中处与更有利的地位。这有助于我们调整现今的业务来适应新经济的发展，更有效的利用资源，用创新的方法与客户沟通。

3G能给我们带来什么

3G时代人们将会享受到他为我们提供的哪些服务呢，形象的说，3G就是飞机上的视频会议；3G就是病人接受及时救助的医学专家；3G就是篮球迷不会错过的NBA比赛；3G就是与朋友共享你在夏威夷的美好假期。· 视频手机因3G勃兴而扬帆启航

一直以来，我们通过QQ、MSN等视频聊天功能，与亲朋好友进行远程视频聊天。由于手机数据传输速率、图像处理传输、接受显示设备等达不到要求使得手机视频聊天搁浅。3G时代依靠3G网络的数据高速传输，从而3G手机用户可以“面对面”交谈。通过手机视频，相距万水千山的母子能够通过手机相聚，分别日久的恋人能够通过手机重逢。· ３Ｇ推动手机购物进入井喷期

用手机上网购物是一种新的购物方式，手机购物不仅让消费者足不出户就能买到满意商品 更使得消费者能够方便快捷的对商品进行挑选比较，随着我国3G网络的不断完善，越来越多的用户将会选择手机购物模式。我国的手机购物将会迎来一个高速增长期。

网上商家不仅将服装、图书、手机、玩具、音像制品等日常商品摆上网络货架，汽车、笔记本电脑、珠宝等高档商品也在备选之列。人们只要拿出３Ｇ手机登陆购物网站查询商品信息，就能够买到心仪的物品。网上购物价格不仅比商场便宜，更能够送货到家，如果不满意可以按期退货，网上商家诚信承诺保证了消费者的购物安全。· 宽带上网使手机成为“小电脑”

虽然中国的3G之路刚刚开始，宽带上网已是亮点业务，我们能在手机上收发语音邮件、写博客、聊天、搜索、下载等，还有拔尖业务，如网络游戏、手机导航、网上聊天等。· 手机办公—OA系统桎梏开启的钥匙

传统自动化办公系统虽然较之从前大大提高了办公效率，然而区域的局限使的 OA系统仅限于应用局域网，这给企事业单位办公带来了很多的不方便。手机办公可以随时随地与单位的信息系统保持联系，完成办公功能越来越受到人们的青睐。３Ｇ手机可以下载安装office、java等办公软件，将传统办公软硬件“压缩”在手掌大的手机上。· 手机电视将液晶电视收入囊中

手机电视是利用具有操作系统和流媒体视频功能的智能手机观看电视的业务，它是利用CMMB技术推出的便携式的移动的多媒体，不管是 GPRS手机还是CD－

MA1X手机，都需要在装有操作系统的手机终端上安装相应的播放软件，而相应的电视节目则由移动通信公司或者通过相应的SP来组织和提供。尽管３Ｇ发展一片欣欣向荣的景象，然而由于手机流媒体软件，视频影像的流畅、画面质量等技术方面存有问题，手机电视大踏步前进还需要时日。

河南科技学院

信息工程082班

零三七八作品

第二篇：科技英语-翻译

1.If you are successful, you won’t have to go ask for a raise or accept what you’re given or worry about being turned out when a younger version of yourself comes along.如果你是成功的，你就不用请求加薪，不必勉强接受所给予你的，无需担心年轻的你一路走来会达到什么成就

2.What about development aid to give local people economic alternatives to cutting forests and plowing over the land? That kind of funding is difficult to come by.关于发展援助给当地居民经济替代切割森林和耕作土地怎么样？这样的资金得来不易

3.He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance.他是不可能真正快乐的，如果被社会强迫做自己不喜欢做的事情,又或者喜欢做的事情被社会所忽略、被认为是毫无价值、不重要的。

4.Perhaps even more daunting, in the face of Internet-wide virus attacks, is the realization that we will depend in larger and larger measure on the network’s functioning reliably.面对网络大范围内的病毒攻击，但是我们会越来越依赖于网络的功能，这使得我们更加沮丧

5.In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations, the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks?

在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家，问题比较简单，也更加紧迫：生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢?

6.Once infected, your money will be transferred to an additional account opened by the virus program without anybody knowing it.一旦感染,你的钱就会转移到所建立的其他帐户上了病毒程序的没有任何人知道。

7.Petroleum is believed to be produced naturally from dead animals and vegetable matter at the bottoms of shallow seas and swamps.石油被认为是脱离死动物和植物物质的底部的浅海区,沼泽地自然的产生。

8.Either party that disagrees to the arbitration may file a law suit at the people’s court.任何反对仲裁的一方都可以向法院提出诉讼。

9.Planning involves setting the firm’s objectives over a period of time and deciding on methods to achieve these objectives.规划包括制定公司阶段性目标并决定达到这些目标的方法策略。

10.If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way, it might be impossible to get close to a full solution by investigating parts of the problem in isolation.如果宇宙中所有的东西都取决于其他所有在一个基本的方式,有可能无法接近一个完整的解决问题的部分，是孤立的。

11.But genetically modified, virus-resistant crops can reduce that damage, as can drought-tolerant seeds in regions where water shortages limit the amount of land under cultivation.但是转基因、抗病毒的庄稼可以减轻损失，就如因水资源短缺限制了耕地数量的地区使用耐旱种子一样。

12.In most consumer countries, oil has also dominated national economies, as a major component of imports and thus substantially affecting balances of payments.在大多数的消费者国家、油也占主导地位,作为一个国家经济的重要组成部分,从而大大影响进口国际收支平衡。

13.Whethe they survey children or adults, researchers find that active people are happier than sofa jockeys, and less prone to depression and suicide.通过儿童及成人的调查,研究人员发现,积极的人比沙发的赛马骑手更快乐,以及不易抑郁和自杀。

14.Choices are usually limited: find a good job in the small business world, stand in line at unemployment, or accept a cut in pay and benefits.机会总是有限的： 在一个小公司找一份好工作，排队等待下岗，或接受减薪。

15.Crude oil price increases have significantly contributed to the growth of inflation, and with it recession and mass unemployment.原油价格的显著上涨,导致了通货膨胀,并且造成了危机,使大量工人失业。

16.In order to talk about the nature of the universe and to discuss the questions such as whether it has a beginning or an end, you have to be clear about what a scientific theory is.为了要讨论宇宙的本质和讨论这个问题，例如:是否有一个开始或结束时,你必须要清楚地了解什么是科学理论。

17.The oil emergency system was set up to offset major disruptions that threatened the global economy and stability, not to manage prices and the commodity cycle.油应急体系的建立主要是为抵消中断全球经济和稳定的威胁,而不是价格管理和商品周期。

1.他虽然学识渊博，但对这种生物科技引起的情况他也不知道如何应付。(for all)

2.只要不断努力，你早晚都会学好俄语的。(sooner or later)

If you keep trying, you will learn Russian sooner or later.3.那位新的候选人决定参加竞选时，竞争对手们的竞选活动均已达到高潮

4.这在很大程度上将取决于她对这一难题的反应。(depend on)

It depends a lot on her reaction to the problem.6.我上大学时只能靠粗茶淡饭过活。(live on)

I had to live on bread and water when I was a college student.7.中国是一个富产宝贵的自然资源—原油的国家。(be rich in)

8.我祖母的故乡位于纽约和芝加哥之间的某个小镇上。(inbetween)

My grandmother's hometown in New York and Chicagobetween a small town

9.不管怎样，在我们对人类对环境的影响做出科学的评估之前，仍有很长的一段路要走。(in any case)

10.跟其他同学不同，她花了近一个月时间才适应了大学生活。

(different from)

Different from other students, she spent nearly a month time to adapt to life at university.11.他所提的改进意见对我们很有价值。

(carry weight with)

His suggestions carry a lot of weight with us.12.人们赞扬这部电影中的男女主角在面临极大的灾难时表现出的英雄气概。

(in the face of)

13.这个数学问题远不像你一开始所想的那么复杂。(far from)

The maths problem is far from first you think so complicated

14.穷人的声音不被理睬，因为政府只制定对富人有益的政策。（tune out）

15、但欧洲花了很长时间才对中国的崛起醒悟过来

16、一些鸟类栖息地的迁移也与气候变暖的趋势一致。

17、在这个试验中，这种基因改造过的玉米将接受有意的危险性测试。

18、他们感到现在的一套对他们益处不大，所以多过去很留恋。

19、中国西部有着丰富的土地和资源，具有很大的开发潜力

20、显然，我们难以招募到素质好的职员

21、我对这部电影里的任何角色都难以认同。

22、油气圈闭层由顶层、储集层和底层岩石组成23、当你在实验中看到那样的东西时，你会知道你会有所发现。

24、他们还提供给我们一些关于为什么身体健康的人比其他人更易于受到感染的线索。

25、采访者会连珠炮式地提出很多问题而不给你很多思考答案的时间。

26、我们不应该仅仅关注学者和研究者的著作能否对社会作出贡献。

27、他会看天文星象运行，加以估算及预测。

28、原有道路宽度不合规定者，应一律逐渐拓宽。

29、那个国家已处在生死存亡的关头。

30、我反对该项计划，理由是花费太大。

31、现在石油化工成品占所有化学制品的四分之一

第三篇：科技英语阅读翻译

Before any evidence can be introduced in support of the topic at hand, the definition of invention must be established.Legally, an invention is a new, useful, and non-obvious process, machine, or product.Maurice Fabre, author of A History of Land

Transportation(1963), offered an interesting take on the automobile and its inventor.“who, for that matter ,can say who invented the automobile? Was it Cugnot with his lumbering 'fardier' of 1769? Was it Trevithick with his steam carriage of 1801, or Benz or Daimler with their first successful internal combustion gasoline engine cars of 1886?It depends what you mean by an automobile.” in the year 2001, what do we consider the automobile to be ? I invite the reader to take a minute to look out the window.I see a street lined with cars.Many of these cars possess similar shapes and sizes.In fact, some of them are the same make and model, only different colors.What does this tell us about the modern automobile? The modern automobile is not a single vehicle;it is a collection of millions of cars designed for utilization by a mass market.In fact, we could argue that the modern automobile is a giant technological system that entails a way of life.Entire economies depend on this automobile.Engineers design the components, machinists manufacture the components, assemblers assemble the components into complete systems, truck drivers deliver the assembled product, and salesmen sell the product to the masses.This brief description does not even account for the office

workers who handle logistics and maintain financial accounts, or the separate companies that mine raw materials or design and manufacture the needed machine tools.What would the economy of the United States be like without the modern automobile?

Obviously, the modern automobile and self propelled vehicle are necessarily the same.翻译：在任何证据被介绍来支持这个主题以前，必须建立发明的定义。从法律意义上来说,一项发明是一个新的、有用的创造性工艺、机器、或产品。Maurice Fabre的《陆运的历史》(1963)提供了一个有趣的汽车和其发明者。“关于那件事,谁可以说是谁发明了汽车吗?是1769年笨拙的柯诺特吗? 这是1801年特里维西克他的蒸汽运输车,或奔驰或戴姆勒的首次成功或1886年克莱斯勒的内部燃烧汽油引擎的汽车吗?那要看你怎么说一辆汽车。“在2001年,我们认为什么是汽车呢?我请读者花一分钟的时间往窗外看。我看到了街两旁的汽车。这些汽车具有相似的形状和大小。事实上,他们中的一些是相同的厂牌和型号,只是不同的颜色。这个是在告诉我们什么是关于现代的汽车吗?现代汽车不是单独的车辆,它是一个收集数百万辆汽车设计利用的大规模市场。事实上,我们可以认为在我们的生活方式中现代汽车是一个巨大的技术系统,整个经济依赖这种汽车。工程师设计组件,机械师制造部件,组装成完整的系统组装元件,卡车司机提供产品的组装、销售人员卖产品到群众。这一简单的描述甚至占用不了上班族们处理物流和维护金融帐户或者单独的的矿业公司开采原材料或设计和制造所需的工具的时间。如果没有现代汽车美国的经济将会怎么样呢？显然，现代汽车和自行式车辆必须是一样的。

第四篇：科技翻译论文英语知识论文翻译方法与技巧论文

科技翻译论文英语知识论文翻译方法与技巧论文科技翻译论文英语知识论文翻译方法与技巧论文

谈科技翻译中英语知识特点

摘要：随着国民经济建设和国防建设的发展，科技翻译在科研、实验、设计、加工、科技信息和科技管理中充当着日益重要的角色，因此提高科技翻译能力是很有必要的。本文从翻译学习的角度阐述了科技翻译中英语知识特点。

关键词：科技翻译 英语知识 翻译方法与技巧

从明末清初的科技翻译至今，人们对科技翻译的需求越来越大。这个“信息爆炸”的时代，无论是高校的科技教学与交流，还是社会经济的科技创新和经济发展，都离不开科技翻译。翻译的方法、样式、标准和风格无不与时俱进。但是科技翻译中英语知识特点是不变的。

一个翻译人员，如果他的外语达不到他母语水平的60％－70％，就很难胜任有关的翻译工作。一篇科技文章中其实只有少量自己特定的东西，大多背景和术语都是差不多的。真正着手时翻译人员会发现没有想象得那么难。一个文科出身的翻译人员，如果不能从事工程技术等翻译工作，并不是因为受文科专业的限制，而是其本身的功力不够。是否具有扎实的英语知识是影响科技翻译的决定性因素。科技翻译几乎涵盖了所有理工常见的学科、专业和行业，而且是一种跨文化和地域的交流活动。这些特征决定了翻译人员只有具备较高的英语知识技能水平，才能提高双语对比知识及运用的能力，进而拓展更有广度的知识结构面和培养思维转换应变能力。所以，要真正提高科技翻译水平，必须了解科技翻译中英语知识特点，努力在实践中提高自己的科技翻译水平。

一、英语词汇

科技翻译中的英语词汇要注意到词汇量和专业术语这两个方面。词汇量少，望文生义会导致把握词语的准确度差且错词率高。科技作品中，不同的专业有不同的专业术语，不能随意改换，所以科技翻译人员除了要掌握原语和译入语的基本技能以外，还应熟悉所翻译的专业领域内的技术术语，在翻译时尽量使用这些术语，特别是针对一些概念性词汇。比如，在同一篇科技译文中，科技名词、专业术语务求统一，原则上还必须采用国家自然科学出版机构的词典或者其他有关政府部门规范所规定的名词术语。对于词汇的翻译，有三方面的影响因素。首先，许多科技词汇是通过构词法而来，对其词义的推敲便离不开词素的语义语境，所以，了解英语构词法对我们准确理解科技术语词义和翻译科技术语是有帮助的。此外，周围词和所在句及所在段落影响一个词的词义，该词词义的确切含义通常需要从其词语语义语境、句子语境或段落语义语境中获取。如原文：science and technological advances are enabling us comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos.译为：科技进步正在使我们能够探索宇宙的边陲。这里的reach不应该为原意“到达”，根据语境引申为“边陲”。再次，大量科技新成果的出现导致大量科技新词的产生。遇到新词时，有必要请教专业人员或查阅相关工具。

二、造句

科技文章的造句也讲究文采，这种文采体现在：长句的逻辑性、表达客观和描述练达。这也是准确、规范达意并及时有效的翻译不可或缺的途径。把握好句子的文采不仅节省读者看原文时拆解长句的时间，而且使他们得以专心致志地研读原文的技术内涵，快速进入阅读状况。反之，如果翻译还得让读者去揣摩核对原文和译文，就违背了我们科技文献翻译的初衷。

1、大量使用长而复杂的句子是科技文章的一大特点。汉语长句与英语长句在结构上不同，汉语句子结构比较松散，主句与从句之间缺乏应有的连结，但意义的连贯、起、承、转、合一般都隐含在字里行间；而英语长旬的脉络比较清楚，很容易从形式上加以判断。因此，翻译长句的基本要点是如何组织句子，翻译时要避免翻译为英语的流水句和复杂句。

如：pure science is primarily concemed with the development of theories and the establishment of the relations between the phenomena of the universe.译文：理论科学的主要任务是发展理论，建立宇宙间各种现象之间的关系。

分析：这里把英语名词development和establishment转换成汉语动词“发展”和“建立”。双语的灵活转换

增强了译文的准确性和流畅度。

2、科技文章中“非人称主语+人称主语使用的动词谓语”的现象由客观性决定，所以翻译时少用人称主语，而多用非人称主语。

3、为使科技翻译避免表达臃肿，句意不清，应该在充分、正确理解原文的基础上，努力使译文做到言简意赅。

如：in my personal opinion。we must listen to and think overin a punctilious manner each and every suggestion that is offer to us.这样的译文应改写为：we must consider each suggestion carefully.分析：listen to and think over和in a punctilious manner可以分别概括为简单的词避免冗长，listen to and think over和eachand every同义词可以并列，every suggestionthatis offerto us中offer隐含给别人的suggestion，可以替换。

三、语法

如果在语法结构、句型方面不了解中文和英文两种语言表达上的差异，会造成译文的错误。掌握数量、时态、照应和句子成分等基本的语法，利于对原文作出正确的理解，从而提高译文的质量。科技翻译的语法特点表现在：使用一般现在时被动语态及名词化结构。在对原理、规律、性质、特征、科学结论、调查结果和试验数据等客观真理和科学事实的描述时，需要采用一般现在时。翻译中要根据具体情况选择恰当的时态，体现科技文献的客观性；使用被动语态，为避免采用第一、二人称或施事者为主语而造成的主观臆断，被动语态在科技文献中大量使用也使句子意思表达清晰，结构简洁，客观性强。如“必须注意这台机器的功能”可以译为被动句attention must be paid to the function of the machine；采用名词化结构减少主观色彩，用名词作为语句的表述主体可以有助于科技英语描述客观世界，客观地表达技术、学术、专业的内容，体现研究者或表达者的客观态度。一般名词作主语被名词化结构代替，可改变句型和动作行为的表达方式，由表示动作变为表示状态、特征或事实，因而增加表述的客观性。如“this experience removed any magnetism there was in london”中的magnetism就要比 “london was less magnetic”中的形容词magnetic更精准。

四、语篇

语篇，从语言建构功能来看，是不能分割、具有相对独立性且能够单独处理的连贯语言片断。翻译实践也证明，那种字对字、旬对句的观念束缚了译者的大局观，致使译文组织松散，表达不力，削弱了译文的可读性，给译文留下许多遗憾。

如加拿大翻译理论家delisle(1988：10)曾说“翻译的过程充满了艰辛，因为原文中已经明示的内容以及只是隐含的内容都必须在目标语中再现”。每个概念段都有一个核心以及与之相应的附属成分，核心与附属成分逻辑关系明确。科技文体的逻辑性、信息性很强，较有规律性。归纳出其中规律，对这种逻辑关系进行突出，避免信息传递时附属信息对核心信息的干扰，以提高了译文的可读性，有助于读者更好地把握作者欲言。

五、修辞

一般我们习惯于将修辞与文学联系在一起，认为修辞是传递美学信息的。但是科技写作和翻译与修辞的手法是有联系的。修辞从本质上说是抽象的思维物质符号化的一种外在直观的表达形式，而借助语符和修辞手法可以将人们有关科学的思维物质符号化。恰当的文体和修辞手法会使科学的思维和理念展现得准确、简洁有效。

科技论文写作和翻译的修辞是以符合科技论文的要求、以某种程度上有别于文学作品的修辞形式把科学的思维和理念组织、表述和展示出来，使科学的逻辑思维用与之相配的修辞形式，清晰简洁地在译文中得以重现。科技文的翻译研究范围内的修辞是在内容上和表达上偏重于炼字锻句、明确流畅，在形式和结构上偏重于平匀缜密、严谨妥贴。它以在传递科技信息方面以有效地发挥语言的交际功能为要旨，有别于文学体裁中一般概念的美学修辞。科技文章大多用概念、判断、推理等方法说明需要解决的问题具有极强的逻辑性。

六、科技翻译原文涉及的各个学科领域

翻译人员通常被称作是“万金油”，特别是科技人员，他们的专业是无法固定的，说不定遇到什么课题和谈话内容。所以说翻译人员的知识面越宽，就越有助于发展。众所周知，严复提出的“信、达、雅”的翻译标准，但就科技翻译而言，最重要的标准就是准确、客观、规范、简练地表达原文。科技翻译中一般强调“信”的重要性，指的就是科技翻译工作者加强专业学科的学习以及亲身深入科技实践，使科技翻译做到准。

缺乏文化背景知识，就会引起知识运用面狭窄、译文可接受性差，所以，专业知识是影响科技翻译的重要因素。多数科技翻译工作者为高校的外语专业毕业生，对科技的翻译专业知识生疏，因此，应该尽可能地加入企业和单位生产和科技实践，接受潜移默化的技术熏陶，以熟悉每一道工序、流程、技术难点、专业行话等等。实际情况不允许他花上一两年时间去熟悉资料背景的情况下，也可以找几本性质类似的资料，尽可能地了解有关技术内容与文体特点；查阅专业工具书和用互联网对信息进行分类检索义；向专家或作者请教等。走上工作岗位以后，则可能涉及到机械、化工、外贸等多专业知识领域。要求我们不仅要有扎实的外语及本族语语言功底，不断扩大知识面，并且尽可能多地掌握各科技领域专业词汇及缩略语等。

七、结语

翻译界常闻的译事三难，具体到科技英语汉译就是：英语理解难，汉语表达难，专业知识能力要求高。本文对科技翻译中英语知识特点的一般性讨论，有助于翻译实践之前正确地定位自己，使自己进入角色，在实践中改善和提高。

The translation of scientific English translation skills and methods of knowledge in science and technology translation in English translation skills and methods of the knowledge On the characteristics of English knowledge in science and technology translation Abstract: with the development of the national economy and national defense construction, technical translation plays an increasingly important role in scientific research, experiment, design, processing, information technology and scientific management, so improve the ability of translation is necessary.In this paper, from the perspective of translation study English knowledge in science and technology translation.Keywords: translation of scientific English translation skills and methods Since the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty's translation of science and technology, the demand for the translation of science and technology is more and more big.The “information explosion” era, both teaching and communication of science and Technology University, or the social economic and technological innovation and economic development, all cannot do without science and technology translation.Methods of translation, style, standard and style are keeping pace with the times.But the knowledge of English translation of science and technology is invariant features.A translator, if his language is not up to his native level 60%-70%, it is difficult to do the translation work.A scientific article actually only a small amount of their specific things, mostly background and terminology are similar.The real start when translators will find not so difficult to imagine.A liberal arts background of translators, if not engaged in engineering technology and other translation work, not because of liberal arts professional restrictions, but its lack of skill.Have solid knowledge of English is a decisive factor in influencing the translation of science and technology.Translation covers almost all science and engineering disciplines, the common professional and industry, but also is a kind of cross culture and regional exchange activities.These characteristics determine the translator must have high level of English knowledge and skills, to improve the ability of bilingual contrastive knowledge and application of knowledge structure, and to further expand the scope of more and thinking transformation strain capacity.So, to improve the level of science and technology translation, must understand the English knowledge in science and technology translation, and strive to improve their level of science and technology in translation practice.One, the English Vocabulary Translation of scientific English vocabulary should pay attention to vocabulary and terminology of these two aspects.Vocabulary, take the words too literally can lead to grasp the word accuracy and high rate of wrong words.Science and technology works, different professional terminology is different, can not arbitrarily change, so technology translators in addition to master basic skills of source language and target language, technical terms should also be familiar with the translation of the professional field, use as far as possible in the translation of these terms, especially for some conceptual vocabulary.For example, in the same piece of technology in the translation, terminology, terminology to unification, in principle must also terms stipulated by the National Natural Science Publishers dictionary or other relevant government departments to standardize the.For the translation of words, there are three factors.First of all, many scientific vocabulary by means of word formation, semantic context, the meaning of study cannot do without or so, understand English word formation for us to understand scientific meaning and translation of technical terms is helpful.In addition, the surrounding words and the sentences and paragraphs of the meaning of a word, the exact meaning of the word is usually obtained from the semantic context, semantic context in the sentence context or paragraph.Such as the original: Science and technological advances are enabling us comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos.translated as: scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos.Here reach should not be willing to “reach”, according to the context meaning “border”.Once again, the emergence of a

large number of new achievements in science and technology leads to the generation of a large number of science and technology of new words.In a word, it is necessary to consult a professional or related tools.Two, make sentences

A technical articles also pay attention to literary grace, this literary grace is reflected in: long logic, expression and description of objective particulars.This is accurate, the indispensable means to regulate feelings and timely and effective translation.A good grasp of the sentence will not only save the reader time dismantling sentences see the text, but also make their technical content to devote oneself heart and soul to read text, quickly enter the reading situation.Conversely, if the translation is to let readers try to check the original translation, is against our original intention of science and technology literature translation.1, use a lot of long and complex sentences is a major characteristic of scientific articles.Chinese English and English long sentences differ in structure, the Chinese sentence structure is loose, a lack of connection between the main clause and the clause, but the significance of coherence, play, bearing, rotating, and generally implied in between the lines;while the English long, context clear, easily from the form to be judged.Therefore, the basic point is how to organize the sentence translation of long sentences, translation should be avoided for the English translation of flowing water sentence and complex sentence.Such as: pure science is primarily concemed with the development of theories and the establishment of the relations between the phenomena of the universe.Translation: the main task of scientific theory is the development theory, establishes the relationship between the universe phenomena.Analysis: the English noun development and establishment into the establishment of Chinese verb “development” and “".Flexible conversion bilingual and enhance the accuracy and fluency of translation.2, scientific articles ”impersonal subject + person subject using the verb predicate“ phenomenon from objective decision, so the translation is less personal subject, and more impersonal accustomed to rhetoric is in connection with literature, that rhetoric is conveying aesthetic information.But the scientific writing and translation and rhetoric techniques are linked.Rhetoric is essentially a form of external expression of thinking matter abstract symbols of intuitive, and with the help of language symbols and rhetoric can connect people thinking about science of material symbols.Proper style and rhetoric makes scientific thinking and ideas show was accurate, simple and effective.Technical writing and translation of rhetoric is to meet the requirements of scientific papers, to a certain degree has rhetorical form different from literary works of the scientific thinking and idea of organization, representation and display, make the scientific logical thinking with the rhetoric form with the match, clarity and simplicity in translation to reproduce.EST translation study within the scope of rhetoric is in the content and expression of emphasis on diction forging sentence, clear and smooth, in the form and structure of emphasis on homogeneous careful, rigorous.It takes in the transfer of scientific and technological information in order to effectively play the function of language communication as the essence of aesthetic rhetoric, there is different from the general concept of literature.Scientific articles mostly use concept, judgment, reasoning that need to solve the problem is very logical.Six, the science and technology translation involves all fields The translator is often called a ”one size fits all“, especially in scientific and technical personnel, their professional is not fixed, perhaps meet what topics and conversation.So knowledge of translators is wider, more conducive to the development of.As everyone knows, Yan Fu's ”letter and elegance,“ the criteria of translation, but the translation of science and technology, the most important standard is accurate, objective, standard, concise expression of the original.In EST translation emphasizes the importance of general ”letter", refers to the translation of science and technology workers to strengthen the professional disciplines of learning and personal in-depth practice of science and technology, the science and technology translation standard.The lack of cultural background knowledge, will cause the knowledge narrow, acceptability is poor, so, professional knowledge is an important factor to influence the translation of science and technology.Most technical translators for College English major graduates, on science and technology Translation of professional knowledge is strange, therefore, it should be possible to join enterprises and units of production and the practice of science and technology, the influence of technology acceptance influence character by environment, familiar with every process, process, technical difficulties, the professional jargon.The actual situation does not allow him to spend one or two years time to get familiar with the data context, can also find several of the similar nature of the data, as much as possible about the relevant technical content and stylistic features;access to professional books and classifies information retrieval meaning to consult experts or the Internet;etc..Go after work, may be related to mechanical, chemical, foreign trade and other areas of expertise.We are required not only to have foreign language and native language skills, expand their knowledge, and as much as possible to master the technology in the field of special terms and abbreviations.Seven, the conclusion

Translators often heard the translation difficulties, specific to the EST Translation: English is difficult to understand, difficult to express Chinese, professional knowledge and ability requirements.In this paper, the general knowledge of the English translation of science and technology in the characteristics of discussion, is helpful for translation practice before correctly positioning ourselves, make ourselves into the role, and improve in practice.

第五篇：谈科技英语的文体翻译和语言特点论文

摘要: 随着现代科学技术的飞速发展，全球经济一体化逐步深入，科技英语将越来越引起科学界和语言界的高度重视和关注。科技英语越来越表现出其独特性，已成为一门独立的文体。本文从科技英语的语言特点出发，举例阐述了科技英语的翻译技巧和方法。

关键词: 科技英语；语言特点；翻译

在科技英语文献中，科技词汇包括纯科技词汇和普通科技词汇，其使用率高达60 %，足见其数量之多。随着现代科学技术的飞速发展，全球经济一体化逐步深入，科技英语将越来越引起科学界和语言界的高度重视和关注。著名科学家钱三强早就指出：“科技英语在许多国家已经成为现代英语的一个专门的新领域。”现在世界上许多国家设立了科技英语研究中心，大学里也设立科技英语专业或科技英语系，专门从事科技英语语言的研究、教学和科技英语人才的培养。

在我国，科技英语的研究和学习方兴未艾，科技英语系（专业)、研究中心和翻译机构在各大中城市、高等院校如雨后春笋。这充分说明我国科技的快速发展，经济的良性循环以及对世界政治、经济、科技等活动越来越需要科技英语。尽管科技英语和普通英语(如文学英语)外表上看一样，都是由语音、词汇和语法构成。但随着其运用范围扩大，科技领域的进一步规范，科技英语越来越表现出其独特性，已成为一门独立的文体，并逐步奠定科技英语作为一门学科的基础。

一、科技英语的语言特点

科技英语的特点表现在词汇、句法和修辞三个方面。

（一）词汇方面

科技词汇在科技英语里大量使用，主要包括以下几类：．纯科技词汇，即那些只用于某个专业或学科的专门词汇或术语，如hydroxide(氢氧化物)、diode(二级管)、isotope(同位素)等。随着科技的发展，新学科、新专业的产生，这样的词汇层出不穷，其词义精确而狭窄，针对性极强。阅读专业性强的文献，就要了解该领域的专门词汇和术语。．通用科技词汇，即不同专业都要经常使用的那些词汇，数量较大。这类词的使用范围比纯科技词汇要广，出现频率也高，但在不同的专业里有较为稳定的词义。如p o w e r 一词在机械力学中的词义为“力”、“电”、“电力”、“动力”、“电源”、“功率”等，在数学中的词义为“乘方”、“次方”、“幂”；又如f e e d 一词的意义也很丰富：“馈电”、“供水”、“输送”、“进刀”等。．派生词汇，指通过合成、转化和派生构词手段而构成的词汇。这种词汇在科技英语文献中占有很大的比重。例如，由前缀hydro-，hyper-，hypo-和inter-构成的词条在科技英语中就有二干多条；以表示学科的后缀-logy，-ics 和表示行为、性质、状态等的后缀-tion，-sion，-ance，-ence，-ment 等结尾构成的词汇在科技英语文献中俯拾即是。

此外，缩写词也是科技英语词汇的重要组成部分，具有经济、简便的优点。

（二）句法方面．被动语态。

翻开任何一页科技文献，都可找到一定数量的被动语态，这正是科技英语的显著特征的表现：客观、真实，拒绝主观和臆断。．非谓语动词结构。

在科技英语中使用非谓语动词结构可以更好、更准确地描述各个事物之间的关系，事物的位置和状态的变化。．名词化结构。

用名词词组或短语(主要是用具有动作意义的名词+ of + 修饰语)来表示一个句子的意思，就是名词化结构。这一结构在科技英语中大量使用，主要因为它有简洁、确切、严密、客观、信息量大等特点。．长句。

根据上海交通大学l07万词的计算机语料统计，科技英语句的平均长度为21.4 个词，7 个以下(包括7 个词)的短句仅占8.77％，超过40 个的长句占6.3％(方梦之，l989：97)。科技英语中使用长句用来描写复杂多变的客观世界。

（三）修辞方面．句型和时态的使用。科技英语文体用来客观陈述事实和问题，描写过程和状态，说明特性和功能，所论情理多为一般性、频繁性和特征性。因此，在这样的文体中，大量使用陈述句型，谓语动词主要以一般时为主，如一般现在时、过去时和将来时等。．语气的使用。科技作者在说明事

理、提出设想、探讨问题和推导公式时，常常涉及各种前提、条件和场合。为了避免武断，总是从假定、猜测、建议和怀疑的角度出发，这就往往需要采用虚拟语气；另一方面，有不少作者为了表示自己的谦逊，为了谨慎和留有余地，也乐于采用虚拟语气而使口吻变得委婉和圆滑。．祈使旬的使用。在使用说明书、操作规程、作业指导、注意事项等科技文章中，更多使用祈使句以告诫、建议、劝告和命令用户或操作者的行动，以达到基本目的。．其他特点。由于科技文章本身的客观性、信息性，所以在句子结构和其他语言特点上就表现出一些明显的特点如分隔结构、非言词符号、倒装、省略等的使用。科技英语是用来传递客观真理、客观事实，拒绝主观性和臆断性，消除歧义，表达上力求简明、扼要、规范，逻辑严密。以上语言特点是应科技英语本身的要求而形成的。

二、科技文体的翻译

在英语学习的基础阶段，学生接触了一些英语翻译的练习，但大部分为文学方面的，较少翻译科技方面的文章。然而，他们工作时接触的大多都是科技方面的文献，且科技文体有其独特性。如不系统学习，将直接影响翻译效果。

（一）科技术语和专有词汇的翻译一般来说，可采用以下几种方法：

（1）意译法

意译法就是根据原词的实际含义译成对应的汉语术语。这种译法广泛运用于科技术语的翻译，具有概念明确、易懂易记的优点。例如：guided missile 导弹； automobile汽车；software 软件；barometer 气压计；input 输入；hard-wired modem 硬线调制解调器；insulation resistance test 绝缘电阻测定；等等都是采用意译的方法来翻译的。

（2）音译法

音译法就是按原词的英语发音译成相对应的汉语。这种译法适用于计量单位名称、人名、地名、公司名、首字母缩略语以及一些还未完全了解的新术语。如：gallon 加仑； clone 克隆； pound 磅；Coco cola 可口可乐；watt 瓦特；Franklin富兰克林；Mercerdes-Benz 奔驰（汽车）；AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome)艾滋病（获得性免疫力缺乏综合症）；TOEFL(test of English as a foreign language)托福（作为一门外语的英语测试）等，这种方法是不得已而为之，无法揭示词汇的真正意义。随着新术语的认识，对不少词已用意译来代替，如：engine（引擎）发动机；vitamin(维他命)维生素；microphone(麦克风)话筒等。

（3）半音半意法

这是音译与意译的结合。

如：Einstein equation 爱因斯坦方程；Noble prizes 诺贝尔奖金；beer 啤酒；card卡片等。

（二）句子的翻译

科技英语是用来陈述自然界、科技界所发生或出现的事情，描述其规律、特点、过程等的语言，表达客观准确、逻辑性强、结构严谨，这样才能更好地记录自然界和科技界的动态。用来记录的语言当然不会很简单：句子偏长、结构复杂。否则，很难表达这些领域的内容或现象。这样的句子也是难句，给读者和译者带来不少的麻烦。从句法的角度来分析，造成长句难的主要原因是：修饰、限定及附加成分多，从而造成分隔结构(修饰与被修饰成分相隔很远)。对长难句的处理，首先理顺语法结构；然后根据句子特点采取不同的手段，如分译法、顺序法或变序法等。

例如：These things are notorious;Sir William Scott, in his speech of 1802, in favor of the non-residence of the Clergy,expressly said, that they and their families ought to appear at Watering places,and that this was amongst the means of making them respected by their flocks!

这句话的语法结构复杂，要注意两个and连接的分句的语法功能。第一个and连接的与主句并列，第二个连接的则是said带的两个宾语从句。

参考译文为：这等丑事，尽人皆知。然而威廉·司各特爵士在1 8 0 2 年演讲，明白主张牧师不必定居教区，而应携眷到温泉游览，据说这样反而能得到他的教区子民的尊敬云云。

再如：The reason why air makes fire burn more intensely was learned only about two hundred years ago, when several scientists finally proved that oxygen, one of the gases air contains, can combine with certain other elements li)ke carbon to release much heat.参考译文：空气为什么能使火燃烧得更旺？直到大约2 0 0 年前才弄清其原因。当时某些科学家终于证明，空气中有一种气体叫氧，它能够与其它一些元素（如碳）化合，从而释放出大量的热。

（三）被动语态的翻译

英语中，尤其在科技英语文体中，被动语态使用范围很广。这种语态能更客观、准确地描述事物的发展和变化。在汉语中，被动语态的使用范围有限，更多使用主动语态。在英译汉时，一般说来，大部分英语被动语态要译成汉语主动句、无主句、判断句，有时也译成被动语态，尤其是原文表示强调时。

如：

A detailed examination was made of energy partition in an impacted solid propellant.参考译文为：对于固体推进剂受撞击后的内部能量分布情况，已经进行了详尽的研究。

（四）数词的翻译

在科技文献中，数词的使用十分频繁，表达方法多种多样，还有英、美表达上的差异，这些给翻译带来不少的困难。在工作中如对数词翻译不当，后果将不堪设想。因此，要掌握如何翻译倍数、倍数的增加、倍数的减少等数词，还要了解英国和美国英语在这方面不同的表达方式。

如：

（1）On the moon you could lift weights which are six times heavier than the heaviest weight you can lift on the earth．(一个人在月球上所能举起的重物要比他

在地球上所能举起的最重的物体重5 倍。)

（2）When the voltage is stepped-up by 10 times，the strength of the current is stepped-down by 10 times，so that the power remains the same．(当电压升高到l0 倍时，电流强度则降低到1 ／ 10，因此功率保持不变。)

总之，在翻译科技文体的文章时，要根据科技英语的语言特点，确保译文忠实于原文，表达通顺流畅，并掌握英汉基础知识和一定的翻译理论知识，拓宽知识面，养成严谨的工作态度，这样才能较准确地译好科技文体。

参考文献：

[1]王泉水.科技英语翻译技巧：天津：天津科技出版社，1991

[2]方梦之.英语汉译实践与技巧：天津：天津科技翻译出版公司，1994

[3]刘宓庆.文体与翻译： 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1998

[4]穆 雷.中国翻译教学研究：上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999

[5][7]中国科技翻译.北京：中国科学院科技翻译工作者协会主办